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Dobashi S, Yoshihara T, Ogura Y, Naito H. Normobaric hypoxia accelerates high-intensity intermittent training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α)- and dynamics (OPA1)-related protein expressions in rat gastrocnemius muscle. J Physiol Biochem 2024:10.1007/s13105-024-01052-9. [PMID: 39422861 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
High-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) in a normobaric hypoxic environment enhances exercise capacity, possibly by increasing the mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated whether HIIT under normobaric hypoxia can enhance the expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Five-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 24) were randomly assigned to the following four groups: (1) sedentary under normoxia (20.9% O2) (NS), (2) training under normoxia (NT), (3) sedentary under normobaric hypoxia (14.5% O2) (HS), and (4) training under normobaric hypoxia (HT). The training groups in both conditions were engaged in HIIT on a treadmill five to six days per week for nine weeks. From the fourth week of the training period, the group assigned to hypoxic conditions was exposed to normobaric hypoxia. Forty-eight hours after completing the final training session, gastrocnemius muscles were surgically removed, and mitochondrial enzyme activity and mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics regulatory protein levels were determined. Citrate synthase (CS) activity and mitochondrial oxygen phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunits in the gastrocnemius muscle in the HT significantly exceeded those in the other three groups. Moreover, the levels of a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and a mitochondrial fusion-related protein, optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), were significantly increased by HIIT under normobaric hypoxia. Our data indicates that HIIT and normobaric hypoxia increase the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis- and dynamics-related proteins in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Dobashi
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ogura
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Mølmen KS, Almquist NW, Skattebo Ø. Effects of Exercise Training on Mitochondrial and Capillary Growth in Human Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02120-2. [PMID: 39390310 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle mitochondria and capillaries are crucial for aerobic fitness, and suppressed levels are associated with chronic and age-related diseases. Currently, evidence-based exercise training recommendations to enhance these characteristics are limited. It is essential to explore how factors, such as fitness level, age, sex, and disease affect mitochondrial and capillary adaptations to different exercise stimuli. OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study was to compare the effects of low- or moderate intensity continuous endurance training (ET), high-intensity interval or continuous training (HIT), and sprint interval training (SIT) on changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and capillarization. Secondarily, the effects on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were investigated. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases, with no data restrictions, up to 2 February 2022. Exercise training intervention studies of ET, HIT, and SIT were included if they had baseline and follow-up measures of at least one marker of mitochondrial content or capillarization. In total, data from 5973 participants in 353 and 131 research articles were included for the mitochondrial and capillary quantitative synthesis of this review, respectively. Additionally, measures of VO2max, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were extracted from these studies. RESULTS After adjusting for relevant covariates, such as training frequency, number of intervention weeks, and initial fitness level, percentage increases in mitochondrial content in response to exercise training increased to a similar extent with ET (23 ± 5%), HIT (27 ± 5%), and SIT (27 ± 7%) (P > 0.138), and were not influenced by age, sex, menopause, disease, or the amount of muscle mass engaged. Higher training frequencies (6 > 4 > 2 sessions/week) were associated with larger increases in mitochondrial content. Per total hour of exercise, SIT was ~ 2.3 times more efficient in increasing mitochondrial content than HIT and ~ 3.9 times more efficient than ET, while HIT was ~ 1.7 times more efficient than ET. Capillaries per fiber increased similarly with ET (15 ± 3%), HIT (13 ± 4%) and SIT (10 ± 11%) (P = 0.556) after adjustments for number of intervention weeks and initial fitness level. Capillaries per mm2 only increased after ET (13 ± 3%) and HIT (7 ± 4%), with increases being larger after ET compared with HIT and SIT (P < 0.05). This difference coincided with increases in fiber cross-sectional area after ET (6.5 ± 3.5%), HIT (8.9 ± 4.9%), and SIT (11.9 ± 15.1%). Gains in capillarization occurred primarily in the early stages of training (< 4 weeks) and were only observed in untrained to moderately trained participants. The proportion of type I muscle fibers remained unaltered by exercise training (P > 0.116), but ET and SIT exhibited opposing effects (P = 0.041). VO2max increased similarly with ET, HIT, and SIT, although HIT showed a tendency for greater improvement compared with both ET and SIT (P = 0.082), while SIT displayed the largest increase per hour of exercise. Higher training frequencies (6 > 4 > 2 sessions/week) were associated with larger increases in VO2max. Women displayed greater percentage gains in VO2max compared with men (P = 0.008). Generally, lower initial fitness levels were associated with greater percentage improvements in mitochondrial content, capillarization, and VO2max. SIT was particularly effective in improving mitochondrial content and VO2max in the early stages of training, while ET and HIT showed slower but steady improvements over a greater number of training weeks. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of change in mitochondrial content, capillarization, and VO2max to exercise training is largely determined by the initial fitness level, with greater changes observed in individuals with lower initial fitness. The ability to adapt to exercise training is maintained throughout life, irrespective of sex and presence of disease. While training load (volume × intensity) is a suitable predictor of changes in mitochondrial content and VO2max, this relationship is less clear for capillary adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Sindre Mølmen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box. 422, 2604, Lillehammer, Norway.
| | - Nicki Winfield Almquist
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Øyvind Skattebo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Doerrier C, Gama-Perez P, Pesta D, Distefano G, Soendergaard SD, Chroeis KM, Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Goodpaster BH, Prats C, Sales-Pardo M, Guimera R, Coen PM, Gnaiger E, Larsen S, Garcia-Roves PM. Harmonization of experimental procedures to assess mitochondrial respiration in human permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 223:384-397. [PMID: 39097206 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
AIM High-resolution respirometry in human permeabilized muscle fibers is extensively used for analysis of mitochondrial adaptions to nutrition and exercise interventions, and is linked to athletic performance. However, the lack of standardization of experimental conditions limits quantitative inter- and intra-laboratory comparisons. METHODS In our study, an international team of investigators measured mitochondrial respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers obtained from three biopsies (vastus lateralis) from the same healthy volunteer to avoid inter-individual variability. High-resolution respirometry assays were performed together at the same laboratory to assess whether the heterogenity in published results are due to the effects of respiration media (MiR05 versus Z) with or without the myosin inhibitor blebbistatin at low- and high-oxygen regimes. RESULTS Our findings reveal significant differences between respiration media for OXPHOS and ETcapacities supported by NADH&succinate-linked substrates at different oxygen concentrations. Respiratory capacities were approximately 1.5-fold higher in MiR05 at high-oxygen regimes compared to medium Z near air saturation. The presence or absence of blebbistatin in human permeabilized muscle fiber preparations was without effect on oxygen flux. CONCLUSION Our study constitutes a basis to harmonize and establish optimum experimental conditions for respirometric studies of permeabilized human skeletal muscle fibers to improve reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pau Gama-Perez
- Dept Physiological Sciences, Univ Barcelona and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Inst, Spain.
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Inst Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center Diabetes Research Heinrich-Heine Univ Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center Diabetes Research, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Stine D Soendergaard
- Xlab, Dept Biomedical Sciences, Center Healthy Aging, Fac Health Sciences, Denmark.
| | | | - Alba Gonzalez-Franquesa
- The Novo Nordisk Center Basic Metabolic Research, Section Integrative Physiology, Univ Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Clara Prats
- Dept Biomedical Sciences, Center Healthy Aging, Fac Health Sciences, Denmark; The Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marta Sales-Pardo
- Dept of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Roger Guimera
- Dept of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paul M Coen
- Translational Research Institute AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Erich Gnaiger
- Oroboros Instruments, Schöpfstrasse 18, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Dept Biomedical Sciences, Center Healthy Aging, Fac Health Sciences, Denmark; Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Pablo M Garcia-Roves
- Dept Physiological Sciences, Univ Barcelona and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Inst, Spain.
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Li Q, Liu Q, Lin Z, Lin W, Huang F, Zhu P. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220959. [PMID: 39290496 PMCID: PMC11406220 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise training can significantly improve skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and has been proven to be highly relevant to alterations in skeletal muscle DNA methylation. However, it remains unclear whether late-in-life exercise has an effect on promoter methylation of PGC-1α, a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Here we employed two distinct exercise modalities, constant medium intensity exercise training (CMIT) and high-intensity interval exercise training (HIIT), to investigate their impacts on PGC-1α expression and methylation regulation in skeletal muscle of aged mice. The results revealed a notable decrease in PGC-1α expression in skeletal muscle of aged mice, accompanied by elevated methylation levels of the PGC-1α promoter, and increased DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) protein expressions. However, both forms of exercise training significantly corrected PGC-1α epigenetic changes, increased PGC-1α expression, and ameliorated skeletal muscle reduction. Furthermore, exercise training led to elevated expression of proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle, improving mitochondrial structure and function. In conclusion, late-in-life exercise improved skeletal muscle function, morphology, and mitochondria biogenesis, which may be associated with hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α and increased content of skeletal muscle PGC-1α. Notably, there was no clear difference between HIIT and CMIT in PGC-1α expression and skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaowei Li
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
| | - Qin Liu
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, 134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, 134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
| | - Pengli Zhu
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, 134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, 134 East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
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Reisman EG, Botella J, Huang C, Schittenhelm RB, Stroud DA, Granata C, Chandrasiri OS, Ramm G, Oorschot V, Caruana NJ, Bishop DJ. Fibre-specific mitochondrial protein abundance is linked to resting and post-training mitochondrial content in the muscle of men. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7677. [PMID: 39227581 PMCID: PMC11371815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Analyses of mitochondrial adaptations in human skeletal muscle have mostly used whole-muscle samples, where results may be confounded by the presence of a mixture of type I and II muscle fibres. Using our adapted mass spectrometry-based proteomics workflow, we provide insights into fibre-specific mitochondrial differences in the human skeletal muscle of men before and after training. Our findings challenge previous conclusions regarding the extent of fibre-type-specific remodelling of the mitochondrial proteome and suggest that most baseline differences in mitochondrial protein abundances between fibre types reported by us, and others, might be due to differences in total mitochondrial content or a consequence of adaptations to habitual physical activity (or inactivity). Most training-induced changes in different mitochondrial functional groups, in both fibre types, were no longer significant in our study when normalised to changes in markers of mitochondrial content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Reisman
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cesare Granata
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German, Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Owala S Chandrasiri
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo EM, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Viola Oorschot
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo EM, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikeisha J Caruana
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Frankish BP, Murphy RM. Does AMPK bind glycogen in skeletal muscle or is the relationship correlative? Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20240006. [PMID: 39192605 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20240006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Since its discovery over five decades ago, an emphasis on better understanding the structure and functional role of AMPK has been prevalent. In that time, the role of AMPK as a heterotrimeric enzyme that senses the energy state of various cell types has been established. Skeletal muscle is a dynamic, plastic tissue that adapts to both functional and metabolic demands of the human body, such as muscle contraction or exercise. With a deliberate focus on AMPK in skeletal muscle, this review places a physiological lens to the association of AMPK and glycogen that has been established biochemically. It discusses that, to date, no in vivo association of AMPK with glycogen has been shown and this is not altered with interventions, either by physiological or biochemical utilisation of glycogen in skeletal muscle. The reason for this is likely due to the persistent phosphorylation of Thr148 in the β-subunit of AMPK which prevents AMPK from binding to carbohydrate domains. This review presents the correlative data that suggests AMPK senses glycogen utilisation through a direct interaction with glycogen, the biochemical data showing that AMPK can bind carbohydrate in vitro, and highlights that in a physiological setting of rodent skeletal muscle, AMPK does not directly bind to glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby P Frankish
- Sport, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia Insert Affiliation Text Here
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7
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MacDougall KB, Zhang J, Grunau M, Anklovitch E, MacIntosh BR, MacInnis MJ, Aboodarda SJ. Acute performance fatigability following continuous versus intermittent cycling protocols is not proportional to total work done. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:1055-1067. [PMID: 38631044 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Classical training theory postulates that performance fatigability following a training session should be proportional to the total work done (TWD); however, this notion has been questioned. This study investigated indices of performance and perceived fatigability after primary sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and constant work rate (CWR) cycling, each followed by a cycling time-to-task failure (TTF) bout. On separate days, 16 participants completed an incremental cycling test, and, in a randomized order, (i) a TTF trial at 80% of peak power output (PPO), (ii) an HIIT session, and (iii) a CWR session, both of which were immediately followed by a TTF trial at 80% PPO. Central and peripheral aspects of performance fatigability were measured using interpolated twitch technique, and perceptual measures were assessed prior to and following the HIIT and CWR trials, and again following the TTF trial. Despite TWD being less following HIIT (P = 0.029), subsequent TTF trial was an average of 125 s shorter following HIIT versus CWR (P < 0.001), and this was accompanied by greater impairments in voluntary and electrically evoked forces (P < 0.001), as well as exacerbated perceptual measures (P < 0.001); however, there were no differences in any fatigue measure following the TTF trial (P ≥ 0.149). There were strong correlations between the decline in TTF and indices of peripheral (r = 0.70) and perceived fatigability (r ≥ 0.80) measured at the end of HIIT and CWR. These results underscore the dissociation between TWD and performance fatigability and highlight the importance of peripheral components of fatigability in limiting endurance performance during high-intensity cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Micah Grunau
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eric Anklovitch
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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8
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Zheng H, Zhang D, Gan Y, Peng Z, Wu Y, Xiang W. Identification of potential biomarkers for cerebral palsy and the development of prediction models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10101. [PMID: 39045601 PMCID: PMC11263922 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a prevalent motor disorder originating from early brain injury or malformation, with significant variability in its clinical presentation and etiology. Early diagnosis and personalized therapeutic interventions are hindered by the lack of reliable biomarkers. This study aims to identify potential biomarkers for cerebral palsy and develop predictive models to enhance early diagnosis and prognosis. We conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles in muscle samples from CP patients to identify candidate biomarkers. Six key genes (CKMT2, TNNT2, MYH4, MYH1, GOT1, and LPL) were validated in an independent cohort, and potential biological pathways and molecular networks involved in CP pathogenesis were analyzed. The importance of processes such as functional regulation, energy metabolism, and cell signaling pathways in the muscles of CP patients was emphasized. Predictive models of muscle sample biomarkers related to CP were developed and visualized. Calibration curves and receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the predictive models exhibit high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing individuals at risk of CP. The identified biomarkers and developed prediction models offer significant potential for early diagnosis and personalized management of CP. Future research should focus on validating these biomarkers in larger cohorts and integrating them into clinical practice to improve outcomes for individuals with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Gan
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zesheng Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Caswell AM, Tripp TR, Kontro H, Edgett BA, Wiley JP, Lun V, MacInnis MJ. The influence of sex, hemoglobin mass, and skeletal muscle characteristics on cycling critical power. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 137:10-22. [PMID: 38779761 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00120.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Critical power (CP) represents an important threshold for exercise performance and fatiguability. We sought to determine the extent to which sex, hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), and skeletal muscle characteristics influence CP. Before CP determination (i.e., 3-5 constant work rate trials to task failure), Hbmass and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (τ) were measured and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsy samples were collected from 12 females and 12 males matched for aerobic fitness relative to fat-free mass (FFM) [means (SD); V̇o2max: 59.2 (7.7) vs. 59.5 (7.1) mL·kg·FFM-1·min-1, respectively]. Males had a significantly greater CP than females in absolute units [225 (28) vs. 170 (43) W; P = 0.001] but not relative to body mass [3.0 (0.6) vs. 2.7 (0.6) W·kg·BM-1; P = 0.267] or FFM [3.6 (0.7) vs. 3.7 (0.8) W·kg·FFM-1; P = 0.622]. Males had significantly greater W' (P ≤ 0.030) and greater Hbmass (P ≤ 0.016) than females, regardless of the normalization approach; however, there were no differences in mitochondrial protein content (P = 0.375), τ (P = 0.603), or MHC I proportionality (P = 0.574) between males and females. Whether it was expressed in absolute or relative units, CP was positively correlated with Hbmass (0.444 ≤ r ≤ 0.695; P < 0.05), mitochondrial protein content (0.413 ≤ r ≤ 0.708; P < 0.05), and MHC I proportionality (0.506 ≤ r ≤ 0.585; P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with τ when expressed in relative units only (-0.588 ≤ r ≤ -0.527; P < 0.05). Overall, CP was independent of sex, but variability in CP was related to Hbmass and skeletal muscle characteristics. The extent to which manipulations in these physiological parameters influence CP warrants further investigation to better understand the factors underpinning CP.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In males and females matched for aerobic fitness [maximal oxygen uptake normalized to fat-free mass (FFM)], absolute critical power (CP) was greater in males, but relative CP (per kilogram body mass or FFM) was similar between sexes. CP correlated with hemoglobin mass, mitochondrial protein content, myosin heavy chain type I proportion, and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. These findings demonstrate the importance of matching sexes for aerobic fitness, but further experiments are needed to determine causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Caswell
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas R Tripp
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hilkka Kontro
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Preston Wiley
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victor Lun
- Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Asmussen MJ, Casto E. E, MacInnis MJ, Nigg BM. Counterweight mass influences single-leg cycling biomechanics. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304136. [PMID: 38848389 PMCID: PMC11161077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Single-leg cycling is a commonly used intervention in exercise physiology that has applications in exercise training and rehabilitation. The addition of a counterweight to the contralateral pedal helps single-leg cycling mimic cycling patterns of double-leg cycling. To date, no research has tested (a) the influence of a wide range of counterweight masses on a person's cycling biomechanics and (b) the optimal counterweight mass to emulate double-leg cycling. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of varying counterweights on the kinematics (joint angles) and kinetics (joint moments, work) of cycling using a 3D analysis. METHODS Twelve participants cycled at 50W or 100W with different counterweight masses (0 to 30 lbs, 2.5 lbs increments), while we analyzed the pedal force data, joint angles, joint moments, and joint power of the lower limb using 3D motion capture and 3D instrumented pedals to create participant-specific musculoskeletal models. RESULTS The results showed that no single-leg cycling condition truly emulated double-leg cycling with respect to all measured variables, namely pedal forces (p ≤ 0.05), joint angles (p ≤ 0.05), joint moments(p ≤ 0.05), and joint powers (p ≤ 0.05), but higher counterweights resulted in single-leg cycling that was statistically similar (p > 0.05), but descriptively, asymptotically approached the biomechanics of double-leg cycling. CONCLUSION We suggest that a 20-lb counterweight is a conservative estimate of the counterweight required for using single-leg cycling in exercise physiology studies, but further modifications are needed to the cycle ergometer for the biomechanics of single-leg cycling to match those of double-leg cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Asmussen
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Erica Casto E.
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Martin J. MacInnis
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Benno M. Nigg
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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11
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Reisman EG, Caruana NJ, Bishop DJ. Exercise training and changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins: from blots to "omics". Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 59:221-243. [PMID: 39288086 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2024.2383408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential, membrane-enclosed organelles that consist of ∼1100 different proteins, which allow for many diverse functions critical to maintaining metabolism. Highly metabolic tissues, such as skeletal muscle, have a high mitochondrial content that increases with exercise training. The classic western blot technique has revealed training-induced increases in the relatively small number of individual mitochondrial proteins studied (∼5% of the >1100 proteins in MitoCarta), with some of these changes dependent on the training stimulus. Proteomic approaches have identified hundreds of additional mitochondrial proteins that respond to exercise training. There is, however, surprisingly little crossover in the mitochondrial proteins identified in the published human training studies. This suggests that to better understand the link between training-induced changes in mitochondrial proteins and metabolism, future studies need to move beyond maximizing protein detection to adopting methods that will increase the reliability of the changes in protein abundance observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Reisman
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nikeisha J Caruana
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Haddad T, Spence AL, Peiffer JJ, Blain GM, Brisswalter J, Abbiss CR. Single- Versus Double-Leg Cycling: Small Muscle Mass Exercise Improves Exercise Capacity to a Greater Extent in Older Compared With Younger Population. J Aging Phys Act 2024; 32:408-415. [PMID: 38350440 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Manipulating the amount of muscle mass engaged during exercise can noninvasively inform the contribution of central cardiovascular and peripheral vascular-oxidative functions to endurance performance. To better understand the factors contributing to exercise limitation in older and younger individuals, exercise performance was assessed during single-leg and double-leg cycling. 16 older (67 ± 5 years) and 14 younger (35 ± 5 years) individuals performed a maximal exercise using single-leg and double-leg cycling. The ratio of single-leg to double-leg cycling power (RatioPower SL/DL) was compared between age groups. The association between fitness (peak oxygen consumption, peak power output, and physical activity levels) and RatioPower SL/DL was explored. The RatioPower SL/DL was greater in older compared with younger individuals (1.14 ± 0.11 vs. 1.06 ± 0.08, p = .041). The RatioPower SL/DL was correlated with peak oxygen consumption (r = .886, p < .001), peak power output relative to body mass (r = .854, p < .001), and levels of physical activity (r = .728, p = .003) in the younger but not older subgroup. Reducing the amount of muscle mass engaged during exercise improved exercise capacity to a greater extent in older versus younger population and may reflect a greater reduction in central cardiovascular function compared with peripheral vascular-oxidative function with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Haddad
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
| | - Angela L Spence
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sport Science Discipline, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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13
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Voss AC, Chambers TL, Gries KJ, Jemiolo B, Raue U, Minchev K, Begue G, Lee GA, Trappe TA, Trappe SW. Exercise microdosing for skeletal muscle health applications to spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1040-1052. [PMID: 38205550 PMCID: PMC11365549 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00491.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Findings from a recent 70-day bedrest investigation suggested intermittent exercise testing in the control group may have served as a partial countermeasure for skeletal muscle size, function, and fiber-type shifts. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the metabolic and skeletal muscle molecular responses to the testing protocols. Eight males (29 ± 2 yr) completed muscle power (6 × 4 s; peak muscle power: 1,369 ± 86 W) and V̇o2max (13 ± 1 min; 3.2 ± 0.2 L/min) tests on specially designed supine cycle ergometers during two separate trials. Blood catecholamines and lactate were measured pre-, immediately post-, and 4-h postexercise. Muscle homogenate and muscle fiber-type-specific [myosin heavy chain (MHC) I and MHC IIa] mRNA levels of exercise markers (myostatin, IκBα, myogenin, MuRF-1, ABRA, RRAD, Fn14, PDK4) and MHC I, IIa, and IIx were measured from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies obtained pre- and 4-h postexercise. The muscle power test altered (P ≤ 0.05) norepinephrine (+124%), epinephrine (+145%), lactate (+300%), and muscle homogenate mRNA (IκBα, myogenin, MuRF-1, RRAD, Fn14). The V̇o2max test altered (P ≤ 0.05) norepinephrine (+1,394%), epinephrine (+1,412%), lactate (+736%), and muscle homogenate mRNA (myostatin, IκBα, myogenin, MuRF-1, ABRA, RRAD, Fn14, PDK4). In general, both tests influenced MHC IIa muscle fibers more than MHC I with respect to the number of genes that responded and the magnitude of response. Both tests also influenced MHC mRNA expression in a muscle fiber-type-specific manner. These findings provide unique insights into the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to small doses of exercise and could help shape exercise dosing for astronauts and Earth-based individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Declines in skeletal muscle health are a concern for astronauts on long-duration spaceflights. The current findings add to the growing body of exercise countermeasures data, suggesting that small doses of specific exercise can be beneficial for certain aspects of skeletal muscle health. This information can be used in conjunction with other components of existing exercise programs for astronauts and might translate to other areas focused on skeletal muscle health (e.g., sports medicine, rehabilitation, aging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Voss
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Toby L Chambers
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Kevin J Gries
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Kiril Minchev
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Gwenaelle Begue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Gary A Lee
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Scott W Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
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Brown A, Parise G, Thomas ACQ, Ng SY, McGlory C, Phillips SM, Kumbhare D, Joanisse S. Low baseline ribosome-related gene expression and resistance training-induced declines in ribosome-related gene expression are associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy in young men and women. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31182. [PMID: 38214457 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ribosomes are essential cellular machinery for protein synthesis. It is hypothesised that ribosome content supports muscle growth and that individuals with more ribosomes have greater increases in muscle size following resistance training (RT). Aerobic conditioning (AC) also elicits distinct physiological adaptations; however, no measures of ribosome content following AC have been conducted. We used ribosome-related gene expression as a proxy measure for ribosome content and hypothesised that AC and RT would increase ribosome-related gene expression. Fourteen young men and women performed 6 weeks of single-legged AC followed by 10 weeks of double-legged RT. Muscle biopsies were taken following AC and following RT in the aerobically conditioned (AC+RT) and unconditioned (RT) legs. No differences in regulatory genes (Ubf, Cyclin D1, Tif-1a and Polr-1b) involved in ribosomal biogenesis or ribosomal RNA (45S, 5.8S, 18S and 28S rRNAs) expression were observed following AC and RT, except for c-Myc (RT > AC+RT) and 5S rRNA (RT < AC+RT at pre-RT) with 18S external transcribed spacer and 5.8S internal transcribed spacer expression decreasing from pre-RT to post-RT in the RT leg only. When divided for change in leg-lean soft tissue mass (ΔLLSTM) following RT, legs with the greatest ΔLLSTM had lower expression in 11/13 measured ribosome-related genes before RT and decreased expression in 9/13 genes following RT. These results indicate that AC and RT did not increase ribosome-related gene expression. Contrary to previous research, the greatest increase in muscle mass was associated with lower changes in ribosome-related gene expression over the course of the 10-week training programme. This may point to the importance of translational efficiency rather than translational capacity (i.e. ribosome content) in mediating long-term exercise-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Brown
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron C Q Thomas
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Y Ng
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Nottingha, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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15
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Li X, Yang JY, Hu WZ, Ruan Y, Chen HY, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Ding ZS. Mitochondria-associated membranes contribution to exercise-mediated alleviation of hepatic insulin resistance: Contrasting high-intensity interval training with moderate-intensity continuous training in a high-fat diet mouse model. J Diabetes 2024; 16:e13540. [PMID: 38599845 PMCID: PMC11006604 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) serve pivotal functions in hepatic insulin resistance (IR). Our aim was to explore the potential role of MAMs in mitigating hepatic IR through exercise and to compare the effects of different intensities of exercise on hepatic MAMs formation in high-fat diet (HFD) mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed an HFD and randomly assigned to undergo supervised high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). IR was evaluated using the serum triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), glucose tolerance test (GTT), and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Hepatic steatosis was observed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and oil red O staining. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (PI3K-AKT-GSK3β) signaling pathway was assessed to determine hepatic IR. MAMs were evaluated through immunofluorescence (colocalization of voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 [VDAC1] and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor [IP3R]). RESULTS After 8 weeks on an HFD, there was notable inhibition of the hepatic PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway, accompanied by a marked reduction in hepatic IP3R-VDAC1 colocalization levels. Both 8-week HIIT and MICT significantly enhanced the hepatic PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling and colocalization levels of IP3R-VDAC1 in HFD mice, with MICT exhibiting a stronger effect on hepatic MAMs formation. Furthermore, the colocalization of hepatic IP3R-VDAC1 positively correlated with the expression levels of phosphorylation of protein kinase B (p-AKT) and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (p-GSK3β), while displaying a negative correlation with serum triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION The reduction in hepatic MAMs formation induced by HFD correlates with the development of hepatic IR. Both HIIT and MICT effectively bolster hepatic MAMs formation in HFD mice, with MICT demonstrating superior efficacy. Thus, MAMs might wield a pivotal role in exercise-induced alleviation of hepatic IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Physical Education & HealthEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Physical Education & HealthEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wen Zhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Physical Education & HealthEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - YuXin Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Physical Education & HealthEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hong Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Physical Education & HealthEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Physical Education & HealthEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Physical Education & HealthEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhe Shu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Physical Education & HealthEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
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Zouhal H, Abderrahman AB, Jayavel A, Hackney AC, Laher I, Saeidi A, Rhibi F, Granacher U. Effects of Passive or Active Recovery Regimes Applied During Long-Term Interval Training on Physical Fitness in Healthy Trained and Untrained Individuals: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38443585 PMCID: PMC10914654 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent exercise programs characterized through intensive exercise bouts alternated with passive or active recovery (i.e., interval training), have been proven to enhance measures of cardiorespiratory fitness. However, it is unresolved which recovery type (active or passive) applied during interval training results in larger performance improvements. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to summarize recent evidence on the effects of passive or active recovery following long-term interval exercise training on measures of physical fitness and physiological adaptations in healthy trained and untrained individuals. The study protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9BUEY ). METHODS We searched nine databases including the grey literature (Academic Search Elite, CINAHL, ERIC, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, Open Dissertations, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until February 2023. Key terms as high-intensity interval training, recovery mode, passive or active recover were used. A systematic review rather than a meta-analysis was performed, as a large number of outcome parameters would have produced substantial heterogeneity. RESULTS After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 24 studies were eligible for inclusion in our final analysis. Thirteen studies examined the effects of interval training interspersed with passive recovery regimes on physical fitness and physiological responses in trained (6 studies) and untrained (7 studies) individuals. Eleven out of 13 studies reported significant improvements in physical fitness (e.g., maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), Yo-Yo running test, jump performance) and physiological parameters (e.g., maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max], lactate threshold, blood pressure) in trained (effect sizes from single studies: 0.13 < Cohen's d < 3.27, small to very large) and untrained individuals (effect sizes: 0.17 < d < 4.19, small to very large) despite the type of interval training or exercise dosage (frequency, intensity, time, type). Two studies were identified that examined the effects of passive recovery applied during interval training in young female basketball (15.1 ± 1.1 years) and male soccer players (14.2 ± 0.5 years). Both studies showed positive effects of passive recovery on VO2max, countermovement jump performance, and the Yo-Yo running test. Eleven studies examined the effects of interval training interspersed with active recovery methods on physical fitness and physiological parameters in trained (6 studies) and untrained individuals (5 studies). Despite the type of interval training or exercise dosage, nine out of eleven studies reported significant increases in measures of physical fitness (e.g., MAV) and physiological parameters (e.g., VO2max, blood pressures) in trained (effect sizes from single studies: 0.13 < d < 1.29, small to very large) and untrained individuals (effect sizes: 0.19 < d < 3.29, small to very large). There was no study available that examined the effects of active recovery on physical fitness and physiological responses in youth. CONCLUSIONS The results of this systematic review show that interval training interspersed with active or passive recovery regimes have the potential to improve measures of physical fitness and physiology outcomes in trained and untrained adults and trained youth. That is, the applied recovery type seems not to affect the outcomes. Nonetheless, more research is needed on the effects of recovery type on measures of physical fitness and physiological adaptations in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France.
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850, Irodouër, France.
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS) LR09SEP01, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ayyappan Jayavel
- SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, 603203, India
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Fatma Rhibi
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Koutlas A, Smilios I, Kokkinou EM, Myrkos A, Kounoupis A, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A. NIRS-Derived Muscle-Deoxygenation and Microvascular Reactivity During Occlusion-Reperfusion at Rest Are Associated With Whole-Body Aerobic Fitness. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:127-139. [PMID: 36689603 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2159309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) indices during arterial occlusion-reperfusion maneuver have been used to examine the muscle's oxidative metabolism and microvascular function-important determinants of whole-body aerobic-fitness. The association of NIRS-derived parameters with whole-body VO2max was previously examined using a method requiring exercise (or electrical stimulation) followed by multiple arterial occlusions. We examined whether NIRS-derived indices of muscle deoxygenation and microvascular reactivity assessed during a single occlusion-reperfusion at rest are (a) associated with maximal/submaximal indices of whole-body aerobic-fitness and (b) could discriminate individuals with different VO2max. We, also, investigated which NIRS-parameter during occlusion-reperfusion correlates best with whole-body aerobic-fitness. Methods: Twenty-five young individuals performed an arterial occlusion-reperfusion at rest. Changes in oxygenated- and deoxygenated-hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) in vastus-lateralis were monitored; adipose tissue thickness (ATT) at NIRS-application was assessed. Participants also underwent a maximal incremental exercise test for VO2max, maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), and ventilatory-thresholds (VTs) assessments. Results: The HHbslope and HHbmagnitude of increase (occlusion-phase) and O2Hbmagnitude of increase (reperfusion-phase) were strongly correlated with VO2max (r = .695-.763, p < .001) and moderately with MAV (r = .468-.530; p < .05). O2Hbmagnitude was moderately correlated with VTs (r = .399-.414; p < .05). After controlling for ATT, the correlations remained significant for VO2max (r = .672-.704; p < .001) and MAV (r = .407; p < .05). Individuals in the high percentiles after median and tritile splits for HHbslope and O2Hbmagnitude had significantly greater VO2max vs. those in low percentiles (p < .01-.05). The HHbslope during occlusion was the best predictor of VO2max. Conclusion: NIRS-derived muscle deoxygenation/reoxygenation indices during a single arterial occlusion-reperfusion maneuver are strongly associated with whole-body maximal indices of aerobic-fitness (VO2max, MAV) and may discriminate individuals with different VO2max.
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Heyne E, Zeeb S, Junker C, Petzinna A, Schrepper A, Doenst T, Koch LG, Britton SL, Schwarzer M. Exercise Training Differentially Affects Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Rats with Inherited High or Low Exercise Capacity. Cells 2024; 13:393. [PMID: 38474357 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise capacity has been related to morbidity and mortality. It consists of an inherited and an acquired part and is dependent on mitochondrial function. We assessed skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in rats with divergent inherited exercise capacity and analyzed the effect of exercise training. Female high (HCR)- and low (LCR)-capacity runners were trained with individually adapted high-intensity intervals or kept sedentary. Interfibrillar (IFM) and subsarcolemmal (SSM) mitochondria from gastrocnemius muscle were isolated and functionally assessed (age: 15 weeks). Sedentary HCR presented with higher exercise capacity than LCR paralleled by higher citrate synthase activity and IFM respiratory capacity in skeletal muscle of HCR. Exercise training increased exercise capacity in both HCR and LCR, but this was more pronounced in LCR. In addition, exercise increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial mass more in LCR. Instead, maximal respiratory capacity was increased following exercise in HCRs' IFM only. The results suggest that differences in skeletal muscle mitochondrial subpopulations are mainly inherited. Exercise training resulted in different mitochondrial adaptations and in higher trainability of LCR. HCR primarily increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality while LCR increased mitochondrial quantity in response to exercise training, suggesting that inherited aerobic exercise capacity differentially affects the mitochondrial response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Heyne
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Zeeb
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Celina Junker
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Petzinna
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrepper
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Doenst
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Schwarzer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
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Takahashi K, Mukai K, Takahashi Y, Ebisuda Y, Hatta H, Kitaoka Y. Metabolomic responses to high-intensity interval exercise in equine skeletal muscle: effects of rest interval duration. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246896. [PMID: 38235553 PMCID: PMC10911116 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training has attracted considerable attention as a time-efficient strategy for inducing physiological adaptations, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. By using metabolomics techniques, we investigated changes in the metabolic network responses in Thoroughbred horses to high-intensity interval exercise performed with two distinct (15 min or 2 min) rest intervals. The peak plasma lactate level was higher during high-intensity exercise with a 2 min rest duration than that with a 15 min rest duration (24.5±6.8 versus 13.3±2.7 mmol l-1). The arterial oxygen saturation was lower at the end of all exercise sessions with a 2 min rest duration than that with a 15 min rest duration. Metabolomic analysis of skeletal muscle revealed marked changes in metabolite concentrations in the first and third bouts of the 15 min rest interval conditions. In contrast, there were no metabolite concentrations or pathways that significantly changed during the third bout of exercise performed with a 2 min rest interval. Our findings suggest that the activity of each energy production system is not necessarily reflected by apparent changes in metabolite concentrations, potentially due in part to a better match between metabolite flux into and out of the pathway and cycle, as well as between metabolite production and disposal. This study provides evidence that changes in metabolite concentrations vary greatly depending on the number of repetitions and the length of rest periods between exercises, even if the exercises themselves are identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yusaku Ebisuda
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University, Kanagawa 221-8686, Japan
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20
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Bartlett MF, Fitzgerald LF, Nagarajan R, Kent JA. Measurements of in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative capacity are lower following sustained isometric compared with dynamic contractions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:250-264. [PMID: 37906958 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity can be quantified non-invasively using 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to measure the rate constant of phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery (kPCr) following contractions. In the quadricep muscles, several studies have quantified kPCr following 24-30 s of sustained maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). This approach has the advantage of simplicity but is potentially problematic because sustained MVICs inhibit perfusion, which may limit muscle oxygen availability or increase the intracellular metabolic perturbation, and thus affect kPCr. Alternatively, dynamic contractions allow reperfusion between contractions, which may avoid limitations in oxygen delivery. To determine whether dynamic contraction protocols elicit greater kPCr than sustained MVIC protocols, we used a cross-sectional design to compare quadriceps kPCr in 22 young and 11 older healthy adults following 24 s of maximal voluntary: (1) sustained MVIC and (2) dynamic (MVDC; 120°·s-1, 1 every 2 s) contractions. Muscle kPCr was ∼20% lower following the MVIC protocol compared with the MVDC protocol (p ≤ 0.001), though this was less evident in older adults (p = 0.073). Changes in skeletal muscle pH (p ≤ 0.001) and PME accumulation (p ≤ 0.001) were greater following the sustained MVIC protocol, and pH (p ≤ 0.001) and PME (p ≤ 0.001) recovery were slower. These results demonstrate that (i) a brief, sustained MVIC yields a lower value for skeletal muscle oxidative capacity than an MVDC protocol of similar duration and (ii) this difference may not be consistent across populations (e.g., young vs. old). Thus, the potential effect of contraction protocol on comparisons of kPCr in different study groups requires careful consideration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles F Bartlett
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Liam F Fitzgerald
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Human Magnetic Resonance Center, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jane A Kent
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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21
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Tripp TR, McDougall RM, Frankish BP, Wiley JP, Lun V, MacInnis MJ. Contraction intensity affects NIRS-derived skeletal muscle oxidative capacity but not its relationships to mitochondrial protein content or aerobic fitness. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:298-312. [PMID: 38059287 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00342.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To further refine the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived measure of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in humans, we sought to determine whether the exercise stimulus intensity affected the τ value and/or influenced the magnitude of correlations with in vitro measures of mitochondrial content and in vivo indices of exercise performance. Males (n = 12) and females (n = 12), matched for maximal aerobic fitness per fat-free mass, completed NIRS-derived skeletal muscle oxidative capacity tests for the vastus lateralis following repeated contractions at 40% (τ40) and 100% (τ100) of maximum voluntary contraction, underwent a skeletal muscle biopsy of the same muscle, and performed multiple intermittent isometric knee extension tests to task failure to establish critical torque (CT). The value of τ100 (34.4 ± 7.0 s) was greater than τ40 (24.2 ± 6.9 s, P < 0.001), but the values were correlated (r = 0.688; P < 0.001). The values of τ40 (r = -0.692, P < 0.001) and τ100 (r = -0.488, P = 0.016) correlated with myosin heavy chain I percentage and several markers of mitochondrial content, including COX II protein content in whole muscle (τ40: r = -0.547, P = 0.006; τ100: r = -0.466, P = 0.022), type I pooled fibers (τ40: r = -0.547, P = 0.006; τ100: r = -0.547, P = 0.006), and type II pooled fibers (τ40: r = -0.516, P = 0.009; τ100: r = -0.635, P = 0.001). The value of τ40 (r = -0.702, P < 0.001), but not τ100 (r = -0.378, P = 0.083) correlated with critical torque (CT); however, neither value correlated with W' (τ40: r = 0.071, P = 0.753; τ100: r = 0.054, P = 0.812). Overall, the NIRS method of assessing skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is sensitive to the intensity of skeletal muscle contraction but maintains relationships to whole body fitness, isolated limb critical intensity, and mitochondrial content regardless of intensity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was lower following high-intensity compared with low-intensity isometric knee extension contractions. At both intensities, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity was correlated with protein markers of mitochondrial content (in whole muscle and pooled type I and type II muscle fibers) and critical torque. These findings highlight the importance of standardizing contraction intensity while using the NIRS method with isometric contractions and further demonstrate its validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Tripp
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - J Preston Wiley
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victor Lun
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Rosenblat MA, Arnold J, Nelson H, Watt J, Seiler S. The Additional Effect of Training Above the Maximal Metabolic Steady State on VO2peak, Wpeak and Time-Trial Performance in Endurance-Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Reality Check. Sports Med 2024; 54:429-446. [PMID: 37737543 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve sport performance, athletes use training regimens that include exercise below and above the maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS). OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to determine the additional effect of training above MMSS on VO2peak, Wpeak and time-trial (TT) performance in endurance-trained athletes. METHODS Studies were included in the review if they (i) were published in academic journals, (ii) were in English, (iii) were prospective, (iv) included trained participants, (v) had an intervention group that contained training above and below MMSS, (vi) had a comparator group that only performed training below MMSS, and (vii) reported results for VO2peak, Wpeak, or TT performance. Medline and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception until February 23, 2023. RESULTS Fourteen studies that ranged from 2 to 12 weeks were included in the review. There were 171 recreational and 128 competitive endurance athletes. The mean age and VO2peak of participants ranged from 15 to 43 years and 38 to 68 mL·kg-1·min-1, respectively. The inclusion of training above MMSS led to a 2.5 mL·kg-1·min-1 (95% CI 1.4-3.6; p < 0.01; I2 = 0%) greater improvement in VO2peak. A minimum of 81 participants per group would be required to obtain sufficient power to determine a significant effect (SMD 0.44) for VO2peak. No intensity-specific effect was observed for Wpeak or TT performance, in part due to a smaller sample size. CONCLUSION A single training meso-cycle that includes training above MMSS can improve VO2peak in endurance-trained athletes more than training only below MMSS. However, we do not have sufficient evidence to conclude that concurrent adaptation occurs for Wpeak or TT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jem Arnold
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Watt
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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23
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Tincknell JB, Kugler BA, Spicuzza H, Berger N, Yan H, You T, Zou K. High-intensity interval training attenuates impairment in regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in skeletal muscle of diet-induced obese mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:236-249. [PMID: 37852013 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control processes are essential in governing mitochondrial integrity and function. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the regulatory protein machinery of skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control and whole-body glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) group. After 10 weeks, HFD-fed mice were divided into sedentary and HIIT (HFD + HIIT) groups for another 10 weeks (n = 9/group). Graded exercise test, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, mitochondrial respiration, and protein markers of mitochondrial quality control processes were determined. HFD-fed mice exhibited lower ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration (p < 0.05). However, 10 weeks of HIIT prevented this impairment (p < 0.05). Importantly, the ratio of Drp1(Ser616) over Drp1(Ser637) phosphorylation, an indicator of mitochondrial fission, was significantly higher in HFD-fed mice (p < 0.05), but such increase was attenuated in HFD-HIIT compared to HFD (-35.7%, p < 0.05). Regarding autophagy, skeletal muscle p62 content was lower in the HFD group than the LFD group (-35.1%, p < 0.05); however, such reduction was disappeared in the HFD + HIIT group. In addition, LC3B II/I ratio was higher in the HFD group than the LFD group (15.5%, p < 0.05) but was ameliorated in the HFD + HIIT group (-29.9%, p < 0.05). Overall, our study demonstrated that 10 weeks of HIIT was effective in improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and the regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in diet-induced obese mice through the alterations of mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 phosphorylations and p62/LC3B-mediated regulatory machinery of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Tincknell
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Haley Spicuzza
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Nicolas Berger
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Huimin Yan
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Tongjian You
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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24
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Coates AM, Joyner MJ, Little JP, Jones AM, Gibala MJ. A Perspective on High-Intensity Interval Training for Performance and Health. Sports Med 2023; 53:85-96. [PMID: 37804419 PMCID: PMC10721680 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Interval training is a simple concept that refers to repeated bouts of relatively hard work interspersed with recovery periods of easier work or rest. The method has been used by high-level athletes for over a century to improve performance in endurance-type sports and events such as middle- and long-distance running. The concept of interval training to improve health, including in a rehabilitative context or when practiced by individuals who are relatively inactive or deconditioned, has also been advanced for decades. An important issue that affects the interpretation and application of interval training is the lack of standardized terminology. This particularly relates to the classification of intensity. There is no common definition of the term "high-intensity interval training" (HIIT) despite its widespread use. We contend that in a performance context, HIIT can be characterized as intermittent exercise bouts performed above the heavy-intensity domain. This categorization of HIIT is primarily encompassed by the severe-intensity domain. It is demarcated by indicators that principally include the critical power or critical speed, or other indices, including the second lactate threshold, maximal lactate steady state, or lactate turnpoint. In a health context, we contend that HIIT can be characterized as intermittent exercise bouts performed above moderate intensity. This categorization of HIIT is primarily encompassed by the classification of vigorous intensity. It is demarcated by various indicators related to perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, or heart rate as defined in authoritative public health and exercise prescription guidelines. A particularly intense variant of HIIT commonly termed "sprint interval training" can be distinguished as repeated bouts performed with near-maximal to "all out" effort. This characterization coincides with the highest intensity classification identified in training zone models or exercise prescription guidelines, including the extreme-intensity domain, anaerobic speed reserve, or near-maximal to maximal intensity classification. HIIT is considered an essential training component for the enhancement of athletic performance, but the optimal intensity distribution and specific HIIT prescription for endurance athletes is unclear. HIIT is also a viable method to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and other health-related indices in people who are insufficiently active, including those with cardiometabolic diseases. Research is needed to clarify responses to different HIIT strategies using robust study designs that employ best practices. We offer a perspective on the topic of HIIT for performance and health, including a conceptual framework that builds on the work of others and outlines how the method can be defined and operationalized within each context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Coates
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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25
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McDougall RM, Tripp TR, Frankish BP, Doyle-Baker PK, Lun V, Wiley JP, Aboodarda SJ, MacInnis MJ. The influence of skeletal muscle mitochondria and sex on critical torque and performance fatiguability in humans. J Physiol 2023; 601:5295-5316. [PMID: 37902588 DOI: 10.1113/jp284958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical torque (CT) represents the highest oxidative steady state for intermittent knee extensor exercise, but the extent to which it is influenced by skeletal muscle mitochondria and sex is unclear. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected from 12 females and 12 males -matched for relative maximal oxygen uptake normalized to fat-free mass (FFM) (F: 57.3 (7.5) ml (kg FFM)-1 min-1 ; M: 56.8 (7.6) ml (kg FFM)-1 min-1 ; P = 0.856) - prior to CT determination and performance fatiguability trials. Males had a lower proportion of myosin heavy chain (MHC) I isoform (40.6 (18.4)%) compared to females (59.5 (18.9)%; P = 0.021), but MHC IIa and IIx isoform distributions and protein markers of mitochondrial content were not different between sexes (P > 0.05). When normalized to maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), the relative CT (F: 42.9 (8.3)%; M: 37.9 (9.0)%; P = 0.172) and curvature constant, W' (F: 26.6 (11.0) N m s (N m)-1 ; M: 26.4 (6.5) N m s (N m)-1 ; P = 0.962) were not significantly different between sexes. All protein biomarkers of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content, as well as the proportion of MHC I isoform, positively correlated with relative CT (0.48 < r < 0.70; P < 0.05), and the proportion of MHC IIx isoform correlated positively with relative W' (r = 0.57; P = 0.007). Indices of performance fatiguability were not different between males and females for MVC- and CT-controlled trials (P > 0.05). Greater mitochondrial protein abundance was associated with attenuated declines in potentiated twitch torque for exercise at 60% MVC (P < 0.05); however, the influence of mitochondrial protein abundance on performance fatiguability was reduced when exercise was prescribed relative to CT. Whether these findings translate to whole-body exercise requires additional research. KEY POINTS: The quadriceps critical torque represents the highest intensity of intermittent knee extensor exercise for which an oxidative steady state is attainable, but its relationship with skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance is unknown. Matching males and females for maximal oxygen uptake relative to fat-free mass facilitates investigations of sex differences in exercise physiology, but studies that have compared critical torque and performance fatiguability during intermittent knee extensor exercise have not ensured equal aerobic fitness between sexes. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance was correlated with critical torque and fatigue resistance for exercise prescribed relative to maximum voluntary contraction but not for exercise performed relative to the critical torque. Differences between sexes in critical torque, skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance and performance fatiguability were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance may contribute to fatigue resistance by influencing the critical intensity of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas R Tripp
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Victor Lun
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Preston Wiley
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Jalal Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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26
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Pengam M, Goanvec C, Moisan C, Simon B, Albacète G, Féray A, Guernec A, Amérand A. Moderate intensity continuous versus high intensity interval training: Metabolic responses of slow and fast skeletal muscles in rat. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292225. [PMID: 37792807 PMCID: PMC10550171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthy benefits of regular physical exercise are mainly mediated by the stimulation of oxidative and antioxidant capacities in skeletal muscle. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular responses involved in these processes remain often uncomplete particularly regarding muscle typology. The main aim of the present study was to compare the effects of two types of exercise training protocol: a moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on metabolic processes in two muscles with different typologies: soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Training effects in male Wistar rats were studied from whole organism level (maximal aerobic speed, morphometric and systemic parameters) to muscle level (transcripts, protein contents and enzymatic activities involved in antioxidant defences, aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms). Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: untrained (UNTR), n = 7; MICT, n = 8; and HIIT, n = 8. Rats of the MICT and HIIT groups ran five times a week for six weeks at moderate and high intensity, respectively. HIIT improved more than MICT the endurance performance (a trend to increased maximal aerobic speed, p = 0.07) and oxidative capacities in both muscles, as determined through protein and transcript assays (AMPK-PGC-1α signalling pathway, antioxidant defences, mitochondrial functioning and dynamics). Whatever the training protocol, the genes involved in these processes were largely more significantly upregulated in soleus (slow-twitch fibres) than in EDL (fast-twitch fibres). Solely on the basis of the transcript changes, we conclude that the training protocols tested here lead to specific muscular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Annie Féray
- EA 4324 ORPHY, Université de Brest, Brest, France
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27
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Ruegsegger GN, Pataky MW, Simha S, Robinson MM, Klaus KA, Nair KS. High-intensity aerobic, but not resistance or combined, exercise training improves both cardiometabolic health and skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:763-774. [PMID: 37616334 PMCID: PMC10642518 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00405.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how different exercise training modalities influence skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics. Healthy [average body mass index (BMI): 25.8 kg/m2], sedentary younger and older participants underwent 12 wk of supervised high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT; n = 13), resistance training (RT; n = 14), or combined training (CT; n = 11). Mitochondrial structure was assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Regulators of mitochondrial fission and fusion, cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇o2peak), insulin sensitivity via a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and muscle mitochondrial respiration were assessed. TEM showed increased mitochondrial volume, number, and perimeter following HIIT (P < 0.01), increased mitochondrial number following CT (P < 0.05), and no change in mitochondrial abundance after RT. Increased mitochondrial volume associated with increased mitochondrial respiration and insulin sensitivity following HIIT (P < 0.05). Increased mitochondrial perimeter associated with increased mitochondrial respiration, insulin sensitivity, and V̇o2peak following HIIT (P < 0.05). No such relationships were observed following CT or RT. OPA1, a regulator of fusion, was increased following HIIT (P < 0.05), whereas FIS1, a regulator of fission, was decreased following HIIT and CT (P < 0.05). HIIT also increased the ratio of OPA1/FIS1 (P < 0.01), indicative of the balance between fission and fusion, which positively correlated with improvements in respiration, insulin sensitivity, and V̇o2peak (P < 0.05). In conclusion, HIIT induces a larger, more fused mitochondrial tubular network. Changes indicative of increased fusion following HIIT associate with improvements in mitochondrial respiration, insulin sensitivity, and V̇o2peak supporting the idea that enhanced mitochondrial fusion accompanies notable health benefits of HIIT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We assessed the effects of 12 wk of supervised high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training, and combined training (CT) on skeletal muscle mitochondrial abundance and markers of fission and fusion. HIIT increased mitochondrial area and size and promoted protein changes indicative of increased mitochondrial fusion, whereas lessor effects were observed after CT and no changes were observed after RT. Furthermore, increased mitochondrial area and size after HIIT associated with improved mitochondrial respiration, cardiorespiratory fitness, and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Ruegsegger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Mark W Pataky
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Suvyaktha Simha
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
| | - Katherine A Klaus
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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28
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Gough LA, Newbury JW, Price M. The effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on swimming interval performance in trained competitive swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1763-1771. [PMID: 37027014 PMCID: PMC10363041 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation to improve repeated high-intensity performance is recommended; however, most swimming performance studies examine time trial efforts rather than repeated swims with interspersed recovery that are more indicative of training sessions. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effects of 0.3 g.kg-1 BM NaHCO3 supplementation on sprint interval swimming (8 × 50 m) in regionally trained swimmers. Fourteen regionally competitive male swimmers (body mass (BM): 73 ± 8 kg) volunteered for this double-blind, randomised, crossover designed study. Each participant was asked to swim 8 × 50 m (front crawl) at a maximum intensity from a diving block, interspersed with 50 m active recovery swimming. After one familiarisation trial, this was repeated on two separate occasions whereby participants ingested either 0.3 g.kg-1 BM NaHCO3 or 0.05 g.kg-1 BM sodium chloride (placebo) in solution 60 min prior to exercise. Whilst there were no differences in time to complete between sprints 1-4 (p > 0.05), improvements were observed in sprint 5 (p = 0.011; ES = 0.26), 6 (p = 0.014; ES = 0.39), 7 (p = 0.005; ES = 0.60), and 8 (p = 0.004; ES = 0.79). Following NaHCO3 supplementation, pH was greater at 60 min (p < 0.001; ES = 3.09), whilst HCO3- was greater at 60 min (p < 0.001; ES = 3.23) and post-exercise (p = 0.016; ES = 0.53) compared to placebo. These findings suggest NaHCO3 supplementation can improve the latter stages of sprint interval swimming performance, which is likely due to the augmentation of pH and HCO3- prior to exercise and the subsequent increase in buffering capacity during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Gough
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Birmingham City University, Birmingham, B15 3TN, UK.
| | - J W Newbury
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Birmingham City University, Birmingham, B15 3TN, UK
| | - M Price
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
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Tincknell JB, Kugler B, Spicuzza H, Yan H, You T, Zou K. High-Intensity Interval Training Attenuates Impairment in Regulatory Protein Machinery of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle of Diet-Induced Obese Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.28.546902. [PMID: 37425824 PMCID: PMC10326985 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control processes are essential in governing mitochondrial integrity and function. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of HIIT on the regulatory protein machinery of skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control and whole-body glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) group. After 10 weeks, HFD-fed mice were divided into sedentary and HIIT (HFD+HIIT) groups and remained on HFD for another 10 weeks (n=9/group). Graded exercise test, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, mitochondrial respiration and regulatory protein markers of mitochondrial quality control processes were determined by immunoblots. Ten weeks of HIIT enhanced ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration in diet-induced obese mice (P < 0.05) but did not improve whole-body insulin sensitivity. Importantly, the ratio of Drp1(Ser 616 ) over Drp1(Ser 637 ) phosphorylation, an indicator of mitochondrial fission, was attenuated in HFD-HIIT compared to HFD (-35.7%, P < 0.05). Regarding autophagy, skeletal muscle p62 content was lower in HFD group than LFD group (-35.1%, P < 0.05), however, such reduction was disappeared in HFD+HIIT group. In addition, LC3B II/I ratio was higher in HFD than LFD group (15.5%, P < 0.05) but was ameliorated in HFD+HIIT group (-29.9%, P < 0.05). Overall, our study demonstrated that 10 weeks of HIIT was effective in improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and the regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in diet-induced obese mice through the alterations of mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 activity and p62/LC3B-mediated regulatory machinery of autophagy.
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Pedersen ZO, Pedersen BS, Larsen S, Dysgaard T. A Scoping Review Investigating the "Gene-Dosage Theory" of Mitochondrial DNA in the Healthy Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098154. [PMID: 37175862 PMCID: PMC10179410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the evidence regarding mtDNA and valid biomarkers for assessing mitochondrial adaptions. Mitochondria are small organelles that exist in almost all cells throughout the human body. As the only organelle, mitochondria contain their own DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). mtDNA-encoded polypeptides are subunits of the enzyme complexes in the electron transport chain (ETC) that are responsible for production of ATP to the cells. mtDNA is frequently used as a biomarker for mitochondrial content, since changes in mitochondrial volume are thought to induce similar changes in mtDNA. However, some exercise studies have challenged this "gene-dosage theory", and have indicated that changes in mitochondrial content can adapt without changes in mtDNA. Thus, the aim of this scoping review was to summarize the studies that used mtDNA as a biomarker for mitochondrial adaptions and address the question as to whether changes in mitochondrial content, induce changes in mtDNA in response to aerobic exercise in the healthy skeletal muscle. The literature was searched in PubMed and Embase. Eligibility criteria included: interventional study design, aerobic exercise, mtDNA measurements reported pre- and postintervention for the healthy skeletal muscle and English language. Overall, 1585 studies were identified. Nine studies were included for analysis. Eight out of the nine studies showed proof of increased oxidative capacity, six found improvements in mitochondrial volume, content and/or improved mitochondrial enzyme activity and seven studies did not find evidence of change in mtDNA copy number. In conclusion, the findings imply that mitochondrial adaptions, as a response to aerobic exercise, can occur without a change in mtDNA copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandra Overgaard Pedersen
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Britt Staevnsbo Pedersen
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tina Dysgaard
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Training Load and Acute Performance Decrements Following Different Training Sessions. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:284-292. [PMID: 36716743 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the differences in training load (TL) metrics when quantifying training sessions differing in intensity and duration. The relationship between the TL metrics and the acute performance decrement measured immediately after the sessions was also assessed. METHODS Eleven male recreational cyclists performed 4 training sessions in a random order, immediately followed by a 3-km time trial (TT). Before this period, participants performed the time TT in order to obtain a baseline performance. The difference in the average power output for the TTs following the training sessions was then expressed relative to the best baseline performance. The training sessions were quantified using 7 different TL metrics, 4 using heart rate as input, 2 using power output, and 1 using the rating of perceived exertion. RESULTS The load of the sessions was estimated differently depending on the TL metrics used. Also, within the metrics using the same input (heart rate and power), differences were found. TL using the rating of perceived exertion was the only metric showing a response that was consistent with the acute performance decrements found for the different training sessions. The Training Stress Score and the individualized training impulse demonstrated similar patterns but overexpressed the intensity of the training sessions. The total work done resulted in an overrepresentation of the duration of training. CONCLUSION TL metrics provide dissimilar results as to which training sessions have higher loads. The load based on TL using the rating of perceived exertion was the only one in line with the acute performance decrements found in this study.
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Green ES, Williams ER, Feito Y, Jenkins NT. Physiological and Anthropometric Differences Among Endurance, Strength, and High-Intensity Functional Training Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:131-142. [PMID: 35302436 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1947468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: We compared aerobic capacity (V˙O2max), mitochondrial capacity (mV˙O2), anaerobic power, strength, and muscle endurance in healthy, active men from strength (STR), endurance (END) and high-intensity functional training (HIFT) backgrounds. Methods: Twenty-four men (n = 8/group) completed a cycle ergometer test to determine V˙O2max, followed by a 3-min all-out test to determine peak (PP) and end power (EP), and to estimate anaerobic [work done above EP (WEP)] and aerobic work capacity. Strength was determined by knee extensor maximal voluntary contraction at various flexion angles. The endurance index (EI) of the vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed by measuring muscle contraction acceleration during electrical twitch mechanomyography. mV˙O2max of the VL was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate muscle oxygen consumption during transient femoral artery occlusions. Results: V˙O2max was significantly different among groups (p < .05). PP was significantly higher in HIFT and STR versus END (p < .05). EP was significantly higher in HIFT and END compared to STR (p < .05). WEP was significantly higher in STR compared to END (p < .05), whereas total work done was significantly higher in HIFT and END compared to STR (p < .05). mV˙O2max and EI were comparable between HIFT and END but significantly lower in STR versus END (p < .05). Torque production was significantly lower in END compared to STR and HIFT at all flexion angles (p < .05), with no difference between STR and HIFT. Conclusion: HIFT participants can exert similar power outputs and absolute strength compared to strength focused participants but exhibit fatigue resistance and mitochondrial capacity comparable to those who train for endurance.
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Skelly LE, MacInnis MJ, Bostad W, McCarthy DG, Jenkins EM, Archila LR, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial responses to single-leg intermittent or continuous cycle exercise training matched for absolute intensity and total work. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:872-881. [PMID: 36779702 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the potential for interval (INT) training to increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial content including whether the response differs from continuous (CONT) training. Comparisons of INT and CONT exercise are impacted by the manner in which protocols are "matched", particularly with respect to exercise intensity, as well as inter-individual differences in training responses. We employed single-leg cycling to facilitate a within-participant design and test the hypothesis that short-term INT training would elicit a greater increase in mitochondrial content than work- and intensity-matched CONT training. Ten young healthy adults (five males and five females) completed 12 training sessions over 4 weeks with each leg. Legs were randomly assigned to complete either 30 min of CONT exercise at a challenging sustainable workload (~50% single-leg peak power output; Wpeak) or INT exercise that involved 10 × 3-min bouts at the same absolute workload. INT bouts were interspersed with 1 min of recovery at 10% Wpeak and each CONT session ended with 10 min at 10% Wpeak. Absolute and mean intensity, total training time, and volume were thus matched between legs but the pattern of exercise differed. Contrary to our hypothesis, biomarkers of mitochondrial content including citrate synthase maximal activity, mitochondrial protein content and subsarcolemmal mitochondrial volume increased after CONT (p < 0.05) but not INT training. Both training modes increased single-leg Wpeak (p < 0.01) and time to exhaustion at 70% of single-leg Wpeak (p < 0.01). In a work- and intensity-matched comparison, short-term CONT training increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial content whereas INT training did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Skelly
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - William Bostad
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin G McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Linda R Archila
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Batterson PM, McGowan EM, Stierwalt HD, Ehrlicher SE, Newsom SA, Robinson MM. Two weeks of high-intensity interval training increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration via complex-specific remodeling in sedentary humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:339-355. [PMID: 36603044 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00467.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic training remodels the quantity and quality (function per unit) of skeletal muscle mitochondria to promote substrate oxidation, however, there remain key gaps in understanding the underlying mechanisms during initial training adaptations. We used short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to determine changes to mitochondrial respiration and regulatory pathways that occur early in remodeling. Fifteen normal-weight sedentary adults started seven sessions of HIIT over 14 days and 14 participants completed the intervention. We collected vastus lateralis biopsies before and 48 h after HIIT to determine mitochondrial respiration, RNA sequencing, and Western blotting for proteins of mitochondrial respiration and degradation via autophagy. HIIT increased respiration per mitochondrial protein for lipid (+23% P = 0.020), complex I (+18%, P = 0.0015), complex I + II (+14%, P < 0.0001), and complex II (+24% P < 0.0001). Transcripts that increased with HIIT identified several gene sets of mitochondrial respiration, particularly for complex I, whereas transcripts that decreased identified pathways of DNA and chromatin remodeling. HIIT lowered protein abundance of autophagy markers for p62 (-19%, P = 0.012) and LC3 II/I (-20%, P = 0.004) in whole tissue lysates but not isolated mitochondria. Meal tolerance testing revealed HIIT increased the change in whole body respiratory exchange ratio and lowered cumulative plasma insulin concentrations. Gene transcripts and respiratory function indicate remodeling of mitochondria within 2 wk of HIIT. Overall changes are consistent with increased protein quality driving rapid improvements in substrate oxidation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aerobic training stimulates mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle that is linked to improvements to whole body fuel metabolism. The mechanisms driving changes to the quantity and quality (function per unit) of mitochondria are less known. We used seven sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to determine functional changes and mechanisms of mitochondrial remodeling in skeletal muscle. HIIT increased mitochondrial respiration per mass for fatty acids, complex I, and complex II substrates. HIIT-induced remodeling pathways including gene transcripts for mitochondrial respiration (via RNA sequencing of muscle tissue) and proteins related to complex I respiration. We conclude that an early feature of aerobic training is increased mitochondrial protein quality via improved respiration and induction of mitochondrial transcriptional patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Batterson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Erin M McGowan
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Harrison D Stierwalt
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Sarah E Ehrlicher
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Sean A Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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Genders AJ, Kuang J, Saner NJ, Botella J, Bishop DJ. Ammonium chloride administration prevents training-induced improvements in mitochondrial respiratory function in the soleus muscle of male rats. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C67-C75. [PMID: 36542512 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00165.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training can increase both mitochondrial content and mitochondrial respiration. Despite its popularity, high-intensity exercise can be accompanied by mild acidosis (also present in certain pathological states), which may limit exercise-induced adaptations to skeletal muscle mitochondria. The aim of this study was to determine if administration of ammonium chloride (0.05 g/kg) to Wistar rats before each individual exercise session (5 high-intensity exercise sessions/wk for 8 wk) reduced training-induced increases in mitochondrial content (measured by citrate synthase activity and protein content of electron transport system complexes) and respiration (measured in permeabilized muscle fibers). In the soleus muscle, the exercise-training-induced increase in mitochondrial respiration was reduced in rats administered ammonium chloride compared to control animals, but mitochondrial content was not altered. These effects were not present in the white gastrocnemius muscle. In conclusion, ammonium chloride administration before each exercise session over 8 wk reduced improvements in mitochondrial respiration in the soleus muscle but did not alter mitochondrial content. This suggests that mild acidosis may affect training-induced improvements in the respiration of mitochondria in some muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Genders
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Human Integrative Physiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Metabolic Research Unit, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Heidorn CE, Elmer SJ, Wehmanen KW, Martin JC, McDaniel J. Single-leg cycling to maintain and improve function in healthy and clinical populations. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1105772. [PMID: 37187959 PMCID: PMC10175616 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise with reduced muscle mass facilitates greater muscle-specific adaptations than training with larger muscle mass. The smaller active muscle mass can demand a greater portion of cardiac output which allows muscle(s) to perform greater work and subsequently elicit robust physiological adaptations that improve health and fitness. One reduced active muscle mass exercise that can promote greater positive physiological adaptations is single-leg cycling (SLC). Specifically, SLC confines the cycling exercise to a smaller muscle mass resulting in greater limb specific blood flow (i.e., blood flow is no longer "shared" by both legs) which allows the individual to exercise at a greater limb specific intensity or for a longer duration. Numerous reports describing the use of SLC have established cardiovascular and/or metabolic benefits of this exercise modality for healthy adults, athletes, and individuals living with chronic diseases. SLC has served as a valuable research tool for understanding central and peripheral factors to phenomena such as oxygen uptake and exercise tolerance (i.e., V̇O2peak and V̇O2 slow component). Together, these examples highlight the breadth of applications of SLC to promote, maintain, and study health. Accordingly, the purpose of this review was to describe: 1) acute physiological responses to SLC, 2) long-term adaptations to SLC in populations ranging from endurance athletes to middle aged adults, to individuals living with chronic disease (COPD, heart failure, organ transplant), and 3) various methods utilized to safely perform SLC. A discussion is also included on clinical application and exercise prescription of SLC for the maintenance and/or improvement of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Eric Heidorn
- Vascular Health Lab, Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: C. Eric Heidorn,
| | - Steven J. Elmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Kyle W. Wehmanen
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - James C. Martin
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - John McDaniel
- Vascular Health Lab, Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Venckunas T, Brazaitis M, Snieckus A, Mickevicius M, Eimantas N, Subocius A, Mickeviciene D, Westerblad H, Kamandulis S. Adding High-Intensity Interval Training to Classical Resistance Training Does Not Impede the Recovery from Inactivity-Induced Leg Muscle Weakness. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010016. [PMID: 36670879 PMCID: PMC9854626 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivity is known to induce muscle weakness, and chronically increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are proposed to have a central causative role in this process. Intriguingly, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), which involves bursts of high ROS production, can have positive effects in pathological conditions with chronically increased ROS. Here, young male volunteers were exposed to 3 weeks of unloading of the dominant leg followed by 3 weeks of resistance training without (Ctrl group) or with the addition of all-out cycling HIIT. Changes in muscle thickness were assessed by ultrasonography, and contractile function was studied by measuring the torque during maximal voluntary contractions (MVC). The results show an ~6% decrease in vastus lateralis thickness after the unloading period, which was fully restored after the subsequent training period in both the Ctrl and HIIT groups. MVC torque was decreased by ~11% after the unloading period and recovered fully during the subsequent training period in both groups. All-out cycling performance was improved by the 3 weeks of HIIT. In conclusion, the decline in muscle size and function after 3 weeks of unloading was restored by 3 weeks of resistance training regardless of whether it was combined with HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrejus Subocius
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Kaunas Hospital of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Mickeviciene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Yan S, Kim Y, Choi Y. Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness according to High-Intensity Interval Training Frequency in Youth Soccer Players in the Last Stage of Rehabilitation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15573. [PMID: 36497647 PMCID: PMC9735649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last stage of rehabilitation, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for improving physical fitness is appropriate for return-to-play; however, some youth athletes visit the rehabilitation center less frequently due to conflict with their distance to center, and academic schedule. We tested the effects of short-term low-frequency HIIT in 54 youth male soccer players, after dividing them into a low-frequency group (LFG, n = 27 players) and a high-frequency group (HFG, n = 27 players). Muscle mass and body fat were measured using a body composition test, and VO2peak and exercise duration were measured using a treadmill. Five sets of anaerobic peak power and fatigue were measured repeatedly using the Wingate test. To evaluate knee joint muscle function, 60°/s, 180°/s, and 240°/s were measured using the isokinetic muscle function equipment. HIIT sessions were conducted twice a week for LFG and five times a week for HFG for 4 weeks. In this study, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were mainly used for analysis. Significant improvements in VO2peak, anaerobic peak power, and knee strength were observed after intervention in both groups (p < 0.05). In the post test, there were significant differences between groups in VO2peak (LFG, 56.4 vs. HFG, 57.1 mL/kg/min; p = 0.035), exercise duration (LFG, 972.3 vs. HFG, 990.4 s; p = 0.041), Wingate anaerobic peak power 5 sets (LFG, 606.3 vs. HFG, 629.3 Watt; p = 0.039), and muscle function test 240°/s (LFG, 68.5 vs. HFG, 70.2 Jouls; p = 0.010). However, neither group showed significant changes in body composition, such as muscle mass or body fat (p > 0.05). In conclusion, although it is a short-term training, the effect of HIIT was shown in the HFG as well as LFG. Although HFG improved physical fitness, significant improvement was also achieved in LFG. Therefore, in the last stage of rehabilitation, low frequency as well as high frequency HIIT would be an appropriate training method to improve physical fitness for youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuren Yan
- Department of Physical Education, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongchul Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
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Schantz P, Olsson KSE, Salier Eriksson J, Rosdahl H. Perspectives on exercise intensity, volume, step characteristics and health outcomes in walking for transport. Front Public Health 2022; 10:911863. [PMID: 36339183 PMCID: PMC9635924 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.911863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Quantification of movement intensity and energy utilization, together with frequency of trips, duration, distance, step counts and cadence, is essential for interpreting the character of habitual walking for transport, and its potential support of health. The purpose of the study is to illuminate this with valid methods and novel perspectives, and to thereby provide a new basis for characterizing and interpreting walking in relation to health outcomes. Methods Habitual middle-aged commuting pedestrians (males = 10, females = 10) were investigated in the laboratory at rest and with maximal treadmill and cycle ergometer tests. Thereafter, levels of oxygen uptake, energy expenditure, ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate, rated perceived exertion, cadence, number of steps, duration, distance, and speed were recorded during the normal walking commute of each participant in Greater Stockholm, Sweden. The number of commutes per week over the year was self-reported. Results Walking in the field demanded about 30% more energy per km compared to level treadmill walking. For both sexes, the walking intensity in field was about 46% of maximal oxygen uptake, and energy expenditure amounted to 0.96 kcal · kg- 1 · km- 1. The MET values (males: 6.2; females: 6.5) mirrored similar levels of walking speed (males: 5.7; females: 5.9 km · h- 1) and levels of oxygen uptake (males: 18.6; females: 19.5 mL · kg- 1 · min- 1). The average number of MET-hours per week in a typical month was 22 for males and 20 for females. This resulted in a total weekly energy expenditure of ~1,570 and 1,040 kcal for males and females, respectively. Over the year, the number of walking commutes and their accumulated distance was ~385 trips and 800 km for both sexes. Conclusion Walking in naturalistic field settings demands its own studies. When males and females walk to work, their relative aerobic intensities and absolute energy demands for a given distance are similar. It is equivalent to the lower part of the moderate relative intensity domain. The combination of oxygen uptake, trip duration and frequency leads to high and sustained levels of MET-hours as well as energy expenditure per week over the year, with a clear health enhancing potential. Based on this study we recommend 6000 transport steps per day, or equivalent, during five weekdays, over the year, in order to reach optimal health gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schantz
- The Research Unit for Movement, Health and Environment, Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Sofia Elisabeth Olsson
- The Research Unit for Movement, Health and Environment, Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jane Salier Eriksson
- The Research Unit for Movement, Health and Environment, Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Rosdahl
- The Research Unit for Movement, Health and Environment, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yamada AK, Pimentel GD, Pickering C, Cordeiro AV, Silva VR. Effect of caffeine on mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle – A narrative review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Delfan M, Vahed A, Bishop DJ, Amadeh Juybari R, Laher I, Saeidi A, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Effects of two workload-matched high intensity interval training protocols on regulatory factors associated with mitochondrial biogenesis in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats. Front Physiol 2022; 13:927969. [PMID: 36213227 PMCID: PMC9541894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.927969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: High intensity interval training (HIIT) improves mitochondrial characteristics. This study compared the impact of two workload-matched high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols with different work:recovery ratios on regulatory factors related to mitochondrial biogenesis in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal-sized groups: non-diabetic control, diabetic control (DC), diabetic with long recovery exercise [4-5 × 2-min running at 80%-90% of the maximum speed reached with 2-min of recovery at 40% of the maximum speed reached (DHIIT1:1)], and diabetic with short recovery exercise (5-6 × 2-min running at 80%-90% of the maximum speed reached with 1-min of recovery at 30% of the maximum speed reached [DHIIT2:1]). Both HIIT protocols were completed five times/week for 4 weeks while maintaining equal running distances in each session. Results: Gene and protein expressions of PGC-1α, p53, and citrate synthase of the muscles increased significantly following DHIIT1:1 and DHIIT2:1 compared to DC (p ˂ 0.05). Most parameters, except for PGC-1α protein (p = 0.597), were significantly higher in DHIIT2:1 than in DHIIT1:1 (p ˂ 0.05). Both DHIIT groups showed significant increases in maximum speed with larger increases in DHIIT2:1 compared with DHIIT1:1. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that both HIIT protocols can potently up-regulate gene and protein expression of PGC-1α, p53, and CS. However, DHIIT2:1 has superior effects compared with DHIIT1:1 in improving mitochondrial adaptive responses in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Delfan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alieh Vahed
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Sport and Health (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raheleh Amadeh Juybari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Rennes Cedex, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Irodouer, France
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Morales-Scholz MG, Wette SG, Stokie JR, Tepper BT, Swinton C, Hamilton DL, Dwyer KM, Murphy RM, Howlett KF, Shaw CS. Muscle fiber type-specific autophagy responses following an overnight fast and mixed meal ingestion in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E242-E253. [PMID: 35793481 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00015.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the fiber type-specific abundance of autophagy-related proteins after an overnight fast and following ingestion of a mixed meal in human skeletal muscle. Twelve overweight, healthy young male volunteers underwent a 3-h mixed meal tolerance test following an overnight fast. Blood samples were collected in the overnight-fasted state and throughout the 180-min postmeal period. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected in the fasted state, and at 30 and 90 min after meal ingestion. Protein content of key autophagy markers and upstream signaling responses were measured in whole muscle and pooled single fibers using immunoblotting. In the fasted state, type I fibers displayed lower LC3B-I but higher LC3B-II abundance and higher LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio compared with type II fibers (P < 0.05). However, there were no fiber type differences in p62/SQSTM1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1), ATG5, or ATG12 (P > 0.05). Compared with the fasted state, there was a reduction in LC3B-II abundance, indicative of lower autophagosome content, in whole muscle and in both type I and type II fibers following meal ingestion (P < 0.05). This reduction in autophagosome content occurred alongside similar increases in p-AktS473 and p-mTORS2448 in both type I and type II muscle fibers (P < 0.05). In human skeletal muscle, type I fibers have a greater autophagosome content than type II fibers in the overnight-fasted state despite comparable abundance of other key upstream autophagy proteins. Autophagy is rapidly inhibited in both fiber types following the ingestion of a mixed meal.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study examined the fiber type-specific content of key autophagy proteins in human muscle. We showed that markers of autophagosome content are higher in type I fibers in the overnight-fasted state, whereas autophagy is rapidly inhibited in both type I and type II fibers after the ingestion of a mixed meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G Morales-Scholz
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Human Movement Sciences Research Center (CIMOHU), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stefan G Wette
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jayden R Stokie
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Bianca T Tepper
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Courtney Swinton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - David L Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Karen M Dwyer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirsten F Howlett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Heden TD, Chen C, Leland G, Mashek MM, Najt CP, Shang L, Chow LS, Mashek DG. Isolated and combined impact of dietary olive oil and exercise on markers of health and energy metabolism in female mice. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109040. [PMID: 35533899 PMCID: PMC9626252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An olive oil (OO) rich diet or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) independently improve markers of health and energy metabolism, but it is unknown if combining OO and HIIT synergize to improve these markers. This study characterized the isolated and combined impact of OO and HIIT on markers of health and energy metabolism in various tissues in C57BL/6J female mice. Nine-week-old mice were divided into four groups for a 12-week diet and/or exercise intervention including: (1) Control Diet without HIIT (CD), (2) Control Diet with HIIT (CD+HIIT), (3) OO diet (10% kcal from olive oil) without HIIT, and (4) OO diet with HIIT (OO+HIIT). Neither dietary OO or HIIT altered body weight, glucose tolerance, or serum lipids. HIIT, regardless of diet, increased aerobic capacity and HDL cholesterol levels. In liver and heart tissue, OO resulted in similar adaptations as HIIT including increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation but combining OO with HIIT did not augment these effects. In skeletal muscle, HIIT increased mitochondrial content in type II fibers similarly between diets. An RNA sequencing analysis on type I fibers revealed OO reduced muscle regeneration and lipid metabolism gene abundance, whereas HIIT increased the abundance of these genes, independent of diet. HIIT training, independent of diet, induced subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) hypertrophy, whereas OO induced gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) hypertrophy, an effect that was augmented with HIIT. These data highlight the pleiotropic effects of OO and HIIT, although their combination does not synergize to further improve most markers of health and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Heden
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Grace Leland
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mara M Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Charles P Najt
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Linshan Shang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lisa S Chow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Minneapolis, MN.
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Vardakis L, Michailidis Y, Mandroukas A, Zelenitsas C, Mavrommatis G, Metaxas T. Effects of a shock microcycle after COVID-19 lockdown period in elite soccer players. Sci Sports 2022; 37:572-580. [PMID: 36062208 PMCID: PMC9420708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Decreases in physical fitness are inevitable after two to six week period of detraining in athletes. Lockdown period changed the characteristics of soccer players’ training. Aim of the study The aim of our study was to apply a HIIT shock-microcycle (SM) after return to training and assess its effect on players’ performance. Equipment and methods Nineteen elite professional soccer players during the lockdown period (LP) from March to May 2020 (8 weeks) performed 3-4 individual training sessions per week. The training sessions included running boots of anaerobic short and aerobic prolonged duration intervals. Intensity was determined according to lab ergospirometry test 2 weeks before LP. All the players followed an indoor program, 3–6 sessions per week consisted of core, balance and flexibility exercises (∼45 minutes). SM training content was same for both groups and took place the first two weeks after LP, consisted by eight high intensity interval training sessions (HIIT), two technique, two tactical sessions and two days off. Results Repeated sprint ability mean time (RSAMeanTime) and Repeated sprint ability performance–sprint no 4,5,6 (RSA4,5,6S) improved after SM (P = 0.025, Effect size: r2 = 0.331, P = 0.010, Effect size: r2 = 0.411, p = 0.009, Effect size: r2 = 0.418, P = 0.037, Effect size: r2 = 0.293, respectively. Yo-Yo intermitted recovery test level 2 (YYIR2TotalDistance) that covered by players during the 2nd measurement was 10.8% longer (P = 0.004, Effect size: r2 = 0.483). Also, the YYIR2HeartRateRecovery percentage was lower during the 2nd measurement (P = 0.014, Effect size: r2 = 0.107). Conclusions These results indicate that SM can improve YYIR2 and RSA performance thus it is a useful tool to regain physical attributes in a short period.
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Localized Heat Therapy Improves Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity but Not Fatty Acid Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158500. [PMID: 35955635 PMCID: PMC9369322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: Mild heat stress can improve mitochondrial respiratory capacity in skeletal muscle. However, long-term heat interventions are scarce, and the effects of heat therapy need to be understood in the context of the adaptations which follow the more complex combination of stimuli from exercise training. The purpose of this work was to compare the effects of 6 weeks of localized heat therapy on human skeletal muscle mitochondria to single-leg interval training. METHODS: Thirty-five subjects were assigned to receive sham therapy, short-wave diathermy heat therapy, or single-leg interval exercise training, localized to the quadriceps muscles of the right leg. All interventions took place 3 times per week. Muscle biopsies were performed at baseline, and after 3 and 6 weeks of intervention. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was assessed on permeabilized muscle fibers via high-resolution respirometry. RESULTS: The primary finding of this work was that heat therapy and exercise training significantly improved mitochondrial respiratory capacity by 24.8 ± 6.2% and 27.9 ± 8.7%, respectively (p < 0.05). Fatty acid oxidation and citrate synthase activity were also increased following exercise training by 29.5 ± 6.8% and 19.0 ± 7.4%, respectively (p < 0.05). However, contrary to our hypothesis, heat therapy did not increase fatty acid oxidation or citrate synthase activity. CONCLUSION: Six weeks of muscle-localized heat therapy significantly improves mitochondrial respiratory capacity, comparable to exercise training. However, unlike exercise, heat does not improve fatty acid oxidation capacity.
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Mendoza A, Karch J. Keeping the beat against time: Mitochondrial fitness in the aging heart. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:951417. [PMID: 35958271 PMCID: PMC9360554 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.951417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The process of aging strongly correlates with maladaptive architectural, mechanical, and biochemical alterations that contribute to the decline in cardiac function. Consequently, aging is a major risk factor for the development of heart disease, the leading cause of death in the developed world. In this review, we will summarize the classic and recently uncovered pathological changes within the aged heart with an emphasis on the mitochondria. Specifically, we describe the metabolic changes that occur in the aging heart as well as the loss of mitochondrial fitness and function and how these factors contribute to the decline in cardiomyocyte number. In addition, we highlight recent pharmacological, genetic, or behavioral therapeutic intervention advancements that may alleviate age-related cardiac decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielys Mendoza
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Delfan M, Amadeh Juybari R, Gorgani-Firuzjaee S, Høiriis Nielsen J, Delfan N, Laher I, Saeidi A, Granacher U, Zouhal H. High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Cardiac Function by miR-206 Dependent HSP60 Induction in Diabetic Rats. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:927956. [PMID: 35845054 PMCID: PMC9277013 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.927956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A role for microRNAs is implicated in several biological and pathological processes. We investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on molecular markers of diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. Methods Eighteen male Wistar rats (260 ± 10 g; aged 8 weeks) with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (55 mg/kg, IP) were randomly allocated to three groups: control, MICT, and HIIT. The two different training protocols were performed 5 days each week for 5 weeks. Cardiac performance (end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, ejection fraction), the expression of miR-206, HSP60, and markers of apoptosis (cleaved PARP and cytochrome C) were determined at the end of the exercise interventions. Results Both exercise interventions (HIIT and MICT) decreased blood glucose levels and improved cardiac performance, with greater changes in the HIIT group (p < 0.001, η2: 0.909). While the expressions of miR-206 and apoptotic markers decreased in both training protocols (p < 0.001, η2: 0.967), HIIT caused greater reductions in apoptotic markers and produced a 20% greater reduction in miR-206 compared with the MICT protocol (p < 0.001). Furthermore, both training protocols enhanced the expression of HSP60 (p < 0.001, η2: 0.976), with a nearly 50% greater increase in the HIIT group compared with MICT. Conclusions Our results indicate that both exercise protocols, HIIT and MICT, have the potential to reduce diabetic cardiomyopathy by modifying the expression of miR-206 and its downstream targets of apoptosis. It seems however that HIIT is even more effective than MICT to modulate these molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Delfan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Amadeh Juybari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Gorgani-Firuzjaee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jens Høiriis Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Neda Delfan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, Rennes Cedex, France.,Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2IS), Irodouer, France
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Zheng M, Liu C, Lv Y, Mi J, Qiu D, He L, Zhao L. Comparisons of High Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Training on Metabolomic Alteration and Cardiac Function in Male Adolescent Rats. Front Physiol 2022; 13:900661. [PMID: 35837018 PMCID: PMC9274303 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.900661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Comparisons between high intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous training (CT) regarding improvements of adolescents’ cardiac function are scarce and the preferred intensity for cardiac improvement with restricted myocardial damage remains unknown. This study conducted a 4-weeks training in male adolescent rats under moderate (MI) or high intensity (HI) HIIT and CT programs, aiming to discover and compare exercise-induced myocardial adaptations towards these two training methods. Methods: 39 male adolescent Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 4 weeks) were randomly assigned to high intensity HIIT (HI-HIIT, n = 8), moderate intensity HIIT (MI-HIIT, n = 8), high intensity CT (HI-CT, n = 8), moderate intensity CT (MI-CT, n = 8) and sedentary control (SC, n = 7) groups. Rats in training groups were trained for 4 weeks and echocardiography was performed at baseline and after the final training. Serum creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB), cardiac troponin T (cTn-T) and untargeted metabolomics analysis were measured from blood samples collected 24 h after the final training. Results: HIIT groups had greater cardiac output improvement than CT groups while no significant difference was found between the HI-HIIT and the MI-HIIT groups. HI-CT group showed higher serum CK-MB and cTn-T levels compared to MI-HIIT, MI-CT and control groups. Untargeted metabolomics analysis identified eleven HI-HIIT-related metabolites, five MI-HIIT-related metabolites and two HICT-related metabolites. The majority of the identified metabolites were phospholipid-related. Phosphatidylglyceride 18 level was significantly different between the HI-CT and MI-CT groups, and was negatively associated with cTn-T in CT groups. Conclusion: HIIT and CT improve cardiac function of adolescent rats while the HIIT demonstrates better improvement and less myocardial damage. High and moderate training intensities in HIIT exert similar cardiac benefits. HI-CT induced myocardial damage might be associated with serum phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molin Zheng
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanan Liu
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Mi
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Qiu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxiao He
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Lingxiao He, ; Li Zhao,
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lingxiao He, ; Li Zhao,
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Peñailillo L, Diaz-Reiher M, Gurovich A, Flores-Opazo M. A Short-Term Eccentric HIIT Induced Greater Reduction in Cardio-Metabolic Risk Markers in Comparison With Concentric HIIT in Sedentary Overweight Men. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35439422 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.2022087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: Steady-state eccentric exercise training improves cardiometabolic risk (CMR) despite lesser cardiovascular demands compared with load-matched concentric training. Whether a high-intensity interval eccentric training is also effective reducing CMR is unknown. Aim: To compare the effects of a short-term high-intensity interval eccentric training (ECC-HIIT) with high-intensity interval concentric training (CONC-HIIT) on CMR in sedentary overweight men. Methods: Twenty men (age: 27.9 ± 5.3y, body massindex: 29.1 ± 3.1 kg·m-2) were randomly assigned to ECC-HIIT (n = 10) or CONC-HIIT (n = 10) delivered as six sessions, including 4 x 5:2 min work-to-rest ratio, at 80% peak concentric power output. Heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle soreness weremonitored during training sessions. Training effects on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), body composition, thigh circumference, isometric knee extensors maximal strength, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were determined. Results: Average training HR and RPE were -29%and -50%lower in ECC-HIIT in comparison with CONC-HIIT. Muscle soreness was initially greater after ECC-HIIT compared with CONC-HIIT. Significant changes in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-7.0 ± 8.7%; p = .02 and -6.3 ± 14.4%; p = .03), SBP (-9.8 ± 7.8%; p = .002), and maximal thigh circumference (+2.5 ± 3.1%; p = .02) were observed following ECC-HIIT. No changes in any CMR marker were observed after CONC-HIIT. Moderate-to-large training effect sizes were obtained in thigh circumference, SBP, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in response to ECC-HIIT. Conclusion: A two-week ECC-HIIT was well-tolerated and induced rapid onset improvements in cholesterol and blood pressure compared to conventional CONC-HIIT in sedentary overweight men.
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50
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Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Metabolic Flexibility and Its Impact on Health Outcomes. Mayo Clin Proc 2022; 97:761-776. [PMID: 35287953 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A metabolically flexible state exists when there is a rapid switch between glucose and fatty acids during the transition between the fed and fasting state. This flexibility in fuel choice serves to prevent hyperglycemia following a meal and simultaneously ensures an adequate amount of blood glucose is available for delivery to the brain and exclusively glycolytic tissues during fasting. The modern era is characterized by chronic overnutrition in which a mixture of fuels is delivered to the mitochondria in an unabated manner thereby uncoupling the feast and famine situation. The continuous influx of fuel leads to accumulation of reducing equivalents in the mitochondria and an increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential. These changes create a microenvironment fostering the generation of reactive oxygen species and other metabolites leading to deleterious protein modification, cell injury, and ultimately clinical disease. Insulin resistance may also play a primary role in this deleterious effect. The imbalance between mitochondrial energy delivery and use is made worse with a sedentary lifestyle. Maneuvers that restore energy balance across the mitochondria activate pathways that remove or repair damaged molecules and restore the plasticity characteristic of normal energy metabolism. Readily available strategies to maintain energy balance across the mitochondria include exercise, various forms of caloric restriction, administration of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, cold exposure, and hypobaric hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biff F Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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