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Skovbjerg G, Fritzen AM, Svendsen CSA, Perens J, Skytte JL, Lund C, Lund J, Madsen MR, Roostalu U, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Clemmensen C. Atlas of exercise-induced brain activation in mice. Mol Metab 2024; 82:101907. [PMID: 38428817 PMCID: PMC10943479 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is significant interest in uncovering the mechanisms through which exercise enhances cognition, memory, and mood, and lowers the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we utilize forced treadmill running and distance-matched voluntary wheel running, coupled with light sheet 3D brain imaging and c-Fos immunohistochemistry, to generate a comprehensive atlas of exercise-induced brain activation in mice. METHODS To investigate the effects of exercise on brain activity, we compared whole-brain activation profiles of mice subjected to treadmill running with mice subjected to distance-matched wheel running. Male mice were assigned to one of four groups: a) an acute bout of voluntary wheel running, b) confinement to a cage with a locked running wheel, c) forced treadmill running, or d) placement on an inactive treadmill. Immediately following each exercise or control intervention, blood samples were collected for plasma analysis, and brains were collected for whole-brain c-Fos quantification. RESULTS Our dataset reveals 255 brain regions activated by acute exercise in mice, the majority of which have not previously been linked to exercise. We find a broad response of 140 regulated brain regions that are shared between voluntary wheel running and treadmill running, while 32 brain regions are uniquely regulated by wheel running and 83 brain regions uniquely regulated by treadmill running. In contrast to voluntary wheel running, forced treadmill running triggers activity in brain regions associated with stress, fear, and pain. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a significant overlap in neuronal activation signatures between voluntary wheel running and distance-matched forced treadmill running. However, our analysis also reveals notable differences and subtle nuances between these two widely used paradigms. The comprehensive dataset is accessible online at www.neuropedia.dk, with the aim of enabling future research directed towards unraveling the neurobiological response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grethe Skovbjerg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Gubra, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Andreas Mæchel Fritzen
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Sashi Aier Svendsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Camilla Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Farokhi Larijani S, Hassanzadeh G, Zahmatkesh M, Radfar F, Farahmandfar M. Intranasal insulin intake and exercise improve memory function in amyloid-β induced Alzheimer's-like disease in rats: Involvement of hippocampal BDNF-TrkB receptor. Behav Brain Res 2024; 460:114814. [PMID: 38104636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent type of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a compelling illustration of the link between cognitive deficits and neurophysiological anomalies. We investigated the possible protective effect of intranasal insulin intake with exercise on amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neuronal damage. The level of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) were analyzed to understand the involvement of BDNF-TrkB pathway in this modulation. In this study, we induced AD-like pathology by amyloid-β (Aβ) administration. Then, we examined the impact of a 4-week pretreatment of moderate treadmill exercise and intranasal intake of insulin on working and spatial memory in male Wistar rats. We also analyzed the mechanisms of improved memory and anxiety through changes in the protein level of BDNF and TrkB. Results showed that animals received Aβ had impaired working memory, increased anxiety which were accompanied by lower protein levels of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus. The exercise training and intranasal insulin improved working memory deficits, decreased anxiety, and increased BDNF, and TrkB levels in the hippocampus of animals received Aβ. Our finding of improved memory performance after intranasal intake of insulin and exercise may be of significance for the treatment of memory impairments and anxiety-like behavior in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setare Farokhi Larijani
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zahmatkesh
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Radfar
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sports, Sports and Health Sciences Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Farahmandfar
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ho BD, Gullett JM, Anton S, Franchetti MK, Bharadwaj PK, Raichlen DA, Alexander GE, Rundek T, Levin B, Visscher K, Woods AJ, Cohen RA. Associations between physical exercise type, fluid intelligence, executive function, and processing speed in the oldest-old (85 +). GeroScience 2024; 46:491-503. [PMID: 37523033 PMCID: PMC10828155 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While much is known about the effects of physical exercise in adult humans, literature on the oldest-old (≥ 85 years old) is sparse. The present study explored the relationship between self-reported engagement in physical exercise and cognition in the oldest-old. METHODS The sample included 184 cognitively healthy participants (98 females, MoCA mean score = 24.81) aged 85 to 99 years old (mean = 88.49 years). Participants completed the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire and a cognitive battery including NIH-TB, Coding, Symbol Search, Letter Fluency, and Stroop task. Three groups of participants - sedentary (n = 58; MoCA mean score = 24; 36 females; mean age = 89.03), cardio (n = 60; MoCA mean score = 25.08; 29 females; mean age = 88.62), and cardio + strength training (n = 66; MoCA mean score = 25.28; 33 females; mean age = 87.91) - were derived from responses on CHAMPS. RESULTS Analyses controlled for years of education, NIH-TB Crystallized Composite, and metabolic equivalent of tasks. The cardio + strength training group had the highest cognitive performances overall and scored significantly better on Coding (p < 0.001) and Symbol Search (p < 0.05) compared to the sedentary group. The cardio + strength training group scored significantly better on Symbol Search, Letter Fluency, and Stroop Color-Word compared to the cardio group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest self-reported exercise in the oldest-old is linked to better performance on cognitive measures of processing speed and executive functioning, and that there may be a synergistic effect of combining aerobic and resistance training on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Duy Ho
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Joseph M Gullett
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen Anton
- Institute On Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - David A Raichlen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gene E Alexander
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie Levin
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kristina Visscher
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Toloui A, Ramawad HA, Gharin P, Vaccaro AR, Zarei H, Hosseini M, Yousefifard M, Rahimi-Movaghar V. The Role of Exercise in the Alleviation of Neuropathic Pain Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurospine 2023; 20:1073-1087. [PMID: 37798999 PMCID: PMC10562228 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2346588.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of exercise in neuropathic pain following traumatic spinal cord injuries. METHODS The search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science by the end of 2022. Two independent researchers included the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A standardized mean difference was calculated for each data and they were pooled to calculate an overall effect size. To assess the heterogeneity between studies, I2 and chi-square tests were utilized. In the case of heterogeneity, meta-regression was performed to identify the potential source. RESULTS Fifteen preclinical studies were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated that exercise significantly improves mechanical allodynia (standardized mean difference [SMD], -1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.16 to -1.02; p < 0.001; I2 = 90.37%), thermal hyperalgesia (SMD, 1.95; 95% CI, 0.96-2.94; p < 0.001), and cold allodynia (SMD, -2.92; 95% CI, -4.4 to -1.43; p < 0.001). The improvement in mechanical allodynia is significantly more in animals with a compression model of SCI (meta-regression coefficient, -1.33; 95% CI, -1.84 to -0.57; p < 0.001) and in mild SCI (p < 0.001). Additionally, the improvement was more prominent if the training was started 7 to 8 days postinjury (coefficient, -2.54; 95% CI, -3.85 to -1.23; p < 0.001) and was continued every day (coefficient, -1.99; 95% CI, -3.07 to -0.9; p < 0.001). Likewise, voluntary exercise demonstrated a significantly more effect size (coefficient, -1.45; 95% CI, -2.67 to -0.23; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Exercise is effective in the amelioration of neuropathic pain. This effect in mechanical allodynia is more prominent if voluntary, continuous training is initiated in the subacute phase of mild SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirmohammad Toloui
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzah Adel Ramawad
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals, Coney Island, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pantea Gharin
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexander R. Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedics and Neurosurgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hamed Zarei
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Brain and Spinal Injuries Research Center (BASIR), Neuroscience Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Islas-Preciado D, Splinter TFL, Ibrahim M, Black N, Wong S, Lieblich SE, Liu-Ambrose T, Barha CK, Galea LAM. Sex and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism matter for exercise-induced increase in neurogenesis and cognition in middle-aged mice. Horm Behav 2023; 148:105297. [PMID: 36623432 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Females show greater benefits of exercise on cognition in both humans and rodents, which may be related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the Val66Met polymorphism, within the human BDNF gene, causes impaired activity-dependent secretion of neuronal BDNF and impairments to some forms of memory. We evaluated whether sex and BDNF genotype (Val66Met polymorphism (Met/Met) versus wild-type (Val/Val)) influenced the ability of voluntary running to enhance cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Middle-aged C57BL/6J (13 months) mice were randomly assigned to either a control or an aerobic training (AT) group (running disk access). Mice were trained on the visual discrimination and reversal paradigm in a touchscreen-based technology to evaluate cognitive flexibility. BDNF Met/Met mice had fewer correct responses compared to BDNF Val/Val mice on both cognitive tasks. Female BDNF Val/Val mice showed greater cognitive flexibility compared to male mice regardless of AT. Despite running less than BDNF Val/Val mice, AT improved performance in both cognitive tasks in BDNF Met/Met mice. AT increased neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus of BDNF Val/Val mice of both sexes and increased the proportion of mature type 3 doublecortin-expressing cells in the dorsal hippocampus of female mice only. Our results indicate AT improved cognitive performance in BDNF Met/Met mice and increased hippocampal neurogenesis in BDNF Val/Val mice in middle age. Furthermore, middle-aged female mice may benefit more from AT than males in terms of neuroplasticity, an effect that was influenced by the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannia Islas-Preciado
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada; Lab de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México 14370, México
| | | | - Muna Ibrahim
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natasha Black
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cindy K Barha
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada.
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Differential dysregulation of CREB and synaptic genes in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster expressing shaggy (GSK3), Tau WT, or Amyloid-beta. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1101-1108. [PMID: 36399243 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tau, Amyloid-beta (Aβ42), and Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) contribute to synaptic dysfunction observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. In the current study, the effect of pan-neuronal expression of TauWT, Aβ42, or shaggy (orthologue of GSK3) in Drosophila melanogaster was assessed on the locomotor function, ethanol sensitivity, synaptic genes and CREB expression. The effect of TauWT and Aβ42 on the expression of shaggy was also determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Gene expression analysis was performed using quantitative real-time RT-PCR method. While syt1, SNAP25 and CREB (upstream transcription factor of syt1 and SNAP25) were upregulated in flies expressing TauWT or Aβ42, a prominent decline was observed in those genes in shaggy expressing flies. Although all transgenic flies showed climbing disability and higher sensitivity to ethanol, abnormality in these features was significantly more prominent in transgenic flies expressing shaggy compared to TauWT or Aβ42. Despite a significant upregulation of shaggy transcription in TauWT expressing flies, Aβ42 transgenic flies witnessed no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS TauWT, Aβ42, and shaggy may affect synaptic plasticity through dysregulation of synaptic genes and CREB, independently. However shaggy has more detrimental effect on synaptic genes expression, locomotor ability and sensitivity to ethanol. It is important when it comes to drug discovery. It appears that CREB is a direct effector of changes in synaptic genes expression as they showed similar pattern of alteration and it is likely to be a part of compensatory mechanisms independent of the GSK3/CREB pathway in TauWT or Aβ42 expressing flies.
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Serra L, Petrosini L, Mandolesi L, Bonarota S, Balsamo F, Bozzali M, Caltagirone C, Gelfo F. Walking, Running, Swimming: An Analysis of the Effects of Land and Water Aerobic Exercises on Cognitive Functions and Neural Substrates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16310. [PMID: 36498383 PMCID: PMC9740550 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the brain and cognitive reserves framework, aerobic exercise is considered as a protective lifestyle factor able to induce positive effects on both brain structure and function. However, specific aspects of such a beneficial effect still need to be completely clarified. To this aim, the present narrative review focused on the potential brain/cognitive/neural reserve-construction mechanisms triggered by different aerobic exercise types (land activities; such as walking or running; vs. water activities; such as swimming), by considering human and animal studies on healthy subjects over the entire lifespan. The literature search was conducted in PubMed database. The studies analyzed here indicated that all the considered kinds of activities exert a beneficial effect on cognitive/behavioral functions and on the underlying brain neurobiological processes. In particular, the main effects observed involve the cognitive domains of memory and executive functions. These effects appear related to structural and functional changes mainly involving the fronto-hippocampal axis. The present review supports the requirement of further studies that investigate more specifically and systematically the effects of each type of aerobic activity, as a basis to plan more effective and personalized interventions on individuals as well as prevention and healthy promotion policies for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Serra
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Humanities, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bonarota
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Balsamo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Department of Neuroscience ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RY, UK
| | | | - Francesca Gelfo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193 Rome, Italy
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Casaletto K, Ramos-Miguel A, VandeBunte A, Memel M, Buchman A, Bennett D, Honer W. Late-life physical activity relates to brain tissue synaptic integrity markers in older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2023-2035. [PMID: 34994517 PMCID: PMC9259753 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity (PA) is widely recommended for age-related brain health, yet its neurobiology is not well understood. Animal models indicate PA is synaptogenic. We examined the relationship between PA and synaptic integrity markers in older adults. METHODS Four hundred four decedents from the Rush Memory and Aging Project completed annual actigraphy monitoring (Mean visits = 3.5±2.4) and post mortem evaluation. Brain tissue was analyzed for presynaptic proteins (synaptophysin, synaptotagmin-1, vesicle-associated membrane proteins, syntaxin, complexin-I, and complexin-II), and neuropathology. Models examined relationships between late-life PA (averaged across visits), and timing-specific PA (time to autopsy) with synaptic proteins. RESULTS Greater late-life PA associated with higher presynaptic protein levels (0.14 < β < 0.20), except complexin-II (β = 0.08). Relationships were independent of pathology but timing specific; participants who completed actigraphy within 2 years of brain tissue measurements showed largest PA-to-synaptic protein associations (0.32 < β < 0.38). Relationships between PA and presynaptic proteins were comparable across brain regions sampled. DISCUSSION PA associates with synaptic integrity in a regionally global, but time-linked nature in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Casaletto
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alfredo Ramos-Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country (EHU/UPV) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Leioa, Spain
| | - Anna VandeBunte
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Molly Memel
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco California, USA
| | - Aron Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William Honer
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use, Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Zhang YM, Cheng YZ, Wang YT, Wei RM, Ge YJ, Kong XY, Li XY. Environmental Enrichment Reverses Maternal Sleep Deprivation-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior and Cognitive Impairment in CD-1 Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:943900. [PMID: 35910680 PMCID: PMC9326347 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.943900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have clearly indicated that offspring of mothers who suffered sleep deprivation during pregnancy exhibit anxiety, depression-like behaviors, and cognitive deficits. The cognitive impairment induced by maternal sleep deprivation (MSD) is currently poorly treated. Growing evidence indicates that an enriched environment (EE) improves cognition function in models of Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, and lipopolysaccharide. However, the effects of EE on hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, as well as synaptic plasticity markers changes induced by MSD, are unclear. In the present study, pregnant CD-1 mice were randomly divided into a control group, MSD group, and MSD+EE group. Two different living environments, including standard environment and EE, were prepared. When male and female offspring were 2 months, the open field test and elevated plus maze were used to assess anxiety-like behavior, and the Morris water maze was used to evaluate hippocampal learning and memory. Western blotting and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and Synaptotagmin-1 in the hippocampus of offspring. The results revealed that MSD-induced offspring showed anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairment, while EE alleviated anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairment in offspring of the MSD+EE group. The cognitive impairment induced by MSD was associated with a decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and an increased Synaptotagmin-1, while EE increased and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and Synaptotagmin-1 in the hippocampus of mice from the MSD+EE group, respectively. Taken together, we can conclude that EE has beneficial effects on MSD-induced synaptic plasticity markers changes and can alleviate anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yun-Zhou Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ru-Meng Wei
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-Jun Ge
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Kong
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xue-Yan Li
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Xue-Yan Li
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Gholipour P, Komaki A, Ramezani M, Parsa H. Effects of the combination of high-intensity interval training and Ecdysterone on learning and memory abilities, antioxidant enzyme activities, and neuronal population in an Amyloid-beta-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Physiol Behav 2022; 251:113817. [PMID: 35443198 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative stress and neuronal death are the primary reasons for the progression of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ecdysterone (ecdy), a common derivative of ecdysteroids, possesses free radical scavenging and cognitive-improving effects. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can be a therapeutic strategy for improving cognitive decline and oxidative stress. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of HIIT exercise and ecdy consumption synergistically on the changes in learning and memory functions, activities of hippocampal antioxidant enzymes, and neuronal population after AD induced by Aβ in male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following ten days of Aβ injection, HIIT exercise and ecdy treatment (10 mg/kg/day; P.O.) were initiated and continued for eight consecutive weeks in rats. At the end of the treatment period, the rat's learning and memory functions were assessed using Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GRx), and changes in neuronal population were evaluated in rats' brains. RESULTS The results indicated that Aβ injection disrupted spatial/passive avoidance learning and memory in both tests, accompanied by a decrease in the SOD and CAT (as endogenous antioxidants) in rats' hippocampus. Additionally, Aβ injection resulted in neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Although the consumption of ecdy separately improved spatial/passive avoidance learning and memory impairments, recovered hippocampal activity of SOD, CAT, GRx, and prevented the hippocampal neuronal loss, its combination along with HIIT resulted in a more powerful and effective amelioration in all the above-mentioned Aβ-neuropathological changes. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that a combination of HIIT and ecdy treatment could be a promising potential therapeutic option against AD-associated cognitive decline, owing to their free radical scavenging and neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Gholipour
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ramezani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Hesam Parsa
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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11
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Tsuchida R, Yamaguchi T, Funabashi D, Koumi Y, Kita I, Nishijima T. Exercise type influences the effect of an acute bout of exercise on hippocampal neuronal activation in mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 783:136707. [PMID: 35660647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exercise on the hippocampus depend on exercise conditions. Exercise intensity is thought to be a dominant factor that influences the effects of exercise on the hippocampus; however, it is uncertain whether the type of exercise influences its effectiveness. This study investigated whether the effect of an acute bout of exercise on hippocampal neuronal activation differs between two different types of exercise: treadmill and rotarod exercise. The intensities of both exercises were matched at just below the lactate threshold (LT), based on blood lactate concentration. Immunohistochemical examination of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, revealed that treadmill exercise at 15 m/min (T15) significantly increased c-Fos expression in all subfields of the hippocampus (dentate gyrus DG, CA1, CA3), but rotarod exercise at 30 rpm (R30) did not, as compared with the respective control groups. These results demonstrate that moderate treadmill exercise more efficiently evokes hippocampal neuronal activation than does intensity-matched rotarod exercise. This suggests that exercise type is another important factor affecting the effects of exercise on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuki Tsuchida
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Taisei Yamaguchi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Daisuke Funabashi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yusuke Koumi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kita
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishijima
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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12
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Therapeutic Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training Exercise Alone and Its Combination with Ecdysterone Against Amyloid Beta-Induced Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease: A Behavioral, Biochemical, and Histological Study. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2090-2108. [PMID: 35484426 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal oxidative stress has a vital role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated behavioral deficits. Ecdysterone (Ecdy), a natural product and primary steroid hormone, exhibits anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as an effective method for improving physiological brain functions. The present study was designed to investigate the comparative effects of separate and combined HIIT and Ecdy treatment on behavioral functions, hippocampal oxidative status, histological changes in an amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced rat model of AD. Adult male rats were treated simultaneously with HIIT exercise and Ecdy (10 mg/kg/day; P.O.), starting ten days after Aβ-injection, and they continued for eight consecutive weeks. At the end of the treatment course, the behavioral functions of the rats were assessed by commonly-used behavioral paradigms. Subsequently, brain samples were collected for histological analysis and hippocampus samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Results illustrated that Aβ injection impaired learning and memory performances in both novel object recognition and Barnes maze tests, reduced exploratory/locomotor activities in open field test, enhanced anxiety-like behavior in elevated plus-maze (P < 0.05). These behavioral deficits accompanied hippocampal oxidative stress (decreased total antioxidant capacity content and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity, increased total oxidant status and malondialdehyde level) and neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in H&E staining (P < 0.05). HIIT and Ecdy improved anxiety-like behavior, attenuated total oxidant status and malondialdehyde, and prevented the neuronal loss (P < 0.05). However, their combination resulted in a more complete and powerful improvement in all the above-mentioned Aβ-related deficits (P < 0.05). Overall, these data provide evidence that a combination of HIIT and Ecdy treatment improves Aβ-induced behavioral deficits, possibly through ameliorating hippocampal oxidative status and preventing neuronal loss.
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13
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Santos MJ, Picco S, Fernández R, Pedreira ME, Boccia M, Klappenbach M, Krawczyk MC. Remembering how to run: a descriptive wheel run analysis in CF1 males and females mice. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:333-341. [PMID: 35746966 PMCID: PMC9210458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to have beneficial effects on general health and wellbeing in humans and it is also related to neuronal plasticity, increasing neurogenesis and consequently leading to improvements in processes such as learning and memory. In this sense, wheel running performance in mice appears as an extensively used behavioral approach for neurobiological studies. Here, we explored the running patterns in CF1 male and female mice allowing voluntary wheel running for 20 min along three consecutive days. We analyzed differences in the accumulated distance traveled, instant velocity, and latency to run and breaks taken in both males and females, comparing performance between days. Results revealed that after a first experience with the wheel, animals that had learnt how to run on day 1 quickly look forward to stepping into the wheel in subsequent training days, reflected by a significant increase in daily running distance and velocity. Further, no differences were found in the running performance between males and females. In summary, in a first experience with the wheel, animals get familiarized with the wheel and grow accustomed to it.
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14
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Chu-Tan JA, Kirkby M, Natoli R. Running to save sight: The effects of exercise on retinal health and function. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 50:74-90. [PMID: 34741489 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of exercise to human health have long been recognised. However, only in the past decade have researchers started to discover the molecular benefits that exercise confers, especially to the central nervous system (CNS). These discoveries include the magnitude of molecular messages that are communicated from skeletal muscle to the CNS. Despite these advances in understanding, very limited studies have been conducted to decipher the molecular benefits of exercise in retinal health and disease. Here, we review the latest work on the effects of exercise on the retina and discuss its effects on the wider CNS, with a focus on demonstrating the potential applicability and comparative molecular mechanisms that may be occurring in the retina. This review covers the key molecular pathways where exercise exerts its effects: oxidative stress and mitochondrial health; inflammation; protein aggregation; neuronal health; and tissue crosstalk via extracellular vesicles. Further research on the benefits of exercise to the retina and its molecular messages within extracellular vesicles is highly topical in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Max Kirkby
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
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15
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Ribeiro D, Petrigna L, Pereira FC, Muscella A, Bianco A, Tavares P. The Impact of Physical Exercise on the Circulating Levels of BDNF and NT 4/5: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168814. [PMID: 34445512 PMCID: PMC8396229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: One mechanism through which physical activity (PA) provides benefits is by triggering activity at a molecular level, where neurotrophins (NTs) are known to play an important role. However, the expression of the circulating levels of neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4/5), in response to exercise, is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim was to provide an updated overview on the neurotrophin (NT) variation levels of BDNF and NT-4/5 as a consequence of a long-term aerobic exercise intervention, and to understand and describe whether the upregulation of circulating NT levels is a result of neurotrophic factors produced and released from the brain, and/or from neurotrophic secreting peripheral organs. (2) Methods: The articles were collected from PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Embase. Data were analyzed through a narrative synthesis. (3) Results: 30 articles studied humans who performed training protocols that ranged from 4 to 48 weeks; 22 articles studied rodents with an intervention period that ranged from 4 to 64 weeks. (4) Conclusions: There is no unanimity between the upregulation of BDNF in humans; conversely, concerning both BDNF and NT-4/5 in animal models, the results are heterogeneous. Whilst BDNF upregulation appears to be in relative agreement, NT-4/5 seems to display contradictory and inconsistent conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.R.); (P.T.)
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luca Petrigna
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Frederico C. Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonella Muscella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Paula Tavares
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.R.); (P.T.)
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Rashidy-Pour A, Derafshpour L, Vafaei AA, Bandegi AR, Kashefi A, Sameni HR, Jashire-Nezhad N, Saboory E, Panahi Y. Effects of treadmill exercise and sex hormones on learning, memory and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in transient congenital hypothyroid rats. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 31:641-651. [PMID: 32826427 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transient thyroid function abnormalities at birth exhibit intellectual developmental and cognitive disorders in adulthood. Given the well-known effects of physical activity and sex hormones on cognitive functions and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the present study examined the effects of treadmill exercise, sex hormones, and the combined treatment on learning and memory and hippocampal BDNF levels in transient congenital hypothyroid rats. To induce hypothyroidism, 6-propyl-2-thiouracil was added to the drinking water from the 6th day of gestation to the 21st postnatal day (PND). From PNDs 28 to 47, female and male pup rats received 17β-estradiol and testosterone, respectively, and about 30 min later, they were forced to run on the treadmill for 30 min once a day. On PNDs 48-55, spatial learning and memory of all rats tested in the water maze, which followed by measurement of BDNF in the hippocampus. Results showed that developmental hypothyroidism induced significant deficits in spatial learning and memory and hippocampal BDNF in both male and female rats. In both male and female hypothyroid rats, exercise and exercise plus sex hormones, but not sex hormones alone alleviated learning and memory deficits and all treatments (exercise, sex hormones, and the combined treatment) increased hippocampal BDNF. These disconnects in the effects of exercise, sex hormones and the combined treatment on behavioral and neurochemical outcomes suggest that a neurochemical mechanism other than hippocampal BDNF might contribute in the ameliorating effects of exercise on learning and memory deficits induced by developmental thyroid hormone insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan
| | - Leila Derafshpour
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Research Center of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan
| | - Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Research Center of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences
| | - Adel Kashefi
- Research Center of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan
| | - Hamid Reza Sameni
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cell, Semnan University of Medical sciences, Semnan
| | - Nahid Jashire-Nezhad
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cell, Semnan University of Medical sciences, Semnan
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia
| | - Yosef Panahi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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17
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Aghjayan SL, Lesnovskaya A, Esteban-Cornejo I, Peven JC, Stillman CM, Erickson KI. Aerobic exercise, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the human hippocampus. Hippocampus 2021; 31:817-844. [PMID: 34101305 PMCID: PMC8295234 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is particularly susceptible to neurodegeneration. Physical activity, specifically increasing cardiorespiratory fitness via aerobic exercise, shows promise as a potential method for mitigating hippocampal decline in humans. Numerous studies have now investigated associations between the structure and function of the hippocampus and engagement in physical activity. Still, there remains continued debate and confusion about the relationship between physical activity and the human hippocampus. In this review, we describe the current state of the physical activity and exercise literature as it pertains to the structure and function of the human hippocampus, focusing on four magnetic resonance imaging measures: volume, diffusion tensor imaging, resting-state functional connectivity, and perfusion. We conclude that, despite significant heterogeneity in study methods, populations of interest, and scope, there are consistent positive findings, suggesting a promising role for physical activity in promoting hippocampal structure and function throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Aghjayan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alina Lesnovskaya
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jamie C Peven
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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18
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Karelina K, Schneiderman K, Shah S, Fitzgerald J, Cruz RV, Oliverio R, Whitehead B, Yang J, Weil ZM. Moderate Intensity Treadmill Exercise Increases Survival of Newborn Hippocampal Neurons and Improves Neurobehavioral Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1858-1869. [PMID: 33470170 PMCID: PMC8219196 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physician-prescribed rest after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is both commonplace and an increasingly scrutinized approach to TBI treatment. Although this practice remains a standard of patient care for TBI, research of patient outcomes reveals little to no benefit of prescribed rest after TBI, and in some cases prolonged rest has been shown to interfere with patient well-being. In direct contrast to the clinical advice regarding physical activity after TBI, animal models of brain injury consistently indicate that exercise is neuroprotective and promotes recovery. Here, we assessed the effect of low and moderate intensity treadmill exercise on functional outcome and hippocampal neural proliferation after brain injury. Using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model of TBI, we show that 10 days of moderate intensity treadmill exercise initiated after CCI reduces anxiety-like behavior, improves hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, and promotes hippocampal proliferation and newborn neuronal survival. Pathophysiological measures including lesion volume and axon degeneration were not altered by exercise. Taken together, these data reveal that carefully titrated physical activity may be a safe and effective approach to promoting recovery after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Katarina Schneiderman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarthak Shah
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Julie Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ruth Velazquez Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Robin Oliverio
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Bailey Whitehead
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jingzhen Yang
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zachary M. Weil
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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19
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Jafarzadeh G, Shakerian S, Farbood Y, Ghanbarzadeh M. Effects of Eight Weeks of Resistance Exercises on Neurotrophins and Trk Receptors in Alzheimer Model Male Wistar Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:349-359. [PMID: 34917294 PMCID: PMC8666928 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2067.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluates the effects of 8 weeks of resistance exercises on the expression of neurotrophins and Trk receptors in Alzheimer model male Wistar rats. METHODS For this purpose, 32 mature male Wistar rats with a mean weight of 230-280 g were chosen and divided into Alzheimer and Sham groups. The rats in the sham group received normal saline, while the ones in the Alzheimer group received streptomycin via intraventricular injection. These rats were then divided into the following four subgroups: 1) resting sham, 2) exercising sham, 3) resting Alzheimer, and 4) exercising Alzheimer. The two exercising rat subgroups exercised three times a week for 8 weeks. A weight was attached to their tails, and they had to carry it on a 26-step ladder in each cycle. Resting groups were handled every day to minimize the effects of stress. At the end of the eighth week and 24 hours after the last exercise session (to avoid the effects of the last exercise session), the rats were put under deep anesthesia and beheaded. Hippocampus tissues were precisely extracted, and samples were sent to the laboratory for molecular and cellular tests. To investigate gene expression, quantitative RTPCR was used. RESULTS The tests for comparing the mean values of BDNF, NT3, NGF, TrkA, and TrkB in two rat groups showed that with error levels of less than 5%, there is a significant difference in the amounts of BDNF, NT3, NGF, TrkA, and TrkB between exercising rats and resting ones. These amounts were much higher in the exercising Alzheimer rats group. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of resistance exercises increased the expression of BDNF, NT3, and NGF genes and TrkA and TrkB receptors in Alzheimer model Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamhasan Jafarzadeh
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Shakerian
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Khalij Fars Physiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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20
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Hugues N, Pellegrino C, Rivera C, Berton E, Pin-Barre C, Laurin J. Is High-Intensity Interval Training Suitable to Promote Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Functions after Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3003. [PMID: 33809413 PMCID: PMC7998434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke-induced cognitive impairments affect the long-term quality of life. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is now considered a promising strategy to enhance cognitive functions. This review is designed to examine the role of HIIT in promoting neuroplasticity processes and/or cognitive functions after stroke. The various methodological limitations related to the clinical relevance of studies on the exercise recommendations in individuals with stroke are first discussed. Then, the relevance of HIIT in improving neurotrophic factors expression, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity is debated in both stroke and healthy individuals (humans and rodents). Moreover, HIIT may have a preventive role on stroke severity, as found in rodents. The potential role of HIIT in stroke rehabilitation is reinforced by findings showing its powerful neurogenic effect that might potentiate cognitive benefits induced by cognitive tasks. In addition, the clinical role of neuroplasticity observed in each hemisphere needs to be clarified by coupling more frequently to cellular/molecular measurements and behavioral testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hugues
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.R.)
- CNRS, ISM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (C.P.-B.)
| | - Christophe Pellegrino
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Claudio Rivera
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Eric Berton
- CNRS, ISM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (C.P.-B.)
| | - Caroline Pin-Barre
- CNRS, ISM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (C.P.-B.)
| | - Jérôme Laurin
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.R.)
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21
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Pike NA, Roy B, Moye S, Cabrera-Mino C, Woo MA, Halnon NJ, Lewis AB, Kumar R. Reduced hippocampal volumes and memory deficits in adolescents with single ventricle heart disease. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01977. [PMID: 33410605 PMCID: PMC7882179 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescents with single ventricle congenital heart disease (SVHD) show functional deficits, particularly in memory and mood regulation. Hippocampi are key brain structures that regulate mood and memory; however, their tissue integrity in SVHD is unclear. Our study aim is to evaluate hippocampal volumes and their associations with memory, anxiety, and mood scores in adolescents with SVHD compared to healthy controls. METHODS We collected brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 25 SVHD (age 15.9 ± 1.2 years; 15 male) and 38 controls (16.0 ± 1.1 years; 19 male) and assessed memory (Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning 2, WRAML2), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI), and mood (Patient Health Questionnaire 9, PHQ-9) functions. Both left and right hippocampi were outlined and global volumes, as well as three-dimensional surfaces were compared between groups using ANCOVA and associations with cognitive and behavioral scores with partial correlations (covariates: age and total brain volume). RESULTS The SVHD group showed significantly higher BAI (p = .001) and PHQ-9 (p < .001) scores, indicating anxiety and depression symptoms and significantly reduced WRAML2 scores (p < .001), suggesting memory deficits compared with controls. SVHD group had significantly reduced right global hippocampal volumes (p = .036) compared with controls, but not the left (p = .114). Right hippocampal volume reductions were localized in the CA1, CA4, subiculum, and dentate gyrus. Positive correlations emerged between WRAML2 scores and left (r = 0.32, p = .01) and right (r = 0.28, p = .03) hippocampal volumes, but BAI and PHQ-9 did not show significant correlations. CONCLUSION Adolescents with SVHD show reduced hippocampal volumes, localized in several sites (CA1, CA4, subiculum, and dentate gyrus), which are associated with memory deficits. The findings indicate the need to explore ways to improve memory to optimize academic achievement and ability for self-care in the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Pike
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bhaswati Roy
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefanie Moye
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Mary A Woo
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nancy J Halnon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan B Lewis
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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22
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Affes S, Borji R, Zarrouk N, Sahli S, Rebai H. Effects of running exercises on reaction time and working memory in individuals with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2021; 65:99-112. [PMID: 33164281 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the effect of running exercises at low [30% heart rate reserve (HRR)] and moderate (60%HRR) intensities on cognitive performances in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). METHODS Participants performed randomly reaction time (RT) tests: visual RT [simple RT (SRT) and choice RT (CRT)], auditory SRT (ASRT) and working memory (WM) (Corsi test) before and after the exercises. RESULTS The results showed that after both exercises, SRT decreased significantly (P < 0.001) in both groups with higher extent (P < 0.05) at 60%HRR compared with 30%HRR. CRT decreased (P < 0.01), similarly, after the both exercises in both groups with higher (P < 0.001) extent in the intellectual disability group (IDG). ASRT decreased significantly, at 30%HRR, in IDG (P < 0.001) and in control group (CG) (P < 0.01) with greater extent in IDG (P < 0.001). At 60%HRR, ASRT decreased significantly in both groups (P < 0.001) with greater extent in IDG (P < 0.001). The ΔASRT% was significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 30%HRR compared with 60%HRR in IDG. In CG, no significant (P = 0.21) difference was reported between intensities. The Corsi forward and the Corsi backward scores increased significantly (P < 0.01) in both groups after both intensities with higher extent in IDG (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that low and moderate running exercises improve similarly simple and choice visual RT as well as WM in individuals with ID. Furthermore, low-intensity exercise could be more appropriate to enhance ASRT compared the moderate one in these individuals. Therefore, low-intensity exercise seems to be an efficient strategy to improve cognitive performances in individuals with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Affes
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - R Borji
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - N Zarrouk
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - S Sahli
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - H Rebai
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Li Y, Xiang L, Wang C, Song Y, Miao J, Miao M. Protection against acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by Leonuri Herba Total Alkali via modulation of BDNF-TrKB-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111021. [PMID: 33227709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the brain protective effect of Leonuri Herba Total Alkali (LHA) on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats, so as to provide basis for clinical research. METHODS Adult male SD rats were randomly assigned into sham group, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) group, and LHA + MCAO/R group (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg). Fourteen days before MCAO/R surgery, the rats in treatment groups were orally administered with LHA in ultrapure water once daily for 14 days, while rats in the sham and MCAO groups were given the same amount of saline in advance. After 1 h of administration on the 14th day, MCAO surgery was subjected. The neurological deficits, brain infarct volume, histopathology, immunofluorescence, inflammation indicators and the gene/protein expressions of BDNF-TrKB-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the rat brain tissue were evaluated 24 h after the MCAO/R-injury. RESULTS It was found that rats in LHA pre-administration group showed significantly reduced neurological deficit scores, infarction volume, the serum levels of NSE and S100β. Meanwhile, the content of Evans Blue (EB) in brain tissue from LHA group was decreased, as well as the levels of inflammatory cytokines and their gene levels. Moreover, LHA pre-administration inhibited the expression of CD44, GFAP, FOXO1 and promoted the expression of BDNF and NeuN. In addition, LHA pre-administration could up-regulate the protein expression of TrkB, p-PI3K, p-Akt, Bcl-2, and down-regulate the protein expression of Bax, and increase the level of Bcl-2/Bax. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that LHA pre-administration could regulate the PI3K/Akt pathway by increasing BDNF levels, and play a neuroprotective role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Liling Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yagang Song
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Jinxin Miao
- National International Cooperation Base of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| | - Mingsan Miao
- National International Cooperation Base of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
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Maejima H, Kitahara M, Takamatsu Y, Mani H, Inoue T. Effects of exercise and pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) on epigenetic regulations and gene expressions crucial for neuronal plasticity in the motor cortex. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147191. [PMID: 33152341 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of epigenetic treatment using an histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitor in addition to aerobic exercise on the epigenetic markers and neurotrophic gene expressions in the motor cortex, to find a more enriched brain pre-conditioning for motor learning in neurorehabilitation. ICR mice were divided into four groups based on two factors: HDAC inhibition and exercise. Intraperitoneal administration of an HDAC inhibitor (1.2 g/kg sodium butyrate, NaB) and treadmill exercise (approximately at 10 m/min for 60 min) were conducted five days a week for four weeks. NaB administration inhibited total HDAC activity and enhanced acetylation level of histones specifically in histone H4, accompanying the increase of transcription levels of immediate-early genes (IEGs) (c-fos and Arc) and neurotrophins (BDNF and NT-4) crucial for neuroplasticity in the motor cortex. However, exercise enhanced HDAC activity and acetylation level of histone H4 and H3 without the modification of transcription levels. In addition, there were no synergic effects between HDAC inhibition and the exercise regime on the gene expressions. This study showed that HDAC inhibition could present more enriched condition for neuroplasticity to the motor cortex. However, exercise-induced neurotrophic gene expressions could depend on exercise regimen based on the intensity, the term etc. Therefore, this study has a novelty suggesting that pharmacological HDAC inhibition could be an alternative potent approach to present a neuronal platform with enriched neuroplasticity for motor learning and motor recovery, however, an appropriate exercise regimen is expected in this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maejima
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Mika Kitahara
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Takamatsu
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mani
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
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25
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Bushen-Tiansui Formula Improves Cognitive Functions in an A β 1-42 Fibril-Infused Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8874885. [PMID: 33029123 PMCID: PMC7532368 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8874885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bushen-Tiansui Formula (BTF) was empirically updated from a classical prescription named Kong-Sheng-Zhen-Zhong pill. It is based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory of the mutual relationship between the brain and the kidney and is intended to treat neurodegenerative diseases. This formulation has been used for several years to treat patients with Alzheimer's disease- (AD-) like symptoms in our clinical department. However, the medicinal ingredients and the mechanisms by which BTF improves cognition and memory functions have not been characterized. In this study, we used UPLC-MS to generate a chromatographic fingerprinting of BTF and identified five possible active ingredients, including stilbene glycoside; epimedin A1, B, and C; and icariin. We also showed that oral administration of BTF reversed the cognitive defects in an Aβ1–42 fibril-infused rat model of AD, protected synaptic ultrastructure in the CA1 region, and restored the expression of BDNF, synaptotagmin (Syt), and PSD95. These effects likely occurred through the BDNF-activated receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB)/Akt/CREB signaling pathway. Furthermore, BTF exhibited no short-term or chronic toxicity in rats. Together, these results provided a scientific support for the clinical use of BTF to improve learning and memory in patients with AD.
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Chang CM, Chou YH, Hsieh HH, Huange CK. The Effect of Participation Motivations on Interpersonal Relationships and Learning Achievement of Female College Students in Sports Club: Moderating Role of Club Involvement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186514. [PMID: 32906781 PMCID: PMC7559080 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the moderating effect of club involvement on the relationships of female college students’ sport club participation motivations for interpersonal relationships and learning achievement. Using cluster sampling, a structured questionnaire was distributed to 450 female college students located in northern, central, and southern Taiwan with a valid return rate of 96.2%. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis, the study found that the female college students’ participation motivations both affected interpersonal relationships and learning achievement positively. In addition, the moderating effects of club involvement on interpersonal relationships and learning achievement were both significant. Club involvement enhanced the effects of the female college students’ sport club participation motivations for interpersonal relationships and learning achievement. According to the results and discussion, practical application and future research suggestions were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Physical Education, Health & Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 62103, Taiwan; (C.-M.C.); (C.-K.H.)
| | - Yu-Hui Chou
- Department of Recreation and Leisure Industry Management, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Huey-Hong Hsieh
- Department of Leisure Management, Taiwan Shoufu University, Tainan 72153, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Cheng-Kai Huange
- Department of Physical Education, Health & Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 62103, Taiwan; (C.-M.C.); (C.-K.H.)
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Rajizadeh MA, Esmaeilpour K, Motamedy S, Mohtashami Borzadaranb F, Sheibani V. Cognitive Impairments of Sleep-Deprived Ovariectomized (OVX) Female Rats by Voluntary Exercise. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:573-586. [PMID: 33643551 PMCID: PMC7878057 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies demonstrated that forced and voluntary exercise had ameliorative effects on behavioral tasks followed by Sleep Deprivation (SD) in intact female rats. The main goal of this research was evaluating the impact of voluntary exercise on cognitive functions while SD and ovariectomization is induced in female wistar rats. Methods: The rats were anesthesized combining dosage of ketamine and xylazine. Then, both ovaries were eliminated and 3 weeks after surgery the animals entered the study. The exercise protocol took 4 weeks of voluntary exercise in a wheel which was connected to home cage. For inducing a 72 hours deprivation the multiple platforms was applied. The cognitive functions were studied by exploiting the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Novel object recognition tests. Anxiety was evaluated by open field test and corticostrone measurement was carried out by ELISA method. One-way and two-way ANOVA and repeated measures were utilized for data analysis and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We observed significant spatial and recognition learning and memory impairments in OVX sleep-deprived rats compared to the control group and voluntary exercise alleviated the SD-induced learning and memory defects. Conclusion: We concluded that voluntary exercise can improve cognitive impairments followed by SD in OVX female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sina Motamedy
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Sheibani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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28
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How the enriched get richer? Experience-dependent modulation of microRNAs and the therapeutic effects of environmental enrichment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 195:172940. [PMID: 32413435 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment and physical exercise have many well-established health benefits. Although these environmental manipulations are known to delay symptom onset and progression in a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. A notable candidate molecular mechanism is that of microRNA, a family of small noncoding RNAs that are important regulators of gene expression. Research investigating the many diverse roles of microRNAs has greatly expanded over the past decade, with several promising preclinical and clinical studies highlighting the role of dysregulated microRNA expression (in the brain, blood and other peripheral systems) in understanding the aetiology of disease. Altered microRNA levels have also been described following environmental interventions such as exercise and environmental enrichment in non-clinical populations and wild-type animals, as well as in some brain disorders and associated preclinical models. Recent studies exploring the effects of stimulating environments on microRNA levels in the brain have revealed an array of changes that are likely to have important downstream effects on gene expression, and thus may regulate a variety of cellular processes. Here we review literature that explores the differential expression of microRNAs in rodents following environmental enrichment and exercise, in both healthy control animals and preclinical models of relevance to neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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29
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Müller P, Duderstadt Y, Lessmann V, Müller NG. Lactate and BDNF: Key Mediators of Exercise Induced Neuroplasticity? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041136. [PMID: 32326586 PMCID: PMC7230639 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from animal and human studies supports the notion that physical exercise can enhance neuroplasticity and thus reduce the risk of several neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., dementia). However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of exercise induced neuroplasticity are still largely unknown. One potential mediator of exercise effects is the neurotrophin BDNF, which enhances neuroplasticity via different pathways (e.g., synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, long-term potentiation). Current research has shown that (i) increased peripheral lactate levels (following high intensity exercise) are associated with increased peripheral BDNF levels, (ii) lactate infusion at rest can increase peripheral and central BDNF levels and (iii) lactate plays a very complex role in the brain’s metabolism. In this review, we summarize the role and relationship of lactate and BDNF in exercise induced neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (Y.D.); (N.G.M.)
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Yves Duderstadt
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (Y.D.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Volkmar Lessmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (Y.D.); (N.G.M.)
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Maternal Treadmill Exercise Reduces the Neurotoxicity of Prenatal Sevoflurane Exposure in Rats via Activation of p300 Histone Acetyltransferase. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1626-1635. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Sasan H, Hashemabadi M, Amandadi M, Ravan H. Alteration in the Expression of Parkinson’s-Related Genes in Rat Hippocampus by Exercise and Morphine Treatments. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Mohseni I, Peeri M, Azarbayjani MA. Dietary supplementation with Salvia officinalis L. and aerobic training attenuates memory deficits via the CREB-BDNF pathway in amyloid beta- injected rats. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 2020; 1:119-132. [DOI: 10.29252/jmp.1.73.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
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da Costa Daniele TM, de Bruin PFC, de Matos RS, de Bruin GS, Maia Chaves C, de Bruin VMS. Exercise effects on brain and behavior in healthy mice, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease model-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res 2020; 383:112488. [PMID: 31991178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examines how exercise modifies brain and behavior in healthy mice, dementia (D) and Parkinson disease (PD) models. A search was performed on the Medline and Scopus electronic databases (2008-2019). Search terms were "mice", "brain", "treadmill", "exercise", "physical exercise". In the total, 430 were found but only 103 were included. Animals n = 1,172; exercised 4-8 weeks (Range 24 h to 32 weeks), 60 min/day (Range 8-120 min per day), and 10/12 m/min (Range 0.2 m/min to 36 m/min). Hippocampus, cerebral cortex, striatum and whole brain were more frequently investigated. Exercise improved learning and memory. Meta-analysis showed that exercise increased: cerebral BDNF in health (n = 150; z = 5.8, CI 3.43-12.05; p < 0.001 I2 = 94.3 %), D (n = 124; z = 4.18, CI = 2.22-9.12; p < 0.001; I2 = 93.7 %) and PD (n = 16 z = 4.26, CI 5.03-48.73 p < 0.001 I2 = 94.8 %). TrkB improved in health (n = 84 z = 5.49, CI 3.8-17.73 p < 0.001, I2 = 0.000) and PD (n = 22; z = 3.1, CI = 2.58-67.3, p < 0.002 I2 = 93.8 %). Neurogenesis increased in health (n = 68; z = 7.08, CI 5.65-21.25 p < 0.001; I2 17.58) and D model (n = 116; z = 4.18, CI 2.22-9.12 p < 0.001 I2 93.7 %). Exercise augmented amyloid clearance (n = 166; z = 7.51 CI = 4.86-14.85, p < 0.001 I2 = 58.72) and reduced amyloid plaques in D models (n = 49; z = 4.65, CI = 3.94-15.3 p < 0.001 I2 = 0.000). In conclusion, exercise improved brain and behavior, neurogenesis in healthy and dementia models, reduced toxicity and cerebral amyloid. Evidence regarding inflammation, oxidative stress and energy metabolism were scarce. Studies examining acute vs chronic exercise, extreme training and the durability of exercise benefit were rare. Vascular or glucose metabolism changes were seldom reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Medeiros da Costa Daniele
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Sleep and Biological Rhythms Laboratory, UFC, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR).
| | - Pedro Felipe Carvalhedo de Bruin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Sleep and Biological Rhythms Laboratory, UFC, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil.
| | - Robson Salviano de Matos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Sleep and Biological Rhythms Laboratory, UFC, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Sales de Bruin
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, United States.
| | - Cauby Maia Chaves
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil; Departamento de Clínica Odontológica, UFC, Brazil.
| | - Veralice Meireles Sales de Bruin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Sleep and Biological Rhythms Laboratory, UFC, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil.
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Mes D, Palstra AP, Henkel CV, Mayer I, Vindas MA. Swimming exercise enhances brain plasticity in fish. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191640. [PMID: 32218982 PMCID: PMC7029906 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well-established that sustained exercise training can enhance brain plasticity and boost cognitive performance in mammals, but this phenomenon has not received much attention in fish. The aim of this study was to determine whether sustained swimming exercise can enhance brain plasticity in juvenile Atlantic salmon. Brain plasticity was assessed by both mapping the whole telencephalon transcriptome and conducting telencephalic region-specific microdissections on target genes. We found that 1772 transcripts were differentially expressed between the exercise and control groups. Gene ontology (GO) analysis identified 195 and 272 GO categories with a significant overrepresentation of up- or downregulated transcripts, respectively. A multitude of these GO categories was associated with neuronal excitability, neuronal signalling, cell proliferation and neurite outgrowth (i.e. cognition-related neuronal markers). Additionally, we found an increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) after both three and eight weeks of exercise in the equivalent to the hippocampus in fish. Furthermore, the expression of the neural plasticity markers synaptotagmin (syt) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) were also increased due to exercise in the equivalent to the lateral septum in fish. In conclusion, this is the first time that swimming exercise has been directly linked to increased telencephalic neurogenesis and neural plasticity in a teleost, and our results pave the way for future studies on exercise-induced neuroplasticity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Mes
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arjan P. Palstra
- Wageningen University and Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan V. Henkel
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian Mayer
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco A. Vindas
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Uni Environment, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway
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Distinct Genetic Signatures of Cortical and Subcortical Regions Associated with Human Memory. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0283-19.2019. [PMID: 31818829 PMCID: PMC6917897 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0283-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery of gene variants linked to memory performance, understanding the genetic basis of adult human memory remains a challenge. Here, we devised an unsupervised framework that relies on spatial correlations between human transcriptome data and functional neuroimaging maps to uncover the genetic signatures of memory in functionally-defined cortical and subcortical memory regions. Despite the discovery of gene variants linked to memory performance, understanding the genetic basis of adult human memory remains a challenge. Here, we devised an unsupervised framework that relies on spatial correlations between human transcriptome data and functional neuroimaging maps to uncover the genetic signatures of memory in functionally-defined cortical and subcortical memory regions. Results were validated with animal literature and showed that our framework is highly effective in identifying memory-related processes and genes compared to a control cognitive function. Genes preferentially expressed in cortical memory regions are linked to memory-related processes such as immune and epigenetic regulation. Genes expressed in subcortical memory regions are associated with neurogenesis and glial cell differentiation. Genes expressed in both cortical and subcortical memory areas are involved in the regulation of transcription, synaptic plasticity, and glutamate receptor signaling. Furthermore, distinct memory-associated genes such as PRKCD and CDK5 are linked to cortical and subcortical regions, respectively. Thus, cortical and subcortical memory regions exhibit distinct genetic signatures that potentially reflect functional differences in health and disease, and nominates gene candidates for future experimental investigations.
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Venezia AC, Hyer MM, Glasper ER, Roth SM, Quinlan EM. Acute forced exercise increases Bdnf IV mRNA and reduces exploratory behavior in C57BL/6J mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 19:e12617. [PMID: 31621198 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise has been shown to improve memory in humans. Potential mechanisms include increased Bdnf expression, noradrenergic activity and modification of glutamate receptors. Because mice are commonly used to study exercise and brain plasticity, it is important to explore how acute exercise impacts behavior in this model. C57BL/6J mice were assigned to three groups: control, moderate-intensity running, and high-intensity running. Control mice were placed on a stationary treadmill for 30 minutes and moderate- and high-intensity mice ran for 30 minutes at 12 and 15-17 m/min, respectively. Mice were sacrificed immediately after running and the hippocampus removed. Total Bdnf, Bdnf exon IV, and glutamate receptor subunits were quantified with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Total and phosphorylated GluR1 (Ser845 and Ser831) protein was quantified following immunoblotting. Utilizing the same protocol for control and high-intensity running, object location memory was examined in a separate cohort of mice. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed in the open field task (OFT) in a third cohort of mice that were separated into four groups: control-saline, control-DSP-4, acute exercise-saline, and acute exercise-DSP-4. DSP-4 was used to lesion the central noradrenergic system. We observed higher Bdnf IV mRNA in high-intensity runners compared to controls, but no effects of acute exercise on memory. In the OFT, runners traveled less distance and spent more time grooming than controls. DSP-4 did not attenuate the effects of exercise. A single bout of exercise increases Bdnf IV mRNA in an intensity-dependent manner; however, high-intensity running reduces exploratory behavior in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Venezia
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania
| | - Molly M Hyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Erica R Glasper
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Stephen M Roth
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Lee JB, Lee HJ, Lee SJ, Kim TW. Blood dopamine level enhanced by caffeine in men after treadmill running. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2019; 62:279-284. [PMID: 31793465 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_59_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma dopamine and serum serotonin levels in humans with and without caffeine (CAFF) ingestion during treadmill running exercise. Thirty male volunteers participated in the randomized experiment involving two groups: CON (n = 15, 200 mL of tap water) versus CAFF (n = 15, 3 mg/kg CAFF and 200 mL tap water). After treadmill running, the dopamine level was significantly increased in the CAFF group (P < 0.01) and was significantly higher than in the CON group (P < 0.01). Serotonin was significantly increased in both groups after treadmill running (P < 0.05). However, serotonin levels showed no significant statistical difference between the groups. Prolactin and cortisol were significantly increased in both groups after treadmill running (P < 0.01). However, there was no significant statistical difference between groups. β-endorphin level was significantly increased in the CAFF group at after treadmill running (P < 0.01) and was significantly higher than in CON after treadmill running (P < 0.01). In conclusion, 3 mg/kg CAFF ingestion before treadmill running stimulated dopamine release without inhibiting serotonin, which may reduce central fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Beom Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seung-Jea Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-Si, Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Korea
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Abstract
Objective: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been hypothesized as a potential mechanism through which exercise may subserve memory function. The present review specifically evaluates this hypothesis.Methods: Studies were identified using electronic databases, including PubMed, PsychInfo, Sports Discus and Google Scholar.Results: In total, 52 articles met the study criteria, and among these, 36 were conducted in an animal model and 16 among humans. Among the animal experiments, 100% of them demonstrated that chronic exercise improved memory function; 97% demonstrated an exercise-induced increase in BDNF; and among the eight evaluating BDNF as a mediator, 100% provided evidence that BDNF mediated the relationship between exercise and memory. The findings in the human studies were mixed. Among the human studies, 44% demonstrated that varying exercise protocols improved memory and increased BDNF levels, and among the studies evaluating BDNF as a mediator, 40% provided evidence that BDNF mediated the relationship between exercise and memory.Conclusion: In animal models, chronic exercise training robustly increases BDNF and improves memory performance, with reasonable evidence to also suggest that BDNF may mediate the exercise-memory interaction. These interrelationships, however, are less clear among humans. Future research among humans, in particular, is needed to evaluate the extent to which BDNF may mediate the relationship between exercise and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Enhancing effect of aerobic training on learning and memory performance in rats after long-term treatment with Lacosamide via BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway. Behav Brain Res 2019; 370:111963. [PMID: 31116960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic training has a neuroprotective effect, reduces the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases and facilitates functional recovery. The present study assesses the effect of aerobic training on cognitive functions, hippocampal BDNF/TrkB ligand receptor system expression and serum levels of BDNF and corticosterone in intact rats after chronic treatment with Lacosamide (LCM). Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. One group was exercised on a treadmill (Ex) and the other one was sedentary (Sed). Half of the rats from each group received saline (veh) while the other half - LCM. The rats underwent a month-long training and LCM treatment before being subjected to one active and two passive avoidance tests. Both trained groups increased significantly the number of avoidances compared with the sedentary animals during the learning session and on memory retention tests, while the number of avoidances of the LCM-treated rats was significantly lower in comparison with the saline-treated animals. Both passive avoidance tests revealed that trained animals spent more time in the lighted compartment or caused longer stay on the platform than did the sedentary rats during acquisition and short- and long-term memory retention tests. Aerobic training increased BDNF and TrkB hippocampal immunoreactivity. We found no significant difference between BDNF serum levels but corticosterone levels of the Sed-LCM rats were lower than those of the Sed-veh animals. Our results show that aerobic training increases the hippocampal BDNF/TrkB expression suggesting a role in preventing the negative effect of Lacosamide on cognitive functions in rats.
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Rosa JM, Pazini FL, Olescowicz G, Camargo A, Moretti M, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Prophylactic effect of physical exercise on Aβ 1-40-induced depressive-like behavior: Role of BDNF, mTOR signaling, cell proliferation and survival in the hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 94:109646. [PMID: 31078612 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive impairments as well as non-cognitive symptoms such as depressed mood. Physical exercise has been proposed as a preventive strategy against AD and depression, an effect that may be related, at least partially, to its ability to prevent impairments on cell proliferation and neuronal survival in the hippocampus, a structure implicated in both cognition and affective behavior. Here, we investigated the ability of treadmill exercise (4 weeks) to counteract amyloid β1-40 peptide-induced depressive-like and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Moreover, we addressed the role of the BDNF/mTOR intracellular signaling pathway as well as hippocampal cell proliferation and survival in the effects of physical exercise and/or Aβ1-40. Aβ1-40 administration (400 pmol/mouse, i.c.v.) increased immobility time and reduced the latency to immobility in the forced swim test, a finding indicative of depressive-like behavior. In addition, Aβ1-40 administration also decreased time spent in the center of the open field and increased grooming and defecation, alterations indicative of anxiety-like behavior. These behavioral alterations were accompanied by a reduction in the levels of mature BDNF and mTOR (Ser2448) phosphorylation in the hippocampus. In addition, Aß1-40 administration reduced cell proliferation and survival in the ventral, dorsal and entire dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Importantly, most of these behavioral, neurochemical and structural impairments induced by Aβ1-40 were not observed in mice subjected to 4 weeks of treadmill exercise. These findings indicate that physical exercise has the potential to prevent the occurrence of early emotional disturbances associated with AD and this appears to be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of hippocampal BDNF and mTOR signaling as well as through promotion of cell proliferation and survival in the hippocampal DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Francis L Pazini
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Olescowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Camargo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
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Tsai SF, Liu YW, Kuo YM. Acute and long-term treadmill running differentially induce c-Fos expression in region- and time-dependent manners in mouse brain. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2677-2689. [PMID: 31352506 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute and long-term exercise differentially affect brain functions. It has been suggested that neuronal activation is one of the mechanisms for exercise-induced enhancement of brain functions. However, the differential effects of acute and long-term exercise on the spatial and temporal profiles of neuronal activation in the brain have been scarcely explored. In this study, we profiled the expression of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, in selected 26 brain regions of 2-month-old male C57/B6 mice that received either a single bout of treadmill running (acute exercise) or a 4-week treadmill training (long-term exercise) at the same duration (1 h/day) and intensity (10 m/min). The c-Fos expression was determined before, immediately after, and 2 h after the run. The results showed that acute exercise increased the densities of c-Fos+ cells in the ventral hippocampal CA1 region, followed by (in a high to low order) the primary somatosensory cortex, other hippocampal subregions, and striatum immediately after the run; significant changes remained evident in the hippocampal subregions after a 2-h rest. Long-term exercise increased the densities of c-Fos+ cells in the striatum, followed by the primary somatosensory, primary and secondary motor cortices, hippocampal subregions, hypothalamic nuclei, and lateral periaqueductal gray; significant changes remained evident in the striatum, hippocampal subregions, hypothalamic nuclei, and lateral periaqueductal gray after a 2-h rest. Interestingly, the densities of c-Fos+ cells in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area only increased after a 2-h rest after the run in the long-term exercise group. The densities of c-Fos+ cells were positively correlated with the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the selected brain regions. In conclusion, both acute and long-term treadmill running at mild intensity induce c-Fos expression in the limbic system and movement-associated cortical and subcortical regions, with long-term exercise involving more brain regions (i.e., hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray) and longer lasting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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42
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The effect of exercise on memory and BDNF signaling is dependent on intensity. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1975-1985. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Wang CC, Alderman B, Wu CH, Chi L, Chen SR, Chu IH, Chang YK. Effects of Acute Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Cognitive Function and Salivary Cortisol Responses. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 41:73-81. [PMID: 31046565 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2018-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the comparative effectiveness of aerobic vs. resistance exercise on cognitive function. In addition, salivary cortisol responses, as an indicator of arousal-related neuroendocrine responses, were assessed as a potential mechanism underlying the effects of these 2 modes of acute exercise on cognition. Forty-two young adults were recruited and performed the Stroop task after 1 session of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and a sedentary condition performed on separate days. Saliva samples were collected at baseline and immediately and 30 min after treatment conditions. Acute exercise, regardless of exercise modality, improved multiple aspects of cognitive function as reflected by the Stroop task. Cortisol responses were higher after both modes of acute exercise compared with the sedentary condition and were higher at baseline and 30 min afterward compared with immediately after treatment conditions. These findings suggest that acute exercise of moderate intensity facilitates cognitive function, and, although salivary cortisol is influenced by acute exercise, levels were not related to improvements in cognition.
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Mohammadi S, Oryan S, Komaki A, Eidi A, Zarei M. Effects of Hippocampal Microinjection of Irisin, an Exercise-Induced Myokine, on Spatial and Passive Avoidance Learning and Memory in Male Rats. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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45
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Derafshpour L, Saboory E, Vafaei AA, Rashidy-Pour A, Roshan-Milani S, Rasmi Y, Panahi Y, Sameni H. Interactive Effects of Exercise, Sex Hormones, and Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism on Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Slices of Rat Offspring. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019; 10:119-135. [PMID: 31031899 PMCID: PMC6484195 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The long-term adverse effects of transient thyroid function abnormalities at birth on intellectual development are proven. The effect of exercise increases in the presence of sex hormones. The current study aimed at investigating the possibility that a combination of sex hormones and exercise has synergistic effects on neural plasticity in Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism (TCH) rats. Methods: To induce hypothyroidism in the mothers, Propylthiouracil (PTU) was added to drinking water (100 mg/L) on the 6th day of gestation and continued until the 21st Postnatal Day. From Postnatal Day (PND) 28 to 47, the female and male pups received 17β-estradiol and testosterone, respectively. The mild treadmill exercise began 30 minutes after the sex hormones or vehicle administration. On PND 48, electrophysiological experiments were performed on brain slices. Results: Increase of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) was observed in sedentary-non-hormone female rats of TCH group, compared with that of the control. The exercise enhanced LTP in control rats, but the hormones showed no significant effect. The effect of exercise and sex hormone was not significant in the TCH group. The combination of exercise and testosterone enhanced LTP in TCH male rats, while the combination of exercise and estradiol or each of them individually did not produce such an effect on LTP in TCH female rats. Conclusion: The study findings showed an increase in excitatory transmission despite the returning of thyroid hormone levels to normal range in TCH female rats. Also a combination treatment including exercise and testosterone enhanced LTP in male rats of TCH group, which was a gender-specific event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Derafshpour
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yousef Panahi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Sameni
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Brain Functional Reserve in the Context of Neuroplasticity after Stroke. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:9708905. [PMID: 30936915 PMCID: PMC6415310 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9708905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second cause of death and more importantly first cause of disability in people over 40 years of age. Current therapeutic management of ischemic stroke does not provide fully satisfactory outcomes. Stroke management has significantly changed since the time when there were opened modern stroke units with early motor and speech rehabilitation in hospitals. In recent decades, researchers searched for biomarkers of ischemic stroke and neuroplasticity in order to determine effective diagnostics, prognostic assessment, and therapy. Complex background of events following ischemic episode hinders successful design of effective therapeutic strategies. So far, studies have proven that regeneration after stroke and recovery of lost functions may be assigned to neuronal plasticity understood as ability of brain to reorganize and rebuild as an effect of changed environmental conditions. As many neuronal processes influencing neuroplasticity depend on expression of particular genes and genetic diversity possibly influencing its effectiveness, knowledge on their mechanisms is necessary to understand this process. Epigenetic mechanisms occurring after stroke was briefly discussed in this paper including several mechanisms such as synaptic plasticity; neuro-, glio-, and angiogenesis processes; and growth of axon.
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Dysregulation of Glycogen Metabolism with Concomitant Spatial Memory Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Beneficial Effects of Chronic Exercise. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:363-383. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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Lin TW, Tsai SF, Kuo YM. Physical Exercise Enhances Neuroplasticity and Delays Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:95-110. [PMID: 30564549 PMCID: PMC6296269 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that exercise can improve learning and memory as well as attenuate neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in various brain regions, exercise also modulates systems like angiogenesis and glial activation that are known to support neuroplasticity. Moreover, exercise helps to maintain a cerebral microenvironment that facilitates synaptic plasticity by enhancing the clearance of Aβ, one of the main culprits of AD pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the positive impacts of exercise on promoting neuroplasticity. Possible mechanisms involved in exercise-modulated neuroplasticity are also discussed. Undoubtedly, more studies are needed to design an optimal personalized exercise protocol for enhancing brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Dinoff A, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Gallagher D, Lanctôt KL. The effect of exercise on resting concentrations of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 105:123-131. [PMID: 30219561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise interventions have been shown to successfully improve depression in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), but like other forms of antidepressant treatment, exercise is not effective in all patients and its mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key mediator of neurogenesis and neuronal survival, has been shown to be decreased in individuals with MDD. One potential mechanism by which exercise alleviates depression is through an increase in BDNF. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies that assessed the effects of a chronic (multi-week) exercise intervention on BDNF concentrations in MDD patients. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Source, and CINAHL databases were searched for original, peer-reviewed reports of peripheral blood BDNF concentrations before and after a chronic exercise intervention in MDD patients. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were generated from random effects models. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored in meta-regression analyses. In six studies that met inclusion criteria, resting blood concentrations of BDNF were not significantly higher after a chronic exercise intervention (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI: -0.06-0.92, p = 0.09) in MDD patients. This meta-analysis did not find evidence that a chronic aerobic exercise intervention increases resting concentrations of BDNF in the blood of MDD patients; however, there is a lack of studies in this area making it difficult to reach a definitive conclusion. Future studies on this topic with larger sample sizes and longer durations are needed to draw more robust conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Dinoff
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Damien Gallagher
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Treadmill Exercise Ameliorates Spatial Learning and Memory Deficits Through Improving the Clearance of Peripheral and Central Amyloid-Beta Levels. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1561-1574. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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