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Cyr JA, Burdett C, Pürstl JT, Thompson RP, Troughton SC, Sinha S, Best SM, Cameron RE. Characterizing collagen scaffold compliance with native myocardial strains using an ex-vivo cardiac model: The physio-mechanical influence of scaffold architecture and attachment method. Acta Biomater 2024; 184:239-253. [PMID: 38942187 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Applied to the epicardium in-vivo, regenerative cardiac patches support the ventricular wall, reduce wall stresses, encourage ventricular wall thickening, and improve ventricular function. Scaffold engraftment, however, remains a challenge. After implantation, scaffolds are subject to the complex, time-varying, biomechanical environment of the myocardium. The mechanical capacity of engineered tissue to biomimetically deform and simultaneously support the damaged native tissue is crucial for its efficacy. To date, however, the biomechanical response of engineered tissue applied directly to live myocardium has not been characterized. In this paper, we utilize optical imaging of a Langendorff ex-vivo cardiac model to characterize the native deformation of the epicardium as well as that of attached engineered scaffolds. We utilize digital image correlation, linear strain, and 2D principal strain analysis to assess the mechanical compliance of acellular ice templated collagen scaffolds. Scaffolds had either aligned or isotropic porous architecture and were adhered directly to the live epicardial surface with either sutures or cyanoacrylate glue. We demonstrate that the biomechanical characteristics of native myocardial deformation on the epicardial surface can be reproduced by an ex-vivo cardiac model. Furthermore, we identified that scaffolds with unidirectionally aligned pores adhered with suture fixation most accurately recapitulated the deformation of the native epicardium. Our study contributes a translational characterization methodology to assess the physio-mechanical performance of engineered cardiac tissue and adds to the growing body of evidence showing that anisotropic scaffold architecture improves the functional biomimetic capacity of engineered cardiac tissue. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Engineered cardiac tissue offers potential for myocardial repair, but engraftment remains a challenge. In-vivo, engineered scaffolds are subject to complex biomechanical stresses and the mechanical capacity of scaffolds to biomimetically deform is critical. To date, the biomechanical response of engineered scaffolds applied to live myocardium has not been characterized. In this paper, we utilize optical imaging of an ex-vivo cardiac model to characterize the deformation of the native epicardium and scaffolds attached directly to the heart. Comparing scaffold architecture and fixation method, we demonstrate that sutured scaffolds with anisotropic pores aligned with the native alignment of the superficial myocardium best recapitulate native deformation. Our study contributes a physio-mechanical characterization methodology for cardiac tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Cyr
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Clare Burdett
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Julia T Pürstl
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Robert P Thompson
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Samuel C Troughton
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Serena M Best
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Ruth E Cameron
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
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2
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Garrud TAC, Teulings NEWD, Niu Y, Skeffington KL, Beck C, Itani N, Conlon FG, Botting KJ, Nicholas LM, Tong W, Derks JB, Ozanne SE, Giussani DA. Molecular mechanisms underlying adverse effects of dexamethasone and betamethasone in the developing cardiovascular system. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22887. [PMID: 37132324 PMCID: PMC10946807 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200676rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antenatal glucocorticoids accelerate fetal lung maturation and reduce mortality in preterm babies but can trigger adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms underlying off-target effects of the synthetic glucocorticoids mostly used, Dexamethasone (Dex) and Betamethasone (Beta), are unknown. We investigated effects of Dex and Beta on cardiovascular structure and function, and underlying molecular mechanism using the chicken embryo, an established model system to isolate effects of therapy on the developing heart and vasculature, independent of effects on the mother or placenta. Fertilized eggs were treated with Dex (0.1 mg kg-1 ), Beta (0.1 mg kg-1 ), or water vehicle (Control) on embryonic day 14 (E14, term = 21 days). At E19, biometry, cardiovascular function, stereological, and molecular analyses were determined. Both glucocorticoids promoted growth restriction, with Beta being more severe. Beta compared with Dex induced greater cardiac diastolic dysfunction and also impaired systolic function. While Dex triggered cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, Beta promoted a decrease in cardiomyocyte number. Molecular changes of Dex on the developing heart included oxidative stress, activation of p38, and cleaved caspase 3. In contrast, impaired GR downregulation, activation of p53, p16, and MKK3 coupled with CDK2 transcriptional repression linked the effects of Beta on cardiomyocyte senescence. Beta but not Dex impaired NO-dependent relaxation of peripheral resistance arteries. Beta diminished contractile responses to potassium and phenylephrine, but Dex enhanced peripheral constrictor reactivity to endothelin-1. We conclude that Dex and Beta have direct differential detrimental effects on the developing cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa A. C. Garrud
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Noor E. W. D. Teulings
- Institute of Metabolic Science‐Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases UnitUniversity of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUK
| | - Youguo Niu
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Katie L. Skeffington
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Christian Beck
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Nozomi Itani
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Fiona G. Conlon
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kimberley J. Botting
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lisa M. Nicholas
- Institute of Metabolic Science‐Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases UnitUniversity of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUK
| | - Wen Tong
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jan B. Derks
- Department of Perinatal MedicineUniversity Medical CentreUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Susan E. Ozanne
- Institute of Metabolic Science‐Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases UnitUniversity of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUK
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre for Research ExcellenceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Strategic Research Initiative in ReproductionUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Dino A. Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre for Research ExcellenceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Strategic Research Initiative in ReproductionUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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3
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Kane AD, Herrera EA, Niu Y, Camm EJ, Allison BJ, Tijsseling D, Lusby C, Derks JB, Brain KL, Bronckers IM, Cross CM, Berends L, Giussani DA. Combined Statin and Glucocorticoid Therapy for the Safer Treatment of Preterm Birth. Hypertension 2023; 80:837-851. [PMID: 36724801 PMCID: PMC10017302 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prematurity is strongly associated with poor respiratory function in the neonate. Rescue therapies include treatment with glucocorticoids due to their anti-inflammatory and maturational effects on the developing lung. However, glucocorticoid treatment in the infant can increase the risk of long-term cardiovascular complications including hypertension, cardiac, and endothelial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence implicates a molecular link between glucocorticoid excess and depletion of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability as a mechanism underlying the detrimental effects of postnatal steroids on the heart and circulation. Therefore, combined glucocorticoid and statin therapy, by increasing NO bioavailability, may protect the developing cardiovascular system while maintaining beneficial effects on the lung. METHODS We investigated combined glucocorticoid and statin therapy using an established rodent model of prematurity and combined experiments of cardiovascular function in vivo, with those in isolated organs as well as measurements at the cellular and molecular levels. RESULTS We show that neonatal glucocorticoid treatment increases the risk of later cardiovascular dysfunction in the offspring. Underlying mechanisms include decreased circulating NO bioavailability, sympathetic hyper-reactivity, and NO-dependent endothelial dysfunction. Combined neonatal glucocorticoid and statin therapy protects the developing cardiovascular system by normalizing NO and sympathetic signaling, without affecting pulmonary maturational or anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, combined glucocorticoid and statin therapy may be safer than glucocorticoids alone for the treatment of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Kane
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
| | - Emilio A. Herrera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
- Laboratory of Vascular Function & Reactivity, Pathophysiology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (E.A.H.)
| | - Youguo Niu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
- The Cambridge BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., D.A.G.)
- The Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., D.A.G.)
| | - Emily J. Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (E.J.C., B.J.A.)
| | - Beth J. Allison
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (E.J.C., B.J.A.)
| | - Deodata Tijsseling
- Perinatal Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (D.T., J.B.D.)
| | - Ciara Lusby
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
| | - Jan B. Derks
- Perinatal Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (D.T., J.B.D.)
| | - Kirsty L. Brain
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
| | - Inge M. Bronckers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, the Netherlands (I.M.B.)
| | - Christine M. Cross
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
| | - Lindsey Berends
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (L.B.)
| | - Dino A. Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
- The Cambridge BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., D.A.G.)
- The Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., D.A.G.)
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4
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Sacco A, Cornish EF, Marlow N, David AL, Giussani DA. The effect of antenatal corticosteroid use on offspring cardiovascular function: A systematic review. BJOG 2023; 130:325-333. [PMID: 36209465 PMCID: PMC10092187 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) are recommended in threatened preterm labour to improve short-term neonatal outcome. Preclinical animal studies suggest detrimental effects of ACS exposure on offspring cardiac development; their effects in humans are unknown. OBJECTIVES To systematically review the human clinical literature to determine the effects of ACS on offspring cardiovascular function. SEARCH STRATEGY A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. SELECTION CRITERIA Offspring who had been exposed to ACS during fetal life, in comparison with those not receiving steroids, those receiving a placebo or population data, were included. Studies not performed in humans or that did not assess cardiovascular function were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently screened the studies, extracted the data and assessed the quality of the studies. Results were combined descriptively and analysed using a standardised Excel form. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-six studies including 1921 patients were included, most of which were cohort studies of mixed quality. The type of ACS exposure, gestational age at exposure, dose and number of administrations varied widely. Offspring cardiovascular outcomes were assessed from 1 day to 36 years postnatally. The most commonly assessed parameter was arterial blood pressure (18 studies), followed by echocardiography (eight studies), heart rate (five studies), electrocardiogram (ECG, three studies) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, one study). There were no clinically significant effects of ACS exposure on offspring blood pressure. However, there were insufficient studies assessing cardiac structure and function using echocardiography or cardiac MRI to be able to determine an effect. CONCLUSIONS The administration of ACS is not associated with long-term effects on blood pressure in exposed human offspring. The effects on cardiac structure and other measures of cardiac function were unclear because of the small number, heterogeneity and mixed quality of the studies. Given the preclinical and human evidence of potential harm following ACS exposure, there is a need for further research to assess central cardiac function in human offspring exposed to ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalina Sacco
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Fetal Medicine UnitUniversity College London HospitalsLondonUK
| | - Emily F. Cornish
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Neil Marlow
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anna L. David
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Fetal Medicine UnitUniversity College London HospitalsLondonUK
| | - Dino A. Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cambridge BHF Centre for Research ExcellenceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative in ReproductionUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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5
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Effect of Preterm Birth on Cardiac and Cardiomyocyte Growth and the Consequences of Antenatal and Postnatal Glucocorticoid Treatment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173896. [PMID: 34501343 PMCID: PMC8432182 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth coincides with a key developmental window of cardiac growth and maturation, and thus has the potential to influence long-term cardiac function. Individuals born preterm have structural cardiac remodelling and altered cardiac growth and function by early adulthood. The evidence linking preterm birth and cardiovascular disease in later life is mounting. Advances in the perinatal care of preterm infants, such as glucocorticoid therapy, have improved survival rates, but at what cost? This review highlights the short-term and long-term impact of preterm birth on the structure and function of the heart and focuses on the impact of antenatal and postnatal glucocorticoid treatment on the immature preterm heart.
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6
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Spiroski AM, Niu Y, Nicholas LM, Austin-Williams S, Camm EJ, Sutherland MR, Ashmore TJ, Skeffington KL, Logan A, Ozanne SE, Murphy MP, Giussani DA. Mitochondria antioxidant protection against cardiovascular dysfunction programmed by early-onset gestational hypoxia. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21446. [PMID: 33788974 PMCID: PMC7612077 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002705r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-derived oxidative stress during fetal development increases cardiovascular risk in adult offspring of pregnancies complicated by chronic fetal hypoxia. We investigated the efficacy of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ in preventing cardiovascular dysfunction in adult rat offspring exposed to gestational hypoxia, integrating functional experiments in vivo, with those at the isolated organ and molecular levels. Rats were randomized to normoxic or hypoxic (13%-14% O2 ) pregnancy ± MitoQ (500 μM day-1 ) in the maternal drinking water. At 4 months of age, one cohort of male offspring was chronically instrumented with vascular catheters and flow probes to test in vivo cardiovascular function. In a second cohort, the heart was isolated and mounted onto a Langendorff preparation. To establish mechanisms linking gestational hypoxia with cardiovascular dysfunction and protection by MitoQ, we quantified the expression of antioxidant system, β-adrenergic signaling, and calcium handling genes in the fetus and adult, in frozen tissues from a third cohort. Maternal MitoQ in hypoxic pregnancy protected offspring against increased α1 -adrenergic reactivity of the cardiovascular system, enhanced reactive hyperemia in peripheral vascular beds, and sympathetic dominance, hypercontractility and diastolic dysfunction in the heart. Inhibition of Nfe2l2-mediated oxidative stress in the fetal heart and preservation of calcium regulatory responses in the hearts of fetal and adult offspring link molecular mechanisms to the protective actions of MitoQ treatment of hypoxic pregnancy. Therefore, these data show the efficacy of MitoQ in buffering mitochondrial stress through NADPH-induced oxidative damage and the prevention of programmed cardiovascular disease in adult offspring of hypoxic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Mishel Spiroski
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, Cambridge, UK
| | - Youguo Niu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa M Nicholas
- Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shani Austin-Williams
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Megan R Sutherland
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas J Ashmore
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katie L Skeffington
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela Logan
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.,Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, Cambridge, UK.,Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Hess RM, Niu Y, Garrud TAC, Botting KJ, Ford SG, Giussani DA. Embryonic cardioprotection by hydrogen sulphide: studies of isolated cardiac function and ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the chicken embryo. J Physiol 2020; 598:4197-4208. [PMID: 32705691 DOI: 10.1113/jp279978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS In mammals, pregnancy complications can trigger an embryonic or fetal origin of cardiac dysfunction. However, underlying mechanisms remain uncertain because the partial contributions of the challenge on the mother, placenta or offspring are difficult to disentangle. The avian embryo permits isolation of the direct effects of suboptimal conditions during development on the cardiac function of the offspring, independent of additional effects on the mother and/or the placenta. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to adapt the isolated Langendorff technique using the chicken embryo to study the physiology of the developing heart. Here, we introduce a novel technique and show the utility of the technique for exploring cardioprotective roles of H2 S in the chicken embryo heart. This work lays the foundation for studying the direct effects of H2 S therapy on the embryonic heart independent of effects on the mother and the placenta in adverse development. ABSTRACT This study adapted the isolated Langendorff preparation to study the chicken embryo heart in response to ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The utility of the technique was tested by investigating cardioprotective effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) and underlying mechanisms. Embryonic hearts (19 out of 21 days of incubation) mounted on a Langendorff preparation were exposed to IR (30 min ischaemia) after 4 treatments administered randomly, all as a 1 mm bolus, into the perfusate: saline vehicle (control); sodium hydrogen sulphide (NaHS); NaHS plus glibenclamide, an antagonist of KATP opening (NaHS Glib), and Glib alone (Glib). Relative to controls, NaHS treatment improved cardiac function after ischaemia (mean ± SD for area under the curve, AUC, for left ventricular developed pressure, LVDP: 1767.3 ± 929.5 vs. 492.7 ± 308.1; myocardial contractility, dP/dtmax : 2748.9 ± 1514.9 vs. 763.7 ± 433.1) and decreased infarct size (22.7 ± 8.0 vs. 43.9 ± 4.2%) and cardiac damage (% change in creatinine kinase, 49.3 ± 41.3 vs. 214.6 ± 155.1; all P < 0.05). Beneficial effects of NaHS were blocked by Glib. Glib alone had no effects. NaHS increased coronary flow rate (CFR) during baseline (mean ± SD for AUC: 134.3 ± 91.6 vs. 92.2 ± 35.8) and post IR (1467 ± 529.5 vs. 748.0 ± 222.1; both P < 0.05). However, this effect was not prevented by Glib. Therefore, the chicken embryo heart is amenable for study via the Langendorff preparation under basal conditions and during IR. The data show that H2 S confers embryonic cardiac protection via opening of myocardial KATP channels and not via increasing CFR. H2 S may prove a useful therapeutic agent to protect the human fetal heart against IR injury, as may occur in complicated labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Hess
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Youguo Niu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiativ, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Tessa A C Garrud
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Kimberley J Botting
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiativ, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Sage G Ford
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiativ, University of Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, University of Cambridge, UK
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8
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Teulings NEWD, Garrud TAC, Niu Y, Skeffington KL, Beck C, Itani N, Conlon FG, Botting KJ, Nicholas LM, Ashmore TJ, Blackmore HL, Tong W, Camm EJ, Derks JB, Logan A, Murphy MP, Ozanne SE, Giussani DA. Isolating adverse effects of glucocorticoids on the embryonic cardiovascular system. FASEB J 2020; 34:9664-9677. [PMID: 32502311 PMCID: PMC7611332 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000697r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antenatal glucocorticoid therapy reduces mortality in the preterm infant, but evidence suggests off-target adverse effects on the developing cardiovascular system. Whether deleterious effects are direct on the offspring or secondary to alterations in uteroplacental physiology is unclear. Here, we isolated direct effects of glucocorticoids using the chicken embryo, a model system in which the effects on the developing heart and circulation of therapy can be investigated, independent of effects on the mother and/or the placenta. Fertilized chicken eggs were incubated and divided randomly into control (C) or dexamethasone (Dex) treatment at day 14 out of the 21-day incubation period. Combining functional experiments at the isolated organ, cellular and molecular levels, embryos were then studied close to term. Chicken embryos exposed to dexamethasone were growth restricted and showed systolic and diastolic dysfunction, with an increase in cardiomyocyte volume but decreased cardiomyocyte nuclear density in the left ventricle. Underlying mechanisms included a premature switch from tissue accretion to differentiation, increased oxidative stress, and activated signaling of cellular senescence. These findings, therefore, demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment can have direct detrimental off-target effects on the cardiovascular system in the developing embryo, which are independent of effects on the mother and/or placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor E. W. D. Teulings
- Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tessa A. C. Garrud
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Youguo Niu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katie L. Skeffington
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Beck
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nozomi Itani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona G. Conlon
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kimberley J. Botting
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa M. Nicholas
- Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas J. Ashmore
- Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heather L. Blackmore
- Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wen Tong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily J. Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan B. Derks
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Angela Logan
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E. Ozanne
- Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dino A. Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Neonatal glucocorticoid overexposure alters cardiovascular function in young adult horses in a sex-linked manner. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:309-318. [PMID: 32489168 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal glucocorticoid overexposure has been shown to programme adult cardiovascular function in a range of species, but much less is known about the long-term effects of neonatal glucocorticoid overexposure. In horses, prenatal maturation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the normal prepartum surge in fetal cortisol occur late in gestation compared to other precocious species. Cortisol levels continue to rise in the hours after birth of full-term foals and increase further in the subsequent days in premature, dysmature and maladapted foals. Thus, this study examined the adult cardiovascular consequences of neonatal cortisol overexposure induced by adrenocorticotropic hormone administration to full-term male and female pony foals. After catheterisation at 2-3 years of age, basal arterial blood pressures (BP) and heart rate were measured together with the responses to phenylephrine (PE) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). These data were used to assess cardiac baroreflex sensitivity. Neonatal cortisol overexposure reduced both the pressor and bradycardic responses to PE in the young adult males, but not females. It also enhanced the initial hypotensive response to SNP, slowed recovery of BP after infusion and reduced the gain of the cardiac baroreflex in the females, but not males. Basal diastolic pressure and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity also differed with sex, irrespective of neonatal treatment. The results show that there is a window of susceptibility for glucocorticoid programming during the immediate neonatal period that alters cardiovascular function in young adult horses in a sex-linked manner.
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10
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Jellyman JK, Fletcher AJW, Fowden AL, Giussani DA. Glucocorticoid Maturation of Fetal Cardiovascular Function. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:170-184. [PMID: 31718939 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen rapid advances in the understanding of the central role of glucocorticoids in preparing the fetus for life after birth. However, relative to other organ systems, maturation by glucocorticoids of the fetal cardiovascular system has been ignored. Here, we review the effects of glucocorticoids on fetal basal cardiovascular function and on the fetal cardiovascular defense responses to acute stress. This is important because glucocorticoid-driven maturational changes in fetal cardiovascular function under basal and stressful conditions are central to the successful transition from intra- to extrauterine life. The cost-benefit balance for the cardiovascular health of the preterm baby of antenatal glucocorticoid therapy administered to pregnant women threatened with preterm birth is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita K Jellyman
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA.
| | | | - Abigail L Fowden
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Frasch MG, Herry CL, Niu Y, Giussani DA. First evidence that intrinsic fetal heart rate variability exists and is affected by hypoxic pregnancy. J Physiol 2020; 598:249-263. [PMID: 31802494 DOI: 10.1113/jp278773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We introduce a technique to test whether intrinsic fetal heart rate variability (iFHRV) exists and we show the utility of the technique by testing the hypothesis that iFHRV is affected by chronic fetal hypoxia, one of the most common adverse outcomes of human pregnancy complicated by fetal growth restriction. Using an established late gestation ovine model of fetal development under chronic hypoxic conditions, we identify iFHRV in isolated fetal hearts and show that it is markedly affected by hypoxic pregnancy. Therefore, the isolated fetal heart has intrinsic variability and carries a memory of adverse intrauterine conditions experienced during the last third of pregnancy. ABSTRACT Fetal heart rate variability (FHRV) emerges from influences of the autonomic nervous system, fetal body and breathing movements, and from baroreflex and circadian processes. We tested whether intrinsic heart rate variability (iHRV), devoid of any external influences, exists in the fetal period and whether it is affected by chronic fetal hypoxia. Chronically catheterized ewes carrying male singleton fetuses were exposed to normoxia (n = 6) or hypoxia (10% inspired O2 , n = 9) for the last third of gestation (105-138 days of gestation (dG); term ∼145 dG) in isobaric chambers. At 138 dG, isolated hearts were studied using a Langendorff preparation. We calculated basal intrinsic FHRV (iFHRV) indices reflecting iFHRV's variability, predictability, temporal symmetry, fractality and chaotic behaviour, from the systolic peaks within 15 min segments in each heart. Significance was assumed at P < 0.05. Hearts of fetuses isolated from hypoxic pregnancy showed approximately 4-fold increases in the Grid transformation as well as the AND similarity index (sgridAND) and a 4-fold reduction in the scale-dependent Lyapunov exponent slope. We also detected a 2-fold reduction in the Recurrence quantification analysis, percentage of laminarity (pL) and recurrences, maximum and average diagonal line (dlmax, dlmean) and the Multiscale time irreversibility asymmetry index. The iHRV measures dlmax, dlmean, pL and sgridAND correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure across both groups (average R2 = 0.38 ± 0.03). This is the first evidence that iHRV originates in fetal life and that chronic fetal hypoxia significantly alters it. Isolated fetal hearts from hypoxic pregnancy exhibit a time scale-dependent higher complexity in iFHRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Frasch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christophe L Herry
- Dynamical Analysis Laboratory, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Youguo Niu
- Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Bartho LA, Holland OJ, Moritz KM, Perkins AV, Cuffe JSM. Maternal corticosterone in the mouse alters oxidative stress markers, antioxidant function and mitochondrial content in placentas of female fetuses. J Physiol 2019; 597:3053-3067. [PMID: 31026055 DOI: 10.1113/jp277815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Maternal exposure to the stress hormone corticosterone is known to programme a range of sex specific disease outcomes in offspring. Sex differences in placental adaptations are thought to mediate these processes. Placental oxidative stress is implicated in a range of pregnancy disorders but the role of placental oxidative stress in sex specific disease outcomes following prenatal corticosterone exposure is unknown. This study demonstrates that maternal corticosterone reduced placental hydrogen peroxide and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine concentrations but increased protein carbonyl content and advanced glycation end product concentrations in placentas of female fetuses but not male fetuses. These results highlight that placentas of female fetuses respond differently to maternal corticosterone exposure, with oxidative stress a major finding in placentas of female fetuses. ABSTRACT Maternal exposure to glucocorticoids during pregnancy increases offspring risk of developing a range of sex specific disease phenotypes. These sex specific disease outcomes are thought to be in part mediated by different placental adaptations in males and females. The placenta is a highly metabolic organ which is vulnerable to the effects of oxidative stress. In other tissues, males and females have been shown to respond differently to the pro-oxidant effects of glucocorticoids. This study therefore used a well characterized animal model of maternal corticosterone exposure to investigate sex specific alterations in reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant concentrations and mitochondrial properties that might contribute to sex differences in placental outcomes. C57BL/6 mice were implanted with osmotic minipumps containing corticosterone (33 μg kg-1 h-1 ) at embryonic day (E) 12.5 and placentas collected at E14.5 for analysis. Corticosterone exposure reduced placental hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine concentrations but increased protein carbonyl content and advanced glycation end product concentrations in placentas of female fetuses but not male fetuses. This dysregulation of different markers of oxidative stress may be due to increased placental activity of thioredoxin reductase in female but not male fetuses. Corticosterone reduced placental mitochondrial content but increased protein expression of the autophagosome cargo protein p62. This study demonstrates that placentas of female fetuses respond differently to maternal corticosterone exposure and highlights an important role of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial adaptations and antioxidant responses in glucocorticoid induced programmed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Bartho
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olivia J Holland
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Centre for Children's Health Research, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Garrud TAC, Giussani DA. Combined Antioxidant and Glucocorticoid Therapy for Safer Treatment of Preterm Birth. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:258-269. [PMID: 30850263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ante- and postnatal glucocorticoid therapy reduces morbidity and mortality in the preterm infant, and it is therefore one of the best examples of the successful translation of basic experimental science into human clinical practice. However, accruing evidence derived from human clinical studies and from experimental studies in animal models raise serious concerns about potential long-term adverse effects of treatment on growth and neurological and cardiovascular function in the offspring. This review explores whether combined antioxidant and glucocorticoid therapy may be safer than glucocorticoid therapy alone for the treatment of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa A C Garrud
- Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative on Reproduction, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative on Reproduction, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Altit G, Bhombal S, Hopper RK, Tacy TA, Feinstein J. Death or resolution: the "natural history" of pulmonary hypertension in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Perinatol 2019; 39:415-425. [PMID: 30617286 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-018-0303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to describe the early "natural history" of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the premature population. The secondary objective was to describe factors associated with poor outcomes in the premature population with PH at 36 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review of patients followed at our institution from 2000 to 2017 with echocardiographic (ECHO) evidence of PH at 36 weeks PMA, and born ≤ 32 weeks estimated gestational age (GA). Cox regression was used for survival analysis. RESULTS Sixty-one patients with PH (26.5 ± 1.5 weeks at birth) were included. All PH patients had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), with 89% considered severe; 38% were small for gestational age. Necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery was common (25%). Use of post-natal steroids (HR 11.02, p = 0.01) and increased severity of PH (HR 1.05, p < 0.001) were associated with mortality. Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) was documented in 26% of the PH cohort, but not associated with increased mortality. ECHO estimation of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was available in 84%. PAP was higher in those who died (sPAP/sBP ratio 1.09 ± 27 vs 0.83 ± 20 %, p = 0.0002). At follow-up (mean 250 ± 186 weeks PMA), 72% of the PH cohort was alive. Most survivors (66%) had resolution of their PH on their most recent ECHO; 31% remained on PH therapy. CONCLUSION PH resolved in most survivors in this study population. Mortality in those with BPD-PH was associated with male sex, post-natal steroid use, and increased severity of PH, but not with PVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Altit
- Division of Neonatology - Department of Pediatrics - McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Shazia Bhombal
- Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rachel K Hopper
- Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theresa A Tacy
- Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Feinstein
- Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Briffa JF, O'Dowd R, Romano T, Muhlhausler BS, Moritz KM, Wlodek ME. Reducing Pup Litter Size Alters Early Postnatal Calcium Homeostasis and Programs Adverse Adult Cardiovascular and Bone Health in Male Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010118. [PMID: 30626125 PMCID: PMC6356436 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in utero and early postnatal environments play essential roles in offspring growth and development. Standardizing or reducing pup litter size can independently compromise long-term health likely due to altered milk quality, thus limiting translational potential. This study investigated the effect reducing litter size has on milk quality and offspring outcomes. On gestation day 18, dams underwent sham or bilateral uterine vessel ligation surgery to generate dams with normal (Control) and altered (Restricted) milk quality/composition. At birth, pups were cross-fostered onto separate dams with either an unadjusted or reduced litter size. Plasma parathyroid hormone-related protein was increased in Reduced litter pups, whereas ionic calcium and total body calcium were decreased. These data suggest Reduced litter pups have dysregulated calcium homeostasis in early postnatal life, which may impair bone mineralization decreasing adult bone bending strength. Dams suckling Reduced litter pups had increased milk long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid and omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid. Reduced litter pups suckled by Normal milk quality/composition dams had increased milk omega-6 linoleic and arachidonic acids. Reduced litter male adult offspring had elevated blood pressure. This study highlights care must be taken when interpreting data from research that alters litter size as it may mask subtle cardiometabolic health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Rachael O'Dowd
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Tania Romano
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora 3083, Australia.
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- Department of Food and Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, FOODplus Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5064, Australia.
| | - Karen M Moritz
- Child Health Research Centre and School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4101, Australia.
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
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16
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Brennan LJ, Goulopoulou S, Bourque SL. Prenatal therapeutics and programming of cardiovascular function. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:261-272. [PMID: 30458216 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite recognizing the importance of risk factors in dictating CVD susceptibility and onset, patient treatment remains a challenging endeavor. Increasingly, the benefits of prevention and mitigation of risk factors earlier in life are being acknowledged. The developmental origins of health and disease posits that insults during specific periods of development can influence long-term health outcomes; this occurs because the developing organism is highly plastic, and hence vulnerable to environmental perturbations. By extension, targeted therapeutics instituted during critical periods of development may confer long-term protection, and thus reduce the risk of CVD in later life. This review provides a brief overview of models of developmental programming, and then discusses the impact of perinatal therapeutic interventions on long-term cardiovascular function in the offspring. The discussion focuses on bioactive food components, as well as pharmacological agents currently approved for use in pregnancy; in short, those agents most likely to be used in pregnancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley J Brennan
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Pharmacology, and Pediatrics, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Canada.
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, United States.
| | - Stephane L Bourque
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Pharmacology, and Pediatrics, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Canada.
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17
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Niu Y, Kane AD, Lusby CM, Allison BJ, Chua YY, Kaandorp JJ, Nevin-Dolan R, Ashmore TJ, Blackmore HL, Derks JB, Ozanne SE, Giussani DA. Maternal Allopurinol Prevents Cardiac Dysfunction in Adult Male Offspring Programmed by Chronic Hypoxia During Pregnancy. Hypertension 2018; 72:971-978. [PMID: 30354714 PMCID: PMC6135482 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrating functional and molecular levels, we investigated the effects of maternal treatment with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor on the programming of cardiac dysfunction in adult offspring using an established rat model of hypoxic pregnancy. Female Wistar rats were divided into normoxic or hypoxic (13% O2) pregnancy±maternal allopurinol treatment (30 mg kg-1 d-1). At 4 months, hearts were isolated from 1 male per litter per outcome variable to determine cardiac function and responses to ischemia-reperfusion in a Langendorff preparation. Sympathetic dominance, perfusate CK (creatine kinase) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and the cardiac protein expression of the β1-adrenergic receptor, the M2 Ach receptor (muscarinic type-2 acetylcholine receptor), and the SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a) were determined. Relative to controls, offspring from hypoxic pregnancy showed elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure (+34.7%), enhanced contractility (dP/dtmax, +41.6%), reduced coronary flow rate (-21%) and an impaired recovery to ischemia-reperfusion (left ventricular diastolic pressure, area under the curve recovery -19.1%; all P<0.05). Increased sympathetic reactivity (heart rate, +755.5%; left ventricular diastolic pressure, +418.9%) contributed to the enhanced myocardial contractility ( P<0.05). Perfusate CK (+431%) and LDH (+251.3%) and the cardiac expression of SERCA2a (+71.4%) were also elevated ( P<0.05), further linking molecular markers of cardiac stress and injury to dysfunction. Maternal allopurinol restored all functional and molecular indices of cardiac pathology. The data support a link between xanthine oxidase-derived oxidative stress in hypoxic pregnancy and cardiac dysfunction in the adult offspring, providing a target for early intervention in the developmental programming of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youguo Niu
- From the Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., A.D.K., C.M.L., B.J.A., Y.Y.C., R.N.-D., D.A.G.)
- Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative (Y.N., S.E.O., D.A.G.)
| | - Andrew D. Kane
- From the Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., A.D.K., C.M.L., B.J.A., Y.Y.C., R.N.-D., D.A.G.)
| | - Ciara M. Lusby
- From the Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., A.D.K., C.M.L., B.J.A., Y.Y.C., R.N.-D., D.A.G.)
| | - Beth J. Allison
- From the Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., A.D.K., C.M.L., B.J.A., Y.Y.C., R.N.-D., D.A.G.)
| | - Yi Yi Chua
- From the Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., A.D.K., C.M.L., B.J.A., Y.Y.C., R.N.-D., D.A.G.)
| | - Joepe J. Kaandorp
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.K., J.B.D.)
| | - Rhiannon Nevin-Dolan
- From the Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., A.D.K., C.M.L., B.J.A., Y.Y.C., R.N.-D., D.A.G.)
| | - Thomas J. Ashmore
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (T.J.A., H.L.B., S.E.O.)
| | - Heather L. Blackmore
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (T.J.A., H.L.B., S.E.O.)
| | - Jan B. Derks
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.K., J.B.D.)
| | - Susan E. Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (T.J.A., H.L.B., S.E.O.)
- Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative (Y.N., S.E.O., D.A.G.)
| | - Dino A. Giussani
- From the Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., A.D.K., C.M.L., B.J.A., Y.Y.C., R.N.-D., D.A.G.)
- Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative (Y.N., S.E.O., D.A.G.)
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18
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Seron-Ferre M, Torres-Farfan C, Valenzuela FJ, Castillo-Galan S, Rojas A, Mendez N, Reynolds H, Valenzuela GJ, Llanos AJ. Deciphering the Function of the Blunt Circadian Rhythm of Melatonin in the Newborn Lamb: Impact on Adrenal and Heart. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2895-2905. [PMID: 28911179 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal lambs, as with human and other neonates, have low arrhythmic endogenous levels of melatonin for several weeks until they start their own pineal rhythm of melatonin production at approximately 2 weeks of life. During pregnancy, daily rhythmic transfer of maternal melatonin to the fetus has important physiological roles in sheep, nonhuman primates, and rats. This melatonin rhythm provides a circadian signal and also participates in adjusting the physiology of several organs in preparation for extrauterine life. We propose that the ensuing absence of a melatonin rhythm plays a role in neonatal adaptation. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of imposing a high-amplitude melatonin rhythm in the newborn lamb on (1) clock time-related changes in cortisol and plasma variables and (2) clock time-related changes of gene expression of clock genes and selected functional genes in the adrenal gland and heart. We treated newborn lambs with a daily oral dose of melatonin (0.25 mg/kg) from birth to 5 days of age, recreating a high-amplitude melatonin rhythm. This treatment suppressed clock time-related changes of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, clock gene expression, and functional genes in the newborn adrenal gland. In the heart, it decreased heart/body weight ratio, increased expression of Anp and Bnp, and resulted in different heart gene expression from control newborns. The interference of this postnatal melatonin treatment with the normal postnatal pattern of adrenocortical function and heart development support a physiological role for the window of flat postnatal melatonin levels during the neonatal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seron-Ferre
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
| | - Claudia Torres-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 7500922, Chile
| | - Francisco J Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
| | - Sebastian Castillo-Galan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
| | - Auristela Rojas
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
| | - Natalia Mendez
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 7500922, Chile
| | - Henry Reynolds
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
| | - Guillermo J Valenzuela
- Department of Women's Health, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, San Bernardino, California 92324
| | - Anibal J Llanos
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- International Center for Andean Studies, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
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19
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Hassan MQ, Akhtar M, Ahmed S, Ahmad A, Najmi AK. Nigella sativa protects against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by alleviating oxidative stress, biochemical alterations and histological damage. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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20
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Dobrowolski P, Tomaszewska E, Muszyński S, Blicharski T, Pierzynowski SG. Dietary 2-oxoglutarate prevents bone loss caused by neonatal treatment with maximal dexamethasone dose. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:671-682. [PMID: 28178857 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217693322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the variety of dosages for treatment of premature infants with chronic lung disease, respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, asthma, and other inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Yet, adverse effects such as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and growth retardation are recognized. Conversely, 2-oxoglutarate (2-Ox), a precursor of glutamine, glutamate, and collagen amino acids, exerts protective effects on bone development. Our aim was to elucidate the effect of dietary administered 2-Ox on bone loss caused by neonatal treatment with clinically relevant maximal therapeutic dexamethasone (Dex) dose. Long bones of neonatal female piglets receiving Dex, Dex+2-Ox, or untreated were examined through measurements of mechanical properties, density, mineralization, geometry, histomorphometry, and histology. Selected hormones, bone turnover, and growth markers were also analyzed. Neonatal administration of clinically relevant maximal dose of Dex alone led to over 30% decrease in bone mass and the ultimate strength ( P < 0.001 for all). The length (13 and 7% for femur and humerus, respectively) and other geometrical parameters (13-45%) decreased compared to the control ( P < 0.001 for all). Dex impaired bone growth and caused hormonal imbalance. Dietary 2-Ox prevented Dex influence and vast majority of assessed bone parameters were restored almost to the control level. Piglets receiving 2-Ox had heavier, denser, and stronger bones; higher levels of growth hormone and osteocalcin concentration; and preserved microarchitecture of trabecular bone compared to the Dex group. 2-Ox administered postnatally had a potential to maintain bone structure of animals simultaneously treated with maximal therapeutic doses of Dex, which, in our opinion, may open up a new opportunity in developing combined treatment for children treated with GCs. Impact statement The present study has showed, for the first time, that dietary 2-oxoglutarate (2-Ox) administered postnatally has a potential to improve/maintain bone structure of animals simultaneously treated with maximal therapeutic doses of dexamethasone (Dex). It may open the new direction in searching and developing combined treatment for children treated with glucocorticoids (GCs) since growing group of children is exposed to synthetic GCs and adverse effects such as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and growth retardation are recognized. Currently proposed combined therapies have numerous side effects. Thus, this study proposed a new direction in combined therapies utilizing dietary supplementation with glutamine derivative. Impairment caused by Dex in presented long bones animal model was prevented by dietary supplementation with 2-Ox and vast majority of assessed bone parameters were restored almost to the control level. These results support previous thesis on the regulatory mechanism of nutrient utilization regulated by glutamine derivatives and enrich the nutritional science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Dobrowolski
- 1 Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-033, Poland
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-033, Poland
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- 3 Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-950, Poland
| | - Tomasz Blicharski
- 4 Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-954, Poland.,5 Lublin Diagnostic Centre, Swidnik 21-040, Poland
| | - Stefan G Pierzynowski
- 6 Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden.,7 Innovation Centre-Edoradca, Tczew 83-110, Poland.,8 SGPlus, Trelleborg 23132, Sweden.,9 Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin 20-950, Poland
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Conceição EPS, Moura EG, Carvalho JC, Oliveira E, Lisboa PC. Early redox imbalance is associated with liver dysfunction at weaning in overfed rats. J Physiol 2016; 593:4799-811. [PMID: 26332355 DOI: 10.1113/jp271189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal overfeeding induced by litter size reduction leads to further obesity and other metabolic disorders, such as liver oxidative stress and microsteatosis at adulthood. We hypothesized that overfeeding causes an early redox imbalance at weaning, which could programme the animals to future liver dysfunction. Thus, we studied lipogenesis, adipogenesis, catecholamine status and oxidative balance in weaned overfed pups. To induce early overfeeding, litters were adjusted to three pups at the 3rd day of lactation (SL group). The control group contained 10 pups per litter until weaning (NL group). Peripheral autonomic nerve function was determined in vivo at 21 days old. Thereafter, pups were killed for further analysis. Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05. The SL pups presented with a higher visceral adipocyte area, higher content of lipogenic enzymes (ACC, FAS) and with a lower content of adipogenic factors (CEBP, PPARγ) in visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Although autonomic nerve activity and adrenal catecholamine production were not significantly altered, catecholamine receptor (β3ADR) content was lower in VAT. The SL pups also presented with higher triglyceride, PPARγ, PPARα and PGC1α contents in liver. In plasma and liver, the SL pups showed an oxidative imbalance, with higher lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. The SL group presented with a higher serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The early increase in lipogenesis in adipose tissue and liver in weaned overfed rats suggests that the higher oxidative stress and lower catecholamine content in VAT are associated with the early development of liver dysfunction and adipocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P S Conceição
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E G Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - J C Carvalho
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - P C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Jiang X, Ma H, Li C, Cao Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Effects of neonatal dexamethasone administration on cardiac recovery ability under ischemia-reperfusion in 24-wk-old rats. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:128-35. [PMID: 26991264 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluations of stress-induced cardiac functional alterations in adults after neonatal glucocorticoid (GC) treatment have been limited. In the present study, we evaluated adult cardiac functional recovery during postischemic reperfusion and measured cardiac gene expression involved energy metabolism in rats neonatally treated with dexamethasone (DEX). METHOD Male Wistar rats were injected DEX in first 3 d after birth and controls were received saline (SAL). At 24 wk of age, insulin tolerance tests were performed, plasma lipid levels were measured, and left ventricular function and myocardial infarct size were evaluated. Expressions of genes involved in cardiac energy metabolism were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. RESULTS In 24-wk-old rats, neonatal DEX administration caused dyslipidemia, impaired cardiac recovery function and increased size of infarction, decreased cardiac expression of glucose transporter 4(GLUT4), peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and ratios of phospho-forkhead box O1/forkhead box O1 (p-FoxO1/FoxO1) and phospho AMP-activated protein kinase/AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK/AMPK) but increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 4 (PDK4) expression compared with controls. CONCLUSION Neonatal DEX administration impairs cardiac functional recovery during reperfusion following ischemia in 24-wk-old rats. Reduced cardiac glucose utilization may contribute to the long-term detrimental effects caused by neonatal DEX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijie Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunguang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Thakor AS, Allison BJ, Niu Y, Botting KJ, Serón-Ferré M, Herrera EA, Giussani DA. Melatonin modulates the fetal cardiovascular defense response to acute hypoxia. J Pineal Res 2015; 59:80-90. [PMID: 25908097 PMCID: PMC4528231 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies in animal models supporting protective effects on the fetus of melatonin in adverse pregnancy have prompted clinical trials in human pregnancy complicated by fetal growth restriction. However, the effects of melatonin on the fetal defense to acute hypoxia, such as that which may occur during labor, remain unknown. This translational study tested the hypothesis, in vivo, that melatonin modulates the fetal cardiometabolic defense responses to acute hypoxia in chronically instrumented late gestation fetal sheep via alterations in fetal nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Under anesthesia, 6 fetal sheep at 0.85 gestation were instrumented with vascular catheters and a Transonic flow probe around a femoral artery. Five days later, fetuses were exposed to acute hypoxia with or without melatonin treatment. Fetal blood was taken to determine blood gas and metabolic status and plasma catecholamine concentrations. Hypoxia during melatonin treatment was repeated during in vivo NO blockade with the NO clamp. This technique permits blockade of de novo synthesis of NO while compensating for the tonic production of the gas, thereby maintaining basal cardiovascular function. Melatonin suppressed the redistribution of blood flow away from peripheral circulations and the glycemic and plasma catecholamine responses to acute hypoxia. These are important components of the fetal brain sparing response to acute hypoxia. The effects of melatonin involved NO-dependent mechanisms as the responses were reverted by fetal treatment with the NO clamp. Melatonin modulates the in vivo fetal cardiometabolic responses to acute hypoxia by increasing NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnesh S Thakor
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Beth J Allison
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Youguo Niu
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kimberley J Botting
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Serón-Ferré
- Facultad de Medicina, Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina, Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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From Pre-Clinical Studies to Clinical Trials: Generation of Novel Therapies for Pregnancy Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12907-24. [PMID: 26062129 PMCID: PMC4490478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complications of pregnancy represent a significant disease burden, with both immediate and lasting consequences for mother and baby. Two key pregnancy complications, fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preeclampsia (PE), together affect around 10%–15% of all pregnancies worldwide. Despite this high incidence, there are currently no therapies available to treat these pregnancy disorders. Early delivery remains the only intervention to reduce the risk of severe maternal complications and/or stillbirth of the baby; however early delivery itself is associated with increased risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity. As such, there is a pressing need to develop new and effective treatments that can prevent or treat FGR and PE. Animal models have been essential in identifying and screening potential new therapies in this field. In this review, we address recent progress that has been made in developing therapeutic strategies for pregnancy disorders, some of which are now entering clinical trials.
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Pontes GCS, Monteiro PLJ, Prata AB, Guardieiro MM, Pinto DAM, Fernandes GO, Wiltbank MC, Santos JEP, Sartori R. Effect of injectable vitamin E on incidence of retained fetal membranes and reproductive performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2437-49. [PMID: 25682134 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of injectable vitamin E during the last 3 wk prepartum on the incidence of retained fetal membranes (RFM) and reproductive performance. Dairy cows (n=890), 390 Holsteins (132 nulliparous and 258 parous) and 500 crossbred Holstein × Gyr (199 nulliparous and 301 parous), from 3 dairy farms in Brazil were assigned to the study. In all 3 farms, from October to March, prepartum cows grazed tropical grasses and received 2 kg/d of a mixture of finely ground corn, soybean meal, and minerals and vitamins. From April to September prepartum cows received a total mixed ration composed of corn silage, finely ground corn, soybean meal, and minerals and vitamins. During the prepartum period, cows were fed 280 (farm 1), 390 (farm 2), and 480 IU (farm 3) of supplemental vitamin E per day, and throughout postpartum, cows were fed 370 (farm 1), 500 (farm 2), and 600 (farm 3) IU of supplemental vitamin E. Within each farm, cows were randomly assigned to remain as untreated controls or to receive 3 i.m. injections of 1,000 IU each of dl-α-tocopherol administered at 19.2 ± 4.3, 12.9 ± 3.3, and 6.2 ± 2.9 d before calving (VitE). Blood was sampled from 141 cows immediately before enrollment to determine the α-tocopherol and cholesterol statuses. Blood was also sampled and analyzed for concentrations of cortisol and nonesterified fatty acids in the last 3 wk of gestation. The serum concentration of α-tocopherol or α-tocopherol:cholesterol ratio did not differ between treatments and averaged 2.97 ± 0.10 μg/mL and 4.46 ± 0.16 × 10(-3), respectively. In total, 53.2% of the cows had an inadequate concentration of serum α-tocopherol based on the 3.0 μg/mL cut-off for adequacy. The risk of RFM decreased as serum α-tocopherol increased. Milk production did not differ between controls and VitE cows. Treatment with injectable α-tocopherol decreased RFM from 20.1 to 13.5%, decreased incidence of stillbirth from 14.9 to 6.8%, and tended to decrease death by 200 d postpartum. VitE cows tended to have improved pregnancy per insemination at first AI (36.7 vs. 30.1%) because of decreased pregnancy loss from 31 to 62 d of gestation (12.5 vs. 20.5%). Despite a similar insemination rate, VitE cows had 22% greater pregnancy rate than control cows. Cows receiving vitamin E had decreased circulating cortisol and nonesterified fatty acids around calving. In summary, when cows were fed limited amounts of supplemental vitamin E, 28 to 48% of the recommendations, prepartum supplementation with injectable α-tocopherol decreased incidence of RFM and improved reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C S Pontes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, Brazil 13418-900
| | - P L J Monteiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, Brazil 13418-900
| | - A B Prata
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, Brazil 13418-900
| | - M M Guardieiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, Brazil 13418-900
| | - D A M Pinto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, Brazil 13418-900
| | - G O Fernandes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, Brazil 13418-900
| | - M C Wiltbank
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, Brazil 13418-900; Department of Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910
| | - R Sartori
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, Brazil 13418-900.
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Blackmore HL, Ozanne SE. Programming of cardiovascular disease across the life-course. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 83:122-30. [PMID: 25510678 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting both developed and developing countries. Whilst it is well recognized that our risk of CVD can be determined by the interaction between our genetics and lifestyle, this only partly explains the variability at the population level. Based on these well-known risk factors, for many years, intervention and primary prevention strategies have focused on modifying lifestyle factors in adulthood. However, research shows that our risk of CVD can be pre-determined by our early life environment and this area of research is known as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. The aim of this review is to evaluate our current understanding of mechanisms underlying the programming of CVD. This article is part of a special issue entitled CV Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Blackmore
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Neonatal dexamethasone accelerates spreading depression in the rat, and antioxidant vitamins counteract this effect. Brain Res 2014; 1591:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Blackmore HL, Niu Y, Fernandez-Twinn DS, Tarry-Adkins JL, Giussani DA, Ozanne SE. Maternal diet-induced obesity programs cardiovascular dysfunction in adult male mouse offspring independent of current body weight. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3970-80. [PMID: 25051449 PMCID: PMC4255219 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Obese pregnancies are not only associated with adverse consequences for the mother but also the long-term health of her child. Human studies have shown that individuals from obese mothers are at increased risk of premature death from cardiovascular disease (CVD), but are unable to define causality. This study aimed to determine causality using a mouse model of maternal diet-induced obesity. Obesity was induced in female C57BL/6 mice by feeding a diet rich in simple sugars and saturated fat 6 weeks prior to pregnancy and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Control females were fed laboratory chow. Male offspring from both groups were weaned onto chow and studied at 3, 5, 8, and 12 weeks of age for gross cardiac morphometry using stereology, cardiomyocyte cell area by histology, and cardiac fetal gene expression using qRT-PCR. Cardiac function was assessed by isolated Langendorff technology at 12 weeks of age and hearts were analyzed at the protein level for the expression of the β1 adrenergic receptor, muscarinic type-2 acetylcholine receptor, and proteins involved in cardiac contraction. Offspring from obese mothers develop pathologic cardiac hypertrophy associated with re-expression of cardiac fetal genes. By young adulthood these offspring developed severe systolic and diastolic dysfunction and cardiac sympathetic dominance. Importantly, cardiac dysfunction occurred in the absence of any change in corresponding body weight and despite the offspring eating a healthy low-fat diet. These findings provide a causal link to explain human observations relating maternal obesity with premature death from CVD in her offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Blackmore
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (H.L.B., D.S.F.-T., J.L.T.-A., S.E.O.), Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (Y.N., D.A.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
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Hanson MA, Gluckman PD. Early developmental conditioning of later health and disease: physiology or pathophysiology? Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1027-76. [PMID: 25287859 PMCID: PMC4187033 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive experimental animal studies and epidemiological observations have shown that environmental influences during early development affect the risk of later pathophysiological processes associated with chronic, especially noncommunicable, disease (NCD). This field is recognized as the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). We discuss the extent to which DOHaD represents the result of the physiological processes of developmental plasticity, which may have potential adverse consequences in terms of NCD risk later, or whether it is the manifestation of pathophysiological processes acting in early life but only becoming apparent as disease later. We argue that the evidence suggests the former, through the operation of conditioning processes induced across the normal range of developmental environments, and we summarize current knowledge of the physiological processes involved. The adaptive pathway to later risk accords with current concepts in evolutionary developmental biology, especially those concerning parental effects. Outside the normal range, effects on development can result in nonadaptive processes, and we review their underlying mechanisms and consequences. New concepts concerning the underlying epigenetic and other mechanisms involved in both disruptive and nondisruptive pathways to disease are reviewed, including the evidence for transgenerational passage of risk from both maternal and paternal lines. These concepts have wider implications for understanding the causes and possible prevention of NCDs such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, for broader social policy and for the increasing attention paid in public health to the lifecourse approach to NCD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hanson
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, and NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Liggins Institute and Gravida (National Centre for Growth and Development), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P D Gluckman
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, and NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Liggins Institute and Gravida (National Centre for Growth and Development), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Stöhr EJ, Meah VL, Stembridge M. Combined neonatal therapies for cardiac function in adulthood - live together, die alone? J Physiol 2014; 592:825-6. [DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.269613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Stöhr
- Discipline of Physiology and Health; Cardiff School of Sport; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
| | - Victoria L. Meah
- Discipline of Physiology and Health; Cardiff School of Sport; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Discipline of Physiology and Health; Cardiff School of Sport; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
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Bennet L. Steroids and antioxidants: a neonatal cocktail for saving your adult heart? J Physiol 2013; 591:4957-8. [DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.263962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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