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He Y, Ganguly A, Lindgren S, Quispe L, Suvanto C, Zhao K, Candolin U. Carry-over effect of artificial light at night on daytime mating activity in an ecologically important detritivore, the amphipod Gammarus pulex. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246682. [PMID: 38516876 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a growing environmental problem influencing the fitness of individuals through effects on their physiology and behaviour. Research on animals has primarily focused on effects on behaviour during the night, whereas less is known about effects transferred to daytime. Here, we investigated in the lab the impact of ALAN on the mating behaviour of an ecologically important freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex, during both daytime and nighttime. We manipulated the presence of ALAN and the intensity of male-male competition for access to females, and found the impact of ALAN on mating activity to be stronger during daytime than during nighttime, independent of male-male competition. At night, ALAN only reduced the probability of precopula pair formation, while during the daytime, it both decreased general activity and increased the probability of pair separation after pair formation. Thus, ALAN reduced mating success in G. pulex not only directly, through effects on mating behaviour at night, but also indirectly through a carry-over effect on daytime activity and the ability to remain in precopula. These results emphasise the importance of considering delayed effects of ALAN on organisms, including daytime activities that can be more important fitness determinants than nighttime activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan He
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Anirban Ganguly
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Susan Lindgren
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Laura Quispe
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Corinne Suvanto
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Kangshun Zhao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ulrika Candolin
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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2
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Mathur M, Malinowski M, Jazwiec T, Timek TA, Rausch MK. Leaflet remodeling reduces tricuspid valve function in a computational model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 152:106453. [PMID: 38335648 PMCID: PMC11048730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Tricuspid valve leaflets have historically been considered "passive flaps". However, we have recently shown that tricuspid leaflets actively remodel in sheep with functional tricuspid regurgitation. We hypothesize that these remodeling-induced changes reduce leaflet coaptation and, therefore, contribute to valvular dysfunction. To test this, we simulated the impact of remodeling-induced changes on valve mechanics in a reverse-engineered computer model of the human tricuspid valve. To this end, we combined right-heart pressures and tricuspid annular dynamics recorded in an ex vivo beating heart, with subject-matched in vitro measurements of valve geometry and material properties, to build a subject-specific finite element model. Next, we modified the annular geometry and boundary conditions to mimic changes seen in patients with pulmonary hypertension. In this model, we then increased leaflet thickness and stiffness and reduced the stretch at which leaflets stiffen, which we call "transition-λ." Subsequently, we quantified mean leaflet stresses, leaflet systolic angles, and coaptation area as measures of valve function. We found that leaflet stresses, leaflet systolic angle, and coaptation area are sensitive to independent changes in stiffness, thickness, and transition-λ. When combining thickening, stiffening, and changes in transition-λ, we found that anterior and posterior leaflet stresses decreased by 26% and 28%, respectively. Furthermore, systolic angles increased by 43%, and coaptation area decreased by 66%; thereby impeding valve function. While only a computational study, we provide the first evidence that remodeling-induced leaflet thickening and stiffening may contribute to valvular dysfunction. Targeted suppression of such changes in diseased valves could restore normal valve mechanics and promote leaflet coaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudang Mathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 204 E Dean Keeton Street, Austin, 78712, TX, United States of America
| | - Marcin Malinowski
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, 221 Michigan Street NE Suite 300, Grand Rapids, 49503, MI, United States of America; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jazwiec
- Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Tomasz A Timek
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, 221 Michigan Street NE Suite 300, Grand Rapids, 49503, MI, United States of America
| | - Manuel K Rausch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 204 E Dean Keeton Street, Austin, 78712, TX, United States of America; Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin, 2617 Wichita Street, Austin, 78712, TX, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street, Austin, 78712, TX, United States of America; Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 201 E 24th Street, Austin, 78712, TX, United States of America.
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3
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Guo SW. How do women get endometriosis? Reprod Biomed Online 2024; 48:103696. [PMID: 38123408 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
How do women get endometriosis? This question has baffled investigators for nearly a century, and the pathogenesis of endometriosis remains an enigma to this day. While Sampson's retrograde menstruation theory is widely accepted, the gaping divide between the near-ubiquity of retrograde menstruation and the moderate prevalence of endometriosis has been difficult to explain. Now, Mumusoglu and Hsueh have provided some much-needed clues by proposing that endometriosis is likely a result of maladaptation of the evolutionary baggage to dramatically changed societies and cultures. These changes are profound, sweeping and across the board, resulting in myriad mismatches between the evolutionary legacy and the changed societies, which, in turn, have generated many potential risk factors for endometriosis that were completely absent in hunter-gatherer societies. These risk factors could conceivably account for the glaring gap between the ubiquity of retrograde menstruation and the moderate prevalence of endometriosis. This perspective may force the viewing of endometriosis from a fresh angle, providing a roadmap for future epidemiological studies, and potentially providing the prospect of development of novel ways for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Research Institute, Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Abstract
Similar to diabetes and unlike many pathogen-induced diseases, endometriosis is likely a result of maladaptation to the evolutionary heritage of humans. The objective of this article is to review the literature and improve understanding of the evolutionary factors behind endometriosis, leading to more effective prevention and treatment approaches. In primates, spontaneous decidualization of the endometrium evolved to ensure optimal implantation of a limited number of early embryos, unlike many non-primates which depend on early embryos to induce decidualization and subsequent pregnancy. Spontaneous decidualization results in menstrual bleeding when embryo implantation does not occur, and endometriosis is commonly believed to be caused by retrograde menstruation. Although direct evidence is lacking, it is likely that hunter-gatherer women experienced fewer menstrual periods due to pregnancy shortly after menarche, followed by repeated pregnancies and lactation. However, the mismatch between the evolved uterine physiology and rapid societal changes has led to modern women delaying pregnancy and experiencing numerous menstrual periods, potentially increasing the incidence of endometriosis. The symptoms of endometriosis are often managed by suppressing menstruation through systemic hormonal treatments, but these may have side effects. For patients with a family history of endometriosis or in the early stages of the disease, intrauterine devices releasing progesterone locally could prevent uterine bleeding and the development of endometriosis while preserving fertility and minimizing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezcan Mumusoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aaron J W Hsueh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Womack MC, Hoke KL. Convergent Anuran Middle Ear Loss Lacks a Universal, Adaptive Explanation. Brain Behav Evol 2023; 98:290-301. [PMID: 37913755 PMCID: PMC10885836 DOI: 10.1159/000534936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shared selection pressures often explain convergent trait loss, yet anurans (frogs and toads) have lost their middle ears at least 38 times with no obvious shared selection pressures unifying "earless" taxa. Anuran tympanic middle ear loss is especially perplexing because acoustic communication is dominant within Anura and tympanic middle ears enhance airborne hearing in most tetrapods. METHODS Here, we use phylogenetic comparative methods to examine whether particular geographic ranges, microhabitats, activity patterns, or aspects of acoustic communication are associated with anuran tympanic middle ear loss. RESULTS Although we find some differences between the geographic ranges of eared and earless species on average, there is plenty of overlap between the geographic distributions of eared and earless species. Additionally, we find a higher prevalence of diurnality in earless species, but not all earless species are diurnal. We find no universal adaptive explanation for the many instances of anuran tympanic middle ear loss. CONCLUSION The puzzling lack of universally shared selection pressures among earless species motivates discussion of alternative hypotheses, including genetic or developmental constraints, and the possibility that tympanic middle ear loss is maladaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim L. Hoke
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Garnier J, Cotto O, Bouin E, Bourgeron T, Lepoutre T, Ronce O, Calvez V. Adaptation of a quantitative trait to a changing environment: New analytical insights on the asexual and infinitesimal sexual models. Theor Popul Biol 2023; 152:1-22. [PMID: 37172789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the adaptation of populations to a changing environment is crucial to assess the impact of human activities on biodiversity. Many theoretical studies have tackled this issue by modeling the evolution of quantitative traits subject to stabilizing selection around an optimal phenotype, whose value is shifted continuously through time. In this context, the population fate results from the equilibrium distribution of the trait, relative to the moving optimum. Such a distribution may vary with the shape of selection, the system of reproduction, the number of loci, the mutation kernel or their interactions. Here, we develop a methodology that provides quantitative measures of population maladaptation and potential of survival directly from the entire profile of the phenotypic distribution, without any a priori on its shape. We investigate two different systems of reproduction (asexual and infinitesimal sexual models of inheritance), with various forms of selection. In particular, we recover that fitness functions such that selection weakens away from the optimum lead to evolutionary tipping points, with an abrupt collapse of the population when the speed of environmental change is too high. Our unified framework allows deciphering the mechanisms that lead to this phenomenon. More generally, it allows discussing similarities and discrepancies between the two systems of reproduction, which are ultimately explained by different constraints on the evolution of the phenotypic variance. We demonstrate that the mean fitness in the population crucially depends on the shape of the selection function in the infinitesimal sexual model, in contrast with the asexual model. In the asexual model, we also investigate the effect of the mutation kernel and we show that kernels with higher kurtosis tend to reduce maladaptation and improve fitness, especially in fast changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garnier
- LAMA, UMR 5127, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambery, France.
| | - O Cotto
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - E Bouin
- CEREMADE, UMR 7534, CNRS, Univ. Paris Dauphine, Paris, France
| | | | - T Lepoutre
- ICJ, UMR 5208, CNRS, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Equipe-projet Inria Dracula, Lyon, France
| | - O Ronce
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; CNRS, Biodiversity Research Center, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - V Calvez
- ICJ, UMR 5208, CNRS, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Equipe-projet Inria Dracula, Lyon, France
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Furuya S, Oku T. Sensorimotor Incoordination in Musicians' Dystonia. Adv Neurobiol 2023; 31:61-70. [PMID: 37338696 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26220-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
To acquire and maintain outstanding sensorimotor skills for playing musical instruments inevitably requires extensive training from childhood. However, on the way toward musical excellence, musicians sometimes develop serious disorders, such as tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and task-specific focal dystonia. Particularly, task-specific focal dystonia in musicians, which is referred to as musician's dystonia (MD), has no perfect cure and therefore often terminates professional careers of musicians. To better understand its pathological and pathophysiological mechanisms, the present article focuses on malfunctions of the sensorimotor system at the behavioral and neurophysiological levels. Based on emerging empirical evidence, we propose that the aberrant sensorimotor integration, possibly which occurs in both cortical and subcortical systems, underlies not only movement incoordination between the fingers (i.e., maladaptive synergy) but also failure of long-term retention of intervention effects in the patients with MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Furuya
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc. (Sony CSL), Tokyo, Japan.
- NeuroPiano Institute, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takanori Oku
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc. (Sony CSL), Tokyo, Japan
- NeuroPiano Institute, Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Ellena M, Ballester J, Costa G, Achebak H. Evolution of temperature-attributable mortality trends looking at social inequalities: An observational case study of urban maladaptation to cold and heat. Environ Res 2022; 214:114082. [PMID: 35964673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, little is known about the temporal variation of the temperature-mortality association among different demographic and socio-economic groups. The aim of this work is to investigate trends in cold- and heat- attributable mortality risk and burden by sex, age, education, marital status, and number of household occupants in the city of Turin, Italy. METHODS We collected daily time-series of temperature and mortality counts by demographic and socio-economic groups for the period 1982-2018 in Turin. We applied standard quasi-Poisson regression models to data subsets of 25-year moving subperiods, and we estimated the temperature-mortality associations with distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM). We provided cross-linkages between the evolution of minimum mortality temperatures, relative risks of mortality and temperature-attributable deaths under cold and hot conditions. RESULTS Our findings highlighted an overall increase in risk trends under cold and heat conditions. All-cause mortality at the 1st percentile increased from 1.15 (95% CI: 1.04; 1.28) in 1982-2006 to 1.24 (95% CI: 1.11; 1.38) in 1994-2018, while at the 99th percentile the risk shifted from 1.51 (95% CI: 1.41; 1.61) to 1.59 (95% CI: 1.49; 1.71). In relation to social differences, women were characterized by greater values in respect to men, and similar estimates were observed among the elderly in respect to the youngest subgroup. Risk trends by educational subgroups were mixed, according to the reference temperature condition. Finally, individuals living in conditions of isolation were characterized by higher risks, with an increasing vulnerability throughout time. CONCLUSIONS The overall increase in cold- and heat- related mortality risk suggests a maladaptation to ambient temperatures in Turin. Despite alert systems in place increase public awareness and improve the efficiency of existing health services at the local level, they do not necessarily prevent risks in a homogeneous way. Targeted public health responses to cold and heat in Turin are urgently needed to adapt to extreme temperatures due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ellena
- Dept.Environmnetal Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Mestre, 30172, Italy; Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo Sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Regional Model and Geo-Hydrological Impacts (REMHI) Division, Caserta, 81100, Italy.
| | - Joan Ballester
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
| | - Giuseppe Costa
- Regional Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3 Piedmont Region, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy.
| | - Hicham Achebak
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
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Brockhaus M, Di Gregorio M, Djoudi H, Moeliono M, Pham TT, Wong GY. The forest frontier in the Global South: Climate change policies and the promise of development and equity. Ambio 2021; 50:2238-2255. [PMID: 34487339 PMCID: PMC8563894 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halting forest loss and achieving sustainable development in an equitable manner require state, non-state actors, and entire societies in the Global North and South to tackle deeply established patterns of inequality and power relations embedded in forest frontiers. Forest and climate governance in the Global South can provide an avenue for the transformational change needed-yet, does it? We analyse the politics and power in four cases of mitigation, adaptation, and development arenas. We use a political economy lens to explore the transformations taking place when climate policy meets specific forest frontiers in the Global South, where international, national and local institutions, interests, ideas, and information are at play. We argue that lasting and equitable outcomes will require a strong discursive shift within dominant institutions and among policy actors to redress policies that place responsibilities and burdens on local people in the Global South, while benefits from deforestation and maladaptation are taken elsewhere. What is missing is a shared transformational objective and priority to keep forests standing among all those involved from afar in the major forest frontiers in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brockhaus
- Department of Forest Science, Chair of International Forest Policy, University of Helsinki (Helsinki) and Helsinki Sustainability Center (HELSUS), Helsinki, Finland.
- CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Monica Di Gregorio
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Moira Moeliono
- CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Grace Y Wong
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hyun JH, Kim JY, Park CY, Lee DK. Modeling decision-maker preferences for long-term climate adaptation planning using a pathways approach. Sci Total Environ 2021; 772:145335. [PMID: 33581530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Decision-makers are faced with the task to translate the science of future climate change impacts to set policy goals and plans based on their capacities and contexts. However, there is a lack in support tools that translate the preferences and constraints of stakeholders to assess the viability of goals and strategies for adaptation planning. In this study, we introduce a decision-support model that simulates adaptation pathways using a multi-objective optimization algorithm. The model has been applied to find optimal adaptation pathways for reducing heat related morbidity in Seoul, South Korea under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. We analyzed the effects of six hard and soft adaptation strategies from 2020 to 2100. Decision-maker preference scenarios based on three budget levels, two goal setting approaches and two investment delay plans were evaluated. The results show that after 2065, current adaptation strategies cannot reduce the impacts of heat mortality even with high budgets. A low budget limits adaptation for both ambitious and conservative goal settings while a higher budget did lead to greater adaptation but was not necessary for the conservative goal setting suggesting that efficient pairing of budget level based on the adaptation goal can be beneficial. Further, the longer the delay in investment toward adaptation results in irrecoverable reduction in adaptation. These results imply that different planning approaches are necessary for the desired adaptation effect and level of cost efficiency. This study is significant in that the methodology can be expanded to include other sectors and applied to various locations of different scales to help stakeholders develop more effective long-term adaptation plans based on their needs and constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hee Hyun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Chae Yeon Park
- Center for Social and Environmental Systems Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 305-8506, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Dong Kun Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Ma ATH, Lam TWL, Cheung LTO, Fok L. Protected areas as a space for pandemic disease adaptation: A case of COVID-19 in Hong Kong. Landsc Urban Plan 2021; 207:103994. [PMID: 33223587 PMCID: PMC7670935 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As COVID-19 has swept across the world, governments have been prompted to order social distancing measures, from the closure of schools, restaurants and public facilities to quarantines and lockdowns. Access to and contact with nature have been suggested to help combat impacts associated with isolation measures, and a coincidental surge in the number of visitors to country parks in Hong Kong has recently been observed. The current study sought to explore the visitation of country parks as an adaptation to COVID-19 by employing the socio-psychological model of precautionary adaptation (SPMPA). Questionnaire surveys were administered in 12 country parks in Hong Kong, and a total of 600 samples were collected. A conceptual model based on the SPMPA was proposed and tested through multiple regression analysis. Significant associations between perceived severity, threat experience and adaptative behaviour were found, suggesting the possible risks of visiting country parks. However, the relationships among perceived adaptation efficacy, adaptation cost and reliance on public adaptation implied that the adaptative benefits of visiting country parks may outweigh the risks when proper visitor management measures are implemented. The findings highlighted the importance of providing accessible protected areas or other types of nature-based spaces to facilitate the adaptation of people to disease outbreaks in both the short and long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson T H Ma
- Department of Geography and Resources Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Theresa W L Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lewis T O Cheung
- Department of Social Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lincoln Fok
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Butler JRA, Davila F, Alders R, Bourke RM, Crimp S, McCarthy J, McWilliam A, Palo ASM, Robins L, Webb MJ, van Wensveen M, Sanderson T, Walker D. A rapid assessment framework for food system shocks: Lessons learned from COVID-19 in the Indo-Pacific region. Environ Sci Policy 2021; 117:34-45. [PMID: 34744509 PMCID: PMC8556181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and severity of shocks to food systems is accelerating globally, exemplified by the current COVID-19 outbreak. In low- and middle-income countries, the impacts have exacerbated existing food system vulnerabilities and poverty. Governments and donors must respond quickly, but few tools are available that identify interventions to build food system resilience, or emerging opportunities for transformation. In this paper we reflect on the application of a systems-based rapid assessment which we applied across 11 Indo-Pacific countries in May-July 2020. Our approach was shaped by three design parameters: the integration of key informants' perspectives engaged remotely within the countries, applicability to diverse food systems and COVID-19 experiences across the region, and the consideration of food systems as complex systems. For the rapid assessment we adopted an analytical framework proposed by Allen and Prosperi (2016). To include a development lens, we added the analysis of vulnerable groups and their exposure, impacts, recovery potential and resilience, and pro-poor interventions. We concluded that the framework and approach facilitated integration and triangulation of disparate knowledge types and data to identify priority interventions and was sufficiently flexible to be applied across food systems, at both national, sub-national and commodity scales. The step-wise method was simple and enabled structured inquiry and reporting. Although the systems concepts appeared more easily transferrable to key informants in some countries than others, potentially transformational interventions were identified, and also some risks of maladaptation. We present a refined framework that emphasises analysis of political, economic and institutional drivers of exposure and vulnerability, the constraints that they pose for building recovery potential and resilience, and trade-offs amongst winners and losers inherent in proposed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Davila
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robyn Alders
- Development Policy Centre, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - R Michael Bourke
- College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Steve Crimp
- Climate Change Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - John McCarthy
- Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrew McWilliam
- School of Social Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Lisa Robins
- Climate Change Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | - Todd Sanderson
- Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel Walker
- Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research, Canberra, Australia
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Ye Y, Wong SC, Meng F, Xu P. Right-looking habit and maladaptation of pedestrians in areas with unfamiliar driving rules. Accid Anal Prev 2021; 150:105921. [PMID: 33302234 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Both left-driving (LD) and right-driving (RD) rules are used around the world. When traveling to places with different driving rules, pedestrians are likely to make mistakes. To investigate the frequency of such mistakes, a case study was conducted with pedestrians in Hong Kong, which follows LD rules, i.e., traffic drives on the left. The study aimed to probe the effects of hometown driving rules and length of stay on pedestrians' right-looking habit and maladaptation to the Hong Kong LD system and determine the mediating effect of the right-looking habit. A face-to-face survey was conducted with 581 respondents at seven locations in Hong Kong. A structural equation model was applied to determine the relationship among hometown driving rules, length of stay, right-looking habit, and maladaptation. The model exhibited good fitness (χ2/degrees of freedom=2.154; comparative fit index=0.989; Tucker-Lewis Index=0.980; and root mean square error of approximation=0.045). The results revealed that hometown driving rules and length of stay had positive effects on the right-looking habit, and hometown driving rules had a direct negative effect on maladaptation. The right-looking habit partially mediated the effect of hometown driving rules and fully mediated the effect of length of stay on maladaptation to the Hong Kong LD system. It was found that when foreign pedestrians were in areas with unfamiliar driving rules, they tended to practice their hometown looking habits, especially foreign pedestrians who had stayed only for a short time; this behavior differed significantly from that of local pedestrians, and it led to more severe maladaptation. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence of pedestrians' looking habits and maladaptation in areas with unfamiliar driving systems and have significant implications for improving the safety of foreign pedestrians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ye
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - S C Wong
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fanyu Meng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengpeng Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Mathur M, Meador WD, Jazwiec T, Malinowski M, Timek TA, Rausch MK. Tricuspid Valve Annuloplasty Alters Leaflet Mechanics. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:2911-2923. [PMID: 32761558 PMCID: PMC8000450 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tricuspid valve regurgitation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Its most common treatment option, tricuspid valve annuloplasty, is not optimally effective in the long-term. Toward identifying the causes for annuloplasty's ineffectiveness, we have previously investigated the technique's impact on the tricuspid annulus and the right ventricular epicardium. In our current work, we are extending our analysis to the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet. To this end, we adopted our previous strategy of performing DeVega suture annuloplasty as an experimental methodology that allows us to externally control the degree of cinching during annuloplasty. Thus, in ten sheep we successively cinched the annulus and quantified changes to leaflet motion, dynamics, and strain in the beating heart by combining sonomicrometry with our well-established mechanical framework. We found that successive cinching of the valve enforced earlier coaptation and thus reduced leaflet range of motion. Additionally, leaflet angular velocity during opening and closing decreased. Finally, we found that leaflet strains were also reduced. Specifically, radial and areal strains decreased as a function of annular cinching. Our findings are critical as they suggest that suture annuloplasty alters the mechanics of the tricuspid valve leaflets which may disrupt their resident cells' mechanobiological equilibrium. Long-term, such disruption may stimulate tissue maladaptation which could contribute to annuloplasty's sub-optimal effectiveness. Additionally, our data suggest that the extent to which annuloplasty alters leaflet mechanics can be controlled via degree of cinching. Hence, our data may provide direct surgical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudang Mathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 204 E Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - William D Meador
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Tomasz Jazwiec
- Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Marcin Malinowski
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz A Timek
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Manuel K Rausch
- Departments of Aerospace Engineering & Engineering Mechanics, Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 2617 Wichita Street, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Fulop T, Larbi A, Hirokawa K, Cohen AA, Witkowski JM. Immunosenescence is both functional/adaptive and dysfunctional/maladaptive. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:521-536. [PMID: 32930852 PMCID: PMC7490574 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the immune system with aging are considered to underlie many age-related diseases. However, many elderly individuals remain healthy until even a very advanced age. There is also an increase in numbers of centenarians and their apparent fitness. We should therefore change our unilaterally detrimental consideration of age-related immune changes. Recent data taking into consideration the immunobiography concept may allow for meaningful distinctions among various aging trajectories. This implies that the aging immune system has a homeodynamic characteristic balanced between adaptive and maladaptive aspects. The survival and health of an individual depends from the equilibrium of this balance. In this article, we highlight which parts of the aging of the immune system may be considered adaptive in contrast to those that may be maladaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fulop
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - A Larbi
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - K Hirokawa
- Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo and Nito-memory Nakanosogo Hospital, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Med. Dent. University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A A Cohen
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - J M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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16
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Roelofsen EGJ, van Cingel R, Pronk Y, Staal JB, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG, Meulenbroek RGJ. Leg-amplitude differentiation guided by haptic and visual feedback to detect alterations in motor flexibility due to Total Knee Replacement. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 71:102623. [PMID: 32452440 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Following total knee replacement (TKR), patients often persist in maladaptive motor behavior which they developed before surgery to cope with symptoms of osteoarthritis. An important challenge in physical therapy is to detect, recognize and change such undesired movement behavior. The goal of this study was to measure the differences in clinical status of patients pre-TKR and post-TKR and to investigate if differences in clinical status were accompanied by differences in the patients'' motor flexibility. Eleven TKR participants were measured twice: pre-TKR and post-TKR (twenty weeks after TKR). In order to infer maladaptation, the pre-TKR and post-TKR measurements of the patient group were separately compared to one measurement in a control group of fourteen healthy individuals. Clinical status was measured with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain and knee stiffness and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Furthermore, Lower-limb motor flexibility was assessed by means of a treadmill walking task and a leg-amplitude differentiation task (LAD-task) supported by haptic or visual feedback. Motor flexibility was measured by coordination variability (standard deviation (SD) of relative phase between the legs) and temporal variability (sample entropy) of both leg movements. In the TKR-group, the VAS-pain and VAS- stiffness and the subscales of the KOOS significantly decreased after TKR. In treadmill walking, lower-limb motor flexibility did not significantly change after TKR. Between-leg coordination variability was significantly lower post-TKR compared to controls. In the LAD-task, a significant decrease of between-leg coordination variability between pre-TKR and post-TKR was accompanied by a significant increase in temporal variability. Post-TKR-values of lower-limb flexibility approached the values of the control group. The results demonstrate that a clinically relevant change in clinical status, twenty weeks after TKR, is not accompanied by alterations in lower-limb motor flexibility during treadmill walking but is accompanied by changes in motor flexibility towards the level of healthy controls during a LAD-task with visual and haptic feedback. Challenging patients with non-preferred movements such as amplitude differentiation may be a promising tool in clinical assessment of motor flexibility following TKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eefje G J Roelofsen
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, P.O. Box 6960, 6503, GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert van Cingel
- Sport Medical Center Papendal, Papendallaan 7, 6816, VD, Arnhem, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvette Pronk
- Research Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kliniek ViaSana, Hoogveldseweg 1, 5451 AA Mill, the Netherlands
| | - J Bart Staal
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, P.O. Box 6960, 6503, GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria W G Nijhuis-van der Sanden
- Radboud University Medical Center, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud G J Meulenbroek
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Areia C, Barreira P, Montanha T, Oliveira J, Ribeiro F. Neuromuscular changes in football players with previous hamstring injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 69:115-9. [PMID: 31330460 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impact of prior injury on myoelectrical activity of the hamstrings during isokinetic eccentric contractions has received increased literature attention. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess neuromuscular adaptations, namely proprioception, core stability, muscle strength, extensibility and activity, in football players with history of hamstring strain injury. METHODS Seventeen players, 10 with history of hamstring injury and 7 without prior injury underwent isokinetic strength testing, eccentric knee extension at 30 and 120°/s. Myoelectrical activity of bicep femoris and medial hamstrings was calculated at 30, 50 and 100 ms after onset of contraction. Functional tests included core stability, muscle strength, and knee proprioception tests. FINDING Differences were observed between Hamstring Group injured and uninjured and Control Group dominant limbs in the bicep femoris activity at almost all times in both velocities (p < 0.05). Joint position sense error was higher in the injured side compared to uninjured and control dominant limb; additionally there were also differences between injured and uninjured limb in the triple-hop test. INTERPRETATION Previously injured side showed deficits in bicep femoris myoelectrical activity after onset of contraction during eccentric testing, proprioceptive deficits, and functional asymmetry.
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Maly T, Mala L, Bujnovsky D, Hank M, Zahalka F. Morphological and Isokinetic Strength Differences: Bilateral and Ipsilateral Variation by Different Sport Activity. Open Med (Wars) 2019; 14:207-216. [PMID: 30847397 PMCID: PMC6401386 DOI: 10.1515/med-2019-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological and isokinetic strength asymmetry and magnitude in young athletes. METHODS One hundred and thirty nine male subjects (soccer, floorball, non-athletes) were measured for proportion of muscle mass between upper extremities (BADΔ) and lower extremities (BLDΔ). Moreover, the peak muscle torque of knee extensors (PTE) and flexors (PTF), ipsilateral (H:Q) and bilateral strength ratio (Q:Q, H:H) were measured. RESULTS We found significant differences in observed parameters with respect to different sport activities (F = 13.02, p = 0.00, η p 2 = 0.80). Higher values of BADΔ were observed in the non-active (0.19 ± 0.11 kg) group compared with soccer players (0.10 ± 0.11 kg). We found a lower value of BLDΔ in floorball players (0.32 ± 0.11 kg) compared with soccer players (0.58 ± 0.27 kg) and non-active boys (0.63 ± 0.28 kg). Results revealed significantly higher PTE in soccer players compared with non-active boys and floorball players and higher Q:Q ratio in soccer players (10.99 ± 7.75%) compared with non-active boys (7.47 ± 5.92%). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that there are morphological and strength asymmetries in the observed groups, which may have potential maladaptive effects (e.g. uncompensated overload of extremity) in athletes affected by specific load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Maly
- Sport Research Centre, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, PragueCzech Republic
| | - Lucia Mala
- Sport Research Centre, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, PragueCzech Republic
| | - David Bujnovsky
- Sport Research Centre, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, PragueCzech Republic
| | - Mikulas Hank
- Sport Research Centre, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, PragueCzech Republic
| | - Frantisek Zahalka
- Sport Research Centre, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, PragueCzech Republic
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Bülbül M, Sinen O, Gemici B, İzgüt-Uysal VN. Opposite effects of central oxytocin and arginine vasopressin on changes in gastric motor function induced by chronic stress. Peptides 2017; 87:1-11. [PMID: 27829122 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are known to act oppositely on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, stress response and gastrointestinal (GI) motility. In rodents, exposure to restraint stress (RS) delays gastric emptying (GE), however, repeated exposure to the same stressor (chronic homotypic stress (CHS)), the delayed GE is restored to basal level, while hypothalamic OXT is upregulated. In contrast, when rats are exposed to chronic heterotypic stress (CHeS), these adaptive changes are not observed. Although the involvement of central OXT in gastric motor adaptation is partly investigated, the role of hypothalamic AVP in CHeS-induced maladaptive paradigm is poorly understood. Using in-vivo brain microdialysis in rats, the changes OXT and AVP release from hypothalamus were monitored under basal non-stressed (NS) conditions and in rats exposed to acute stress (AS), CHS and CHeS. To investigate the involvement of central endogenous OXT or AVP in CHS-induced habituation and CHeS-induced maladaptation, chronic central administration of selective OXT receptor antagonist L-371257 and selective AVP V1b receptor antagonist SSR-149415 was performed daily. OXT was measured higher in AS and CHS group, but not in CHeS-loaded rats, whereas AVP significantly increased in rats exposed to AS and CHeS. Additionally, the response of the hypothalamic OXT- and AVP-producing cells was amplified following CHS and CHeS, respectively. In rats exposed to AS for 90min solid GE significantly delayed. The delayed-GE was completely restored to the basal level following CHS, however, it remained delayed in CHeS-loaded rats. The CHS-induced restoration was prevented by L-371257, whereas SSR-149415 abolished the CHeS-induced impaired GE. A significant correlation was observed between GE and (i) OXT in CHS-loaded rats (rho=0.61, p<0.05, positively), (ii) AVP in CHeS-loaded rats (rho=0.69, p<0.05, negatively). Under long term stressed conditions, the release of AVP and OXT from hypothalamus may vary depending on the content of the stressors. Central AVP appears to act oppositely to OXT by mediating CHeS-induced gastric motor maladaptation. Long term central AVP antagonism might be a pharmacological approach for the treatment of stress-related gastric motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Osman Sinen
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Burcu Gemici
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - V Nimet İzgüt-Uysal
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey
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Borgdorff MA, Bartelds B, Dickinson MG, Steendijk P, Berger RMF. A cornerstone of heart failure treatment is not effective in experimental right ventricular failure. Int J Cardiol 2013; 169:183-9. [PMID: 24067600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) failure due to increased pressure load causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients with congenital heart diseases and pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is unknown whether renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) inhibition (the cornerstone of left ventricular failure treatment) is effective in RV failure. We investigated the effects of combination treatment of aldosterone-blocker eplerenone+angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan (Ep/Lo) on RV remodeling and function in a model of RV failure due to increased pressure load. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats (n=48) were randomized for pulmonary artery banding (PAB) or sham surgery and for losartan (20 mg/kg/d)+eplerenone (100 mg/kg/d) treatment (Ep/Lo) or vehicle (VEH). RV function was assessed by echocardiography and pressure-volume analysis at 5 and 11 weeks, or at the occurrence of clinical RV failure symptoms necessitating termination. PAB resulted in RV failure in all rats, as defined by reduced cardiac output, RV stroke volume, increased RV end diastolic pressure and liver congestion as well as RV fibrosis, hypertrophy and reduced capillary density. Clinical RV failure necessitated termination in 5/12 PAB-VEH rats. Angiotensin II type 1-receptor expression in the RV was reduced in PAB rats indicating local RAAS activation. Treatment of PAB rats with Ep/Lo significantly lowered arterial pressures, but had no significant effect on RV function, remodeling or survival compared to PAB-VEH rats. CONCLUSIONS RAAS inhibition does not beneficially affect experimental RV failure due to chronic pressure load. This is of high clinical relevance, because it indicates that the RV response to RAAS inhibition might fundamentally differ from that of the LV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus A Borgdorff
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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