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Algera MH, Cotten JF, van Velzen M, Niesters M, Boon M, Shoham DS, Dandrea KE, van der Schrier R, Dahan A. Are thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and analog taltirelin viable reversal agents of opioid-induced respiratory depression? Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00974. [PMID: 35621218 PMCID: PMC9137104 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid‐induced respiratory depression (OIRD) is a potentially life‐threatening complication of opioid consumption. Apart from naloxone, an opioid antagonist that has various disadvantages, a possible reversal strategy is treatment of OIRD with the hypothalamic hormone and neuromodulator thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH). In this review, we performed a search in electronic databases and retrieved 52 papers on the effect of TRH and TRH‐analogs on respiration and their efficacy in the reversal of OIRD in awake and anesthetized mammals, including humans. Animal studies show that TRH and its analog taltirelin stimulate breathing via an effect at the preBötzinger complex, an important respiratory rhythm generator within the brainstem respiratory network. An additional respiratory excitatory effect may be related to TRH’s analeptic effect. In awake and anesthetized rodents, TRH and taltirelin improved morphine‐ and sufentanil‐induced respiratory depression, by causing rapid shallow breathing. This pattern of breathing increases the work of breathing, dead space ventilation, atelectasis, and hypoxia. In awake and anesthetized humans, a continuous infusion of intravenous TRH with doses up to 8 mg, did not reverse sufentanil‐ or remifentanil‐induced respiratory depression. This is related to poor penetration of TRH into the brain compartment but also other causes are discussed. No human data on taltirelin are available. In conclusion, data from animals and human indicate that TRH is not a viable reversal agent of OIRD in awake or anesthetized humans. Further human studies on the efficacy and safety of TRH’s more potent and longer lasting analog taltirelin are needed as this agent seems to be a more promising reversal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Hyke Algera
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph F Cotten
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monique van Velzen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Niesters
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Boon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel S Shoham
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaye E Dandrea
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Albert Dahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Dandrea KE, Cotten JF. A Comparison of Breathing Stimulants for Reversal of Synthetic Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in Conscious Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:146-156. [PMID: 34021024 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent synthetic opioids are an important cause of death in the United States' opioid epidemic, and a breathing stimulant may have utility in treating opioid overdose. We hypothesized that sufentanil-induced respiratory depression may be reversed by breathing stimulant administration. Using nose-only plethysmography and arterial blood analysis, we compared effects of several breathing stimulants in reversing sufentanil-induced respiratory depression in conscious rats. We studied taltirelin (1 mg/kg i.v.), PKTHPP (5 mg/kg i.v.), CX717 (30 mg/kg i.v.), BIMU8 (1 mg/kg i.v.), A85380 (30 μg/kg i.v.), and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (150 μg/kg i.v./i.m.) and used sufentanil (10 μg/kg i.v.). By plethysmography (in % baseline, mean ± S.E.M.), taltirelin restored ventilation in sufentanil-treated rats (from 50 ± 5% to 102 ± 8%) by increased breathing rates (from 80 ± 4% to 160 ± 12%). By arterial blood analysis, however, taltirelin did not correct hypoxia, decreased hypercarbia only after 45 minutes, and worsened metabolic acidosis (base excess from +0 ± 1 to -7 ± 1 mEq/l). Additionally, taltirelin increased exhaled carbon dioxide, an estimate of oxygen consumption, by up to 64%. PKTHPP, CX717, BIMU8, and A85380 failed to significantly change ventilation or arterial blood values in sufentanil-treated rats. 8-OH-DPAT, however, improved ventilation (from 54 ± 8% to 92 ± 10%), reversed hypercarbia (from 64 ± 6 to 47 ± 2 mmHg), and shortened time to righting from 43 ± 4 to 15 ± 1 minutes in sufentanil-treated rats placed supine. Taltirelin has limited therapeutic potential, as its ventilatory effects are offset by metabolic acidosis, possibly from increased oxygen consumption. At the doses studied, PKTHPP, CX717, BIMU8, and A85380 have limited effects in reversing sufentanil-induced respiratory depression; 8-OH-DPAT, however, warrants further study. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Respiratory depression is an important cause of death after potent synthetic opioid overdose. 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin or related compounds may be useful in treating respiratory depression as caused by potent synthetic opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaye E Dandrea
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph F Cotten
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Chaddha A, Broytman O, Teodorescu M. Effects of allergic airway inflammation and chronic intermittent hypoxia on systemic blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R566-R574. [PMID: 32903041 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00325.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are highly prevalent chronic conditions, and both are associated with systemic hypertension. Additionally, asthma and OSA reciprocally interact, mutually exacerbating each other. In this study, we tested the effect of allergen-induced lower airway inflammation and concurrent chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on systemic blood pressure (BP), pulmonary function, and proinflammatory cytokines, in a rat model. Brown Norway rats were exposed to 43 days of normoxia (NORM) or CIH, concurrent with weekly house dust mite (HDM) challenges. BP was measured 1 day after the last HDM challenge. On day 44, pulmonary function was tested, and blood for Th-2 and Th-1 cytokine levels was collected. HDM significantly increased mean (P = 0.002), systolic (P = 0.003), and diastolic (P = 0.004) BP compared with saline-challenged controls. Higher mean BP significantly correlated to increased total respiratory system resistance (R2 = 0.266, P = 0.002), driven by an association with parenchymal tissue dampening (R2 = 0.166, P = 0.016). HDM relative to saline-challenged controls increased the expression of serum IL-6 (P = 0.008), but no relationships of systemic BP with IL-6 or any other cytokines were found. CIH did not alter the allergen-induced responses on BP, although it tended to increase the expression of serum IL-6 (P = 0.06) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, P = 0.09), regardless of HDM challenge. Chronic allergen-induced airway inflammation results in systemic hypertension that is correlated to the degree of distal airway obstruction induced by the allergen. These effects do not appear to be explained by the associated systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Chaddha
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Oleg Broytman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mihaela Teodorescu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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4
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Mouradian GC, Alvarez-Argote S, Gorzek R, Thuku G, Michkalkiewicz T, Wong-Riley MTT, Konduri GG, Hodges MR. Acute and chronic changes in the control of breathing in a rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L506-L518. [PMID: 30652496 PMCID: PMC6459293 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00086.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants born very prematurely (<28 wk gestation) have immature lungs and often require supplemental oxygen. However, long-term hyperoxia exposure can arrest lung development, leading to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which increases acute and long-term respiratory morbidity and mortality. The neural mechanisms controlling breathing are highly plastic during development. Whether the ventilatory control system adapts to pulmonary disease associated with hyperoxia exposure in infancy remains unclear. Here, we assessed potential age-dependent adaptations in the control of breathing in an established rat model of BPD associated with hyperoxia. Hyperoxia exposure ( FI O 2 ; 0.9 from 0 to 10 days of life) led to a BPD-like lung phenotype, including sustained reductions in alveolar surface area and counts, and modest increases in airway resistance. Hyperoxia exposure also led to chronic increases in room air and acute hypoxic minute ventilation (V̇e) and age-dependent changes in breath-to-breath variability. Hyperoxia-exposed rats had normal oxygen saturation ( S p O 2 ) in room air but greater reductions in S p O 2 during acute hypoxia (12% O2) that were likely due to lung injury. Moreover, acute ventilatory sensitivity was reduced at P12 to P14. Perinatal hyperoxia led to greater glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and an increase in neuron counts within six of eight or one of eight key brainstem regions, respectively, controlling breathing, suggesting astrocytic expansion. In conclusion, perinatal hyperoxia in rats induced a BPD-like phenotype and age-dependent adaptations in V̇e that may be mediated through changes to the neural architecture of the ventilatory control system. Our results suggest chronically altered ventilatory control in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C Mouradian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Ryan Gorzek
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Gabriel Thuku
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Teresa Michkalkiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Margaret T T Wong-Riley
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Girija Ganesh Konduri
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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5
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Boghosian JD, Luethy A, Cotten JF. Intravenous and Intratracheal Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone and Its Analog Taltirelin Reverse Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in Isoflurane Anesthetized Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:105-112. [PMID: 29674333 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is a tripeptide hormone and a neurotransmitter widely expressed in the central nervous system that regulates thyroid function and maintains physiologic homeostasis. Following injection in rodents, TRH has multiple effects including increased blood pressure and breathing. We tested the hypothesis that TRH and its long-acting analog, taltirelin, will reverse morphine-induced respiratory depression in anesthetized rats following intravenous or intratracheal (IT) administration. TRH (1 mg/kg plus 5 mg/kg/h, i.v.) and talitrelin (1 mg/kg, i.v.), when administered to rats pretreated with morphine (5 mg/kg, i.v.), increased ventilation from 50% ± 6% to 131% ± 7% and 45% ± 6% to 168% ± 13%, respectively (percent baseline; n = 4 ± S.E.M.), primarily through increased breathing rates (from 76% ± 9% to 260% ± 14% and 66% ± 8% to 318% ± 37%, respectively). By arterial blood gas analysis, morphine caused a hypoxemic respiratory acidosis with decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide pressures. TRH decreased morphine effects on arterial carbon dioxide pressure, but failed to impact oxygenation; taltirelin reversed morphine effects on both arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen. Both TRH and talirelin increased mean arterial blood pressure in morphine-treated rats (from 68% ± 5% to 126% ± 12% and 64% ± 7% to 116% ± 8%, respectively; n = 3 to 4). TRH, when initiated prior to morphine (15 mg/kg, i.v.), prevented morphine-induced changes in ventilation; and TRH (2 mg/kg, i.v.) rescued all four rats treated with a lethal dose of morphine (5 mg/kg/min, until apnea). Similar to intravenous administration, both TRH (5 mg/kg, IT) and taltirelin (2 mg/kg, IT) reversed morphine effects on ventilation. TRH or taltirelin may have clinical utility as an intravenous or inhaled agent to antagonize opioid-induced cardiorespiratory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Boghosian
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (J.D.B., A.L., J.F.C.); and Department of Anesthesia, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland (A.L.)
| | - Anita Luethy
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (J.D.B., A.L., J.F.C.); and Department of Anesthesia, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland (A.L.)
| | - Joseph F Cotten
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (J.D.B., A.L., J.F.C.); and Department of Anesthesia, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland (A.L.)
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6
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Santin JM. How important is the CO 2 chemoreflex for the control of breathing? Environmental and evolutionary considerations. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 215:6-19. [PMID: 28966145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Haldane and Priestley (1905) discovered that the ventilatory control system is highly sensitive to CO2. This "CO2 chemoreflex" has been interpreted to dominate control of resting arterial PCO2/pH (PaCO2/pHa) by monitoring PaCO2/pHa and altering ventilation through negative feedback. However, PaCO2/pHa varies little in mammals as ventilation tightly couples to metabolic demands, which may minimize chemoreflex control of PaCO2. The purpose of this synthesis is to (1) interpret data from experimental models with meager CO2 chemoreflexes to infer their role in ventilatory control of steady-state PaCO2, and (2) identify physiological causes of respiratory acidosis occurring normally across vertebrate classes. Interestingly, multiple rodent and amphibian models with minimal/absent CO2 chemoreflexes exhibit normal ventilation, gas exchange, and PaCO2/pHa. The chemoreflex, therefore, plays at most a minor role in ventilatory control at rest; however, the chemoreflex may be critical for recovering PaCO2 following acute respiratory acidosis induced by breath-holding and activity in many ectothermic vertebrates. An apparently small role for CO2 feedback in the genesis of normal breathing contradicts the prevailing view that central CO2/pH chemoreceptors increased in importance throughout vertebrate evolution. Since the CO2 chemoreflex contributes minimally to resting ventilation, these CO2 chemoreceptors may have instead decreased importance throughout tetrapod evolution, particularly with the onset and refinement of neural innovations that improved the matching of ventilation to tissue metabolic demands. This distinct and elusive "metabolic ventilatory drive" likely underlies steady-state PaCO2 in air-breathers. Uncovering the mechanisms and evolution of the metabolic ventilatory drive presents a challenge to clinically-oriented and comparative respiratory physiologists alike.
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7
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Savage JE, Sawyers C, Roberson-Nay R, Hettema JM. The genetics of anxiety-related negative valence system traits. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:156-177. [PMID: 27196537 PMCID: PMC5349709 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NIMH's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) domain of negative valence systems (NVS) captures constructs of negative affect such as fear and distress traditionally subsumed under the various internalizing disorders. Through its aims to capture dimensional measures that cut across diagnostic categories and are linked to underlying neurobiological systems, a large number of phenotypic constructs have been proposed as potential research targets. Since "genes" represent a central "unit of analysis" in the RDoC matrix, it is important for studies going forward to apply what is known about the genetics of these phenotypes as well as fill in the gaps of existing knowledge. This article reviews the extant genetic epidemiological data (twin studies, heritability) and molecular genetic association findings for a broad range of putative NVS phenotypic measures. We find that scant genetic epidemiological data is available for experimentally derived measures such as attentional bias, peripheral physiology, or brain-based measures of threat response. The molecular genetic basis of NVS phenotypes is in its infancy, since most studies have focused on a small number of candidate genes selected for putative association to anxiety disorders (ADs). Thus, more research is required to provide a firm understanding of the genetic aspects of anxiety-related NVS constructs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E. Savage
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Chelsea Sawyers
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - John M. Hettema
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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8
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Puissant MM, Mouradian GC, Liu P, Hodges MR. Identifying Candidate Genes that Underlie Cellular pH Sensitivity in Serotonin Neurons Using Transcriptomics: A Potential Role for Kir5.1 Channels. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:34. [PMID: 28270749 PMCID: PMC5318415 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilation is continuously adjusted by a neural network to maintain blood gases and pH. Acute CO2 and/or pH regulation requires neural feedback from brainstem cells that encode CO2/pH to modulate ventilation, including but not limited to brainstem serotonin (5-HT) neurons. Brainstem 5-HT neurons modulate ventilation and are stimulated by hypercapnic acidosis, the sensitivity of which increases with increasing postnatal age. The proper function of brainstem 5-HT neurons, particularly during post-natal development is critical given that multiple abnormalities in the 5-HT system have been identified in victims of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Here, we tested the hypothesis that there are age-dependent increases in expression of pH-sensitive ion channels in brainstem 5-HT neurons, which may underlie their cellular CO2/pH sensitivity. Midline raphe neurons were acutely dissociated from neonatal and mature transgenic SSePet-eGFP rats [which have enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression in all 5-HT neurons] and sorted with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) into 5-HT-enriched and non-5-HT cell pools for subsequent RNA extraction, cDNA library preparation and RNA sequencing. Overlapping differential expression analyses pointed to age-dependent shifts in multiple ion channels, including but not limited to the pH-sensitive potassium ion (K+) channel genes kcnj10 (Kir4.1), kcnj16 (Kir5.1), kcnk1 (TWIK-1), kcnk3 (TASK-1) and kcnk9 (TASK-3). Intracellular contents isolated from single adult eGFP+ 5-HT neurons confirmed gene expression of Kir4.1, Kir5.1 and other K+ channels, but also showed heterogeneity in the expression of multiple genes. 5-HT neuron-enriched cell pools from selected post-natal ages showed increases in Kir4.1, Kir5.1, and TWIK-1, fitting with age-dependent increases in Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 protein expression in raphe tissue samples. Immunofluorescence imaging confirmed Kir5.1 protein was co-localized to brainstem neurons and glia including 5-HT neurons as expected. However, Kir4.1 protein expression was restricted to glia, suggesting that it may not contribute to 5-HT neuron pH sensitivity. Although there are caveats to this approach, the data suggest that pH-sensitive Kir5.1 channels may underlie cellular CO2/pH chemosensitivity in brainstem 5-HT neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine M Puissant
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, USA
| | - Gary C Mouradian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, USA; Center for Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, USA
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, USA; Center for Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, USA; Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, USA
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, USA; Center for Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, USA
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9
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Hodges MR. Going to WAR: using a rat model of audiogenic seizure to uncover potential links to ventilatory dysfunction in epilepsy. J Physiol 2017; 595:617-618. [DOI: 10.1113/jp273443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hodges
- Department of Physiology; Medical College of Wisconsin; 8701 Watertown Plank Road; Milwaukee WI 53226 USA
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10
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Mouradian GC, Liu P, Hodges MR. Raphe gene expression changes implicate immune-related functions in ventilatory plasticity following carotid body denervation in rats. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:102-112. [PMID: 27132994 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of blood gases in mammals requires precise feedback mechanisms including chemoreceptor feedback from the carotid bodies. Carotid body denervation (CBD) leads to immediate hypoventilation (increased PaCO2) in adult rats, but over a period of days and weeks ventilation normalizes due in part to central (brain) mechanisms. Here, we tested the hypothesis that functional ventilatory recovery following CBD correlated with significant shifts in medullary raphe gene expression of molecules/pathways associated with known or novel forms of neuroplasticity. Tissue punches were obtained from snap frozen brainstems collected from rats 1-2days or 14-15days post-sham or post-bilateral CBD surgery (verified by physiologic measurements), and subjected to mRNA sequencing to identify, quantify, and statistically compare gene expression level differences among these groups of rats. We found the greatest number of gene expression changes acutely after CBD (154 genes), with fewer changes in the weeks after CBD (69-80 genes) and the fewest changes in expression among the time control groups (39 genes). Little or no changes were observed for multiple genes associated with serotonin- or glutamate receptor-dependent forms of neuroplasticity. However, an unbiased assessment of gene expression changes using a bioinformatics pathway analysis highlighted multiple changes in gene expression in signaling pathways associated with immune function. These included several growth factors and cytokines associated with peripheral and innate immune systems. Thus, these medullary raphe gene expression data support a role for immune-related signaling pathways in the functional restoration of blood gas control after CBD, but little or no role for serotonin- or glutamate receptor-mediated plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C Mouradian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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11
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Kaplan K, Echert AE, Massat B, Puissant MM, Palygin O, Geurts AM, Hodges MR. Chronic central serotonin depletion attenuates ventilation and body temperature in young but not adult Tph2 knockout rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1070-81. [PMID: 26869713 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01015.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic deletion of brain serotonin (5-HT) neurons in mice leads to ventilatory deficits and increased neonatal mortality during development. However, it is unclear if the loss of the 5-HT neurons or the loss of the neurochemical 5-HT led to the observed physiologic deficits. Herein, we generated a mutant rat model with constitutive central nervous system (CNS) 5-HT depletion by mutation of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) gene in dark agouti (DA(Tph2-/-)) rats. DA(Tph2-/-) rats lacked TPH immunoreactivity and brain 5-HT but retain dopa decarboxylase-expressing raphe neurons. Mutant rats were also smaller, had relatively high mortality (∼50%), and compared with controls had reduced room air ventilation and body temperatures at specific postnatal ages. In adult rats, breathing at rest and hypoxic and hypercapnic chemoreflexes were unaltered in adult male and female DA(Tph2-/-) rats. Body temperature was also maintained in adult DA(Tph2-/-) rats exposed to 4°C, indicating unaltered ventilatory and/or thermoregulatory control mechanisms. Finally, DA(Tph2-/-) rats treated with the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) partially restored CNS 5-HT and showed increased ventilation (P < 0.05) at a developmental age when it was otherwise attenuated in the mutants. We conclude that constitutive CNS production of 5-HT is critically important to fundamental homeostatic control systems for breathing and temperature during postnatal development in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Kaplan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ashley E Echert
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ben Massat
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
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12
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Chen H, Zhang C, Cai TC, Deng Y, Zhou S, Zheng Y, Ma S, Tang R, Varshney RK, Zhuang W. Identification of low Ca(2+) stress-induced embryo apoptosis response genes in Arachis hypogaea by SSH-associated library lift (SSHaLL). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:682-98. [PMID: 26079063 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a universal signal in the regulation of wide aspects in biology, but few are known about the function of calcium in the control of early embryo development. Ca(2+) deficiency in soil induces early embryo abortion in peanut, producing empty pods, which is a general problem; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, embryo abortion was characterized to be caused by apoptosis marked with cell wall degradation. Using a method of SSH cDNA libraries associated with library lift (SSHaLL), 62 differentially expressed genes were isolated from young peanut embryos. These genes were classified to be stress responses, catabolic process, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, embryo morphogenesis, regulation, etc. The cell retardation with cell wall degradation was caused by up-regulated cell wall hydrolases and down-regulated cellular synthases genes. HsfA4a, which was characterized to be important to embryo development, was significantly down-regulated under Ca(2+) -deficient conditions from 15 days after pegging (DAP) to 30 DAP. Two AhCYP707A4 genes, encoding abscisic acid (ABA) 8'-hydroxylases, key enzymes for ABA catabolism, were up-regulated by 21-fold under Ca(2+) -deficient conditions upstream of HsfA4a, reducing the ABA level in early embryos. Over-expression of AhCYP707A4 in Nicotiana benthamiana showed a phenotype of low ABA content with high numbers of aborted embryos, small pods and less seeds, which confirms that AhCYP707A4 is a key player in regulation of Ca(2+) deficiency-induced embryo abortion via ABA-mediated apoptosis. The results elucidated the mechanism of low Ca(2+) -induced embryo abortion and described the method for other fields of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tie Cheng Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ye Deng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuangbiao Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixiong Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Ma
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ronghua Tang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Cowley AW, Yang C, Kumar V, Lazar J, Jacob H, Geurts AM, Liu P, Dayton A, Kurth T, Liang M. Pappa2 is linked to salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats. Physiol Genomics 2015; 48:62-72. [PMID: 26534937 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00097.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A 1.37 Mbp region of chromosome 13 previously identified by exclusion mapping was consistently associated with a reduction of salt-induced hypertension in the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat. This region contained five genes that were introgressed from the salt-insensitive Brown Norway (BN) rat. The goal of the present study was to further narrow that region to identify the gene(s) most likely to protect from salt-induced hypertension. The studies yielded a subcongenic SS rat strain containing a 0.71 Mbp insert from BN (26-P strain) in which salt-induced hypertension was reduced by 24 mmHg. The region contained two protein-coding genes (Astn1 and Pappa2) and a microRNA (miR-488). Pappa2 mRNA in the renal cortex of the protected 26-P was 6- to 10-fold greater than in SS fed a 0.4% NaCl diet but was reduced to levels observed in SS when fed 8.0% NaCl diet for 7 days. Compared with brain nuclei (NTS, RVLM, CVLM) and the adrenal gland, Pappa2 in the renal cortex was the only gene found to be differentially expressed between SS and 26-P and that responded to changes of salt diet. Immunohistochemistry studies found Pappa2 localized in the cytosol of the epithelial cells of the cortical thick ascending limbs. In more distal segments of the renal tubules, it was observed within tubular lumens and most notably bound to the apical membranes of the intercalated cells of collecting ducts. We conclude that we have identified a variant form of Pappa2 that can protect against salt-induced hypertension in the Dahl S rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jozef Lazar
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Howard Jacob
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alex Dayton
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Theresa Kurth
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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