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Liao WY, Opie GM, Ziemann U, Semmler JG. Modulation of dorsal premotor cortex differentially influences visuomotor adaptation in young and older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 141:34-45. [PMID: 38815412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The communication between dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and primary motor cortex (M1) is important for visuomotor adaptation, but it is unclear how this relationship changes with advancing age. The present study recruited 21 young and 23 older participants for two experimental sessions during which intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) or sham was applied over PMd. We assessed the effects of PMd iTBS on M1 excitability using motor evoked potentials (MEP) recorded from right first dorsal interosseous when single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied with posterior-anterior (PA) or anterior-posterior (AP) currents; and adaptation by quantifying error recorded during a visuomotor adaptation task (VAT). PMd iTBS potentiated PA (P < 0.0001) and AP (P < 0.0001) MEP amplitude in both young and older adults. PMd iTBS increased error in young adults during adaptation (P = 0.026), but had no effect in older adults (P = 0.388). Although PMd iTBS potentiated M1 excitability in both young and older adults, the intervention attenuated visuomotor adaptation specifically in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yeh Liao
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - George M Opie
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John G Semmler
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Liao WY, Opie GM, Ziemann U, Semmler JG. The effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation over dorsal premotor cortex on primary motor cortex plasticity in young and older adults. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:4019-4033. [PMID: 38757748 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Previous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research suggests that the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) influences neuroplasticity within the primary motor cortex (M1) through indirect (I) wave interneuronal circuits. However, it is unclear how the influence of PMd on the plasticity of M1 I-waves changes with advancing age. This study therefore investigated the neuroplastic effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to M1 early and late I-wave circuits when preceded by iTBS (PMd iTBS-M1 iTBS) or sham stimulation (PMd sham-M1 iTBS) to PMd in 15 young and 16 older adults. M1 excitability was assessed with motor evoked potentials (MEP) recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous using posterior-anterior (PA) and anterior-posterior (AP) current TMS at standard stimulation intensities (PA1mV, AP1mV) and reduced stimulation intensities (PA0.5mV, early I-waves; AP0.5mV, late I-waves). PMd iTBS-M1 iTBS lowered the expected facilitation of PA0.5mV (to M1 iTBS) in young and older adults (P = 0.009), whereas the intervention had no effect on AP0.5mV facilitation in either group (P = 0.305). The modulation of PA0.5mV following PMd iTBS-M1 iTBS may reflect a specific influence of PMd on different I-wave circuits that are involved in M1 plasticity within young and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yeh Liao
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - George M Opie
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John G Semmler
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Shemmell J, Falling C, MacKinnon CD, Stapley PJ, Ribeiro DC, Stinear JW. Different descending pathways mediate early and late portions of lower limb responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:1299-1310. [PMID: 38691532 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00153.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Although recent studies in nonhuman primates have provided evidence that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) activates cells within the reticular formation, it remains unclear whether descending brain stem projections contribute to the generation of TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in skeletal muscles. We compared MEPs in muscles with extensive direct corticomotoneuronal input (first dorsal interosseous) versus a prominent role in postural control (gastrocnemius) to determine whether the amplitudes of early and late MEPs were differentially modulated by cortical suppression. Suprathreshold TMS was applied with and without a preceding suprathreshold TMS pulse at two interstimulus intervals (50 and 80 ms). H reflexes in target muscles were also tested with and without TMS conditioning. Early and late gastrocnemius MEPs were differentially modulated by cortical inhibition, the amplitude of the early MEP being significantly reduced by cortical suppression and the late MEP facilitated. The amplitude of H reflexes in the gastrocnemius was reduced within the cortical silent period. Early MEPs in the first dorsal interosseous were also reduced during the silent period, but late MEPs were unaffected. Independent modulation of early and late MEPs in the gastrocnemius muscle supports the idea that the MEP is generated by multiple descending pathways. Suppression of the early MEP is consistent with transmission along the fast-conducting corticospinal tract, whereas facilitation of the late MEP suggests transmission along a corticofugal, potentially cortico-reticulospinal, pathway. Accordingly, differences in late MEP modulation between the first dorsal interosseous and gastrocnemius reflect an increased role of corticofugal pathways in the control of postural muscles.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Early and late portions of the response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a lower limb postural muscle are modulated independently by cortical suppression, late motor evoked potentials (MEPs) being facilitated during cortical inhibition. These results suggest a cortico-brain stem transmission pathway for late portions of the TMS-induced MEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shemmell
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Carrie Falling
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Colum D MacKinnon
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Paul J Stapley
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - James W Stinear
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Liao W, Opie GM, Ziemann U, Semmler JG. Modulation of dorsal premotor cortex differentially influences I-wave excitability in primary motor cortex of young and older adults. J Physiol 2023; 601:2959-2974. [PMID: 37194369 PMCID: PMC10952229 DOI: 10.1113/jp284204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has demonstrated weakened connectivity between dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and motor cortex (M1) with age. While this alteration is probably mediated by changes in the communication between the two regions, the effect of age on the influence of PMd on specific indirect (I) wave circuits within M1 remains unclear. The present study therefore investigated the influence of PMd on early and late I-wave excitability in M1 of young and older adults. Twenty-two young (mean ± SD, 22.9 ± 2.9 years) and 20 older (66.6 ± 4.2 years) adults participated in two experimental sessions involving either intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) or sham stimulation over PMd. Changes within M1 following the intervention were assessed with motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. We applied posterior-anterior (PA) and anterior-posterior (AP) current single-pulse TMS to assess corticospinal excitability (PA1mV ; AP1mV ; PA0.5mV , early; AP0.5mV , late), and paired-pulse TMS short intracortical facilitation for I-wave excitability (PA SICF, early; AP SICF, late). Although PMd iTBS potentiated PA1mV and AP1mV MEPs in both age groups (both P < 0.05), the time course of this effect was delayed for AP1mV in older adults (P = 0.001). Furthermore, while AP0.5mV , PA SICF and AP SICF were potentiated in both groups (all P < 0.05), potentiation of PA0.5mV was only apparent in young adults (P < 0.0001). While PMd influences early and late I-wave excitability in young adults, direct PMd modulation of the early circuits is specifically reduced in older adults. KEY POINTS: Interneuronal circuits responsible for late I-waves within primary motor cortex (M1) mediate projections from dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), but this communication probably changes with advancing age. We investigated the effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to PMd on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of M1 excitability in young and older adults. We found that PMd iTBS facilitated M1 excitability assessed with posterior-anterior (PA, early I-waves) and anterior-posterior (AP, late I-waves) current TMS in young adults, with a stronger effect for AP TMS. M1 excitability assessed with AP TMS also increased in older adults following PMd iTBS, but there was no facilitation for PA TMS responses. We conclude that changes in M1 excitability following PMd iTBS are specifically reduced for the early I-waves in older adults, which could be a potential target for interventions that enhance cortical excitability in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Yeh Liao
- Discipline of Physiology, School of BiomedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - George M. Opie
- Discipline of Physiology, School of BiomedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & StrokeEberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchEberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - John G. Semmler
- Discipline of Physiology, School of BiomedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
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Breveglieri R, Borgomaneri S, Diomedi S, Tessari A, Galletti C, Fattori P. A Short Route for Reach Planning between Human V6A and the Motor Cortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2116-2125. [PMID: 36788027 PMCID: PMC10039742 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1609-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the macaque monkey, area V6A, located in the medial posterior parietal cortex, contains cells that encode the spatial position of a reaching target. It has been suggested that during reach planning this information is sent to the frontal cortex along a parieto-frontal pathway that connects V6A-premotor cortex-M1. A similar parieto-frontal network may also exist in the human brain, and we aimed here to study the timing of this functional connection during planning of a reaching movement toward different spatial positions. We probed the functional connectivity between human area V6A (hV6A) and the primary motor cortex (M1) using dual-site, paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation with a short (4 ms) and a longer (10 ms) interstimulus interval while healthy participants (18 men and 18 women) planned a visually-guided or a memory-guided reaching movement toward positions located at different depths and directions. We found that, when the stimulation over hV6A is sent 4 ms before the stimulation over M1, hV6A inhibits motor-evoked potentials during planning of either rightward or leftward reaching movements. No modulations were found when the stimulation over hV6A was sent 10 ms before the stimulation over M1, suggesting that only short medial parieto-frontal routes are active during reach planning. Moreover, the short route of hV6A-premotor cortex-M1 is active during reach planning irrespectively of the nature (visual or memory) of the reaching target. These results agree with previous neuroimaging studies and provide the first demonstration of the flow of inhibitory signals between hV6A and M1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT All our dexterous movements depend on the correct functioning of the network of brain areas. Knowing the functional timing of these networks is useful to gain a deeper understanding of how the brain works to enable accurate arm movements. In this article, we probed the parieto-frontal network and demonstrated that it takes 4 ms for the medial posterior parietal cortex to send inhibitory signals to the frontal cortex during reach planning. This fast flow of information seems not to be dependent on the availability of visual information regarding the reaching target. This study opens the way for future studies to test how this timing could be impaired in different neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Breveglieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Diomedi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Tessari
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Gao B, Wang Y, Zhang D, Wang Z, Wang Z. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation with physical exercise improves poststroke motor function: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:964627. [PMID: 36110393 PMCID: PMC9468864 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.964627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is an optimized rTMS modality that could modulate the excitability of neural structures. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the efficacy of iTBS in improving the motor function of stroke patients. However, the specific role of iTBS in motor function recovery after stroke is unclear. Hence, in our study, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of iTBS for the motor function improvement of stroke patients. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched until May 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Results Thirteen RCTs with 334 patients were finally included in our study. The primary endpoints were the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale (FMA) and Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) change from baseline. We found that iTBS led to a significant reduction in FMA score (P = 0.002) but not in MAS score (P = 0.24) compared with the sham group. Moreover, standard 600-pulse stimulation showed a better effect on motor function improvement than the sham group (P = 0.004), however, 1200-pulse iTBS showed no effect on motor function improvement after stroke (P = 0.23). The effect of iTBS for improving motor function only exists in chronic stroke patients (P = 0.02) but not in subacute patients (P = 0.27). Conclusion This study supports that iTBS has good efficacy for improving motor function in stroke patients. Therefore, standard 600-pulse stimulation iTBS therapy is proper management and treatment for chronic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunjiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zongqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zongqi Wang
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Tian D, Izumi SI. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Neocortical Neurons: The Micro-Macro Connection. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866245. [PMID: 35495053 PMCID: PMC9039343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the operation of cortical circuits is an important and necessary task in both neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. The functioning of the neocortex results from integrative neuronal activity, which can be probed non-invasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Despite a clear indication of the direct involvement of cortical neurons in TMS, no explicit connection model has been made between the microscopic neuronal landscape and the macroscopic TMS outcome. Here we have performed an integrative review of multidisciplinary evidence regarding motor cortex neurocytology and TMS-related neurophysiology with the aim of elucidating the micro–macro connections underlying TMS. Neurocytological evidence from animal and human studies has been reviewed to describe the landscape of the cortical neurons covering the taxonomy, morphology, circuit wiring, and excitatory–inhibitory balance. Evidence from TMS studies in healthy humans is discussed, with emphasis on the TMS pulse and paradigm selectivity that reflect the underlying neural circuitry constitution. As a result, we propose a preliminary neuronal model of the human motor cortex and then link the TMS mechanisms with the neuronal model by stimulus intensity, direction of induced current, and paired-pulse timing. As TMS bears great developmental potential for both a probe and modulator of neural network activity and neurotransmission, the connection model will act as a foundation for future combined studies of neurocytology and neurophysiology, as well as the technical advances and application of TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduates School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Dongting Tian,
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduates School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Shin-Ichi Izumi,
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Van Hoornweder S, Debeuf R, Verstraelen S, Meesen R, Cuypers K. Unravelling Ipsilateral Interactions Between Left Dorsal Premotor and Primary Motor Cortex: A Proof of Concept Study. Neuroscience 2021; 466:36-46. [PMID: 33971265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have identified the intrahemispheric functional connectivity between the ipsilateral dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and the primary motor hand area (M1hand) due to technical limitations. In this proof-of-concept study, a novel neuronavigated dsTMS set-up was employed, combining stimulation over left PMd and left M1hand using the edge of a butterfly coil and a small cooled-coil. This arrangement was warranted because coil (over)heating and inter coil distance are limiting factors when investigating connectivity between stimulation targets in close proximity and over a longer duration. The proposed set-up was designed to deal with these limitations. Specifically, the effect of four dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (dsTMS) protocols on twenty-eight right-handed participants (12 males) was evaluated. These protocols differed in stimulus order, interstimulus interval and current direction induced in PMd. A structural scan with electric (E-)field modeling was obtained from seven participants prior to dsTMS, demonstrating that PMd and M1hand were effectively stimulated. Results indicate that one protocol, in which a latero-medial current was induced in PMd 2.8 ms prior to stimulation over M1hand, induced a sex-mediated effect. In males, significant inhibition of motor-evoked potentials was identified, whereas females demonstrated a facilitatory effect that did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. E-field simulations revealed that the E-field induced by the coil targeting PMd was maximal in PMd, with weaker E-field strengths extending to regions beyond PMd. Summarizing, the current dsTMS set-up enabled stimulating at an inter-target distance of 35 mm without any indications of coil-overheating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren Van Hoornweder
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ruben Debeuf
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Rehabilitation Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Verstraelen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Raf Meesen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
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Koch G. Cortico-cortical connectivity: the road from basic neurophysiological interactions to therapeutic applications. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1677-1684. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Meng HJ, Cao N, Zhang J, Pi YL. Intermittent theta burst stimulation facilitates functional connectivity from the dorsal premotor cortex to primary motor cortex. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9253. [PMID: 32704437 PMCID: PMC7346859 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Motor information in the brain is transmitted from the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) to the primary motor cortex (M1), where it is further processed and relayed to the spinal cord to eventually generate muscle movement. However, how information from the PMd affects M1 processing and the final output is unclear. Here, we applied intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to the PMd to alter cortical excitability not only at the application site but also at the PMd projection site of M1. We aimed to determine how PMd iTBS–altered information changed M1 processing and the corticospinal output. Methods In total, 16 young, healthy participants underwent PMd iTBS with 600 pulses (iTBS600) or sham-iTBS600. Corticospinal excitability, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation before and up to 60 min after stimulation. Results Corticospinal excitability in M1 was significantly greater 15 min after PMd iTBS600 than that after sham-iTBS600 (p = 0.012). Compared with that after sham-iTBS600, at 0 (p = 0.014) and 15 (p = 0.037) min after iTBS600, SICI in M1 was significantly decreased, whereas 15 min after iTBS600, ICF in M1 was significantly increased (p = 0.033). Conclusion Our results suggested that projections from the PMd to M1 facilitated M1 corticospinal output and that this facilitation may be attributable in part to decreased intracortical inhibition and increased intracortical facilitation in M1. Such a facilitatory network may inform future understanding of the allocation of resources to achieve optimal motion output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jiang Meng
- School of Sports, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China
| | - Na Cao
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Ling Pi
- Shanghai Punan Hosptial of Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
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Advanced TMS approaches to probe corticospinal excitability during action preparation. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Touvykine B, Elgbeili G, Quessy S, Dancause N. Interhemispheric modulations of motor outputs by the rostral and caudal forelimb areas in rats. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1355-1368. [PMID: 32130080 PMCID: PMC7191520 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00591.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In rats, forelimb movements are evoked from two cortical regions, the caudal and rostral forelimb areas (CFA and RFA, respectively). These areas are densely interconnected and RFA induces complex and powerful modulations of CFA outputs. CFA and RFA also have interhemispheric connections, and these areas from both hemispheres send projections to common targets along the motor axis, providing multiple potential sites of interactions for movement production. Our objective was to characterize how CFA and RFA in one hemisphere can modulate motor outputs of the opposite hemisphere. To do so, we used paired-pulse protocols with intracortical microstimulation techniques (ICMS), while recording electromyographic (EMG) activity of forelimb muscles in sedated rats. A subthreshold conditioning stimulation was applied in either CFA or RFA in one hemisphere simultaneously or before a suprathreshold test stimulation in either CFA or RFA in the opposite hemisphere. Both CFA and RFA tended to facilitate motor outputs with short (0–2.5 ms) or long (20–35 ms) delays between the conditioning and test stimuli. In contrast, they tended to inhibit motor outputs with intermediate delays, in particular 10 ms. When comparing the two areas, we found that facilitatory effects from RFA were more frequent and powerful than the ones from CFA. In contrast, inhibitory effects from CFA on its homolog were more frequent and powerful than the ones from RFA. Our results demonstrate that interhemispheric modulations from CFA and RFA share some similarities but also have clear differences that could sustain specific functions these cortical areas carry for the generation of forelimb movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that caudal and rostral forelimb areas (CFA and RFA) have distinct effects on motor outputs from the opposite hemisphere, supporting that they are distinct nodes in the motor network of rats. However, the pattern of interhemispheric modulations from RFA has no clear equivalent among premotor areas in nonhuman primates, suggesting they contribute differently to the generation of ipsilateral hand movements. Understanding these interspecies differences is important given the common use of rodent models in motor control and recovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Touvykine
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Elgbeili
- Psychosocial Research Division, Douglas Institute Research Centre, Verdun, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephan Quessy
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Application of Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Map the Supplementary Motor Area in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 37:140-149. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abdelkader AA, El Gohary AM, Mourad HS, El Salmawy DA. Repetitive TMS in treatment of resistant diabetic neuropathic pain. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-019-0075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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15
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Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation of the supplementary motor cortex disrupts fine motor skills in healthy adults. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17744. [PMID: 31780823 PMCID: PMC6883055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) over the supplementary motor area (SMA) may impact fine motor skills. This study evaluates different nTMS parameters in their capacity to affect fine motor performance on the way to develop an SMA mapping protocol. Twenty healthy volunteers performed a variety of fine motor tests during baseline and nTMS to the SMA using 5 Hz, 10 Hz, and theta-burst stimulation (TBS). Effects on performance were measured by test completion times (TCTs), standard deviation of inter-tap interval (SDIT), and visible coordination problems (VCPs). The predominant stimulation effect was slowing of TCTs, i.e. a slowdown of test performances during stimulation. Furthermore, participants exhibited VCPs like accidental use of contralateral limbs or inability to coordinate movements. More instances of significant differences between baseline and stimulation occurred during stimulation of the right hemisphere compared to left-hemispheric stimulation. In conclusion, nTMS to the SMA could enable new approaches in neuroscience and enable structured mapping approaches. Specifically, this study supports interhemispheric differences in motor control as right-hemispheric stimulation resulted in clearer impairments. The application of our nTMS-based setup to assess the function of the SMA should be applied in patients with changed anatomo-functional representations as the next step, e.g. among patients with eloquent brain tumors.
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Rossini P, Di Iorio R, Bentivoglio M, Bertini G, Ferreri F, Gerloff C, Ilmoniemi R, Miraglia F, Nitsche M, Pestilli F, Rosanova M, Shirota Y, Tesoriero C, Ugawa Y, Vecchio F, Ziemann U, Hallett M. Methods for analysis of brain connectivity: An IFCN-sponsored review. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:1833-1858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Snow NJ, Wadden KP, Chaves AR, Ploughman M. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Potential Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review with Recommendations for Future Research. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:6430596. [PMID: 31636661 PMCID: PMC6766108 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6430596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Disease progression is variable and unpredictable, warranting the development of biomarkers of disease status. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method used to study the human motor system, which has shown potential in MS research. However, few reviews have summarized the use of TMS combined with clinical measures of MS and no work has comprehensively assessed study quality. This review explored the viability of TMS as a biomarker in studies of MS examining disease severity, cognitive impairment, motor impairment, or fatigue. Methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated in studies meeting selection criteria. After screening 1603 records, 30 were included for review. All studies showed high risk of bias, attributed largely to issues surrounding sample size justification, experimenter blinding, and failure to account for key potential confounding variables. Central motor conduction time and motor-evoked potentials were the most commonly used TMS techniques and showed relationships with disease severity, motor impairment, and fatigue. Short-latency afferent inhibition was the only outcome related to cognitive impairment. Although there is insufficient evidence for TMS in clinical assessments of MS, this review serves as a template to inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Snow
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Katie P. Wadden
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Arthur R. Chaves
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Functional interaction between human dorsal premotor cortex and the ipsilateral primary motor cortex for grasp plans. Neuroreport 2018; 29:1355-1359. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Huang YZ, Lu MK, Antal A, Classen J, Nitsche M, Ziemann U, Ridding M, Hamada M, Ugawa Y, Jaberzadeh S, Suppa A, Paulus W, Rothwell J. Plasticity induced by non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation: A position paper. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2318-2329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tracking the Time Course of Top-Down Contextual Effects on Motor Responses during Action Comprehension. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11590-11600. [PMID: 27852769 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4340-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Context plays a key role in coding high-level components of others' behavior, including the goal and the intention of an observed action. However, little is known about its possible role in shaping lower levels of action processing, such as simulating action kinematics and muscular activity. Furthermore, there is no evidence regarding the time course and the neural mechanisms subserving this modulation. To address these issues, we combined single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and motor-evoked potentials while healthy humans watched videos of everyday actions embedded in congruent, incongruent, or ambiguous contexts. Video endings were occluded from view and participants had to predict action unfolding. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered at 80, 240, and 400 ms after action onset. An earlier selective facilitation of motor resonance occurring at 240 ms was observed for actions embedded in congruent contexts, compared with those occurring in incongruent and ambiguous ones. Later on, at 400 ms, a selective inhibition of motor resonance was found for actions embedded in incongruent contexts, compared with those taking place in congruent and ambiguous ones. No modulations were observed at 80 ms. Together, these findings indicate that motor resonance can be modulated by contextual information with different timings, depending on the (in)congruency between the different levels of action representation. Furthermore, the different time course of these effects suggests that they stem from partially independent mechanisms, with the early facilitation directly involving M1, and the later inhibition recruiting high-level structures outside the motor system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previous studies indicate that, when we observe other people's actions, the context in which actions take place influences intention understanding. However, little is known about the precise mechanisms involved in the contextual modulation of action representation (i.e., inhibition vs facilitation) and how they unfold in time. The present study sheds light on these aspects. Specifically, we show an early top-down facilitation (at ∼240 ms) and a later inhibition (at ∼400 ms) of motor resonance in response to actions observed in congruent and incongruent contexts, respectively.
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Contrasting Modulatory Effects from the Dorsal and Ventral Premotor Cortex on Primary Motor Cortex Outputs. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5960-5973. [PMID: 28536271 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0462-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal and ventral premotor cortices (PMd and PMv, respectively) each take part in unique aspects for the planning and execution of hand movements. These premotor areas are components of complex anatomical networks that include the primary motor cortex (M1) of both hemispheres. One way that PMd and PMv could play distinct roles in hand movements is by modulating the outputs of M1 differently. However, patterns of effects from PMd and PMv on the outputs of M1 have not been compared systematically. Our goals were to study how PMd within the same (i.e., ipsilateral or iPMd) and in the opposite hemisphere (i.e., contralateral or cPMd) can shape M1 outputs and then compare these effects with those induced by PMv. We used paired-pulse protocols with intracortical microstimulation techniques in sedated female cebus monkeys while recording EMG signals from intrinsic hand and forearm muscles. A conditioning stimulus was delivered in iPMd or cPMd concurrently or before a test stimulus in M1. The patterns of modulatory effects from PMd were compared with those from PMv collected in the same animals. Striking differences were revealed. Conditioning stimulation in iPMd induced more frequent and powerful inhibitory effects on M1 outputs compared with iPMv. In the opposite hemisphere, cPMd conditioning induced more frequent and powerful facilitatory effects than cPMv. These contrasting patterns of modulatory effects could allow PMd and PMv to play distinct functions for the control of hand movements and predispose them to undertake different, perhaps somewhat opposite, roles in motor recovery after brain injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dorsal and ventral premotor cortices (PMd and PMv, respectively) are two specialized areas involved in the control of hand movements in primates. One way that PMd and PMv could participate in hand movements is by modulating or shaping the primary motor cortex (M1) outputs to hand muscles. Here, we studied the patterns of modulation from PMd within the same and in the opposite hemisphere on the outputs of M1 and compared them with those from PMv. We found that PMd and PMv have strikingly different effects on M1 outputs. These contrasting patterns of modulation provide a substrate that may allow PMd and PMv to carry distinct functions for the preparation and execution of hand movements and for recovery after brain injury.
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Lefaucheur JP. Stimolazione magnetica ed elettrica della corteccia cerebrale. Neurologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(16)81782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Strigaro G, Matino E, Falletta L, Pizzamiglio C, Tondo G, Badawy R, Cantello R. Defective interhemispheric inhibition in drug-treated focal epilepsies. Brain Stimul 2016; 10:579-587. [PMID: 28017318 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal epilepsies (FEs) arise from a lateralized network, while in generalized epilepsies (GEs) there is a bilateral involvement from the outset. Intuitively, the corpus callosum is the anatomical substrate for interhemispheric spread. OBJECTIVE We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore whether there are any physiological differences in the corpus callosum of drug-treated patients with FE and those with genetic GE (GGE), compared to healthy subjects (HS). METHODS TMS was used to measure the interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) from right-to-left primary motor cortex (M1) and viceversa in 16 patients with FE, 17 patients with GGE and 17 HS. A conditioning stimulus (CS) was given to one M1 10 and 50 ms before a test stimulus delivered to the contralateral M1. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were analysed both as a function of the side of stimulation and of the epileptic focus (left-right). RESULTS In HS, IHI was reproducible with suppression of MEPs at ISIs of 10 and 50 ms. Similar effects occurred in GGE patients. FE patients behaved differently, since IHI was significantly reduced bilaterally. When FE patients were stratified according to the side of their epileptic focus, the long-ISI IHI (=50 ms) appeared to be defective only when the CS was applied over the "focal" hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS FE patients had a defective inhibitory response of contralateral M1 to inputs travelling from the "focal" hemisphere that was residual to the drug action. Whilst IHI changes would not be crucial for the GGE pathophysiology, they may represent one key factor for the contralateral spread of focal discharges, and seizure generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gionata Strigaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; CRRF Mons. L. Novarese, Moncrivello, VC, Italy.
| | - Erica Matino
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Lina Falletta
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Pizzamiglio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giacomo Tondo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Radwa Badawy
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne University, Victoria, Australia; Tamayoz Clinic, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roberto Cantello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Suppa A, Bologna M, Conte A, Berardelli A, Fabbrini G. The effect of L-dopa in Parkinson’s disease as revealed by neurophysiological studies of motor and sensory functions. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:181-192. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1219251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Suppa
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome and Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome and Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome and Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome and Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fabbrini
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome and Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Pozzilli, Italy
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Quessy S, Côté SL, Hamadjida A, Deffeyes J, Dancause N. Modulatory Effects of the Ipsi and Contralateral Ventral Premotor Cortex (PMv) on the Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Outputs to Intrinsic Hand and Forearm Muscles in Cebus apella. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:3905-20. [PMID: 27473318 PMCID: PMC5028004 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral premotor cortex (PMv) is a key node in the neural network involved in grasping. One way PMv can carry out this function is by modulating the outputs of the primary motor cortex (M1) to intrinsic hand and forearm muscles. As many PMv neurons discharge when grasping with either arm, both PMv within the same hemisphere (ipsilateral; iPMv) and in the opposite hemisphere (contralateral; cPMv) could modulate M1 outputs. Our objective was to compare modulatory effects of iPMv and cPMv on M1 outputs to intrinsic hand and forearm muscles. We used paired-pulse protocols with intracortical microstimulations in capuchin monkeys. A conditioning stimulus was applied in either iPMv or cPMv simultaneously or prior to a test stimulus in M1 and the effects quantified in electromyographic signals. Modulatory effects from iPMv were predominantly facilitatory, and facilitation was much more common and powerful on intrinsic hand than forearm muscles. In contrast, while the conditioning of cPMv could elicit facilitatory effects, in particular to intrinsic hand muscles, it was much more likely to inhibit M1 outputs. These data show that iPMv and cPMv have very different modulatory effects on the outputs of M1 to intrinsic hand and forearm muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Quessy
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandrine L Côté
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joan Deffeyes
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Amoruso L, Urgesi C. Contextual modulation of motor resonance during the observation of everyday actions. Neuroimage 2016; 134:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Naro A, Leo A, Filoni S, Bramanti P, Calabrò RS. Visuo-motor integration in unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: A piece of the puzzle towards consciousness detection? Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:447-60. [PMID: 26409404 PMCID: PMC4923741 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) is characterized by either a profound unawareness or an impairment of large-scale cortico/subcortical connectivity. Nevertheless, some individuals with UWS could show residual markers of consciousness and cognition. In this study, we applied an electrophysiological approach aimed to identify the residual visuomotor connectivity patterns that are thought to be linked to awareness, in patients with chronic disorder of consciousness (DOC). METHODS We measured some markers of visuomotor and premotor-motor integration in 14 patients affected by DOC, before and after the application of transcranial direct current stimulation, delivered over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parieto-occipital area, paired to transorbital alterning current stimulation. RESULTS Our protocol induced a potentiation of the electrophysiological markers of visuomotor and premotor-motor connectivity, paired to a clinical improvement, in all of the patients with minimally conscious state and in one individual affected by UWS. CONCLUSIONS Our protocol could be a promising approach to potentiate the functional connectivity within large-scale visuomotor networks, thus allowing identifying the patients suffering from a functional locked-in syndrome (i.e. individuals showing an extreme behavioral motor dysfunction although with somehow preserved cognitive functions that can be identified only through para-clinical tests) within individuals with UWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S, Contrada Casazza, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Leo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S, Contrada Casazza, Messina, Italy
| | - Serena Filoni
- Fondazione Centri di Riabilitazione Padre Pio Onlus, Viale Cappuccini, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S, Contrada Casazza, Messina, Italy
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Suppa A, Huang YZ, Funke K, Ridding M, Cheeran B, Di Lazzaro V, Ziemann U, Rothwell J. Ten Years of Theta Burst Stimulation in Humans: Established Knowledge, Unknowns and Prospects. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:323-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Suppa A, Rocchi L, Li Voti P, Papazachariadis O, Casciato S, Di Bonaventura C, Giallonardo A, Berardelli A. The Photoparoxysmal Response Reflects Abnormal Early Visuomotor Integration in the Human Motor Cortex. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:1151-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Smalle EHM, Rogers J, Möttönen R. Dissociating Contributions of the Motor Cortex to Speech Perception and Response Bias by Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:3690-8. [PMID: 25274987 PMCID: PMC4585509 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have demonstrated that disruptions of the articulatory motor cortex impair performance in demanding speech perception tasks. These findings have been interpreted as support for the idea that the motor cortex is critically involved in speech perception. However, the validity of this interpretation has been called into question, because it is unknown whether the TMS-induced disruptions in the motor cortex affect speech perception or rather response bias. In the present TMS study, we addressed this question by using signal detection theory to calculate sensitivity (i.e., d') and response bias (i.e., criterion c). We used repetitive TMS to temporarily disrupt the lip or hand representation in the left motor cortex. Participants discriminated pairs of sounds from a "ba"-"da" continuum before TMS, immediately after TMS (i.e., during the period of motor disruption), and after a 30-min break. We found that the sensitivity for between-category pairs was reduced during the disruption of the lip representation. In contrast, disruption of the hand representation temporarily reduced response bias. This double dissociation indicates that the hand motor cortex contributes to response bias during demanding discrimination tasks, whereas the articulatory motor cortex contributes to perception of speech sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore H. M. Smalle
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jack Rogers
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Riikka Möttönen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
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Neva JL, Vesia M, Singh AM, Staines WR. Bilateral primary motor cortex circuitry is modulated due to theta burst stimulation to left dorsal premotor cortex and bimanual training. Brain Res 2015; 1618:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Thirugnanasambandam N, Khera R, Wang H, Kukke SN, Hallett M. Distinct interneuronal networks influence excitability of the surround during movement initiation. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1102-8. [PMID: 26041828 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00791.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surround inhibition (SI) is a feature of motor control in which activation of task-related muscles is associated with inhibition of neighboring, nonprotagonist muscles, allowing selective motor control. The physiological basis for SI still remains unknown. In all previous studies, SI in the motor system was measured during movement initiation by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to deliver a posteroanterior current at a single suprathreshold intensity. To expand our understanding of SI, we explored this phenomenon at a wide range of intensities and by stimulating motor cortex with currents along anteroposterior and lateromedial directions. Fifteen healthy volunteers performed a brief isometric index finger flexion on hearing a tone. Electromyography was recorded from the synergist and surround finger muscles. Single-pulse TMS was applied to stimulate the surround muscle at different intensities at rest or movement initiation. The motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes were then plotted against stimulation intensities to obtain the MEP recruitment curves for the rest and movement initiation conditions and for the three current directions for every subject. From the recruitment curves, we found that surround inhibition could be elicited only by the posteroanterior current. Hence, we postulate that surround inhibition is mediated by intracortical circuits in the motor cortex. Also, for the first time, we observed surround facilitation when the motor cortex was stimulated with anteroposterior current. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms underlying both these phenomena individually in healthy subjects and patients with dystonia and other movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivethida Thirugnanasambandam
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Rohan Khera
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Han Wang
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sahana N Kukke
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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Wade S, Hammond G. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over premotor cortex facilitates observational learning of a motor sequence. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1597-602. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wade
- School of Psychology; The University of Western Australia; Mailbag M304 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley 6009 WA USA
| | - Geoff Hammond
- School of Psychology; The University of Western Australia; Mailbag M304 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley 6009 WA USA
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Zittel S, Heinbokel C, van der Vegt JPM, Niessen E, Buhmann C, Gerloff C, Siebner HR, Münchau A, Bäumer T. Effects of dopaminergic treatment on functional cortico-cortical connectivity in Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2014; 233:329-37. [PMID: 25300961 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and primary motor cortex (M1) and interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) between M1 are impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD). We used dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation to compare effects of first-time levodopa application with chronic dopaminergic therapy on these interactions in PD. Twelve untreated PD patients were studied before and after their first-ever intake of levodopa. The effects of chronic dopaminergic medication were evaluated in 11 patients who had received regular dopaminergic medication for approximately 3 years. Nine of these patients were also measured after overnight withdrawal of medication. For IHI, conditioning stimuli (CS) were applied to left M1 followed by test stimuli (TS) over right M1 and vice versa in separate blocks at interstimulus intervals (ISI) of 6-10 ms. Next, CS were applied to left PMd at subthreshold intensity followed by TS over left M1 at ISIs of 4 and 6 ms. Results were compared to 17 age- and gender-matched controls. In de novo PD patients, levodopa reduced left-to-right IHI, but did not alter PMd-M1 connectivity. In contrast, inhibitory PMd-M1 connectivity was present in early disease patients under chronic dopaminergic stimulation, but not in de novo PD patients at low stimulus intensities at an ISI of 4 ms. First-time exposure to levodopa exerts different effects on cortico-cortical pathways than chronic dopaminergic stimulation in PD, suggesting a change in the responsiveness of cortico-cortical circuits during the course of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zittel
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Str. 1, 23562, Lübeck, Germany,
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Ni Z, Isayama R, Castillo G, Gunraj C, Saha U, Chen R. Reduced dorsal premotor cortex and primary motor cortex connectivity in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:301-3. [PMID: 25216584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Motor functions decline with increasing age. The underlying mechanisms are still unclear and are likely to be multifactorial. There is evidence for disruption of white matter integrity with age, which affects cortico-cortical connectivity. Studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation found both inhibitory and facilitatory connections from dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) to the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) in young adults. We investigated whether aging affects this connectivity in 15 older and 15 young healthy adults. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in a paired-pulse paradigm was used to test the connectivity between left PMd and M1. Motor evoked potential in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle was recorded. We found that both the inhibitory effect with low intensity PMd stimulation and the facilitatory effect with high intensity PMd stimulation observed in young adults were decreased in older adults. We conclude that the connectivity between PMd and ipsilateral M1 is reduced in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ni
- Division of Neurology, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reina Isayama
- Division of Neurology, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriel Castillo
- Division of Neurology, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn Gunraj
- Division of Neurology, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Utpal Saha
- Division of Neurology, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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McCambridge AB, Stinear JW, Byblow WD. A dissociation between propriospinal facilitation and inhibition after bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2014; 111:2187-95. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00879.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Propriospinal premotoneurons (PN) are essential for accurate control of the upper limb. They receive bilateral input from premotor (PM) and primary motor (M1) cortices. In humans, excitability of PNs can be estimated from motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) by pairing a descending volley using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to summate with an ascending volley from peripheral nerve stimulation at the C3–C4 level of the spinal cord. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) alters excitability of cortical and subcortical areas. A recent study demonstrated that cathodal tDCS can suppress facilitatory (FAC) and inhibitory (INH) components of PN excitability, presumably via effects on corticoreticulospinal neurons (Bradnam LV, Stinear CM, Lewis GN, Byblow WD. J Neurophysiol 103: 2382–2389, 2010). The present study investigated the effects of bilateral tDCS with healthy subjects. The cathode was placed over left dorsal PM or M1 and the anode over right M1 in separate sessions (PM-M1, M1-M1, or Sham). TMS of right M1 elicited MEPs in left biceps brachii across a range of TMS intensities chosen to examine PN-mediated FAC and INH. Conditioning was applied using median nerve stimulation with an interstimulus interval that coincided with TMS and peripheral volleys summating at the C3–C4 level. All participants showed FAC at TMS intensities near active motor threshold and INH at slightly higher intensities. After tDCS, FAC was reduced for M1-M1 compared with Sham but not after PM-M1 stimulation. Contrary to an earlier study with cathodal tDCS, INH was unchanged across all sessions. The difference between these and earlier findings may relate to dual- vs. single-hemisphere M1 stimulation. M1-M1 tDCS may be a useful adjuvant to techniques that aim to reduce upper limb impairment after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana B. McCambridge
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James W. Stinear
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D. Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Neva JL, Vesia M, Singh AM, Staines WR. Modulation of left primary motor cortex excitability after bimanual training and intermittent theta burst stimulation to left dorsal premotor cortex. Behav Brain Res 2014; 261:289-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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van Campen AD, Neubert FX, van den Wildenberg WPM, Ridderinkhof KR, Mars RB. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals probability-dependent changes in functional connectivity between right inferior frontal cortex and primary motor cortex during go/no-go performance. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:736. [PMID: 24282398 PMCID: PMC3825091 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional role of the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) in mediating human behavior is the subject of ongoing debate. Activation of the rIFC has been associated with both response inhibition and with signaling action adaptation demands resulting from unpredicted events. The goal of this study is to investigate the role of rIFC by combining a go/no-go paradigm with paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) over rIFC and the primary motor cortex (M1) to probe the functional connectivity between these brain areas. Participants performed a go/no-go task with 20% or 80% of the trials requiring response inhibition (no-go trials) in a classic and a reversed version of the task, respectively. Responses were slower to infrequent compared to frequent go trials, while commission errors were more prevalent to infrequent compared to frequent no-go trials. We hypothesized that if rIFC is involved primarily in response inhibition, then rIFC should exert an inhibitory influence over M1 on no-go (inhibition) trials regardless of no-go probability. If, by contrast, rIFC has a role on unexpected trials other than just response inhibition then rIFC should influence M1 on infrequent trials regardless of response demands. We observed that rIFC suppressed M1 excitability during frequent no-go trials, but not during infrequent no-go trials, suggesting that the role of rIFC in response inhibition is context dependent rather than generic. Importantly, rIFC was found to facilitate M1 excitability on all low frequent trials, irrespective of whether the infrequent event involved response inhibition, a finding more in line with a predictive coding framework of cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dilene van Campen
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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41
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Suppa A, Li Voti P, Rocchi L, Papazachariadis O, Berardelli A. Early Visuomotor Integration Processes Induce LTP/LTD-Like Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:703-12. [PMID: 24057659 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Suppa
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - P Li Voti
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - L Rocchi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry
| | - O Papazachariadis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy Department of Neurology and Psychiatry
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McIntyre-Robinson AJK, Byblow WD. A neurophysiological basis for the coordination between hand and foot movement. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:1039-46. [PMID: 23741039 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00266.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand and foot movements are made more reliably when both limbs move in the same direction at the same time (isodirectional) compared with when they are made in opposite directions (anisodirectional). We hypothesized that M1 intracortical facilitation may subserve hand-foot coordination and reveal correlates that explain the preference for hand-foot movements to be performed in an isodirectional pattern. To test our hypothesis we investigated behavioral kinematics of hand-foot coordination (experiment 1) and neurophysiological measures of corticomotor excitability and intracortical facilitation (experiment 2) in 17 healthy young adults. As expected, coordination became unstable in the anisodirectional pattern but not the isodirectional pattern, as confirmed in measures of wrist and ankle relative phase error and stability (both P < 0.001). Short-latency paired-pulse TMS was used to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and produce short-latency intracortical facilitation (sICF) in right extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) in the presence and absence of right ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion (P < 0.015). An isodirectional preference was confirmed by facilitation of FCR MEPs and TMS-induced wrist flexion during ankle plantarflexion (both P < 0.025) but no evidence of modulation of any particular "I wave" during foot movement compared with rest. A novel finding was the association between loss of stability of the anisodirectional pattern (experiment 1) and the modulation of corticomotor excitability in support of the isodirectional pattern (experiment 2) (P < 0.05). The preference for isodirectional hand-foot movements appears not to depend on M1 intracortical facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J K McIntyre-Robinson
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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43
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Papeo L, Pascual-Leone A, Caramazza A. Disrupting the brain to validate hypotheses on the neurobiology of language. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:148. [PMID: 23630480 PMCID: PMC3633936 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehension of words is an important part of the language faculty, involving the joint activity of frontal and temporo-parietal brain regions. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) enables the controlled perturbation of brain activity, and thus offers a unique tool to test specific predictions about the causal relationship between brain regions and language understanding. This potential has been exploited to better define the role of regions that are classically accepted as part of the language-semantic network. For instance, TMS has contributed to establish the semantic relevance of the left anterior temporal lobe, or to solve the ambiguity between the semantic vs. phonological function assigned to the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). We consider, more closely, the results from studies where the same technique, similar paradigms (lexical-semantic tasks) and materials (words) have been used to assess the relevance of regions outside the classically-defined language-semantic network—i.e., precentral motor regions—for the semantic analysis of words. This research shows that different aspects of the left precentral gyrus (primary motor and premotor sites) are sensitive to the action-non action distinction of words' meanings. However, the behavioral changes due to TMS over these sites are incongruent with what is expected after perturbation of a task-relevant brain region. Thus, the relationship between motor activity and language-semantic behavior remains far from clear. A better understanding of this issue could be guaranteed by investigating functional interactions between motor sites and semantically-relevant regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuba Papeo
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA ; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento Rovereto, Italy
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44
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Wymbs NF, Grafton ST. Contributions from the left PMd and the SMA during sequence retrieval as determined by depth of training. Exp Brain Res 2012; 224:49-58. [PMID: 23283418 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) are critical for the acquisition and expression of sequential behavior, but little is known regarding how these regions are recruited when we must simultaneously acquire multiple sequences under different amounts of training. We hypothesized that these regions contribute to the retrieval of sequences at different familiarity levels, with the left PMd supporting sequences of moderate familiarity and the SMA supporting sequences of greater familiarity. Double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied during the retrieval of six sequences previously learned under three different amounts of exposure during 30 days of training using a discrete sequence production task. TMS led to a significant interaction of sequence error between depth of training and stimulation location. Stimulation of the left PMd increased error during moderate sequence retrieval, whereas stimulation of the SMA increased error during the retrieval of both moderately and extensively trained sequences. The lack of a double dissociation fails to support a direct correspondence between brain region and putative behavioral learning stage. Instead, the interaction suggests that SMA and PMd support the expression of sequences over different, albeit overlapping, time scales. Separate analysis of sequence initiation time did not demonstrate any significant difference between moderately and extensively trained sequences. Instead, stimulation to either region quickened sequence initiation for these sequences, but not for those sequences with poor retrieval performance. This supports the general role of these premotor regions in the maintenance of specific sequence knowledge prior to movement onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Wymbs
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Abstract
Many tasks in our daily life demand not only the use of different fingers of one hand in a serial fashion, but also to alternate from one hand to the other. Here, we investigated performance in a bimanual serial reaction time task (SRTT) with particular emphasis on learning-related changes in reaction time (RT) for consecutive button presses for homologous index- and middle fingers. The bimanual SRTT consisted of sequential button presses either with the left or right index- and middle-finger to a series of visual letters displayed on a computer screen. Each letter was assigned a specific button press with one of four fingers. Two outcome measures were investigated: (a) global sequence learning as defined by the time needed to complete a 15-letter SRTT sequence and (b) changes in hand switch costs across learning. We found that bimanual SRTT resulted in a global decrease in RT during the time course of learning that persisted for at least two weeks. Furthermore, RT to a button press showed an increase when the previous button press was associated with another hand as opposed to the same hand. This increase in RT was defined as switch costs. Hand switch costs significantly decreased during the time course of learning, and remained stable over a time of approximately two weeks. This study provides evidence for modulations of switch costs during bimanual sequence learning, a finding that might have important implications for theories of bimanual coordination and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Trapp
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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46
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Trapp S, Lepsien J, Sehm B, Villringer A, Ragert P. Changes of hand switching costs during bimanual sequential learning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45857. [PMID: 23029279 PMCID: PMC3448681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tasks in our daily life demand not only the use of different fingers of one hand in a serial fashion, but also to alternate from one hand to the other. Here, we investigated performance in a bimanual serial reaction time task (SRTT) with particular emphasis on learning-related changes in reaction time (RT) for consecutive button presses for homologous index- and middle fingers. The bimanual SRTT consisted of sequential button presses either with the left or right index- and middle-finger to a series of visual letters displayed on a computer screen. Each letter was assigned a specific button press with one of four fingers. Two outcome measures were investigated: (a) global sequence learning as defined by the time needed to complete a 15-letter SRTT sequence and (b) changes in hand switch costs across learning. We found that bimanual SRTT resulted in a global decrease in RT during the time course of learning that persisted for at least two weeks. Furthermore, RT to a button press showed an increase when the previous button press was associated with another hand as opposed to the same hand. This increase in RT was defined as switch costs. Hand switch costs significantly decreased during the time course of learning, and remained stable over a time of approximately two weeks. This study provides evidence for modulations of switch costs during bimanual sequence learning, a finding that might have important implications for theories of bimanual coordination and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Trapp
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jöran Lepsien
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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47
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Groppa S, Werner-Petroll N, Münchau A, Deuschl G, Ruschworth MF, Siebner HR. A novel dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm to probe fast facilitatory inputs from ipsilateral dorsal premotor cortex to primary motor cortex. Neuroimage 2012; 62:500-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Shirota Y, Hamada M, Terao Y, Ohminami S, Tsutsumi R, Ugawa Y, Hanajima R. Increased primary motor cortical excitability by a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the supplementary motor area. Exp Brain Res 2012; 219:339-49. [PMID: 22532164 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The supplementary motor area (SMA) is a secondary motor area that is involved in various complex hand movements. In animal studies, short latency and probably direct excitatory inputs from SMA to the primary motor cortex (M1) have been established. Although human imaging studies revealed functional connectivity between SMA and M1, its electrophysiological nature has been less studied. This study explored the connection between SMA and M1 in humans using a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over SMA. First, TMS over SMA did not alter the corticospinal tract excitability measured by the size of motor evoked potential elicited by single-pulse TMS over M1. Next, we measured short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF), which reflects the function of a facilitatory circuit within M1, with or without a single-pulse TMS over SMA. When the intensity of the second pulse in the SICF paradigm (S2) was as weak as 1.0 active motor threshold for a hand muscle, SMA stimulation significantly enhanced the SICF. Furthermore, this enhancement by SMA stimulation was spatially confined and had a limited time window. On the other hand, SMA stimulation did not alter short-interval intracortical inhibition or contralateral silent period duration, which reflects the function of an inhibitory circuit mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) or GABA(B) receptors, respectively. We conclude that a single-pulse TMS over SMA modulates a facilitatory circuit within M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Shirota
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lefaucheur JP, Ayache SS, Sorel M, Farhat WH, Zouari HG, Ciampi de Andrade D, Ahdab R, Ménard-Lefaucheur I, Brugières P, Goujon C. Analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in neuropathic pain: influence of theta burst stimulation priming. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:1403-13. [PMID: 22508405 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Conventional' protocols of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) delivered to M1 can produce analgesia. Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a novel rTMS paradigm, is thought to produce greater changes in M1 excitability than 'conventional' protocols. After a preliminary experiment showing no analgesic effect of continuous or intermittent TBS trains (cTBS or iTBS) delivered to M1 as single procedures, we used TBS to prime a subsequent session of 'conventional' 10 Hz-rTMS. METHODS In 14 patients with chronic refractory neuropathic pain, navigated rTMS was targeted over M1 hand region, contralateral to painful side. Analgesic effects were daily assessed on a visual analogue scale for the week after each 10 Hz-rTMS session, preceded or not by TBS priming. In an additional experiment, the effects on cortical excitability parameters provided by single- and paired-pulse TMS paradigms were studied. RESULTS Pain level was reduced after any type of rTMS procedure compared to baseline, but iTBS priming produced greater analgesia than the other protocols. Regarding motor cortex excitability changes, the analgesic effects were associated with an increase in intracortical inhibition, whatever the type of stimulation, primed or non-primed. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that the analgesic effects of 'conventional' 10 Hz-rTMS delivered to M1 can be enhanced by TBS priming, at least using iTBS. Interestingly, the application of cTBS and iTBS did not produce opposite modulations, unlike previously reported in other systems. It remains to be determined whether the interest of TBS priming is to generate a simple additive effect or a more specific process of cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Lefaucheur
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, France.
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50
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Palomar FJ, Conde V, Carrillo F, Fernández-del-Olmo M, Koch G, Mir P. Parieto-motor functional connectivity is impaired in Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimul 2012; 6:147-54. [PMID: 22537863 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease is associated with a difficulty in selecting and executing motor actions, likely due to alterations in the functional connectivity of cortico-cortical circuits. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Our aims were to analyse the functional interplay between the posterior parietal cortex and the ipsilateral primary motor area in Parkinson's disease using bifocal transcranial magnetic stimulation, to evaluate its modulation by dopaminergic treatment and its relationship to a simple choice reaction task. METHODS We studied 12 Parkinson's disease patients with and without dopaminergic treatment and 12 healthy controls. A paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol was applied over the right posterior parietal cortex and the right primary motor area using different conditioning stimulus intensities and interstimulus intervals. Reaction and movement times were studied by a simple choice reaction task. RESULTS In controls, we observed a significant facilitation of motor evoked potential amplitudes at 4 ms interstimulus interval when conditioning stimulus intensity was set to 90% of resting motor threshold. This functional interaction was not observed in Parkinson's disease patients without dopaminergic treatment and was not restored with treatment. Moreover, correlation analyses revealed that Parkinson's disease patients with less impaired parieto-motor interaction were faster in executing reaching movements in a choice reaction time task, suggesting that the functional parieto-motor impairment described here could be related to bradykinesia observed in Parkinson's disease patients. CONCLUSIONS Parieto-motor functional connectivity is impaired in Parkinson's disease. The reduced efficacy of this connection could be related to presence of bradykinesia previously observed in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Palomar
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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