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Eon P, Grosprêtre S, Martin A. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation at submaximal intensity combined with motor imagery increases corticospinal excitability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05615-y. [PMID: 39356322 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is sparse evidence in the literature that the combination of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and motor imagery (MI) can increase corticospinal excitability more that the application of one or the other modality alone. However, the NMES intensity usually employed was below or at motor threshold, not allowing a proper activation of the whole neuromuscular system. This questions the effect of combined MI + NMES with higher intensities, closer to those used in clinical settings. The purpose here was to assess corticospinal excitability during either MI, NMES or a combination of both at different evoked forces. METHODS Seventeen healthy participants were enrolled in one session consisting of 6 conditions targeting flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR): rest, MI, NMES at 5% and 20% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and MI and NMES performed simultaneously (MI + NMES). During each condition, corticospinal excitability was assessed by evoking MEP of FCR by using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Maximal M-wave (Mmax) was measured by using the stimulation of the median nerve. RESULTS MEPs during MI were greater as compared to rest (P = 0.005). MEPs during MI were significantly lower than during MI + NMES at 5% (P = 0.02) and 20% (P = 0.001). Then, MEPs during NMES 5% was significantly lower than during MI + NMES 20% (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION The present study showed that MI + NMES increased corticospinal excitability more than MI alone. However, corticospinal excitability was not higher as the intensity increase during MI + NMES. Therefore, MI + NMES targeting FCR may not significantly increase the corticospinal excitability between different low-submaximal contractions intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Eon
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comté, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de L'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Sidney Grosprêtre
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comté, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de L'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Alain Martin
- Cognition, Action Sensorimotor Plasticity [CAPS], Unité INSERM 1093, University of Bourgogne-UFR STAPS, BP 27877, 21078, Dijon Cedex, France
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2
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Lendaro E, Van der Sluis CK, Hermansson L, Bunketorp-Käll L, Burger H, Keesom E, Widehammar C, Munoz-Novoa M, McGuire BE, O'Reilly P, Earley EJ, Iqbal S, Kristoffersen MB, Stockselius A, Gudmundson L, Hill W, Diers M, Turner KL, Weiss T, Ortiz-Catalan M. Extended reality used in the treatment of phantom limb pain: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00699. [PMID: 39250328 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Phantom limb pain (PLP) represents a significant challenge after amputation. This study investigated the use of phantom motor execution (PME) and phantom motor imagery (PMI) facilitated by extended reality (XR) for the treatment of PLP. Both treatments used XR, but PME involved overt execution of phantom movements, relying on the decoding of motor intent using machine learning to enable real-time control in XR. In contrast, PMI involved mental rehearsal of phantom movements guided by XR. The study hypothesized that PME would be superior to PMI. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted in 9 outpatient clinics across 7 countries. Eighty-one participants with PLP were randomly assigned to PME or PMI training. The primary outcome was the change in PLP, measured by the Pain Rating Index, from baseline to treatment cessation. Secondary outcomes included various aspects related to PLP, such as the rate of clinically meaningful reduction in pain (CMRP; >50% pain decrease). No evidence was found for superiority of overt execution (PME) over imagery (PMI) using XR. PLP decreased by 64.5% and 68.2% in PME and PMI groups, respectively. Thirty-seven PME participants (71%) and 19 PMI participants (68%) experienced CMRP. Positive changes were recorded in all other outcomes, without group differences. Pain reduction for PME was larger than previously reported. Despite our initial hypothesis not being confirmed, PME and PMI, aided by XR, are likely to offer meaningful PLP relief to most patients. These findings merit consideration of these therapies as viable treatment options and alternatives to pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lendaro
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Corry K Van der Sluis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Hermansson
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Health Care Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lina Bunketorp-Käll
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Advanced Reconstruction of Extremities, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Burger
- University Rehabilitation Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Els Keesom
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Treant Hospitals, Netherlands
| | - Cathrine Widehammar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Health Care Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maria Munoz-Novoa
- Integrum AB, Mölndal, Sweden
- Center for Bionics and Pain Research, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Brian E McGuire
- School of Psychology & Centre for Pain Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paul O'Reilly
- School of Psychology & Centre for Pain Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eric J Earley
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden
- Center for Bionics and Pain Research, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Bone-Anchored Limb Research Group, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sonam Iqbal
- Integrum AB, Mölndal, Sweden
- Center for Bionics and Pain Research, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Morten B Kristoffersen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Center for Bionics and Pain Research, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Wendy Hill
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Martin Diers
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Kristi L Turner
- Center for Bionic Medicine, Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Max Ortiz-Catalan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden
- Center for Bionics and Pain Research, Mölndal, Sweden
- Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Grosprêtre S. Motor imagery from brain to muscle: a commentary on Bach et al., (2022). PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1805-1807. [PMID: 38285091 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In a recent article entitled "Why motor imagery is not really motoric: towards a re-conceptualization in terms of effect-based action control", Bach et al. nicely renewed the concept of motor equivalence between actual movement and motor imagery (MI), i.e. the mental simulation of an action without its corresponding motor output. Their approach is largely based on behavioral studies and, to a lesser extent, on the literature using cerebral imagery. However, the literature on cortico-spinal circuitry modulation during MI can provide further, interesting aspects. Indeed, when it comes to addressing the motor system, one should consider the whole path from brain region to muscle contraction, including sub-cortical structures such as the spinal circuitry. This commentary aims at bridging this gap by providing supplemental evidence and outlining a complementary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Grosprêtre
- UR-4660, C3S Laboratory Culture, Sport, Health and Society, UFR STAPS, University of Franche-Comté, 31, Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 2500, Besançon, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, IUF, Paris, France.
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Stadler W, Hermsdörfer J. Neuromuscular effects suggest that imagery engages motor components directly - a commentary on Frank et al. (2023). PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1846-1848. [PMID: 38483576 PMCID: PMC11315792 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltraud Stadler
- Department Health and Sport Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Joachim Hermsdörfer
- Department Health and Sport Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Dos Anjos T, Guillot A, Daligault S, Chamoun DM, De Sousa T, Di Rienzo F. Low-frequency sounds combined with motor imagery elicits a transient disruption of force performance: A path to neuromotor reprogramming? Neuroimage 2024; 297:120746. [PMID: 39033789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of motor imagery (MI) training on sports performance is now well-documented. Recently, it has been proposed that a single session of MI combined with low frequency sound (LFS) might enhance muscle activation. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this effect remain unknown. We set up a test-retest intervention over the course of 2 consecutive days to evaluate the effect of (i) MI training (MI, n = 20), (ii) MI combined with LFS (MI + LFS, n = 20), and (iii) a control condition (CTRL, n = 20) on force torque produced across repeated maximal voluntary contractions of the quadriceps before (Pretest), after (Posttest) and at +12 h (Retention) post-intervention. We collected the integrated electromyograms of the quadriceps muscles, as well as brain electrical potentials during each experimental intervention. In the CTRL group, total force torque decreased from Pretest to Retention and from Posttest to Retention. By contrast, there was an increase between Posttest and Retention in both MI + LFS and MI groups (both ηP2 = 0.03, p < 0.05). Regression analyses further revealed a negative relationship between force performance and EEG activity in the MI + LFS group only. The data support a transient interference of LFS on cortical activity underlying the priming effects of MI practice on force performance. Findings are discussed in relation to the potential for motor reprogramming through MI combined with LFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Typhanie Dos Anjos
- Universite Lyon 1, UCB-Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité-UR 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Allyane®, 84 quai Joseph Gillet, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Universite Lyon 1, UCB-Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité-UR 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Sebastien Daligault
- Centre de Recherche Multimodal et Pluridisciplinaire en Imagerie du Vivant (CERMEP), Department of Magnetoencephalography, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Donna-Maria Chamoun
- Universite Lyon 1, UCB-Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité-UR 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Thomas De Sousa
- Universite Lyon 1, UCB-Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité-UR 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Franck Di Rienzo
- Universite Lyon 1, UCB-Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité-UR 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Binks JA, Wilson CJ, Van Schaik P, Eaves DL. Motor learning without physical practice: The effects of combined action observation and motor imagery practice on cup-stacking speed. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 68:102468. [PMID: 37665909 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study we explored training effects for combined action observation and motor imagery (AO + MI) instructions on a complex cup-stacking task, without physical practice. Using a Graeco-Latin Square design, we randomly assigned twenty-six participants into four groups. This counterbalanced the within-participant factor of practice condition (AO + MI, AO, MI, Control) across four cup-stacking tasks, which varied in their complexity. On each of the three consecutive practice days participants experienced twenty trials under each of the three mental practice conditions. On each trial, a first-person perspective video depicted bilateral cup-stacking performed by an experienced model. During AO, participants passively observed this action, responding only to occasional colour cues. For AO + MI, participants imagined performing the observed action and synchronised their concurrent MI with the display. For MI, a sequence of pictures cued imagery of each stage of the task. Analyses revealed a significant main effect of practice condition both at the 'surprise' post-test (Day 3) and at the one-week retention test. At both time points movement execution times were significantly shorter for AO + MI compared with AO, MI and the Control. Execution times were also shorter overall at the retention compared with the post-test. These results demonstrate that a complex novel motor task can be acquired without physical training. Practitioners can therefore use AO + MI practice to supplement physical practice and optimise skill learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Binks
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
| | - C J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - P Van Schaik
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - D L Eaves
- Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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Piveteau E, Di Rienzo F, Bolliet O, Guillot A. Inter-task transfer of force gains is facilitated by motor imagery. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1228062. [PMID: 37645373 PMCID: PMC10461095 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1228062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is compelling evidence that motor imagery (MI) contributes to improve muscle strength. While strong effects have been observed for finger muscles, only few experiments with moderate benefits were conducted within applied settings targeting large upper or lower limb muscles. The aim of the present study was therefore to extend the investigation of embedded MI practice designed to improve maximal voluntary strength on a multi-joint dynamic exercise involving the lower limbs. Additionally, we tested whether targeting the content of MI on another movement than that physically performed and involving the same body parts might promote inter-task transfer of strength gains. Methods A total of 75 participants were randomly assigned into three groups who underwent a physical training on back squat. During inter-trial recovery periods, a first MI group (n = 25) mentally rehearsed the back squat, while a second MI group (n = 25) performed MI of a different movement involving the lower limbs (deadlift). Participants from the control group (n = 25) completed a neutral cognitive task during equivalent time. Strength and power gains were assessed ecologically using a velocity transducer device at 4 different time periods. Results Data first revealed that participants who engaged in MI of the back squat improved their back squat performance (p < 0.03 and p < 0.01, respectively), more than the control group (p < 0.05), hence supporting the positive effects of MI on strength. Data further supported the inter-task transfer of strength gains when MI targeted a movement that was not physically trained (p = 0.05). Discussion These findings provide experimental support for the use of MI during physical training sessions to improve and transfer force development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aymeric Guillot
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Di Rienzo F, Rozand V, Le Noac'h M, Guillot A. A Quantitative Investigation of Mental Fatigue Elicited during Motor Imagery Practice: Selective Effects on Maximal Force Performance and Imagery Ability. Brain Sci 2023; 13:996. [PMID: 37508928 PMCID: PMC10377708 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the development of mental fatigue during the kinesthetic motor imagery (MI) of isometric force contractions performed with the dominant upper limb. Participants (n = 24) underwent four blocks of 20 MI trials of isometric contractions at 20% of the maximal voluntary contraction threshold (20% MVCMI) and 20 MI trials of maximal isometric contractions (100% MVCMI). Mental fatigue was assessed after each block using a visual analogue scale (VAS). We assessed maximal isometric force before, during and after MI sessions. We also assessed MI ability from self-report ratings and skin conductance recordings. Results showed a logarithmic pattern of increase in mental fatigue over the course of MI, which was superior during 100% MVCMI. Unexpectedly, maximal force improved during 100% MVCMI between the 1st and 2nd evaluations but remained unchanged during 20% MVCMI. MI ease and vividness improved during 100% MVCMI, with a positive association between phasic skin conductance and VAS mental fatigue scores. Conversely, subjective measures revealed decreased MI ability during 20% MVCMI. Mental fatigue did not hamper the priming effects of MI on maximal force performance, nor MI's ability for tasks involving high physical demands. By contrast, mental fatigue impaired MI vividness and elicited boredom effects in the case of motor tasks with low physical demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Di Rienzo
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vianney Rozand
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marie Le Noac'h
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424 Villeurbanne, France
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Rumeau V, Grospretre S, Babault N. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement and Motor Imagery Are Efficient to Emphasize the Effects of a Standardized Warm-Up on Sprint-Running Performances. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11050108. [PMID: 37234064 DOI: 10.3390/sports11050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Warm-up routines include various tasks focused on the peripheral contractile properties and nervous motor command. This present study was aimed at investigating the acute effects of different warm-up routines, emphasizing either peripheral (post-activation performance enhancement, PAPE) or central (motor imagery, MI) contributions on sport-specific tasks. Eleven young female athletes took part in this cross-over, randomized, controlled trial. They underwent three experimental sessions composed of a standardized warm-up followed by 10 min of (1) rest (CONTROL), (2) maximal concentric leg press (PAPE), or (3) mental repetitions of sprint tasks (MI). Post-tests consisted of reaction time, arrowhead agility test, 20 m sprint, repeated sprint ability, and NASA-TLX fatigue questionnaire. PAPE and MI significantly enhanced the arrowhead agility test (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively) and repeated sprint ability (p = 0.002 and p = 0.035, respectively) compared to CONTROL, without any difference between PAPE and MI. The 20 m sprint time was better after PAPE as compared to MI (p = 0.005) and CONTROL (p < 0.001), without any difference between MI and CONTROL. Reaction time and the NASA-TLX questionnaire were not affected by the warm-up modalities (p > 0.05). PAPE was the most efficient to optimize warm-up due to its greater peripheral contribution that would improve muscle contractility. MI specifically improved the imagined tasks mostly by central contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Rumeau
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sidney Grospretre
- EA4660-C3S, Université de Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Centre d'Expertise de la Performance, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Binks JA, Emerson JR, Scott MW, Wilson C, van Schaik P, Eaves DL. Enhancing upper-limb neurorehabilitation in chronic stroke survivors using combined action observation and motor imagery therapy. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1097422. [PMID: 36937513 PMCID: PMC10017546 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1097422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction For people who have had a stroke, recovering upper-limb function is a barrier to independence. When movement is difficult, mental practice can be used to complement physical therapy. In this within-participants study we investigated the effects of combined action observation and motor imagery (AO + MI) therapy on upper-limb recovery in chronic stroke survivors. Methods A Graeco-Latin Square design was used to counterbalance four mental practice conditions (AO + MI, AO, MI, Control) across four cup-stacking tasks of increasing complexity. Once a week, for five consecutive weeks, participants (n = 10) performed 16 mental practice trials under each condition. Each trial displayed a 1st person perspective of a cup-stacking task performed by an experienced model. For AO, participants watched each video and responded to an occasional color cue. For MI, participants imagined the effort and sensation of performing the action; cued by a series of still-images. For combined AO + MI, participants observed a video of the action while they simultaneously imagined performing the same action in real-time. At three time points (baseline; post-test; two-week retention test) participants physically executed the three mentally practiced cup-stacking tasks, plus a fourth unpractised sequence (Control), as quickly and accurately as possible. Results Mean movement execution times were significantly reduced overall in the post-test and the retention test compared to baseline. At retention, movement execution times were significantly shorter for combined AO + MI compared to both MI and the Control. Individual participants reported clinically important changes in quality of life (Stroke Impact Scale) and positive qualitative experiences of AO + MI (social validation). Discussion These results indicate that when physical practice is unsuitable, combined AO + MI therapy could offer an effective adjunct for neurorehabilitation in chronic stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Aaron Binks
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Reyes Emerson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Allied Health Professions, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher Wilson
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Paul van Schaik
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lloyd Eaves
- Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Johnson KA, Petrie MA, Shields RK. Biomarkers for rapid H-reflex operant conditioning among females. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:685-699. [PMID: 36791051 PMCID: PMC10010925 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00188.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Operant conditioning of a spinal monosynaptic pathway using the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) is well established in animal and human studies. There is a subset within the human population (∼20% nonresponders) who are unable to up train this pathway suggesting some distinct or unique identifying characteristics. Importantly, females, who have a nine times higher rate of injury during human performance activities than men, have been understudied in areas of CNS neuroplasticity. Our long-term goal is to understand if innate ability to rapidly up train the H-reflex is predictive of future performance-based injury among females. In this study, we primarily determined whether healthy, young females could rapidly increase the H-reflex within a single session of operant conditioning and secondarily determined if electro-physiological, humoral, cognitive, anthropometric, or anxiety biomarkers distinguished the responders from nonresponders. Eighteen females (mean age: 24) participated in the study. Overall, females showed a group main effect for up training the H-reflex (P < 0.05). Of the cohort, 10 of 18 females met the criteria for up training the H-reflex (responders). The responders showed lower levels of estradiol (P < 0.05). A multivariate stepwise regression model supported that extracellular to intracellular water ratio (ECW/ICW) and H-max/M-max ratio explained 60% of the variation in up training among females. These findings support that females can acutely upregulate the H-reflex with training and that electro-physiological and hormonal factors may be associated with the up training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Young females who acutely increase their H-reflexes with operant conditioning had lower levels of estradiol. However, the best predictors of those who could up-train the H-reflex were baseline H-reflex excitability (H-max/M-max) and extracellular to intracellular water ratio (ECW/ICW). Future studies are warranted to understand the complex relationship between operant conditioning, human performance, and injury among active young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Johnson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Grosprêtre S, Eon P, Marcel-Millet P. Virtual reality does not fool the brain only: spinal excitability changes during virtually simulated falling. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:368-379. [PMID: 36515975 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00383.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) is known to induce substantial activation of brain's motor regions. It remains unclear to what extent virtual reality can trigger the sensorimotor system, and more particularly, whether it can affect lower nervous levels. In this study, we aimed to assess whether VR simulation of challenging and stressful postural situations (Richie's plank experience) could interfere with spinal excitability of postural muscles in 15 healthy young participants. The H-reflex of the triceps surae muscles was elicited with electrical nerve stimulation while participants were standing and wearing a VR headset. Participants went through several conditions, during which stimulations were evoked: standing still (noVR), standing in VR on the ground (groundVR), standing on the edge of a building (plankVR), and falling from the building (fallingVR). Myoelectrical activity of the triceps surae muscles was measured throughout the experiment. Leg and head movements were also measured by means of accelerometers to account for body oscillations. First, no differences in head rotations and myoelectrical activity were to be noted between conditions. Second, triceps H-reflex (HMAX/MMAX) was not affected from noVR to groundVR and plankVR. The most significant finding was a drastic decrease in H-reflex during falling (-47 ± 26.9% between noVR and fallingVR, P = 0.015). It is suggested that experiencing a postural threat in VR efficiently modulates spinal excitability, despite remaining in a quiet standing posture. This study suggests that simulated falling mimics the neural adjustments observed during actual postural challenge tasks.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study showed a modulation of spinal excitability induced by virtual reality (VR). In the standing position, soleus H-reflex was downmodulated during a simulated falling, in the absence of apparent changes in body oscillations. Since the same behavior is usually observed during real falling, it was suggested that the visual cues provided by VR were sufficiently strong to lead the neuromuscular system to mimic the actual modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Grosprêtre
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health and Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Pauline Eon
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health and Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Philémon Marcel-Millet
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health and Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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13
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Bayram M, Palluel-Germain R, Lebon F, Durand E, Harquel S, Perrone-Bertolotti M. Motor imagery training to improve language processing: What are the arguments? Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:982849. [PMID: 36816506 PMCID: PMC9929469 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.982849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies showed that motor expertise was found to induce improvement in language processing. Grounded and situated approaches attributed this effect to an underlying automatic simulation of the motor experience elicited by action words, similar to motor imagery (MI), and suggest shared representations of action conceptualization. Interestingly, recent results also suggest that the mental simulation of action by MI training induces motor-system modifications and improves motor performance. Consequently, we hypothesize that, since MI training can induce motor-system modifications, it could be used to reinforce the functional connections between motor and language system, and could thus lead to improved language performance. Here, we explore these potential interactions by reviewing recent fundamental and clinical literature in the action-language and MI domains. We suggested that exploiting the link between action language and MI could open new avenues for complementary language improvement programs. We summarize the current literature to evaluate the rationale behind this novel training and to explore the mechanisms underlying MI and its impact on language performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Bayram
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Florent Lebon
- Laboratoire INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), Dijon, France,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Edith Durand
- Département d’Orthophonie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000 Grenoble, France,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France,*Correspondence: Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti,
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14
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Can motor imagery balance the acute fatigue induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation? Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1003-1014. [PMID: 36622447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The combination of motor imagery (MI) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can increase the corticospinal excitability suggesting that such association could be efficient in motor performance improvement. However, differential effect has been reported at spinal level after MI and NMES alone. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect on motor performance and spinal excitability following MI, NMES and combining MI and NMES. METHODS Ten participants were enrolled in three experimental sessions of MI, NMES and MI + NMES targeting plantar flexor muscles. Each session underwent 60 imagined, evoked (20% MVC) or imagined and evoked contractions simultaneously. Before, immediately after and 10 min after each session, maximal M-wave and H-reflex were evoked by electrical nerve stimulation applied at rest and during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). RESULTS The MVC decreased significantly between PRE-POST (- 12.14 ± 6.12%) and PRE-POST 10 (- 8.1 ± 6.35%) for NMES session, while this decrease was significant only between PRE-POST 10 (- 7.16 ± 11.25%) for the MI + NMES session. No significant modulation of the MVC was observed after MI session. The ratio Hmax/Mmax was reduced immediately after NMES session only. CONCLUSION The combination of MI to NMES seems to delay the onset of neuromuscular fatigue compared to NMES alone. This delay onset of neuromuscular fatigue was associated with specific modulation of the spinal excitability. These results suggested that MI could compensate the neuromuscular fatigue induced acutely by NMES until 10 min after the combination of both modalities.
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15
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Papitsa A, Paizis C, Papaiordanidou M, Martin A. Specific modulation of presynaptic and recurrent inhibition of the soleus muscle during lengthening and shortening submaximal and maximal contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1327-1340. [PMID: 36356258 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00065.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study analyzed neural mechanisms mediating spinal excitability modulation during eccentric (ECC) movement (passive muscle lengthening, submaximal, and maximal ECC contractions) as compared with concentric (CON) conditions. Twenty-two healthy subjects participated in three experiments. Experiment A (n = 13) examined D1 presynaptic inhibition (D1 PI) and recurrent inhibition (RI) modulation during passive muscle lengthening and shortening, by conditioning the soleus (SOL) H-reflex with common peroneal nerve submaximal and tibial nerve maximal stimulation, respectively. Experiment B (n = 13) analyzed the effect of passive muscle lengthening on D1 PI and heteronymous Ia facilitation (HF, conditioning the SOL H-reflex by femoral stimulation). Experiment C (n = 13) focused on the effect of muscle contraction level (20%, 50%, and 100% of maximal voluntary contraction) on D1 PI and RI. Results showed a significantly higher level of D1 PI during passive muscle lengthening than shortening (P < 0.01), whereas RI and HF were not affected by passive muscle movement. D1 PI and RI were both higher during ECC as compared with CON contractions (P < 0.001). However, the amount of D1 PI was independent of the torque level, whereas RI was reduced as the torque level increased (P < 0.05). The decreased spinal excitability induced by muscle lengthening during both passive and active conditions is mainly attributed to D1 PI, whereas RI also plays a role in the control of the specific motoneuron output during ECC contractions. Both inhibitory mechanisms are centrally controlled, but the fact that they evolve differently with torque increases, suggests a distinct supraspinal control.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Presynaptic (PI) and recurrent inhibitions (RI) were studied during passive muscle lengthening and eccentric contractions. Results indicate that the increased PI during passive muscle lengthening accounts for the decreased spinal excitability at rest. During eccentric contraction both mechanisms contribute to spinal excitability modulation. The same amount of PI was observed during eccentric contractions, while RI decreased as developed torque increased. This distinct modulation according to torque level suggests a distinct supraspinal control of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Papitsa
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Christos Paizis
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, CAPS, INSERM U1093, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Centre for Performance Expertise, CAPS, U1093 INSERM, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Maria Papaiordanidou
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, CAPS, INSERM U1093, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Martin
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, CAPS, INSERM U1093, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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16
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Wieland B, Behringer M, Zentgraf K. Effects of motor imagery training on skeletal muscle contractile properties in sports science students. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14412. [PMID: 36447512 PMCID: PMC9701499 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies on motor imagery (MI) practice based on different designs and training protocols have reported changes in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength. However, to date, there is a lack of information on the effects of MI training on contractile properties of the trained muscle. Methods Forty-five physically active sport science students (21 female) were investigated who trained three times per week over a 4-week period in one of three groups: An MI group conducted MI practice of maximal isometric contraction of the biceps brachii; a physical exercise (PE) group physically practiced maximal isometric contractions of the biceps brachii in a biceps curling machine; and a visual imagery (VI) group performed VI training of a landscape. A MVC test of the arm flexors was performed in a biceps curling machine before and after 4 weeks of training. The muscular properties of the biceps brachii were also tested with tensiomyography measurements (TMG). Results Results showed an interaction effect between time and group for MVC (p = 0.027, η 2 = 0.17), with a higher MVC value in the PE group (Δ5.9%) compared to the VI group (Δ -1.3%) (p = 0.013). MVC did not change significantly in the MI group (Δ2.1%). Analysis of muscle contractility via TMG did not show any interaction effects neither for maximal radial displacement (p = 0.394, η 2 = 0.05), delay time (p = 0.79, η 2 = 0.01) nor contraction velocity (p = 0.71, η 2 = 0.02). Conclusion In spite of MVC-related changes in the PE group due to the interventions, TMG measurements were not sensitive enough to detect concomitant neuronal changes related to contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Wieland
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Sports Sciences, Movement and Exercise Science in Sports Unit, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Sports Sciences, Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology Unit, Germany
| | - Karen Zentgraf
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Sports Sciences, Movement and Exercise Science in Sports Unit, Germany
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17
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Dos Anjos T, Guillot A, Kerautret Y, Daligault S, Di Rienzo F. Corticomotor Plasticity Underlying Priming Effects of Motor Imagery on Force Performance. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111537. [PMID: 36421861 PMCID: PMC9688534 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurophysiological processes underlying the priming effects of motor imagery (MI) on force performance remain poorly understood. Here, we tested whether the priming effects of embedded MI practice involved short-term changes in corticomotor connectivity. In a within-subjects counterbalanced experimental design, participants (n = 20) underwent a series of experimental sessions consisting of successive maximal isometric contractions of elbow flexor muscles. During inter-trial rest periods, we administered MI, action observation (AO), and a control passive recovery condition. We collected electromyograms (EMG) from both agonists and antagonists of the force task, in addition to electroencephalographic (EEG) brain potentials during force trials. Force output was higher during MI compared to AO and control conditions (both p < 0.01), although fatigability was similar across experimental conditions. We also found a weaker relationship between triceps brachii activation and force output during MI and AO compared to the control condition. Imaginary coherence topographies of alpha (8−12 Hz) oscillations revealed increased connectivity between EEG sensors from central scalp regions and EMG signals from agonists during MI, compared to AO and control. Present results suggest that the priming effects of MI on force performance are mediated by a more efficient cortical drive to motor units yielding reduced agonist/antagonist coactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Typhanie Dos Anjos
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Univ Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Allyane, 84 quai Joseph Gillet, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Univ Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, F-75000 Paris, France
| | - Yann Kerautret
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Univ Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- CAPSIX, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Daligault
- Centre de Recherche Multimodal et Pluridisciplinaire en Imagerie du Vivant (CERMEP), Department of Magnetoencephalography, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Franck Di Rienzo
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Univ Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424, CEDEX, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-7243-1625
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18
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Kaneko N, Sasaki A, Yokoyama H, Masugi Y, Nakazawa K. Changes in corticospinal and spinal reflex excitability through functional electrical stimulation with and without observation and imagination of walking. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:994138. [PMID: 36237950 PMCID: PMC9552297 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.994138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional electrical stimulation (FES), a method for inducing muscle contraction, has been successfully used in gait rehabilitation for patients with deficits after neurological disorders and several clinical studies have found that it can improve gait function after stroke and spinal cord injury. However, FES gait training is not suitable for patients with walking difficulty, such as those with severe motor paralysis of the lower limbs. We have previously shown that action observation combined with motor imagery (AO + MI) of walking induces walking-related cortical activity. Therefore, we combined FES, which alternately generates dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, with AO + MI as an alternative to gait training. The present study investigates the transient effects of 20-min of FES simultaneously with and without AO + MI of walking on corticospinal and spinal reflex excitability in able-bodied participants. We measured motor evoked potentials and Hoffmann-reflexes to assess corticospinal and spinal reflex excitability at rest before and after the 20-min FES with and without the AO + MI. Our results show that FES without AO + MI did not change excitability (p > 0.05), while FES with AO + MI facilitated corticospinal excitability (p < 0.05). This facilitation likely occurred due to the synchronization of sensory inputs from FES and cortical activity during AO + MI. Facilitation was observed only in the dorsiflexor but not the plantar flexor muscle (p < 0.05), suggesting muscle specificity of the facilitation. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining FES with AO + MI and pave the way for novel neurorehabilitation strategies for patients with neurological gait deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotsugu Kaneko
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yokoyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Health Sciences, Tokyo International University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kimitaka Nakazawa,
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19
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Truong C, Hilt PM, Bouguila F, Bove M, Lebon F, Papaxanthis C, Ruffino C. Time-of-day effects on skill acquisition and consolidation after physical and mental practices. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5933. [PMID: 35396365 PMCID: PMC8993858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-of-day influences both physical and mental performances. Its impact on motor learning is, however, not well established yet. Here, using a finger tapping-task, we investigated the time-of-day effect on skill acquisition (i.e., immediately after a physical or mental practice session) and consolidation (i.e., 24 h later). Two groups (one physical and one mental) were trained in the morning (10 a.m.) and two others (one physical and one mental) in the afternoon (3 p.m.). We found an enhancement of motor skill following both types of practice, whatever the time of the day, with a better acquisition for the physical than the mental group. Interestingly, there was a better consolidation for both groups when the training session was scheduled in the afternoon. Overall, our results indicate that the time-of-day positively influences motor skill consolidation and thus must be considered to optimize training protocols in sport and clinical domains to potentiate motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Truong
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Pauline M Hilt
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Fatma Bouguila
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Marco Bove
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Genoa, Italy
| | - Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
- Pôle Recherche et Santé Publique, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Célia Ruffino
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
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20
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Wieland B, Behringer M, Zentgraf K. Motor imagery and the muscle system. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 174:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Ruffino C, Rannaud Monany D, Papaxanthis C, Hilt PM, Gaveau J, Lebon F. Smoothness discriminates physical from motor imagery practice of arm reaching movements. Neuroscience 2021; 483:24-31. [PMID: 34952160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Physical practice (PP) and motor imagery practice (MP) lead to the execution of fast and accurate arm movements. However, there is currently no information about the influence of MP on movement smoothness, nor about which performance parameters best discriminate these practices. In the current study, we assessed motor performances with an arm pointing task with constrained precision before and after PP (n= 15), MP (n= 15), or no practice (n= 15). We analyzed gains between Pre- and Post-Test for five performance parameters: movement duration, mean and maximal velocities, total displacements, and the number of velocity peaks characterizing movement smoothness. The results showed an improvement of performance after PP and MP for all parameters, except for total displacements. The gains for movement duration, and mean and maximal velocities were statistically higher after PP and MP than after no practice, and comparable between practices. However, motor gains for the number of velocity peaks were higher after PP than MP, suggesting that movements were smoother after PP than after MP. A discriminant analysis also identified the number of velocity peaks as the most relevant parameter that differentiated PP from MP. The current results provide evidence that PP and MP specifically modulate movement smoothness during arm reaching tasks. This difference may rely on online corrections through sensory feedback integration, available during PP but not during MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Ruffino
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Dylan Rannaud Monany
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Pauline M Hilt
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jérémie Gaveau
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
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22
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Grosprêtre S, Marusic U, Gimenez P, Ennequin G, Mourot L, Isacco L. Stand Up to Excite the Spine: Neuromuscular, Autonomic, and Cardiometabolic Responses During Motor Imagery in Standing vs. Sitting Posture. Front Physiol 2021; 12:762452. [PMID: 34887774 PMCID: PMC8649772 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.762452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) for health and performance strategies has gained interest in recent decades. Nevertheless, there are still no studies that have comprehensively investigated the physiological responses during MI, and no one questions the influence of low-level contraction on these responses. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the neuromuscular, autonomic nervous system (ANS), and cardiometabolic changes associated with an acute bout of MI practice in sitting and standing condition. Twelve young healthy males (26.3 ± 4.4 years) participated in two experimental sessions (control vs. MI) consisting of two postural conditions (sitting vs. standing). ANS, hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, body sway parameters, and electromyography activity were continuously recorded, while neuromuscular parameters were recorded on the right triceps surae muscles before and after performing the postural conditions. While MI showed no effect on ANS, the standing posture increased the indices of sympathetic system activity and decreased those of the parasympathetic system (p < 0.05). Moreover, MI during standing induced greater spinal excitability compared to sitting posture (p < 0.05), which was accompanied with greater oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, ventilation, and lower cardiac output (p < 0.05). Asking individuals to perform MI of an isometric contraction while standing allows them to mentally focus on the motor command, not challenge balance, and produce specific cardiometabolic responses. Therefore, these results provide further evidence of posture and MI-related modulation of spinal excitability with additional autonomic and cardiometabolic responses in healthy young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Grosprêtre
- EA4660-C3S Laboratory - Culture, Sports, Health and Society, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Uros Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre of Koper, Koper, Slovenia.,Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea-ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- EA4660-C3S Laboratory - Culture, Sports, Health and Society, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Gael Ennequin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920-Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Heart and Vascular Diseases, and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,EA3920-Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Heart and Vascular Diseases, and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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23
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Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition: Best Evidence, Mechanisms, and Theory for Treating the Unseen in Clinical Rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:717-735. [PMID: 34883466 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) impedes the recovery of muscle function following joint injury, and in a broader sense, acts as a limiting factor in rehabilitation if left untreated. Despite a call to treat the underlying pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction more than three decades ago, the continued widespread observations of post-traumatic muscular impairments are concerning, and suggest that interventions for AMI are not being successfully integrated into clinical practice. OBJECTIVES To highlight the clinical relevance of AMI, provide updated evidence for the use of clinically accessible therapeutic adjuncts to treat AMI, and discuss the known or theoretical mechanisms for these interventions. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases were searched for articles that investigated the effectiveness or efficacy of interventions to treat outcomes relevant to AMI. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS 122 articles that investigated an intervention used to treat AMI among individuals with pathology or simulated pathology were retrieved from 1986 to 2021. Additional articles among uninjured individuals were considered when discussing mechanisms of effect. CONCLUSION AMI contributes to the characteristic muscular impairments observed in patients recovering from joint injuries. If left unresolved, AMI impedes short-term recovery and threatens patients' long-term joint health and well-being. Growing evidence supports the use of neuromodulatory strategies to facilitate muscle recovery over the course of rehabilitation. Interventions should be individualized to meet the needs of the patient through shared clinician-patient decision-making. At a minimum, we propose to keep the treatment approach simple by attempting to resolve inflammation, pain, and effusion early following injury.
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Vitry F, Papaiordanidou M, Martin A. Mechanisms modulating spinal excitability after nerve stimulation inducing extra torque. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1162-1175. [PMID: 34264132 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00005.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study included three experiments aiming to examine the mechanisms responsible for spinal excitability modulation, as assessed by the H-reflex, following stimulation trains delivered at two different frequencies (20 and 100 Hz) inducing extra torque (ET). A first experiment (n = 15) was conducted to evaluate changes in presynaptic inhibition acting on Ia afferents induced by these electrical stimulation trains, assessed by conditioning the soleus H-reflex (tibial nerve stimulation) with stimulation of the common peroneal nerve (D1 inhibition) and of the femoral nerve (heteronymous Ia facilitation, HF). A second experiment (n = 12) permitted to investigate homosynaptic postactivation depression (HPAD) changes after the stimulation trains. A third experiment (n = 14) analyzed changes in motoneuron intrinsic properties after the stimulation trains, by electrically stimulating the descending corticospinal tract at the thoracic level, evoking thoracic motor-evoked potentials (TMEP). Main results showed that in all experiments, spinal excitability decreased after the 20-Hz train (P < 0.05), whereas this parameter significantly increased after the 100-Hz stimulation (P < 0.05). D1 and HF were not significantly modified after either stimulation. HPAD was significantly decreased only after the 20-Hz train, whereas TMEP was significantly increased only after the 100-Hz train (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the decreased spinal excitability observed after the 20-Hz train cannot be attributed to D1 presynaptic inhibition but rather to increased HPAD of the Ia afferents terminals, whereas the increase of this parameter obtained after the 100-Hz train can be assigned to changes in intrinsic motoneuron properties allowing to maintain Ia-α-motoneurons transmission efficacy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using different electrophysiological techniques, results show that the downregulation of spinal excitability observed after the 20-Hz train could be ascribed to homosynaptic postactivation depression of the Ia afferents terminals, whereas changes in intrinsic motoneuron properties could explain the increased spinal excitability observed after the 100-Hz train. A novel methodology for assessing soleus D1 presynaptic inhibition and heteronymous Ia facilitation, accounting for eventual modulations of test reflex amplitude throughout the session, was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Vitry
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Maria Papaiordanidou
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Martin
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
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Does partial activation of the neuromuscular system induce cross-education training effect? Case of a pilot study on motor imagery and neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2337-2348. [PMID: 33997913 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cross education defines the gains observed in the contralateral limb following unilateral strength training of the other limb. The present study questioned the neural mechanisms associated with cross education following training by motor imagery (MI) or submaximal neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), both representing a partial activation of the motor system as compared to conventional strength training. METHODS Twenty-seven participants were distributed in three groups: MI, NMES and control. Training groups underwent a training program of ten sessions in two weeks targeting plantar flexor muscles of one limb. In both legs, neuromuscular plasticity was assessed through maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MViC) and triceps surae electrophysiological responses evoked by electrical nerve stimulation (H-reflexes and V-waves). RESULTS NMES and MI training improved MViC torque of the trained limb by 11.3% (P < 0.001) and 13.8% (P < 0.001), respectively. MViC of the untrained limb increased by 10.3% (P < 0.003) in the MI group only, accompanied with increases in V-waves on both sides. In the NMES group, V-waves only increased in the trained limb. In the MI group, rest H-reflexes increased in both the trained and the untrained triceps suraes. CONCLUSION MI seems to be effective to induce cross education, probably because of the activation of cortical motor regions that impact the corticospinal neural drive of both trained and untrained sides. Conversely, submaximal NMES did not lead to cross education. The present results emphasize that cross education does not necessarily require muscle activity of the trained limb.
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Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the psychomotor, cognitive, and motor performances of power athletes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9731. [PMID: 33958679 PMCID: PMC8102586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In sports science, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has many unknown effects on neuromuscular, psychomotor and cognitive aspects. Particularly, its impact on power performances remains poorly investigated. Eighteen healthy young males, all trained in a jumping sport (parkour) performed three experimental sessions: anodal tDCS applied either on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC, cathode in supraorbital area) or on the primary motor cortex (M1, cathode on contralateral shoulder), and a placebo condition (SHAM), each applied for 20 min at 2 mA. Pre and post, maximal vertical and horizontal jumps were performed, associated to leg neuromuscular assessment through electromyography and peripheral nerve stimulations. Actual and imagined pointing tasks were also performed to evaluate fine motor skills, and a full battery of cognitive and psychomotor tests was administered. M1 tDCS improved jump performance accompanied by an increase in supraspinal and spinal excitabilities. dlPFC stimulation only impacted the pointing tasks. No effect on cognitive tests was found for any of the tDCS conditions. To conclude, the type of performance (maximal versus accurate) affected depended upon the tDCS montage. Finally, athletes responded well to tDCS for motor performance while results to cognitive tests seemed unaffected, at least when implemented with the present rationale.
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Rousseau C, Barbiero M, Pozzo T, Papaxanthis C, White O. Actual and Imagined Movements Reveal a Dual Role of the Insular Cortex for Motor Control. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2586-2594. [PMID: 33300566 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Movements rely on a mixture of feedforward and feedback mechanisms. With experience, the brain builds internal representations of actions in different contexts. Many factors are taken into account in this process among which is the immutable presence of gravity. Any displacement of a massive body in the gravitational field generates forces and torques that must be predicted and compensated by appropriate motor commands. The insular cortex is a key brain area for graviception. However, no attempt has been made to address whether the same internal representation of gravity is shared between feedforward and feedback mechanisms. Here, participants either mentally simulated (only feedforward) or performed (feedforward and feedback) vertical movements of the hand. We found that the posterior part of the insular cortex was engaged when feedback was processed. The anterior insula, however, was activated only in mental simulation of the action. A psychophysical experiment demonstrates participants' ability to integrate the effects of gravity. Our results point toward a dual internal representation of gravity within the insula. We discuss the conceptual link between these two dualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Rousseau
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Marie Barbiero
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 75001, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Pozzo
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,IIT@UniFe Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Olivier White
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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Using motor imagery practice for improving motor performance - A review. Brain Cogn 2021; 150:105705. [PMID: 33652364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery practice is a current trend, but there is a need for a systematic integration of neuroscientific advances in the field. In this review, we describe the technique of motor imagery practice and its neural representation, considering different fields of application. The current practice of individualized motor imagery practice schemes often lacks systematization and is mostly based on experience. We review literature related to motor imagery practice in order to identify relevant modulators of practice effects like previous experience in motor training and motor imagery practice, the type of motor task to be trained, and strategies to increase sensory feedback during physical practice. Relevant discrepancies are identified between neuroscientific findings and practical consideration of these findings. To bridge these gaps, more effort should be directed at analyzing the brain network activities related to practically relevant motor imagery practice interventions.
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Oda S, Izumi M, Takaya S, Tadokoro N, Aso K, Petersen KK, Ikeuchi M. Promising Effect of Visually-Assisted Motor Imagery Against Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition - A Human Experimental Pain Study. J Pain Res 2021; 14:285-295. [PMID: 33568937 PMCID: PMC7868204 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s282736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Clinically, arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) has a negative impact on functional recovery in musculoskeletal disorders. One possible technique to relieve AMI is motor imagery, which is widely used in neurological rehabilitation to enhance motor neuron excitability. The purpose of this study was to verify the efficacy of visually-assisted motor imagery against AMI using a human experimental pain model. Methods Ten healthy volunteers were included. Experimental ankle pain was induced by hypertonic saline infusion into unilateral Kager’s fat pad. Isotonic saline was used as control. Subjects were instructed to imagine while watching a movie in which repetitive motion of their own ankle or fingers was shown. H-reflex normalized by the motor response (H/M ratio) on soleus muscle, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force of ankle flexion, and contractile activities of the calf muscles during MVC were recorded at baseline, pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 10 minutes after the pain had subsided. Results Hypertonic saline produced continuous and constant peri-ankle pain (VAS peak [median]= 6.7 [2.1–8.4] cm) compared to isotonic saline (0 [0–0.8] cm). In response to pain, there were significant decreases in the H/M ratio, MVC and contractile activities (P<0.01), all of which were successfully reversed after the ankle motion imagery. In contrast, no significant changes were observed with the finger motion imagery. Conclusion Visually-assisted motor imagery improved the pain-induced AMI. Motor imagery of the painful joint itself would efficiently work for relieving AMI. This investigation possibly shows the potential of a novel and versatile approach against AMI for patients with musculoskeletal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Oda
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masashi Izumi
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Shogo Takaya
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Tadokoro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Koji Aso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kristian Kjær Petersen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Masahiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Acquisition and consolidation processes following motor imagery practice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2295. [PMID: 33504870 PMCID: PMC7840673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It well-known that mental training improves skill performance. Here, we evaluated skill acquisition and consolidation after physical or motor imagery practice, by means of an arm pointing task requiring speed-accuracy trade-off. In the main experiment, we showed a significant enhancement of skill after both practices (72 training trials), with a better acquisition after physical practice. Interestingly, we found a positive impact of the passage of time (+ 6 h post training) on skill consolidation for the motor imagery training only, without any effect of sleep (+ 24 h post training) for none of the interventions. In a control experiment, we matched the gain in skill learning after physical training (new group) with that obtained after motor imagery training (main experiment) to evaluate skill consolidation after the same amount of learning. Skill performance in this control group deteriorated with the passage of time and sleep. In another control experiment, we increased the number of imagined trials (n = 100, new group) to compare the acquisition and consolidation processes of this group with that observed in the motor imagery group of the main experiment. We did not find significant differences between the two groups. These findings suggest that physical and motor imagery practice drive skill learning through different acquisition and consolidation processes.
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Insights into the combination of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and motor imagery in a training-based approach. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:941-955. [PMID: 33417035 PMCID: PMC7892697 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Training stimuli that partially activate the neuromuscular system, such as motor imagery (MI) or neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), have been previously shown as efficient tools to induce strength gains. Here the efficacy of MI, NMES or NMES + MI trainings has been compared. Methods Thirty-seven participants were enrolled in a training program of ten sessions in 2 weeks targeting plantar flexor muscles, distributed in four groups: MI, NMES, NMES + MI and control. Each group underwent forty contractions in each session, NMES + MI group doing 20 contractions of each modality. Before and after, the neuromuscular function was tested through the recording of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), but also electrophysiological and mechanical responses associated with electrical nerve stimulation. Muscle architecture was assessed by ultrasonography. Results MVC increased by 11.3 ± 3.5% in NMES group, by 13.8 ± 5.6% in MI, while unchanged for NMES + MI and control. During MVC, a significant increase in V-wave without associated changes in superimposed H-reflex has been observed for NMES and MI, suggesting that neural adaptations occurred at supraspinal level. Rest spinal excitability was increased in the MI group while decreased in the NMES group. No change in muscle architecture (pennation angle, fascicle length) has been found in any group but muscular peak twitch and soleus maximal M-wave increased in the NMES group only. Conclusion Finally, MI and NMES seem to be efficient stimuli to improve strength, although both exhibited different and specific neural plasticity. On its side, NMES + MI combination did not provide the expected gains, suggesting that their effects are not simply cumulative, or even are competitive.
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Wieland B, Behringer M, Zentgraf K. WITHDRAWN: Motor imagery and the muscle system. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 156:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bouguetoch A, Grosprêtre S, Martin A. Optimal stimulation parameters for spinal and corticospinal excitabilities during contraction, motor imagery and rest: A pilot study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235074. [PMID: 32569326 PMCID: PMC7307756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives It is commonly accepted that motor imagery (MI), i.e. the mental simulation of a movement, leads to an increased size of cortical motor evoked potentials (MEPs), although the magnitude of this effect differs between studies. Its impact on the spinal level is even more variable in the literature. Such discrepancies may be explained by many different experimental approaches. Therefore, the question of the optimal stimulation parameters to assess both spinal and corticospinal excitabilities remains open. Methods H-reflexes and MEPs of the triceps surae were evoked in 11 healthy subjects during MI, weak voluntary contraction (CON) and rest (REST). In each condition, the full recruitment curve from the response threshold to maximal potential was investigated. Results At stimulation intensities close to the maximal response, MEP amplitude was increased by CON compared to REST on the triceps surae. No effect of the different conditions was found on the H-reflex recruitment curve, except a small variation beyond maximal H-reflex in the soleus muscle. Conclusion Based on our results, we recommend to assess corticospinal excitability between 70% and 100% of maximal MEP intensity instead of the classical use of a percentage of the motor threshold and to elicit H-reflexes on the ascending part of the recruitment curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bouguetoch
- Cognition, Action and Sensorimotor Plasticity [CAPS], INSERM, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sidney Grosprêtre
- EA-4660 C3S Culture Sport Health Society, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besancon, France
| | - Alain Martin
- Cognition, Action and Sensorimotor Plasticity [CAPS], INSERM, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Moran A, O'Shea H. Motor Imagery Practice and Cognitive Processes. Front Psychol 2020; 11:394. [PMID: 32194491 PMCID: PMC7063062 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Ruffino C, Gaveau J, Papaxanthis C, Lebon F. An acute session of motor imagery training induces use-dependent plasticity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20002. [PMID: 31882851 PMCID: PMC6934610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery, defined as the mental representation of an action without movement-related sensory inputs, is a well-known intervention to improve motor performance. In the current study, we tested whether use-dependent plasticity, a mechanism underlying motor learning, could be induced by an acute session of motor imagery. By means of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left primary motor cortex, we evoked isolated thumb movements in the right hand and assessed corticospinal excitability in the flexor and extensor pollicis brevis muscles. We measured the mean TMS-induced movement direction before and after an acute session of motor imagery practice. In a first experiment, participants of the imagery group were instructed to repeatedly imagine their thumb moving in a direction deviated by 90° from the pre-test movement. This group, but not the control group, deviated the post-training TMS-induced movements toward the training target direction (+44° ± 62° and -1° ± 23°, respectively). Interestingly, the deviation magnitude was driven by the corticospinal excitability increase in the agonist muscle. In a second experiment, we found that post-training TMS-induced movements were proportionally deviated toward the trained direction and returned to baseline 30 minutes after the motor imagery training. These findings suggest that motor imagery induces use-dependent plasticity and, this neural process is accompanied by corticospinal excitability increase in the agonist muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Ruffino
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jérémie Gaveau
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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Souron R, Baudry S, Millet GY, Lapole T. Vibration‐induced depression in spinal loop excitability revisited. J Physiol 2019; 597:5179-5193. [DOI: 10.1113/jp278469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Souron
- Univ LyonUJM Saint‐EtienneInter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424 F‐42023 Saint‐Etienne France
| | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied BiologyResearch Unit in Applied NeurophysiologyULB Neuroscience InstituteUniversité Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Univ LyonUJM Saint‐EtienneInter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424 F‐42023 Saint‐Etienne France
| | - Thomas Lapole
- Univ LyonUJM Saint‐EtienneInter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424 F‐42023 Saint‐Etienne France
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Grosprêtre S. On the loop again: understanding human spinal circuitry through the study of its reflex pathway. J Physiol 2019; 597:5143-5144. [PMID: 31478200 DOI: 10.1113/jp278837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Grosprêtre
- EA4660-C3S Culture Sport Health Society, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Abstract
Coordinated movement depends on constant interaction between neural circuits that produce motor output and those that report sensory consequences. Fundamental to this process are mechanisms for controlling the influence that sensory signals have on motor pathways - for example, reducing feedback gains when they are disruptive and increasing gains when advantageous. Sensory gain control comes in many forms and serves diverse purposes - in some cases sensory input is attenuated to maintain movement stability and filter out irrelevant or self-generated signals, or enhanced to facilitate salient signals for improved movement execution and adaptation. The ubiquitous presence of sensory gain control across species at multiple levels of the nervous system reflects the importance of tuning the impact that feedback information has on behavioral output.
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Emerson JR, Binks JA, Scott MW, Kenny RPW, Eaves DL. Combined action observation and motor imagery therapy: a novel method for post-stroke motor rehabilitation. AIMS Neurosci 2018; 5:236-252. [PMID: 32341964 PMCID: PMC7179337 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2018.4.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular accidents (strokes) are a leading cause of motor deficiency in millions of people worldwide. While a complex range of biological systems is affected following a stroke, in this paper we focus primarily on impairments of the motor system and the recovery of motor skills. We briefly review research that has assessed two types of mental practice, which are currently recommended in stroke rehabilitation. Namely, action observation (AO) therapy and motor imagery (MI) training. We highlight the strengths and limitations in both techniques, before making the case for combined action observation and motor imagery (AO + MI) therapy as a potentially more effective method. This is based on a growing body of multimodal brain imaging research showing advantages for combined AO + MI instructions over the two separate methods of AO and MI. Finally, we offer a series of suggestions and considerations for how combined AO + MI therapy could be employed in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel L. Eaves
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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