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Blume GR, Royes LFF. Peripheral to brain and hippocampus crosstalk induced by exercise mediates cognitive and structural hippocampal adaptations. Life Sci 2024; 352:122799. [PMID: 38852798 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Endurance exercise leads to robust increases in memory and learning. Several exercise adaptations occur to mediate these improvements, including in both the hippocampus and in peripheral organs. Organ crosstalk has been becoming increasingly more present in exercise biology, and studies have shown that peripheral organs can communicate to the hippocampus and mediate hippocampal changes. Both learning and memory as well as other hippocampal functional-related changes such as neurogenesis, cell proliferation, dendrite morphology and synaptic plasticity are controlled by these exercise responsive peripheral proteins. These peripheral factors, also called exerkines, are produced by several organs including skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, kidneys, adrenal glands and circulatory cells. Previous reviews have explored some of these exerkines including muscle-derived irisin and cathepsin B (CTSB), but a full picture of peripheral to hippocampus crosstalk with novel exerkines such as selenoprotein 1 (SEPP1) and platelet factor 4 (PF4), or old overlooked ones such as lactate and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is still missing. We provide 29 different studies of 14 different exerkines that crosstalk with the hippocampus. Thus, the purpose of this review is to explore peripheral exerkines that have shown to exert hippocampal function following exercise, demonstrating their particular effects and molecular mechanisms in which they could be inducing adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Center in Natural and Exact Sciences, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Physical Education and Sports Center, Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory (BIOEX), Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Leal-Nazaré CG, Santos-Sacramento L, Lopes-Araújo A, Royes LFF, Crespo-Lopez ME. Exercise Reshapes the Brain: Molecular, Cellular, and Structural Changes Associated with Cognitive Improvements. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6950-6974. [PMID: 37518829 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is well known as a non-pharmacological and holistic therapy believed to prevent and mitigate numerous neurological conditions and alleviate ageing-related cognitive decline. To do so, exercise affects the central nervous system (CNS) at different levels. It changes brain physiology and structure, promoting cognitive improvements, which ultimately improves quality of life. Most of these effects are mediated by neurotrophins release, enhanced adult hippocampal neurogenesis, attenuation of neuroinflammation, modulation of cerebral blood flow, and structural reorganisation, besides to promote social interaction with beneficial cognitive outcomes. In this review, we discuss, based on experimental and human research, how exercise impacts the brain structure and function and how these changes contribute to cognitive improvements. Understanding the mechanisms by which exercise affects the brain is essential to understand the brain plasticity following exercise, guiding therapeutic approaches to improve the quality of life, especially in obesity, ageing, neurodegenerative disorders, and following traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela P Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio G Leal-Nazaré
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos-Sacramento
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes-Araújo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Do Exercício, Centro de Educacão Física E Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RGS, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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3
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Ghodrati N, Haghighi AH, Hosseini Kakhak SA, Abbasian S, Goldfield GS. Effect of Combined Exercise Training on Physical and Cognitive Function in Women With Type 2 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:162-170. [PMID: 36572617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One of the consequences of old age is cognitive and physical decline, which can cause a wide range of problems. These complications are more pronounced in those with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise training on blood biomarkers, physical fitness, and cognitive function in elderly women with T2D. METHODS Twenty-one elderly women with T2D were randomly allocated to training (n=12) and control (n=9) groups. The exercise training program was a combination of aerobic, resistance, and balance exercises performed 3 times per week over 12 weeks. In the same period, the control group received no training intervention. Blood markers, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, glycated hemoglobin (A1C), fasting blood sugar (FBS), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), lower and upper body strength, and cognitive function, were measured in all participants at baseline and after 12 weeks. RESULTS Serum BDNF levels were not significantly different between the exercise and control groups at 12 weeks (p>0.05). FBS and A1C levels in the exercise group decreased significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05). CRF, dynamic balance, and both upper and lower body strength in the exercise group improved significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05). Irisin levels decreased significantly in the control group, but levels did not change significantly in the exercise group. Greater improvements from exercise were observed on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment index compared with the control group (p=0.05), but no other group differences in cognitive function were noted. CONCLUSIONS Combined exercise improved some physical fitness and diabetes-related surrogate factors, as well as select cognitive functions, but had no significant effect on cognition-related biochemical factors (i.e. BDNF) in women with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Ghodrati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Haghighi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Seyed Alireza Hosseini Kakhak
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Sadegh Abbasian
- Department of Sport Sciences, Khavaran Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living & Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Tao X, Chen Y, Zhen K, Ren S, Lv Y, Yu L. Effect of continuous aerobic exercise on endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1043108. [PMID: 36846339 PMCID: PMC9950521 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1043108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Current research suggests that continuous aerobic exercise can be effective in improving vascular endothelial function, while the effect between different intensities and durations of exercise is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of different durations and intensities of aerobic exercise on vascular endothelial function in different populations. Methods: Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases. We included studies that satisfied the following criteria: 1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs); 2) including both an intervention and control group; 3) using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) as the outcome measure; and 4) testing FMD on the brachial artery. Results: From 3,368 search records initially identified, 41 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. There was a significant effect of continuous aerobic exercise on improving flow-mediated dilation (FMD) [weighted mean difference (WMD), 2.55, (95% CI, 1.93-3.16), p < 0.001]. Specifically, moderate-intensity [2.92 (2.02-3.825), p < 0.001] and vigorous-intensity exercise [2.58 (1.64-3.53), p < 0.001] significantly increased FMD. In addition, a longer duration [<12 weeks, 2.25 (1.54-2.95), p < 0.001; ≥12 weeks, 2.74 (1.95-3.54), p < 0.001], an older age [age <45, 2.09 (0.78-3.40), p = 0.002; 45 ≤ age <60, 2.25 (1.49-3.01), p < 0.001; age ≥60, 2.62 (1.31-3.94), p < 0.001], a larger basal body mass index (BMI) [20 < BMI < 25, 1.43 (0.98-1.88), p < 0.001; 25 ≤ BMI < 30, 2.49 (1.07-3.90), p < 0.001; BMI ≥ 30, 3.05 (1.69-4.42), p < 0.001], and a worse basal FMD [FMD < 4, 2.71 (0.92-4.49), p = 0.003; 4 ≤ FMD < 7, 2.63 (2.03-3.23), p < 0.001] were associated with larger improvements in FMD. Conclusion: Continuous aerobic exercise, especially moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, contributed to improving FMD. The effect of continuous aerobic exercise on improving FMD was associated with duration and participant's characteristics. Specifically, a longer duration, an older age, a larger basal BMI, and a worse basal FMD contributed to more significant improvements in FMD. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=341442], identifier [CRD42022341442].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Tao
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyan Chen
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhen
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqi Ren
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yuanyuan Lv, ; Laikang Yu,
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yuanyuan Lv, ; Laikang Yu,
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Hernández-Ramírez S, Salcedo-Tello P, Osorio-Gómez D, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Pacheco-López G, Ferreira G, Lafenetre P, Guzmán-Ramos KR. Voluntary physical activity improves spatial and recognition memory deficits induced by post-weaning chronic exposure to a high-fat diet. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113910. [PMID: 35820628 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Childhood and adolescent exposure to obesogenic environments has contributed to the development of several health disorders, including neurocognitive impairment. Adolescence is a critical neurodevelopmental window highly influenced by environmental factors that affect brain function until adulthood. Post-weaning chronic exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) adversely affects memory performance; physical activity is one approach to coping with these dysfunctions. Previous studies indicate that voluntary exercise prevents HFD's detrimental effects on memory; however, it remains to evaluate whether it has a remedial/therapeutical effect when introduced after a long-term HFD exposure. This study was conducted on a diet-induced obesity mice model over six months. After three months of HFD exposure (without interrupting the diet) access to voluntary physical activity was provided. HFD produced weight gain, increased adiposity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Voluntary physical exercise ameliorated glucose tolerance and halted weight gain and fat accumulation. Additionally, physical activity mitigated HFD-induced spatial and recognition memory impairments. Our data indicate that voluntary physical exercise starting after several months of periadolescent HFD exposure reverses metabolic and cognitive alterations demonstrating that voluntary exercise, in addition to its known preventive effect, also has a restorative impact on metabolism and cognition dysfunctions associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Hernández-Ramírez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Pamela Salcedo-Tello
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Daniel Osorio-Gómez
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro Laboratory, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Lafenetre
- Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kioko R Guzmán-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico.
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Gerritsen RJS, Lafeber J, van den Beukel N, Band GPH. No panacea? Tai Chi enhances motoric but not executive functioning in a normal aging population. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2020; 28:645-668. [PMID: 32811272 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1809629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is a promising intervention against age-related decline. Though previous studies have shown benefits in motoric and cognitive domains, it is unclear how these effects are functionally related. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial was conducted in an aging population (53-85). Two measures of motor functioning - motor speed and functional balance - and three cognitive control measures - shifting, updating and inhibition - were included. The TCC condition consisted of an online 10 week 20 lessons video program of increasing level and control condition of educational videos of similar length and frequency. All analyses were done with Bayesian statistics. Counter to expectation no differences were found in cognition between TCC and control pre-to-posttest. However, there was extreme evidence for TCC benefits on functional balance and moderate evidence for increased motoric speed. After weighing the evidence and limitations of the intervention we conclude that TCC does not enhance cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderik J S Gerritsen
- Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joëlle Lafeber
- Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi van den Beukel
- Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guido P H Band
- Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Potential exerkines for physical exercise-elicited pro-cognitive effects: Insight from clinical and animal research. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:361-395. [PMID: 31607361 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is now known as a critical risk factor for accelerated aging-related neurodegenerative disorders. In contract, having regular physical exercise has opposite effects. Clinical findings have suggested that physical exercise can promote brain plasticity, particularly the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, that are important for learning and memory and mood regulations. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Animal studies reveal that the effects of physical exercise on promoting neuroplasticity could be mediated by different exerkines derived from the peripheral system and the brain itself. This book chapter summarizes the recent evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies showing the emerging mediators for exercise-promoted brain health, including myokines secreted from skeletal muscles, adipokines from adipose tissues, and other factors secreted from the bone and liver.
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