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Ginatempo F, Manzo N, Loi N, Belvisi D, Cutrona C, Conte A, Berardelli A, Deriu F. Abnormalities in the face primary motor cortex in oromandibular dystonia. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 151:151-160. [PMID: 37150654 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To comprehensively investigate excitability in face and hand M1 and sensorimotor integration in oromandibular dystonia (OMD) patients. METHODS Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), short (SAI) and long (LAI) afferent inhibition were investigated in face and hand M1 using transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols in 10 OMD patients. Data were compared with those obtained in 10 patients with focal hand dystonia (FHD), in 10 patients with blepharospasm (BSP), and 10 matched healthy subjects (HS). RESULTS Results demonstrated that in OMD patients SICI was reduced in face M1 (p < 0.001), but not in hand M1, compared to HS. In FHD, SICI was significantly impaired in hand M1 (p = 0.029), but not in face M1. In BSP, SICI was normal in both face and hand M1 while ICF and LAI were normal in all patient groups and cortical area tested. SAI was significantly reduced (p = 0.003) only in the face M1 of OMD patients. CONCLUSIONS In OMD, SICI and SAI were significantly reduced. These abnormalities are specific to the motor cortical area innervating the muscular district involved in focal dystonia. SIGNIFICANCE In OMD, the integration between sensory inflow and motor output seem to be disrupted at cortical level with topographic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicoletta Manzo
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Via Alberoni 70, Venice 30126, Italy
| | - Nicola Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Belvisi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Carolina Cutrona
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Unit of Endocrinology, Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders, AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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2
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Generalization indicates asymmetric and interactive control networks for multi-finger dexterous movements. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112214. [PMID: 36924500 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Finger dexterity is manifested by coordinated patterns of muscle activity and generalization of learning across contexts. Some fingers flex, others extend, and some are immobile. Whether or not the neural control processes of these direction-specific actions are independent remains unclear. We characterized behavioral principles underlying learning and generalization of dexterous flexion and extension movements, within and across hands, using an isometric dexterity task that precisely measured finger individuation, force accuracy, and temporal synchronization. Two cohorts of participants trained for 3 days in either the flexion or extension direction. All dexterity measures in both groups showed post-training improvement, although finger extension exhibited inferior dexterity. Surprisingly, learning of finger extension generalized to the untrained flexion direction, but not vice versa. This flexion bias was also evident in the untrained hand. Our study indicates direction-specific control circuits for learning of finger flexion and extension that interact by partially, but asymmetrically, transferring between directions.
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Furuya S, Oku T. Sensorimotor Incoordination in Musicians' Dystonia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 31:61-70. [PMID: 37338696 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26220-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
To acquire and maintain outstanding sensorimotor skills for playing musical instruments inevitably requires extensive training from childhood. However, on the way toward musical excellence, musicians sometimes develop serious disorders, such as tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and task-specific focal dystonia. Particularly, task-specific focal dystonia in musicians, which is referred to as musician's dystonia (MD), has no perfect cure and therefore often terminates professional careers of musicians. To better understand its pathological and pathophysiological mechanisms, the present article focuses on malfunctions of the sensorimotor system at the behavioral and neurophysiological levels. Based on emerging empirical evidence, we propose that the aberrant sensorimotor integration, possibly which occurs in both cortical and subcortical systems, underlies not only movement incoordination between the fingers (i.e., maladaptive synergy) but also failure of long-term retention of intervention effects in the patients with MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Furuya
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc. (Sony CSL), Tokyo, Japan.
- NeuroPiano Institute, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takanori Oku
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc. (Sony CSL), Tokyo, Japan
- NeuroPiano Institute, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Uehara K, Togo H, Hanakawa T. Precise motor rhythmicity relies on motor network responsivity. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4432-4447. [PMID: 36218995 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic movements are the building blocks of human behavior. However, given that rhythmic movements are achieved through complex interactions between neural modules, it remains difficult to clarify how the central nervous system controls motor rhythmicity. Here, using a novel tempo-precision trade-off paradigm, we first modeled interindividual behavioral differences in tempo-dependent rhythmicity for various external tempi. We identified 2 behavioral extremes: conventional and paradoxical tempo-precision trade-off types. We then explored the neural substrates of these behavioral differences using task and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found that the responsibility of interhemispheric motor network connectivity to tempi was a key to the behavioral repertoire. In the paradoxical trade-off type, interhemispheric connectivity was low at baseline but increased in response to increasing tempo; in the conventional trade-off type, strong baseline connectivity was coupled with low responsivity. These findings suggest that tunable interhemispheric connectivity underlies tempo-dependent rhythmicity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Uehara
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 1878551, Japan.,Division of Neural Dynamics, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Togo
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 1878551, Japan.,Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 6068501, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 1878551, Japan.,Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 6068501, Japan
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5
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Oku T, Furuya S. Noncontact and High-Precision Sensing System for Piano Keys Identified Fingerprints of Virtuosity. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134891. [PMID: 35808395 PMCID: PMC9269260 DOI: 10.3390/s22134891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dexterous tool use is typically characterized by fast and precise motions performed by multiple fingers. One representative task is piano playing, which involves fast performance of a sequence of complex motions with high spatiotemporal precision. However, for several decades, a lack of contactless sensing technologies that are capable of precision measurement of piano key motions has been a bottleneck for unveiling how such an outstanding skill is cultivated. Here, we developed a novel sensing system that can record the vertical position of all piano keys with a time resolution of 1 ms and a spatial resolution of 0.01 mm in a noncontact manner. Using this system, we recorded the piano key motions while 49 pianists played a complex sequence of tones that required both individuated and coordinated finger movements to be performed as fast and accurately as possible. Penalized regression using various feature variables of the key motions identified distinct characteristics of the key-depressing and key-releasing motions in relation to the speed and accuracy of the performance. For the maximum rate of the keystrokes, individual differences across the pianists were associated with the peak key descending velocity, the key depression duration, and key-lift timing. For the timing error of the keystrokes, the interindividual differences were associated with the peak ascending velocity of the key and the inter-strike variability of both the peak key descending velocity and the key depression duration. These results highlight the importance of dexterous control of the vertical motions of the keys for fast and accurate piano performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Oku
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc., 3-14-13 Higashigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1410022, Japan;
- NeuroPiano Institute, 13-1 Hontorocho, Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto 6008086, Japan
- Yotsuya Campus, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1028554, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Shinichi Furuya
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc., 3-14-13 Higashigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1410022, Japan;
- NeuroPiano Institute, 13-1 Hontorocho, Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto 6008086, Japan
- Yotsuya Campus, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1028554, Japan
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Bologna M, Valls-Solè J, Kamble N, Pal PK, Conte A, Guerra A, Belvisi D, Berardelli A. Dystonia, chorea, hemiballismus and other dyskinesias. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 140:110-125. [PMID: 35785630 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperkinesias are heterogeneous involuntary movements that significantly differ in terms of clinical and semeiological manifestations, including rhythm, regularity, speed, duration, and other factors that determine their appearance or suppression. Hyperkinesias are due to complex, variable, and largely undefined pathophysiological mechanisms that may involve different brain areas. In this chapter, we specifically focus on dystonia, chorea and hemiballismus, and other dyskinesias, specifically, levodopa-induced, tardive, and cranial dyskinesia. We address the role of neurophysiological studies aimed at explaining the pathophysiology of these conditions. We mainly refer to human studies using surface and invasive in-depth recordings, as well as spinal, brainstem, and transcortical reflexology and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. We discuss the extent to which the neurophysiological abnormalities observed in hyperkinesias may be explained by pathophysiological models. We highlight the most relevant issues that deserve future research efforts. The potential role of neurophysiological assessment in the clinical context of hyperkinesia is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Josep Valls-Solè
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Daniele Belvisi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
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Tugin S, Souza VH, Nazarova MA, Novikov PA, Tervo AE, Nieminen JO, Lioumis P, Ziemann U, Nikulin VV, Ilmoniemi RJ. Effect of stimulus orientation and intensity on short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (SICF): A multi-channel transcranial magnetic stimulation study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257554. [PMID: 34550997 PMCID: PMC8457500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides stimulus intensities and interstimulus intervals (ISI), the electric field (E-field) orientation is known to affect both short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (SICF) in paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, it has yet to be established how distinct orientations of the conditioning (CS) and test stimuli (TS) affect the SICI and SICF generation. With the use of a multi-channel TMS transducer that provides electronic control of the stimulus orientation and intensity, we aimed to investigate how changes in the CS and TS orientation affect the strength of SICI and SICF. We hypothesized that the CS orientation would play a major role for SICF than for SICI, whereas the CS intensity would be more critical for SICI than for SICF. In eight healthy subjects, we tested two ISIs (1.5 and 2.7 ms), two CS and TS orientations (anteromedial (AM) and posteromedial (PM)), and four CS intensities (50, 70, 90, and 110% of the resting motor threshold (RMT)). The TS intensity was fixed at 110% RMT. The intensities were adjusted to the corresponding RMT in the AM and PM orientations. SICI and SICF were observed in all tested CS and TS orientations. SICI depended on the CS intensity in a U-shaped manner in any combination of the CS and TS orientations. With 70% and 90% RMT CS intensities, stronger PM-oriented CS induced stronger inhibition than weaker AM-oriented CS. Similar SICF was observed for any CS orientation. Neither SICI nor SICF depended on the TS orientation. We demonstrated that SICI and SICF could be elicited by the CS perpendicular to the TS, which indicates that these stimuli affected either overlapping or strongly connected neuronal populations. We concluded that SICI is primarily sensitive to the CS intensity and that CS intensity adjustment resulted in similar SICF for different CS orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Tugin
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- BioMag Laboratory, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Victor H. Souza
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- BioMag Laboratory, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria A. Nazarova
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Novikov
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aino E. Tervo
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- BioMag Laboratory, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko O. Nieminen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- BioMag Laboratory, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pantelis Lioumis
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- BioMag Laboratory, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vadim V. Nikulin
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Risto J. Ilmoniemi
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- BioMag Laboratory, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Kita K, Furuya S, Osu R, Sakamoto T, Hanakawa T. Aberrant Cerebello-Cortical Connectivity in Pianists With Focal Task-Specific Dystonia. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4853-4863. [PMID: 34013319 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Musician's dystonia is a type of focal task-specific dystonia (FTSD) characterized by abnormal muscle hypercontraction and loss of fine motor control specifically during instrument playing. Although the neuropathophysiology of musician's dystonia remains unclear, it has been suggested that maladaptive functional abnormalities in subcortical and cortical regions may be involved. Here, we hypothesized that aberrant effective connectivity between the cerebellum (subcortical) and motor/somatosensory cortex may underlie the neuropathophysiology of musician's dystonia. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured the brain activity of 30 pianists with or without FTSD as they played a magnetic resonance imaging-compatible piano-like keyboard, which elicited dystonic symptoms in many but not all pianists with FTSD. Pianists with FTSD showed greater activation of the right cerebellum during the task than healthy pianists. Furthermore, patients who reported dystonic symptoms during the task demonstrated greater cerebellar activation than those who did not, establishing a link between cerebellar activity and overt dystonic symptoms. Using multivoxel pattern analysis, moreover, we found that dystonic and healthy pianists differed in the task-related effective connectivity between the right cerebellum and left premotor/somatosensory cortex. The present study indicates that abnormal cerebellar activity and cerebello-cortical connectivity may underlie the pathophysiology of FTSD in musicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahori Kita
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan.,Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Shinichi Furuya
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan.,Musical Skill and Injury Center, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.,Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc., Tokyo 141-0022, Japan
| | - Rieko Osu
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan.,Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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9
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Hirano M, Kimoto Y, Furuya S. Specialized Somatosensory-Motor Integration Functions in Musicians. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1148-1158. [PMID: 31342056 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory signals play roles in the fine control of dexterous movements through a somatosensory-motor integration mechanism. While skilled individuals are typically characterized by fine-tuned somatosensory functions and dexterous motor skills, it remains unknown whether and in what manner their bridging mechanism, the tactile-motor and proprioceptive-motor integration functions, plastically changes through extensive sensorimotor experiences. Here, we addressed this issue by comparing physiological indices of these functions between pianists and nonmusicians. Both tactile and proprioceptive stimuli to the right index finger inhibited corticospinal excitability measured by a transcranial magnetic stimulation method. However, the tactile and proprioceptive stimuli exerted weaker and stronger inhibitory effects, respectively, on corticospinal excitability in pianists than in nonmusicians. The results of the electroencephalogram measurements revealed no significant group difference in the amplitude of cortical responses to the somatosensory stimuli around the motor and somatosensory cortices, suggesting that the group difference in the inhibitory effects reflects neuroplastic adaptation of the somatosensory-motor integration functions in pianists. Penalized regression analyses further revealed an association between these integration functions and motor performance in the pianists, suggesting that extensive piano practice reorganizes somatosensory-motor integration functions so as to enable fine control of dexterous finger movements during piano performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hirano
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc., Tokyo 141-0022, Japan.,Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yudai Kimoto
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc., Tokyo 141-0022, Japan.,Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shinichi Furuya
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc., Tokyo 141-0022, Japan.,Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
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10
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Paparella G, Fasano A, Hallett M, Berardelli A, Bologna M. Emerging concepts on bradykinesia in non-parkinsonian conditions. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:2403-2422. [PMID: 33793037 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bradykinesia is one of the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, clinical and experimental studies indicate that bradykinesia may also be observed in various neurological diseases not primarily characterized by parkinsonism. These conditions include hyperkinetic movement disorders, such as dystonia, chorea, and essential tremor. Bradykinesia may also be observed in patients with neurological conditions that are not seen as "movement disorders," including those characterized by the involvement of the cerebellum and corticospinal system, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and psychiatric disorders. METHODS We reviewed clinical reports and experimental studies on bradykinesia in non-parkinsonian conditions and discussed the major findings. RESULTS Bradykinesia is a common motor abnormality in non-parkinsonian conditions. From a pathophysiological standpoint, bradykinesia in neurological conditions not primarily characterized by parkinsonism may be explained by brain network dysfunction. CONCLUSION In addition to the pathophysiological implications, the present paper highlights important terminological issues and the need for a new, more accurate, and more widely used definition of bradykinesia in the context of movement disorders and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Bologna
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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11
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Takahashi N, Furuya S, Koike H. Soft Exoskeleton Glove with Human Anatomical Architecture: Production of Dexterous Finger Movements and Skillful Piano Performance. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HAPTICS 2020; 13:679-690. [PMID: 32396103 DOI: 10.1109/toh.2020.2993445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article developed and assessed a novel soft exoskeleton glove generating dexterous finger joint movements with little constraints on volitional motions. Four pneumatic artificial muscles were attached to each finger, which formed two antagonistic pairs of muscles similar to the human anatomy, and thereby, enabled various postural control of the individual joints. This unique structure provided 20 DOFs with the exoskeleton. A unique adjustable mechanism also allowed for fixing the soft exoskeleton suitable for user's hand shape and size semi-automatically. Our glove generated static force of approximately 8 N at the fingertip, and moved a single finger at approximately 10 Hz and all five digits sequentially at 25 Hz. Through co-contracting the antagonistic muscles, the fingertip force generated by the tapping was increased by 1.5 times. Compared with hard exoskeleton gloves, our soft exoskeleton glove had lower constraints on the volitional finger motions performed by pianists, and also enabled to passively move the fingers quicker. Finally, after the soft exoskeleton passively moved the fingers so as to play a musical excerpt with the piano over a half hour, force variability of the keypresses was reduced when playing even without wearing the glove. Passive movement guidance by the soft exoskeleton may facilitate fine control of sequential force production.
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12
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McCambridge AB, Bradnam LV. Cortical neurophysiology of primary isolated dystonia and non-dystonic adults: A meta-analysis. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1300-1323. [PMID: 32991762 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method to assess neurophysiology of the primary motor cortex in humans. Dystonia is a poorly understood neurological movement disorder, often presenting in an idiopathic, isolated form across different parts of the body. The neurophysiological profile of isolated dystonia compared to healthy adults remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of neurophysiologic TMS measures in people with isolated dystonia to provide a synthesized understanding of cortical neurophysiology associated with isolated dystonia. We performed a systematic database search and data were extracted independently by the two authors. Separate meta-analyses were performed for TMS measures of: motor threshold, corticomotor excitability, short interval intracortical inhibition, cortical silent period, intracortical facilitation and afferent-induced inhibition. Standardized mean differences were calculated using a random effects model to determine overall effect sizes and confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was explored using dystonia type subgroup analysis. The search resulted in 78 studies meeting inclusion criteria, of these 57 studies reported data in participants with focal hand dystonia, cervical dystonia, blepharospasm or spasmodic dysphonia, and were included in at least one meta-analysis. The cortical silent period, short-interval intracortical inhibition and afferent-induced inhibition was found to be reduced in isolated dystonia compared to controls. Reduced GABAergic-mediated inhibition in the primary motor cortex in idiopathic isolated dystonia's suggest interventions targeted to aberrant cortical disinhibition could provide a novel treatment. Future meta-analyses require neurophysiology studies to use homogeneous cohorts of isolated dystonia participants, publish raw data values, and record electromyographic responses from dystonic musculature where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana B McCambridge
- Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynley V Bradnam
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Norris SA, Morris AE, Campbell MC, Karimi M, Adeyemo B, Paniello RC, Snyder AZ, Petersen SE, Mink JW, Perlmutter JS. Regional, not global, functional connectivity contributes to isolated focal dystonia. Neurology 2020; 95:e2246-e2258. [PMID: 32913023 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that there is shared regional or global functional connectivity dysfunction in a large cohort of patients with isolated focal dystonia affecting different body regions compared to control participants. In this case-control study, we obtained resting-state MRI scans (three or four 7.3-minute runs) with eyes closed in participants with focal dystonia (cranial [17], cervical [13], laryngeal [18], or limb [10]) and age- and sex-matched controls. METHODS Rigorous preprocessing for all analyses was performed to minimize effect of head motion during scan acquisition (dystonia n = 58, control n = 47 analyzed). We assessed regional functional connectivity by computing a seed-correlation map between putamen, pallidum, and sensorimotor cortex and all brain voxels. We assessed significant group differences on a cluster-wise basis. In a separate analysis, we applied 300 seed regions across the cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus to comprehensively sample the whole brain. We obtained participant whole-brain correlation matrices by computing the correlation between seed average time courses for each seed pair. Weighted object-oriented data analysis assessed group-level whole-brain differences. RESULTS Participants with focal dystonia had decreased functional connectivity at the regional level, within the striatum and between lateral primary sensorimotor cortex and ventral intraparietal area, whereas whole-brain correlation matrices did not differ between focal dystonia and control groups. Rigorous quality control measures eliminated spurious large-scale functional connectivity differences between groups. CONCLUSION Regional functional connectivity differences, not global network level dysfunction, contributes to common pathophysiologic mechanisms in isolated focal dystonia. Rigorous quality control eliminated spurious large-scale network differences between patients with focal dystonia and control participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Norris
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.A.N., M.C.C., M.K., A.B., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Radiology (S.A.N., M.C.C., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Otolaryngology (R.C.P.), Neuroscience (S.E.P., J.S.P.), Psychology (S.E.P.), Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), and Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; University of Rochester Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Graduate Program (A.E.M.); and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics (J.W.M.), University of Rochester, NY.
| | - Aimee E Morris
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.A.N., M.C.C., M.K., A.B., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Radiology (S.A.N., M.C.C., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Otolaryngology (R.C.P.), Neuroscience (S.E.P., J.S.P.), Psychology (S.E.P.), Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), and Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; University of Rochester Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Graduate Program (A.E.M.); and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics (J.W.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Meghan C Campbell
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.A.N., M.C.C., M.K., A.B., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Radiology (S.A.N., M.C.C., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Otolaryngology (R.C.P.), Neuroscience (S.E.P., J.S.P.), Psychology (S.E.P.), Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), and Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; University of Rochester Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Graduate Program (A.E.M.); and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics (J.W.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Morvarid Karimi
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.A.N., M.C.C., M.K., A.B., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Radiology (S.A.N., M.C.C., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Otolaryngology (R.C.P.), Neuroscience (S.E.P., J.S.P.), Psychology (S.E.P.), Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), and Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; University of Rochester Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Graduate Program (A.E.M.); and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics (J.W.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Babatunde Adeyemo
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.A.N., M.C.C., M.K., A.B., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Radiology (S.A.N., M.C.C., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Otolaryngology (R.C.P.), Neuroscience (S.E.P., J.S.P.), Psychology (S.E.P.), Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), and Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; University of Rochester Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Graduate Program (A.E.M.); and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics (J.W.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Randal C Paniello
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.A.N., M.C.C., M.K., A.B., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Radiology (S.A.N., M.C.C., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Otolaryngology (R.C.P.), Neuroscience (S.E.P., J.S.P.), Psychology (S.E.P.), Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), and Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; University of Rochester Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Graduate Program (A.E.M.); and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics (J.W.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.A.N., M.C.C., M.K., A.B., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Radiology (S.A.N., M.C.C., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Otolaryngology (R.C.P.), Neuroscience (S.E.P., J.S.P.), Psychology (S.E.P.), Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), and Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; University of Rochester Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Graduate Program (A.E.M.); and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics (J.W.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Steven E Petersen
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.A.N., M.C.C., M.K., A.B., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Radiology (S.A.N., M.C.C., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Otolaryngology (R.C.P.), Neuroscience (S.E.P., J.S.P.), Psychology (S.E.P.), Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), and Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; University of Rochester Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Graduate Program (A.E.M.); and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics (J.W.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Jonathan W Mink
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.A.N., M.C.C., M.K., A.B., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Radiology (S.A.N., M.C.C., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Otolaryngology (R.C.P.), Neuroscience (S.E.P., J.S.P.), Psychology (S.E.P.), Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), and Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; University of Rochester Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Graduate Program (A.E.M.); and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics (J.W.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.A.N., M.C.C., M.K., A.B., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Radiology (S.A.N., M.C.C., A.Z.S., S.E.P., J.S.P.), Otolaryngology (R.C.P.), Neuroscience (S.E.P., J.S.P.), Psychology (S.E.P.), Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), and Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; University of Rochester Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Graduate Program (A.E.M.); and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics (J.W.M.), University of Rochester, NY
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Sedov A, Usova S, Popov V, Tomskiy A, Jinnah HA, Shaikh AG. Feedback-dependent neuronal properties make focal dystonias so focal. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2388-2397. [PMID: 32757424 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Focal dystonia, by definition, affects a specific body part; however, it may have a widespread neural substrate. We tested this hypothesis by examining the intrinsic behaviour and the neuronal properties that are modulated by changes in the physiological behaviour of their connections, that is feedback dependence, of the isolated pallidal neurons. During deep brain stimulation surgery in 12 patients with isolated cervical dystonia (without hand involvement), we measured spontaneous as well as evoked single-unit properties in response to fist making (hand movement) or shoulder shrug (neck movements). We measured the activity of isolated neurons that were only sensitive to the neck movements, hand movement, or not responsive to hand or neck movements. The spontaneous firing behaviour, such as the instantaneous firing rate and its regularity, was comparable in all three types of neurons. The neck movement-sensitive neurons had prominent bursting behaviour in comparison with the hand neurons. The feedback dependence of the neck movement-sensitive neurons was also significantly impaired when compared to hand movement-sensitive neurons. Motor-evoked change in firing rate of neck movement-sensitive neurons rapidly declined; the decay time constant was much shorter compared to hand movement-sensitive neurons. These results suggest that in isolated cervical dystonia, at the resolution of single neurons, the deficits are much widespread, affecting the neurons that drive the neck movement as well as the hand movements. We speculate that clinically discernable dystonia occurs when additional abnormality is added to baseline dysfunctional network, and one source of such abnormality may involve feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sedov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Svetlana Usova
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin Popov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,N. N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Tomskiy
- N. N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Departments of Neurology and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Neuromuscular and biomechanical functions subserving finger dexterity in musicians. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12224. [PMID: 31434947 PMCID: PMC6704118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exceptional finger dexterity enables skillful motor actions such as those required for musical performance. However, it has been not known whether and in what manner neuromuscular or biomechanical features of the fingers subserve the dexterity. We aimed to identify the features firstly differentiating the finger dexterity between trained and untrained individuals and secondly accounting for the individual differences in the dexterity across trained individuals. To this aim, two studies were conducted. The first study compared the finger dexterity and several neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics of the fingers between pianists and non-musicians. As a measure of the dexterity, we used the maximum rate of repetitive finger movements. The results showed no differences in any biomechanical constraints of the fingers between the two groups (i.e. anatomical connectivity between the fingers and range of motion). However, the pianists exhibited faster finger movements and more independent control of movements between the fingers. These observations indicate expertise-dependent enhancement of the finger dexterity and reduction of neuromuscular constraints on movement independence between the fingers. The second study assessed individual differences in the finger dexterity between trained pianists. A penalized regression determined an association of the maximum movement speed of the fingers with both muscular strength and biomechanical characteristics of the fingers, but not with neuromuscular constraints of the fingers. None of these features covaried with measures of early and deliberate piano practice. These findings indicate that distinct biological factors of finger motor dexterity differentiate between the effects of piano practicing and individual differences across skilled pianists.
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16
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Neuromuscular incoordination in musician's dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 65:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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The neurobiological basis for novel experimental therapeutics in dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104526. [PMID: 31279827 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, twisting movements, and abnormal postures that may affect one or multiple body regions. Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder after Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Despite its relative frequency, small molecule therapeutics for dystonia are limited. Development of new therapeutics is further hampered by the heterogeneity of both clinical symptoms and etiologies in dystonia. Recent advances in both animal and cell-based models have helped clarify divergent etiologies in dystonia and have facilitated the identification of new therapeutic targets. Advances in medicinal chemistry have also made available novel compounds for testing in biochemical, physiological, and behavioral models of dystonia. Here, we briefly review motor circuit anatomy and the anatomical and functional abnormalities in dystonia. We then discuss recently identified therapeutic targets in dystonia based on recent preclinical animal studies and clinical trials investigating novel therapeutics.
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18
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Uehara K, Furuya S, Numazawa H, Kita K, Sakamoto T, Hanakawa T. Distinct roles of brain activity and somatotopic representation in pathophysiology of focal dystonia. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:1738-1749. [PMID: 30570801 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two main neural mechanisms including loss of cortical inhibition and maladaptive plasticity have been thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of focal task-specific dystonia. Such loss of inhibition and maladaptive plasticity likely correspond to cortical overactivity and disorganized somatotopy, respectively. However, the most plausible mechanism of focal task-specific dystonia remains unclear. To address this question, we assessed brain activity and somatotopic representations of motor-related brain areas using functional MRI and behavioral measurement in healthy instrumentalists and patients with embouchure dystonia as an example of focal task-specific dystonia. Dystonic symptoms were measured as variability of fundamental frequency during long tone playing. We found no significant differences in brain activity between the embouchure dystonia and healthy wind instrumentalists in the motor-related areas. Assessment of somatotopy, however, revealed significant differences in the somatotopic representations of the mouth area for the right somatosensory cortex between the two groups. Multiple-regression analysis revealed brain activity in the primary motor and somatosensory cortices, cerebellum, and putamen was significantly associated with variability of fundamental frequency signals representing dystonic symptoms. Conversely, somatotopic representations in motor-related brain areas were not associated with variability of fundamental frequency signals in embouchure dystonia. The present findings suggest that abnormal motor-related network activity and aberrant somatotopy correlate with different aspects of mechanisms underlying focal task-specific dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Uehara
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center (IBIC), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Furuya
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center (IBIC), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.,Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc. (Sony CSL), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemi Numazawa
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center (IBIC), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kahori Kita
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center (IBIC), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center (IBIC), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Cadwallader CJ, Curtin D, Taylor EM, Coxon JP. What's off-key in the brain of musicians with focal task-specific dystonia? J Physiol 2018; 596:2277-2278. [PMID: 29687896 DOI: 10.1113/jp276193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Cadwallader
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Dylan Curtin
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Eleanor M Taylor
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - James P Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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