1
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Mathews HF, Çeper T, Speen T, Bastard C, Bulut S, Pieper MI, Schacher FH, De Laporte L, Pich A. Engineering poly(dehydroalanine)-based gels via droplet-based microfluidics: from bulk to microspheres. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6231-6246. [PMID: 39051502 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and functional surface coating rely on switchable adsorption and desorption of specialized guest molecules. Poly(dehydroalanine), a polyzwitterion containing pH-dependent positive and negative charges, shows promise for such reversible loading, especially when integrated into a gel network. Herein, we present the fabrication of poly(dehydroalanine)-derived gels of different size scales and evaluate them with respect to their practical use in biomedicine. Already existing protocols for bulk gelation were remodeled to derive suitable reaction conditions for droplet-based microfluidic synthesis. Depending on the layout of the microfluidic chip, microgels with a size of approximately 30 μm or 200 μm were obtained, whose crosslinking density can be increased by implementing a multi-arm crosslinker. We analyzed the effects of the crosslinker species on composition, permeability, and softness and show that the microgels exhibit advantageous properties inherent to zwitterionic polymer systems, including high hydrophilicity as well as pH- and ionic strength-sensitivity. We demonstrate pH-regulated uptake and release of fluorescent model dyes before testing the adsorption of a small antimicrobial peptide, LL-37. Quantification of the peptide accommodated within the microgels reveals the impact of size and crosslinking density of the microgels. Biocompatibility of the microgels was validated by cell tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Mathews
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tolga Çeper
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Speen
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Céline Bastard
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Selin Bulut
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria I Pieper
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Grüne Aue, 07754 Jena, Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), Department of Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstr. 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Brightland Chemelot Campus, Maastricht University, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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2
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Ching PO, Chen FH, Lin IH, Tran DT, Tayo LL, Yeh ML. Evaluation of Articular Cartilage Regeneration Properties of Decellularized Cartilage Powder/Modified Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Scaffolds. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33629-33642. [PMID: 39130605 PMCID: PMC11307312 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The articular cartilage has poor intrinsic healing potential, hence, imposing a great challenge for articular cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis. Tissue regeneration by scaffolds and bioactive materials has provided a healing potential for degenerated cartilage. In this study, decellularized cartilage powder (DCP) and hyaluronic acid hydrogel modified by aldehyde groups and methacrylate (AHAMA) were fabricated and evaluated in vitro for efficacy in articular cartilage regeneration. In vitro tests such as cell proliferation, cell viability, and cell migration showed that DCP/AHAMA has negligible cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, it could provide an enhanced microenvironment for infrapatellar fat pad stem cells (IFPSCs). Mechanical property tests of DCP/AHAMA showed suitable adhesive and compressive strength. IFPSCs under three-dimensional (3D) culture in DCP/AMAHA were used to assess their ability to proliferate and differentiate into chondrocytes using normal and chondroinductive media. Results exhibited increased gene expression of COL2 and ACN and decreased COL1 expression. DCP/AHAMA provides a microenvironment that recapitulates the biomechanical properties of the native cartilage, promotes chondrogenic differentiation, blocks hypertrophy, and demonstrates applicability for cartilage tissue engineering and the potential for clinical biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula
Carmela O. Ching
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng
Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- School
of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapua University, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Fang-Hsu Chen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng
Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Lin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng
Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Duong-Thuy Tran
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng
Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Lemmuel L. Tayo
- School
of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapua University, Manila 1002, Philippines
- Department
of Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mapua University, Makati 1205, Philippines
| | - Ming-Long Yeh
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng
Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Medical
Device Innovation Center, National Cheng
Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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3
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Cyr JA, Burdett C, Pürstl JT, Thompson RP, Troughton SC, Sinha S, Best SM, Cameron RE. Characterizing collagen scaffold compliance with native myocardial strains using an ex-vivo cardiac model: The physio-mechanical influence of scaffold architecture and attachment method. Acta Biomater 2024; 184:239-253. [PMID: 38942187 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Applied to the epicardium in-vivo, regenerative cardiac patches support the ventricular wall, reduce wall stresses, encourage ventricular wall thickening, and improve ventricular function. Scaffold engraftment, however, remains a challenge. After implantation, scaffolds are subject to the complex, time-varying, biomechanical environment of the myocardium. The mechanical capacity of engineered tissue to biomimetically deform and simultaneously support the damaged native tissue is crucial for its efficacy. To date, however, the biomechanical response of engineered tissue applied directly to live myocardium has not been characterized. In this paper, we utilize optical imaging of a Langendorff ex-vivo cardiac model to characterize the native deformation of the epicardium as well as that of attached engineered scaffolds. We utilize digital image correlation, linear strain, and 2D principal strain analysis to assess the mechanical compliance of acellular ice templated collagen scaffolds. Scaffolds had either aligned or isotropic porous architecture and were adhered directly to the live epicardial surface with either sutures or cyanoacrylate glue. We demonstrate that the biomechanical characteristics of native myocardial deformation on the epicardial surface can be reproduced by an ex-vivo cardiac model. Furthermore, we identified that scaffolds with unidirectionally aligned pores adhered with suture fixation most accurately recapitulated the deformation of the native epicardium. Our study contributes a translational characterization methodology to assess the physio-mechanical performance of engineered cardiac tissue and adds to the growing body of evidence showing that anisotropic scaffold architecture improves the functional biomimetic capacity of engineered cardiac tissue. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Engineered cardiac tissue offers potential for myocardial repair, but engraftment remains a challenge. In-vivo, engineered scaffolds are subject to complex biomechanical stresses and the mechanical capacity of scaffolds to biomimetically deform is critical. To date, the biomechanical response of engineered scaffolds applied to live myocardium has not been characterized. In this paper, we utilize optical imaging of an ex-vivo cardiac model to characterize the deformation of the native epicardium and scaffolds attached directly to the heart. Comparing scaffold architecture and fixation method, we demonstrate that sutured scaffolds with anisotropic pores aligned with the native alignment of the superficial myocardium best recapitulate native deformation. Our study contributes a physio-mechanical characterization methodology for cardiac tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Cyr
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Clare Burdett
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Julia T Pürstl
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Robert P Thompson
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Samuel C Troughton
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Serena M Best
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Ruth E Cameron
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
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4
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Choe RH, Kuzemchak BC, Kotsanos GJ, Mirdamadi E, Sherry M, Devoy E, Lowe T, Packer JD, Fisher JP. Designing Biomimetic 3D-Printed Osteochondral Scaffolds for Enhanced Load-Bearing Capacity. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:409-420. [PMID: 38481121 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a debilitating chronic joint disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Since palliative and surgical treatments cannot completely regenerate hyaline cartilage within the articulating joint, osteochondral (OC) tissue engineering has been explored to heal OC defects. Utilizing computational simulations and three-dimensional (3D) printing, we aimed to build rationale around fabricating OC scaffolds with enhanced biomechanics. First, computational simulations revealed that interfacial fibrils within a bilayer alter OC scaffold deformation patterns by redirecting load-induced stresses toward the top of the cartilage layer. Principal component analysis revealed that scaffolds with 800 μm long fibrils (scaffolds 8A-8H) possessed optimal biomechanical properties to withstand compression and shear forces. While compression testing indicated that OC scaffolds with 800 μm fibrils did not have greater compressive moduli than other scaffolds, interfacial shear tests indicated that scaffold 8H possessed the greatest shear strength. Lastly, failure analysis demonstrated that yielding or buckling models describe interfacial fibril failure depending on fibril slenderness S. Specifically for scaffolds with packing density n = 6 and n = 8, the yielding failure model fits experimental loads with S < 10, while the buckling model fitted scaffolds with S < 10 slenderness. The research presented provides critical insights into designing 3D printed interfacial scaffolds with refined biomechanics toward improving OC tissue engineering outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Choe
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Blake C Kuzemchak
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - George J Kotsanos
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Eman Mirdamadi
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Sherry
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Eoin Devoy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Tao Lowe
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan D Packer
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
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5
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Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Sadat Z, Lalebeigi F, Naderi N, Panahi L, Ganjali F, Mahdian S, Saadatidizaji Z, Mahdavi M, Chidar E, Soleimani E, Ghaee A, Maleki A, Zare I. Effects of mechanical properties of carbon-based nanocomposites on scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a comprehensive review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:337-366. [PMID: 38235087 PMCID: PMC10790973 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00554b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical properties, such as elasticity modulus, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, density, creep, toughness, brittleness, durability, stiffness, creep rupture, corrosion and wear, a low coefficient of thermal expansion, and fatigue limit, are some of the most important features of a biomaterial in tissue engineering applications. Furthermore, the scaffolds used in tissue engineering must exhibit mechanical and biological behaviour close to the target tissue. Thus, a variety of materials has been studied for enhancing the mechanical performance of composites. Carbon-based nanostructures, such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fibrous carbon nanostructures, and nanodiamonds (NDs), have shown great potential for this purpose. This is owing to their biocompatibility, high chemical and physical stability, ease of functionalization, and numerous surface functional groups with the capability to form covalent bonds and electrostatic interactions with other components in the composite, thus significantly enhancing their mechanical properties. Considering the outstanding capabilities of carbon nanostructures in enhancing the mechanical properties of biocomposites and increasing their applicability in tissue engineering and the lack of comprehensive studies on their biosafety and role in increasing the mechanical behaviour of scaffolds, a comprehensive review on carbon nanostructures is provided in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Eivazzadeh-Keihan
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Farnaz Lalebeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Nooshin Naderi
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Leila Panahi
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ganjali
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Sakineh Mahdian
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Zahra Saadatidizaji
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Elham Chidar
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Erfan Soleimani
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Azadeh Ghaee
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran P.O. Box 14395-1561 Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd Shiraz 7178795844 Iran
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6
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Ateshian GA, Athanasiou KA, Soslowsky LJ. Editorial, F Guilak Special Issue. J Biomech 2023; 161:111773. [PMID: 37640589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
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7
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Szczesny SE, Corr DT. Tendon cell and tissue culture: Perspectives and recommendations. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2093-2104. [PMID: 36794495 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The wide variety of cell and tissue culture systems used to study and engineer tendons can make it difficult to choose the best approach and "optimal" culture conditions to test a given hypothesis. Therefore, a breakout session was organized at the 2022 ORS Tendon Section Meeting that focused on establishing a set of guidelines for conducting cell and tissue culture studies of tendon. This paper summarizes the outcomes of that discussion and presents recommendations for future studies. In the case of studying tendon cell behavior, cell and tissue culture systems are reductionist models in which the culture conditions should be strictly defined to approximate the in vivo condition as closely as possible. In contrast, for tissue engineering tendon replacements, the culture conditions do not need to replicate native tendon, but the outcome measures for success should be narrowly defined for the specific clinical application. Common recommendations for both applications are that researchers should perform a baseline phenotypic characterization of the cells that are ultimately used for experimentation. For models of tendon cell behavior, culture conditions should be well justified by existing literature and meticulously reported, tissue explant viability should be assessed, and comparisons to in vivo conditions should be made to determine baseline physiological relevance. For tissue engineering applications, the functional/structural/compositional outcome targets should be defined by the specific tendons they seek to replace, with key biologic and material properties prioritized for construct assessment. Lastly, when engineering tendon replacements, researchers should utilize clinically approved cGMP materials to facilitate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer E Szczesny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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8
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Yousafzai MS, Hammer JA. Using Biosensors to Study Organoids, Spheroids and Organs-on-a-Chip: A Mechanobiology Perspective. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:905. [PMID: 37887098 PMCID: PMC10605946 DOI: 10.3390/bios13100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The increasing popularity of 3D cell culture models is being driven by the demand for more in vivo-like conditions with which to study the biochemistry and biomechanics of numerous biological processes in health and disease. Spheroids and organoids are 3D culture platforms that self-assemble and regenerate from stem cells, tissue progenitor cells or cell lines, and that show great potential for studying tissue development and regeneration. Organ-on-a-chip approaches can be used to achieve spatiotemporal control over the biochemical and biomechanical signals that promote tissue growth and differentiation. These 3D model systems can be engineered to serve as disease models and used for drug screens. While culture methods have been developed to support these 3D structures, challenges remain to completely recapitulate the cell-cell and cell-matrix biomechanical interactions occurring in vivo. Understanding how forces influence the functions of cells in these 3D systems will require precise tools to measure such forces, as well as a better understanding of the mechanobiology of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Biosensors will prove powerful for measuring forces in both of these contexts, thereby leading to a better understanding of how mechanical forces influence biological systems at the cellular and tissue levels. Here, we discussed how biosensors and mechanobiological research can be coupled to develop accurate, physiologically relevant 3D tissue models to study tissue development, function, malfunction in disease, and avenues for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sulaiman Yousafzai
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A. Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Spatholt RJ, Minoughan CE, Gooch C, Harms SP, Taylor ML, Galloway MT, Shearn JT. Determine the vertical ground reaction forces and knee mechanics with different gait inclinations in the sheep model. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:779-786. [PMID: 35822352 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of knee mechanics and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) function is predominately based on data recorded during simulations of clinical examinations or the application of nonphysiologic loads and motions. These methodologies provide little information on knee and ACL mechanics during activities of daily living (ADLs). Additionally, researchers have not directly measured knee kinetics, knee contact pressures, and ACL forces, and it is unknown how these parameters change with different activities. This study quantified the effects of activity level on vertical ground reaction forces, knee kinematics, and joint and ligament forces during in vivo motions. Five female Suffolk sheep were walked twice weekly on a treadmill during level (0°), inclined (+6°), and declined (-6°) gait for 12 weeks. Electromagnetic (EM) trackers were surgically implanted onto the left distal femur and the left proximal tibia, and in vivo motions were recorded for all activities. Following sacrifice, the in vivo motions were applied to their respective knees using a serial robot with a multi-axis load cell. In vitro simulations were repeated to measure (a) total knee forces, (b) contact pressure maps, and (c) ACL-only forces. Declining the gait surface led to increased posterior translation during the swing phase and decreased flexion at hoof-strike, decreased medial contact pressure at push-off, decreased ACL force at hoof-strike and increased ACL force at push-off. This study established a system that can be used to examine knee mechanics and ACL forces during ADLs for different knee states to define design requirements for ACL reconstruction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Spatholt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chelsea E Minoughan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Cynthia Gooch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel P Harms
- Orthopaedic Associates of Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michal L Taylor
- Rocky Mountain Associates in Orthopaedic Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jason T Shearn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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10
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Jiang Q, Wang L, Liu Z, Su J, Tang Y, Tan P, Zhu X, Zhang K, Ma X, Jiang J, Zhao J, Lin H, Zhang X. Canine ACL reconstruction with an injectable hydroxyapatite/collagen paste for accelerated healing of tendon-bone interface. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:1-15. [PMID: 35633878 PMCID: PMC9123091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Healing of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) autologous graft in a bone tunnel occurs through the formation of fibrovascular scar tissue, which is structurally and compositionally inferior to normal fibrocartilaginous insertion and thus may increase the reconstruction failure and the rate of failure recurrence. In this study, an injectable hydroxyapatite/type I collagen (HAp/Col Ⅰ) paste was developed to construct a suitable local microenvironment to accelerate the healing of bone-tendon interface. Physicochemical characterization demonstrated that the HAp/Col Ⅰ paste was injectable, uniform and stable. The in vitro cell culture illustrated that the paste could promote MC3T3-E1 cells proliferation and osteogenic expression. The results of a canine ACL reconstruction study showed that the reconstructive ACL had similar texture and color as the native ACL. The average width of the tunnel, total bone volume, bone volume/tissue volume and trabecular number acquired from micro-CT analysis suggested that the healing of tendon-bone interface in experimental group was better than that in control group. The biomechanical test showed the maximal loads in experimental group achieved approximately half of native ACL's maximal load at 24 weeks. According to histological examination, Sharpey fibers could be observed as early as 12 weeks postoperatively while a typical four-layer transitional structure of insertion site was regenerated at 48 weeks in the experimental group. The injectable HAp/Col Ⅰ paste provided a biomimetic scaffold and microenvironment for early cell attachment and proliferation, further osteogenic expression and extracellular matrix deposition, and in vivo structural and functional regeneration of the tendon-bone interface. A stable and injectable HAp/Col I paste was designed, optimized and characterized. The paste was applied in ACL reconstruction with an established standard operation procedure. Provided the safety and efficacy evidence for ACL reconstruction, and healing of tendon-bone interface was accelerated.
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11
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Matsuo N, Ohki T, Aoyama S, Yamaguchi S, Itabashi M, Egawa H, Yamamoto M. Transplantation of hybrid adipose-derived stem cell sheet with autologous peritoneum: An in vivo feasibility study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12992. [PMID: 36747528 PMCID: PMC9898601 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In regenerative medicine, cell sheet engineering has various advantages, including the retention of cells at the transplantation site for a longer period and the local delivery of growth factors and cytokines. Adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) is widely used owing to their various functions such as wound healing, immunomodulation, and nerve regeneration, in addition to their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. ASC sheet generated using cell sheet engineering is considered effective in preventing anastomotic leakage, a serious postoperative complication in gastrointestinal surgery. However, the ASC sheet is too soft, thin, and brittle to handle with laparoscopic forceps during the operation. Therefore, we considered using the peritoneum, which is stiff and easy to collect while operating, as an alternative support. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using the peritoneum as a support for the precise transplantation of ASC sheets during surgery. Methods ASCs were isolated from the subcutaneous fat of the inguinal region of Sprague-Dawley (SD) transgenic rats expressing green fluorescent protein. ASCs were cultured until passage 3, seeded in temperature-responsive culture dishes, and the resulting ASC sheet was harvested at more than 80% confluency. Non-transgenic SD rats were used for transplant experiments. The wall peritoneum was harvested from SD rats following laparotomy, and hybrid adipose-derived stem cell (HASC) sheet was prepared by laminating the peritoneum with ASC sheet. The cell sheets were transplanted on the backs of SD rats following the incision. On post-transplantation days 3 and 7, the specimens were extracted. ASC and HASC sheets were then compared macroscopically and histopathologically. Results HASC sheet transplantation was macroscopically and histopathologically more effective than ASC sheet transplantation. The peritoneum provided sufficient stiffness as a support for precise transplantation. Conclusion The newly developed HASC sheet, which combine the advantages of ASC sheet with those of the peritoneum, could be more useful for clinical application than the ASC sheet alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Matsuo
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohki
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Shota Aoyama
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Michio Itabashi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroto Egawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Utsunomiya Memorial Hospital, 1-3-16 Ohdori Utsunomiya-shi Tochigi, 320-0811, Japan
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12
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Butler DL. Evolution of functional tissue engineering for tendon and ligament repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:1091-1108. [PMID: 36397198 DOI: 10.1002/term.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review paper is motivated by a Back-to-Basics presentation given by the author at the 2022 Orthopaedic Research Society meeting in Tampa, Florida. I was tasked with providing a brief history of research leading up to the introduction of functional tissue engineering (FTE) for tendon and ligament repair. Beginning in the 1970s, this timeline focused on two common orthopedic soft tissue problems, anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in the knee and supraspinatus tendon injuries in the shoulder. Historic changes in the field over the next 5 decades revealed a transformation from a focus more on mechanics (called "bioMECHANICS") on a larger (tissue) scale to a more recent focus on biology (called "mechanoBIOLOGY") on a smaller (cellular and molecular) scale. Early studies by surgeons and engineers revealed the importance of testing conditions for ligaments and tendons (e.g., high strain rates while avoiding subject disuse and immobility) and the need to measure in vivo forces in these tissues. But any true tissue engineering and regeneration in these early decades was limited more to the use of auto-, allo- and xenografts than actual generation of stimulated cell-scaffold constructs in culture. It was only after the discovery of tissue engineering in 1988 and the recognition of frequent rotator cuff injuries in the early 1990s, that biologists joined surgeons and engineers to discover mechanical and biological testing criteria for FTE. This review emphasizes the need for broader and more inclusive collaborations by surgeons, biologists and engineers in the short term with involvement of those in biomaterials, manufacturing, and regulation of new products in the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Butler
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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13
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Fekrazad R, Tondnevis F, Abolhasani MM. In-Vitro Evaluation of Novel Polycaprolactone/ Chitosan/ Carbon Nano Tube Scaffold for Tissue Regeneration. J Biomed Phys Eng 2022; 12:395-402. [PMID: 36059279 PMCID: PMC9395625 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients lose their organs or tissues due to disease, trauma, or a variety of genetic disorders. Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary science to regenerate or restore tissue or organ function and an appropriate scaffold is the first and certainly a crucial step in tissue engineering strategies. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to fabricate and evaluate the in-vitro response of porous nano Polycaprolactone (PCL)/ chitosan/ multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) scaffold for tissue regeneration. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this experimental research, a novel scaffold containing MWCNTs in polycaprolactone/chitosan nanofibrous scaffold was synthesized by electrospinning technique. RESULTS According to scanning electron microscopy SEM images, by increasing the number of MWCNT in the scaffold by 2%, the average diameter decreased significantly for fabricated scaffolds with 5% MWCNTs. Based on the results, the scaffolds plunged from submicron to nanoscale fibers at about 80 nm. In addition, by adding more MWCNT to the nanofibrous scaffold, the biodegradation rate was decreased by 32%. However, mechanical characterization demonstrates that the higher level of MWCNT increases young modulus by 96%, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay illustrated that MWCNTs could enhance bioactivity and cell- scaffold relationship in addition to alkaline phosphatase (ALP). CONCLUSION MWCNT significantly improves the physical and mechanical properties of fabricated scaffolds and in-vitro assessment demonstrated that the prepared nanofibrous scaffold containing 4% MWCNT could be a very useful biocompatible material for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fekrazad
- DDS, Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- DDS, International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farbod Tondnevis
- PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Mahdi Abolhasani
- PhD, Department of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Materials & Energy Research Center (MERC), Karaj, Iran
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14
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Bracamonte JH, Saunders SK, Wilson JS, Truong UT, Soares JS. Patient-Specific Inverse Modeling of In Vivo Cardiovascular Mechanics with Medical Image-Derived Kinematics as Input Data: Concepts, Methods, and Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022; 12:3954. [PMID: 36911244 PMCID: PMC10004130 DOI: 10.3390/app12083954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inverse modeling approaches in cardiovascular medicine are a collection of methodologies that can provide non-invasive patient-specific estimations of tissue properties, mechanical loads, and other mechanics-based risk factors using medical imaging as inputs. Its incorporation into clinical practice has the potential to improve diagnosis and treatment planning with low associated risks and costs. These methods have become available for medical applications mainly due to the continuing development of image-based kinematic techniques, the maturity of the associated theories describing cardiovascular function, and recent progress in computer science, modeling, and simulation engineering. Inverse method applications are multidisciplinary, requiring tailored solutions to the available clinical data, pathology of interest, and available computational resources. Herein, we review biomechanical modeling and simulation principles, methods of solving inverse problems, and techniques for image-based kinematic analysis. In the final section, the major advances in inverse modeling of human cardiovascular mechanics since its early development in the early 2000s are reviewed with emphasis on method-specific descriptions, results, and conclusions. We draw selected studies on healthy and diseased hearts, aortas, and pulmonary arteries achieved through the incorporation of tissue mechanics, hemodynamics, and fluid-structure interaction methods paired with patient-specific data acquired with medical imaging in inverse modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johane H. Bracamonte
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Sarah K. Saunders
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - John S. Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Uyen T. Truong
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Joao S. Soares
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Zancla A, Mozetic P, Orsini M, Forte G, Rainer A. A primer to traction force microscopy. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101867. [PMID: 35351517 PMCID: PMC9092999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traction force microscopy (TFM) has emerged as a versatile technique for the measurement of single-cell-generated forces. TFM has gained wide use among mechanobiology laboratories, and several variants of the original methodology have been proposed. However, issues related to the experimental setup and, most importantly, data analysis of cell traction datasets may restrain the adoption of TFM by a wider community. In this review, we summarize the state of the art in TFM-related research, with a focus on the analytical methods underlying data analysis. We aim to provide the reader with a friendly compendium underlying the potential of TFM and emphasizing the methodological framework required for a thorough understanding of experimental data. We also compile a list of data analytics tools freely available to the scientific community for the furtherance of knowledge on this powerful technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zancla
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy; Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mozetic
- Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council, Lecce, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Orsini
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia.
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy; Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council, Lecce, Italy.
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16
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Van Houten SK, Bramson MTK, Corr D. A Bioreactor for Controlled Electrical and Mechanical Stimulation of Developing Scaffold-Free Constructs. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:1139234. [PMID: 35244139 DOI: 10.1115/1.4054021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactors are commonly used to apply biophysically-relevant stimulations to tissue-engineered constructs in order to explore how these stimuli influence tissue development, healing, and homeostasis, and they offer great flexibility because key features of the stimuli (e.g., duty cycle, frequency, amplitude, duration) can be controlled to elicit a desired cellular response. However, most bioreactors that apply mechanical and electrical stimulations do so to a scaffold after the construct has developed, preventing study of the influence these stimuli have on early construct development. To enable such exploration, there is a need for a bioreactor that allows the direct application of mechanical and electrical stimulation to constructs as they develop. Herein, we develop and calibrate a bioreactor, based on our previously established modified Flexcell system, to deliver precise mechanical and electrical stimulation, either independently or in combination, to developing scaffold-free tissue constructs. Linear calibration curves were established, then used to apply precise dynamic mechanical and electrical stimulations, over a range of physiologically relevant strains and voltages respectively. Following calibration, applied mechanical and electrical stimulations were not statistically different from their desired target values, and were consistent whether delivered independently or in combination. Concurrent delivery of mechanical and electrical stimulation resulted in a negligible change in mechanical (< 2%) and electrical (<1%) values, compared to their independently-delivered values. With this calibrated bioreactor, we can apply precise, controlled, reproducible mechanical and electrical stimulations, alone or in combination, to scaffold-free, tissue engineered constructs as they develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Van Houten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Michael T K Bramson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - David Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, USA
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17
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Wu SY, Kim W, Kremen TJ. In Vitro Cellular Strain Models of Tendon Biology and Tenogenic Differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:826748. [PMID: 35242750 PMCID: PMC8886160 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.826748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that the surrounding biomechanical environment plays a significant role in the development, differentiation, repair, and degradation of tendon, but the interactions between tendon cells and the forces they experience are complex. In vitro mechanical stimulation models attempt to understand the effects of mechanical load on tendon and connective tissue progenitor cells. This article reviews multiple mechanical stimulation models used to study tendon mechanobiology and provides an overview of the current progress in modelling the complex native biomechanical environment of tendon. Though great strides have been made in advancing the understanding of the role of mechanical stimulation in tendon development, damage, and repair, there exists no ideal in vitro model. Further comparative studies and careful consideration of loading parameters, cell populations, and biochemical additives may further offer new insight into an ideal model for the support of tendon regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Y. Wu
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thomas J. Kremen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas J. Kremen Jr,
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18
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Bashiri Z, Zahiri M, Allahyari H, Esmaeilzade B. Proliferation of human spermatogonial stem cells on optimized PCL/Gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14380. [PMID: 35083770 DOI: 10.1111/and.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement of culture system and increasing the proliferation of spermatogonia stem cells under in vitro condition are the essential treatment options for infertility before autologous transplantation. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the proliferation of human spermatogonia stem cells on the electrospun polycaprolactone/gelatin nanocomposite. Therefore, for this purpose, nanofiber porous scaffolds were prepared using the electrospinning method and their structures were then confirmed by SEM. After performing swelling, biodegradability and cell adhesion tests, human spermatogonia stem cells were cultured on scaffolds. In addition, both cell viability and proliferation were assessed using immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and real-time PCR techniques in culturing during a 3-week period. SEM images indicated the presence of fibres with suitable diameters and arrangement as well as a sufficient porosity in nanocomposite scaffolds, showing good biocompatibility and biodegradability. The results show a significant increase in the number of spermatogonia stem cells in the cultured group on scaffold compared with the control group (p ≤ 0.05). As well, the results show that the expressions of integrin ɑ6 and β1 and Plzf genes estimated using real-time PCR in nanofiber scaffolds were significantly higher than those of the control group (p ≤ 0.05). However, the expression of c-Kit gene in the 3D group showed a significant decrease compared with the 2D group. Flow cytometry analysis also showed that the number of Plzf-positive cells was significantly higher in nanofiber porous scaffolds compared with the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, immunocytochemistry findings confirmed the presence of human spermatogonia stem cell colonies. In general, it seems that the designed nanocomposite scaffold could provide a suitable capacity for self-renewal of human spermatogonia stem cells, which can have a good application potential in research and reconstructive medicine related to the field of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bashiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Zahiri
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hamed Allahyari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Banafshe Esmaeilzade
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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19
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Lee J, Jang S, Kwon J, Oh TI, Lee E. Comparative Evaluation of Synovial Multipotent Stem Cells and Meniscal Chondrocytes for Capability of Fibrocartilage Reconstruction. Cartilage 2021; 13:980S-990S. [PMID: 32748647 PMCID: PMC8804725 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520946367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Meniscus tissue is composed of highly aligned type I collagen embedded with cartilaginous matrix. This histological feature endows mechanical properties, such as tensile strength along the direction of the collagen alignment and endurance to compressive load induced by weight bearing. The main objective of this study was to compare the fibrocartilage construction capability of different cell sources in the presence of mechanical stimuli. DESIGN Synovial multipotent stem cells (SvMSCs) and meniscal chondrocytes (MCs) from immature and mature rabbits were maintained under similar conditions for comparative evaluation of growth characteristics and senescence tendency. The differentiation potential of cell sources, including fibrocartilage generation, were comparatively evaluated. To determine the capability of fibrocartilage generation, cultured cell sheets were rolled up to produce cable-form tissue and subjected to chondrogenic induction in the presence or absence of static tension. RESULTS Although SvMSCs showed superior cell growth characteristics during in vitro cell expansion, senescence-associated β-galactosidase expression was consistently higher, compared with MCs. MCs showed glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich matrix formation during default in vitro chondrogenesis. While application of static tension significantly reduced GAG production, MCs continued to show robust tissue growth. SvMSCs showed inferior chondrogenic differentiation and diminished tissue growth in the presence of static tension. CONCLUSIONS While SvMSCs produced fibrous tissue during default in vitro chondrogenesis, their fibrocartilage generation potential in the presence of static tension was significantly lower, compared with MCs. Our results support evaluation of cellular response to tensile stimulus as a decisive factor in determining the ideal cell source for fibrocartilage reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering,
Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seoyoung Jang
- Department of Medical Engineering,
Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - JunPyo Kwon
- Department of Medical Engineering,
Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tong In Oh
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South
Korea
| | - EunAh Lee
- Impedance Imaging Research Center,
Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea,EunAh Lee, Impedance Imaging
Research Center, Kyung Hee Uiversity, 26, Kyungheedae-ro,
Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea.
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20
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Munteanu C, Mireşan V, Răducu C, Ihuţ A, Uiuiu P, Pop D, Neacşu A, Cenariu M, Groza I. Can Cultured Meat Be an Alternative to Farm Animal Production for a Sustainable and Healthier Lifestyle? Front Nutr 2021; 8:749298. [PMID: 34671633 PMCID: PMC8522976 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.749298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Producing animal proteins requires large areas of agricultural land and is a major source of greenhouse gases. Cellular agriculture, especially cultured meat, could be a potential alternative for the environment and human health. It enables meat and other agricultural products to be grown from cells in a bioreactor without being taken from farm animals. This paper aims at an interdisciplinary review of literature focusing on potential benefits and risks associated with cultured meat. To achieve this goal, several international databases and governmental projects were thoroughly analyzed using keywords and phrases with specialty terms. This is a growing scientific domain, which has generated a series of debates regarding its potential effects. On the one hand the potential of beneficial effects is the reduction of agricultural land usage, pollution and the improvement of human health. Other authors question if cultured meat could be a sustainable alternative for reducing gas emissions. Interestingly, the energy used for cultured meat could be higher, due to the replacement of some biological functions, by technological processes. For potential effects to turn into results, a realistic understanding of the technology involved and more experimental studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Munteanu
- Department of Plant Culture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vioara Mireşan
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Camelia Răducu
- Department of Technological Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrada Ihuţ
- Department of Technological Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Uiuiu
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daria Pop
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology II "Dominic Stanca, " University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Neacşu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai Cenariu
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Reproductive Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Groza
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Reproductive Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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21
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Kahl M, Schneidereit D, Bock N, Friedrich O, Hutmacher DW, Meinert C. MechAnalyze: An Algorithm for Standardization and Automation of Compression Test Analysis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:529-542. [PMID: 34541882 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of hydrogels, as well as native and engineered tissues are key parameters frequently assessed in biomaterial science and tissue engineering research. However, a lack of standardized methods and user-independent data analysis has impacted the research community for many decades and contributes to poor reproducibility and comparability of datasets, representing a significant issue often neglected in publications. In this study, we provide a software package, MechAnalyze, facilitating the standardized and automated analysis of force-displacement data generated in unconfined compression tests. Using comparative studies of datasets analyzed manually and with MechAnalyze, we demonstrate that the software reliably determines the compressive moduli, failure stress and failure strain of hydrogels, as well as engineered and native tissues, while providing an intuitive user interface that requires minimal user input. MechAnalyze provides a fast and user-independent data analysis method and advances process standardization, reproducibility, and comparability of data for the mechanical characterization of biomaterials as well as native and engineered tissues. Impact statement Mechanical properties of hydrogels are crucial parameters in the development of new materials for tissue engineering. However, manual assessment is tedious, not standardized and suffers under user-to-user bias. Hence, the here presented stand-alone software package provides analysis and statistics of force-displacement and material geometry data to determine the compressive moduli, failure stress, and failure strain in a standardized, robust, and automated fashion. MechAnalyze will substantially support biomechanical testing of hydrogels as well as engineered and native tissues and will thus, be of appreciable value to a broad target group in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, but also life sciences and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kahl
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dominik Schneidereit
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Bock
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC ITTC in Additive Biomanufacturing, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christoph Meinert
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Chen J, Mir M, Pinezich MR, O'Neill JD, Guenthart BA, Bacchetta M, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Huang SXL, Kim J. Non-destructive vacuum-assisted measurement of lung elastic modulus. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:370-380. [PMID: 34192570 PMCID: PMC9245063 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In living tissues, mechanical stiffness and biological function are intrinsically linked. Alterations in the stiffness of tissues can induce pathological interactions that affect cellular activity and tissue function. Underlying connections between tissue stiffness and disease highlights the importance of accurate quantitative characterizations of soft tissue mechanics, which can improve our understanding of disease and inform therapeutic development. In particular, accurate measurement of lung mechanical properties has been especially challenging due to the anatomical and mechanobiological complexities of the lung. Discrepancies between measured mechanical properties of dissected lung tissue samples and intact lung tissues in vivo has limited the ability to accurately characterize integral lung mechanics. Here, we report a non-destructive vacuum-assisted method to evaluate mechanical properties of soft biomaterials, including intact tissues and hydrogels. Using this approach, we measured elastic moduli of rat lung tissue that varied depending on stress-strain distribution throughout the lung. We also observed that the elastic moduli of enzymatically disrupted lung parenchyma increased by at least 64%. The reported methodology enables assessment of the nonlinear viscoelastic characteristics of intact lungs under normal and abnormal (i.e., injured, diseased) conditions and allows measurement of mechanical properties of tissue-mimetic biomaterials for use in therapeutics or in vitro models. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Accurate quantification of tissue stiffness is critical for understanding mechanisms of disease and developing effective therapeutics. Current modalities to measure tissue stiffness are destructive and preclude accurate assessment of lung mechanical properties, as lung mechanics are determined by complex features of the intact lung. To address the need for alternative methods to assess lung mechanics, we report a non-destructive vacuum-based approach to quantify tissue stiffness. We applied this method to correlate lung tissue mechanics with tissue disruption, and to assess the stiffness of biomaterials. This method can be used to inform the development of tissue-mimetic materials for use in therapeutics and disease models, and could potentially be applied for in-situ evaluation of tissue stiffness as a diagnostic or prognostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Mohammad Mir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Meghan R Pinezich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John D O'Neill
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Brandon A Guenthart
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Bacchetta
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Sarah X L Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States.
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23
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Bramson MTK, Van Houten SK, Corr DT. Mechanobiology in Tendon, Ligament, and Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:070801. [PMID: 33537704 DOI: 10.1115/1.4050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tendon, ligament, and skeletal muscle are highly organized tissues that largely rely on a hierarchical collagenous matrix to withstand high tensile loads experienced in activities of daily life. This critical biomechanical role predisposes these tissues to injury, and current treatments fail to recapitulate the biomechanical function of native tissue. This has prompted researchers to pursue engineering functional tissue replacements, or dysfunction/disease/development models, by emulating in vivo stimuli within in vitro tissue engineering platforms-specifically mechanical stimulation, as well as active contraction in skeletal muscle. Mechanical loading is critical for matrix production and organization in the development, maturation, and maintenance of native tendon, ligament, and skeletal muscle, as well as their interfaces. Tissue engineers seek to harness these mechanobiological benefits using bioreactors to apply both static and dynamic mechanical stimulation to tissue constructs, and induce active contraction in engineered skeletal muscle. The vast majority of engineering approaches in these tissues are scaffold-based, providing interim structure and support to engineered constructs, and sufficient integrity to withstand mechanical loading. Alternatively, some recent studies have employed developmentally inspired scaffold-free techniques, relying on cellular self-assembly and matrix production to form tissue constructs. Whether utilizing a scaffold or not, incorporation of mechanobiological stimuli has been shown to improve the composition, structure, and biomechanical function of engineered tendon, ligament, and skeletal muscle. Together, these findings highlight the importance of mechanobiology and suggest how it can be leveraged to engineer these tissues and their interfaces, and to create functional multitissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T K Bramson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Sarah K Van Houten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180
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24
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Statham P, Jones E, Jennings LM, Fermor HL. Reproducing the Biomechanical Environment of the Chondrocyte for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:405-420. [PMID: 33726527 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the biomechanical and tribological performance of articular cartilage is inextricably linked to its extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and zonal heterogeneity. Furthermore, it is understood that the presence of native ECM components, such as collagen II and aggrecan, promote healthy homeostasis in the resident chondrocytes. What is less frequently discussed is how chondrocyte metabolism is related to the extracellular mechanical environment, at both the macro and microscale. The chondrocyte is in immediate contact with the pericellular matrix of the chondron, which acts as a mechanocoupler, transmitting external applied loads from the ECM to the chondrocyte. Therefore, components of the pericellular matrix also play essential roles in chondrocyte mechanotransduction and metabolism. Recreating the biomechanical environment through tuning material properties of a scaffold and/or the use of external cyclic loading can induce biosynthetic responses in chondrocytes. Decellularized scaffolds, which retain the native tissue macro- and microstructure also represent an effective means of recapitulating such an environment. The use of such techniques in tissue engineering applications can ensure the regeneration of skeletally mature articular cartilage with appropriate biomechanical and tribological properties to restore joint function. Despite the pivotal role in graft maturation and performance, biomechanical and tribological properties of such interventions is often underrepresented. This review outlines the role of biomechanics in relation to native cartilage performance and chondrocyte metabolism, and how application of this theory can enhance the future development and successful translation of biomechanically relevant tissue engineering interventions. Impact statement Physiological cartilage function is a key criterion in the success of a cartilage tissue engineering solution. The in situ performance is dependent on the initial scaffold design as well as extracellular matrix deposition by endogenous or exogenous cells. Both biological and biomechanical stimuli serve as key regulators of cartilage homeostasis and maturation of the resulting tissue-engineered graft. An improved understanding of the influence of biomechanics on cellular function and consideration of the final biomechanical and tribological performance will help in the successful development and translation of tissue-engineered grafts to restore natural joint function postcartilage trauma or osteoarthritic degeneration, delaying the requirement for prosthetic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Statham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M Jennings
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L Fermor
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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25
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Ornelas-González A, González-González M, Rito-Palomares M. Microcarrier-based stem cell bioprocessing: GMP-grade culture challenges and future trends for regenerative medicine. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1081-1095. [PMID: 33730936 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1898328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, stem cell-based therapies have been proposed as an alternative for the treatment of many diseases. Stem cells (SCs) are well known for their capacity to preserve themselves, proliferate, and differentiate into multiple lineages. These characteristics allow stem cells to be a viable option for the treatment of diverse diseases. Traditional methodologies based on 2-dimensional culture techniques (T-flasks and Petri dishes) are simple and well standardized; however, they present disadvantages that limit the production of the cell yield required for regenerative medicine applications. Lately, microcarrier (MC)-based culture techniques have emerged as an attractive platform for expanding stem cells in suspension systems. Although the use of stem cell expansion on MCs has recently shown significant increase, their implementation for medical purposes is been hampered by bottlenecks in upstream and downstream processing. Therefore, there is an urgent need in the development of bioprocesses that simplify stem cell cultures under xeno-free conditions and detachment from MCs without diminishing their pluripotency and viability. A critical analysis of the factors that impact the up and downstream bioprocessing on MC-based stem cell cultures is presented in this review. This analysis aims to raise the awareness of the current drawbacks that limit MC-based stem cell bioprocessing in regenerative medicine and propose alternatives to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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26
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Bianchi E, Ruggeri M, Rossi S, Vigani B, Miele D, Bonferoni MC, Sandri G, Ferrari F. Innovative Strategies in Tendon Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:89. [PMID: 33440840 PMCID: PMC7827834 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendon is a highly aligned connective tissue that transmits force from muscle to bone. Each year, more than 32 million tendon injuries have been reported, in fact, tendinopathies represent at least 50% of all sports injuries, and their incidence rates have increased in recent decades due to the aging population. Current clinical grafts used in tendon treatment are subject to several restrictions and there is a significant demand for alternative engineered tissue. For this reason, innovative strategies need to be explored. Tendon replacement and regeneration are complex since scaffolds need to guarantee an adequate hierarchical structured morphology and mechanical properties to stand the load. Moreover, to guide cell proliferation and growth, scaffolds should provide a fibrous network that mimics the collagen arrangement of the extracellular matrix in the tendons. This review focuses on tendon repair and regeneration. Particular attention has been devoted to the innovative approaches in tissue engineering. Advanced manufacturing techniques, such as electrospinning, soft lithography, and three-dimensional (3D) printing, have been described. Furthermore, biological augmentation has been considered, as an emerging strategy with great therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.B.); (M.R.); (S.R.); (B.V.); (D.M.); (M.C.B.); (F.F.)
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27
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Ngadimin KD, Stokes A, Gentile P, Ferreira AM. Biomimetic hydrogels designed for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4246-4259. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01852j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage-like hydrogels based on materials like gelatin, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and polyethylene glycol are reviewed and contrasted, revealing existing limitations and challenges on biomimetic hydrogels for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kresanti D. Ngadimin
- Faculty of Medical Sciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Alexander Stokes
- Faculty of Science
- Agriculture & Engineering
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- Faculty of Science
- Agriculture & Engineering
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - Ana M. Ferreira
- Faculty of Science
- Agriculture & Engineering
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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28
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Chen S, Chen W, Chen Y, Mo X, Fan C. Chondroitin sulfate modified 3D porous electrospun nanofiber scaffolds promote cartilage regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111312. [PMID: 33254957 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
3D electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have been developed for cartilage regeneration, however, there is no consensus on the preferable method for biocompatible scaffolds that enhance regeneration and attenuate inflammation. We designed a 3D porous electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) @gelatin-based scaffold by a novel method. Chondroitin sulfate (CS), commonly used in clinical cartilage treatment, is capable of regulating cartilage formation and inhibiting inflammation. Thus we further functionalized the 3D scaffold by crosslinking of CS, assuming that CS-functionalized scaffold (CSS) would promote cartilage regeneration and modulate inflammation. We confirmed that CSS exhibits not only appropriate reversible compressibility and mechanical property, but also appropriate biocompatibility, allowing cell proliferation. In vitro, the potential of CSS for chondrogenic differentiation was improved compared to control and PLA@gelatin scaffold as chondrogenic markers Collagen2 and Aggrecan was significantly increased. Meanwhile, significant reduction in two crucial inflammatory factors (NO and PGE2) in CSS group demonstrated inflammation inhibition. In vivo, rabbit cartilage defects were created and CSS effectively promoted cartilage repair. Additionally, superior anti-inflammation effect of CSS was demonstrated by reduction in iNOS and PGES, enzymes producing NO and PGE2, respectively by immunohistology. Our results indicated the preferable property of CSS for cartilage regeneration and its potential in immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 200233 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weiming Chen
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200000 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yini Chen
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 200233 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 201620 Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 200233 Shanghai, PR China.
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29
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Effects of design, porosity and biodegradation on mechanical and morphological properties of additive-manufactured triply periodic minimal surface scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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Dyment NA, Barrett JG, Awad H, Bautista CA, Banes A, Butler DL. A brief history of tendon and ligament bioreactors: Impact and future prospects. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:2318-2330. [PMID: 32579266 PMCID: PMC7722018 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioreactors are powerful tools with the potential to model tissue development and disease in vitro. For nearly four decades, bioreactors have been used to create tendon and ligament tissue-engineered constructs in order to define basic mechanisms of cell function, extracellular matrix deposition, tissue organization, injury, and tissue remodeling. This review provides a historical perspective of tendon and ligament bioreactors and their contributions to this advancing field. First, we demonstrate the need for bioreactors to improve understanding of tendon and ligament function and dysfunction. Next, we detail the history and evolution of bioreactor development and design from simple stretching of explants to fabrication and stimulation of two- and three-dimensional constructs. Then, we demonstrate how research using tendon and ligament bioreactors has led to pivotal basic science and tissue-engineering discoveries. Finally, we provide guidance for new basic, applied, and clinical research utilizing these valuable systems, recognizing that fundamental knowledge of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions combined with appropriate mechanical and chemical stimulation of constructs could ultimately lead to functional tendon and ligament repairs in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A. Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer G. Barrett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, VA
| | - Hani Awad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | | | - Albert Banes
- Flexcell International Corp., 2730 Tucker St., Suite 200, Burlington, 27215, NC
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David L. Butler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221
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31
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Yu C, Miller KL, Schimelman J, Wang P, Zhu W, Ma X, Tang M, You S, Lakshmipathy D, He F, Chen S. A sequential 3D bioprinting and orthogonal bioconjugation approach for precision tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2020; 258:120294. [PMID: 32805500 PMCID: PMC7489302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in 3D bioprinting have transformed the tissue engineering landscape by enabling the controlled placement of cells, biomaterials, and bioactive agents for the biofabrication of living tissues and organs. However, the application of 3D bioprinting is limited by the availability of cytocompatible and printable biomaterials that recapitulate properties of native tissues. Here, we developed an integrated 3D projection bioprinting and orthogonal photoconjugation platform for precision tissue engineering of tailored microenvironments. By using a photoreactive thiol-ene gelatin bioink, soft hydrogels can be bioprinted into complex geometries and photopatterned with bioactive moieties in a rapid and scalable manner via digital light projection (DLP) technology. This enables localized modulation of biophysical properties such as stiffness and microarchitecture as well as precise control over spatial distribution and concentration of immobilized functional groups. As such, well-defined properties can be directly incorporated using a single platform to produce desired tissue-specific functions within bioprinted constructs. We demonstrated high viability of encapsulated endothelial cells and human cardiomyocytes using our dual process and fabricated tissue constructs functionalized with VEGF peptide mimics to induce guided endothelial cell growth for programmable vascularization. This work represents a pivotal step in engineering multifunctional constructs with unprecedented control, precision, and versatility for the rational design of biomimetic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kathleen L Miller
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jacob Schimelman
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pengrui Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xuanyi Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Min Tang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shangting You
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Deepak Lakshmipathy
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Frank He
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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32
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Kabir W, Di Bella C, Jo I, Gould D, Choong PFM. Human Stem Cell Based Tissue Engineering for In Vivo Cartilage Repair: A Systematic Review. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:74-93. [PMID: 32729380 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pure chondral defects represent the most clinically significant articular cartilage injuries. To inform the development of clinically suitable tissue-engineering strategies for chondral repair using cells from a human patient, the combination of human stem cells (HSCs), biomaterial scaffolds, and growth factors has been widely harnessed in preclinical animal models. Due to the large heterogeneity in study designs and outcome reporting in such studies, we aimed to systematically review literature pertaining to HSC based tissue engineering strategies in animal models of chondral repair such that trends may be identified and the utility of HSCs in chondral repair can be elucidated. An extensive search strategy was carried out through PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases to identify relevant studies. Initially the title and abstract of 787 studies were screened after which inclusion and exclusion criteria sorted 56 studies for full-text evaluation. Following full text review, a final number of 22 articles were included. Out of 22 included studies, 16 used scaffold implantation, 2 used cell pellet implantation, and 4 used intra-articular injection to administer HSCs to the region of chondral defects. HSC-containing implants outperformed scaffold-only or untreated control groups in both large and small animals for chondral regeneration. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and hyaluronic acid-containing scaffolds emerged as popular stem cell and scaffold choices, respectively. However, the short analysis timepoints post cell implantation was a key limitation in many studies. This review highlights the versatility of HSCs in achieving chondral regeneration in vivo and the enhancement of chondral repair through the selection of appropriate three-dimensional scaffolds and growth factors which are essential to support cell growth, attachment, migration, and extracellular matrix synthesis. Considerable heterogeneity exists in outcome reporting, and only one article reported biomechanical evaluation of neocartilage. Standardized outcome reporting systems that include comprehensive biomechanical testing protocols should be utilized in future in vivo studies of cartilage tissue engineering as the biomechanical quality of neocartilage is of great functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassif Kabir
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,BioFab3D, Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Claudia Di Bella
- BioFab3D, Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Clinical Sciences Building, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Imkyeong Jo
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Gould
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter F M Choong
- BioFab3D, Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Clinical Sciences Building, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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33
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Locke RC, Ford EM, Silbernagel KG, Kloxin AM, Killian ML. Success Criteria and Preclinical Testing of Multifunctional Hydrogels for Tendon Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:506-518. [PMID: 32988293 PMCID: PMC7869878 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries are difficult to heal, in part, because intrinsic tendon healing, which is dominated by scar tissue formation, does not effectively regenerate the native structure and function of healthy tendon. Further, many current treatment strategies also fall short of producing regenerated tendon with the native properties of healthy tendon. There is increasing interest in the use of cell-instructive strategies to limit the intrinsic fibrotic response following injury and improve the regenerative capacity of tendon in vivo. We have established multifunctional, cell-instructive hydrogels for treating injured tendon that afford tunable control over the biomechanical, biochemical, and structural properties of the cell microenvironment. Specifically, we incorporated integrin-binding domains (RGDS) and assembled multifunctional collagen mimetic peptides that enable cell adhesion and elongation of stem cells within synthetic hydrogels of designed biomechanical properties and evaluated these materials using targeted success criteria developed for testing in mechanically demanding environments such as tendon healing. The in vitro and in situ success criteria were determined based on systematic reviews of the most commonly reported outcome measures of hydrogels for tendon repair and established standards for testing of biomaterials. We then showed, using validation experiments, that multifunctional and synthetic hydrogels meet these criteria. Specifically, these hydrogels have mechanical properties comparable to developing tendon; are noncytotoxic both in two-dimensional bolus exposure (hydrogel components) and three-dimensional encapsulation (full hydrogel); are formed, retained, and visualized within tendon defects over time (2-weeks); and provide mechanical support to tendon defects at the time of in situ gel crosslinking. Ultimately, the in vitro and in situ success criteria evaluated in this study were designed for preclinical research to rigorously test the potential to achieve successful tendon repair before in vivo testing and indicate the promise of multifunctional and synthetic hydrogels for continued translation. Impact statement Tendon healing results in a weak scar that forms due to poor cell-mediated repair of the injured tissue. Treatments that tailor the instructions experienced by cells during healing afford opportunities to regenerate the healthy tendon. Engineered cell-instructive cues, including the biomechanical, biochemical, and structural properties of the cell microenvironment, within multifunctional synthetic hydrogels are promising therapeutic strategies for tissue regeneration. In this article, the preclinical efficacy of multifunctional synthetic hydrogels for tendon repair is tested against rigorous in vitro and in situ success criteria. This study indicates the promise for continued preclinical translation of synthetic hydrogels for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Locke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Eden M. Ford
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Megan L. Killian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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34
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Alhudaithy S, Abdulmalik S, Kumbar SG, Hoshino K. Design, Fabrication, and Validation of a Petri Dish-Compatible PDMS Bioreactor for the Tensile Stimulation and Characterization of Microtissues. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E892. [PMID: 32993158 PMCID: PMC7650815 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on a novel biocompatible micromechanical bioreactor (actuator and sensor) designed for the in situ manipulation and characterization of live microtissues. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an application-targeted sterile bioreactor that is accessible, inexpensive, adjustable, and easily fabricated. Our method relies on a simple polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding technique for fabrication and is compatible with commonly-used laboratory equipment and materials. Our unique design includes a flexible thin membrane that allows for the transfer of an external actuation into the PDMS beam-based actuator and sensor placed inside a conventional 35 mm cell culture Petri dish. Through computational analysis followed by experimental testing, we demonstrated its functionality, accuracy, sensitivity, and tunable operating range. Through time-course testing, the actuator delivered strains of over 20% to biodegradable electrospun poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 85:15 non-aligned nanofibers (~91 µm thick). At the same time, the sensor was able to characterize time-course changes in Young's modulus (down to 10-150 kPa), induced by an application of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Furthermore, the actuator delivered strains of up to 4% to PDMS monolayers (~30 µm thick), simultaneously characterizing their elastic modulus up to ~2.2 MPa. The platform repeatedly applied dynamic (0.23 Hz) tensile stimuli to live Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) cells for 12 hours (h) and recorded the cellular reorientation towards two angle regimes, with averages of -58.85° and +56.02°. The device biocompatibility with live cells was demonstrated for one week, with no signs of cytotoxicity. We can conclude that our PDMS bioreactor is advantageous for low-cost tissue/cell culture micromanipulation studies involving mechanical actuation and characterization. Our device eliminates the need for an expensive experimental setup for cell micromanipulation, increasing the ease of live-cell manipulation studies by providing an affordable way of conducting high-throughput experiments without the need to open the Petri dish, reducing manual handling, cross-contamination, supplies, and costs. The device design, material, and methods allow the user to define the operational range based on their targeted samples/application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soliman Alhudaithy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Technology, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sama Abdulmalik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kazunori Hoshino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
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Huang H, Dai C, Shen H, Gu M, Wang Y, Liu J, Chen L, Sun L. Recent Advances on the Model, Measurement Technique, and Application of Single Cell Mechanics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6248. [PMID: 32872378 PMCID: PMC7504142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the cell was discovered by humans, it has been an important research subject for researchers. The mechanical response of cells to external stimuli and the biomechanical response inside cells are of great significance for maintaining the life activities of cells. These biomechanical behaviors have wide applications in the fields of disease research and micromanipulation. In order to study the mechanical behavior of single cells, various cell mechanics models have been proposed. In addition, the measurement technologies of single cells have been greatly developed. These models, combined with experimental techniques, can effectively explain the biomechanical behavior and reaction mechanism of cells. In this review, we first introduce the basic concept and biomechanical background of cells, then summarize the research progress of internal force models and experimental techniques in the field of cell mechanics and discuss the latest mechanical models and experimental methods. We summarize the application directions of cell mechanics and put forward the future perspectives of a cell mechanics model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jizhu Liu
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (H.H.); (C.D.); (H.S.); (M.G.); (Y.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Liguo Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (H.H.); (C.D.); (H.S.); (M.G.); (Y.W.); (L.S.)
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McDermott AM, Herberg S, Mason DE, Collins JM, Pearson HB, Dawahare JH, Tang R, Patwa AN, Grinstaff MW, Kelly DJ, Alsberg E, Boerckel JD. Recapitulating bone development through engineered mesenchymal condensations and mechanical cues for tissue regeneration. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/495/eaav7756. [PMID: 31167930 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav7756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Large bone defects cannot form a callus and exhibit high complication rates even with the best treatment strategies available. Tissue engineering approaches often use scaffolds designed to match the properties of mature bone. However, natural fracture healing is most efficient when it recapitulates development, forming bone via a cartilage intermediate (endochondral ossification). Because mechanical forces are critical for proper endochondral bone development and fracture repair, we hypothesized that recapitulating developmental mechanical forces would be essential for large bone defect regeneration in rats. Here, we engineered mesenchymal condensations that mimic the cellular organization and lineage progression of the early limb bud in response to local transforming growth factor-β1 presentation from incorporated gelatin microspheres. We then controlled mechanical loading in vivo by dynamically tuning fixator compliance. Mechanical loading enhanced mesenchymal condensation-induced endochondral bone formation in vivo, restoring functional bone properties when load initiation was delayed to week 4 after defect formation. Live cell transplantation produced zonal human cartilage and primary spongiosa mimetic of the native growth plate, whereas condensation devitalization before transplantation abrogated bone formation. Mechanical loading induced regeneration comparable to high-dose bone morphogenetic protein-2 delivery, but without heterotopic bone formation and with order-of-magnitude greater mechanosensitivity. In vitro, mechanical loading promoted chondrogenesis and up-regulated pericellular matrix deposition and angiogenic gene expression. In vivo, mechanical loading regulated cartilage formation and neovascular invasion, dependent on load timing. This study establishes mechanical cues as key regulators of endochondral bone defect regeneration and provides a paradigm for recapitulating developmental programs for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M McDermott
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Trinity Center for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Samuel Herberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Devon E Mason
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Joseph M Collins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hope B Pearson
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - James H Dawahare
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Amit N Patwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Trinity Center for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. .,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhang W, Xia Y, Ling Y, Yang W, Dong ZX, Wang DA, Fan C. A Transcriptome Sequencing Study on Genome-Wide Gene Expression Differences of 3D Cultured Chondrocytes in Hydrogel Scaffolds with Different Gel Density. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000028. [PMID: 32187455 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel is considered as a promising cell delivery vehicle in cartilage tissue engineering, whose tunable microenvironments may influence the function and fate of encapsulated chondrocytes. Here, the transcriptomes of chondrocytes that are encapsulated and cultured in hydrogel constructs respectively made of 0.8% and 4% alginate solution are investigated. Differences in chondrocyte transcriptome are detected via RNA-sequencing from these two cultural conditions. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are reflected in extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion, cell cycle, proliferation, cartilage development, and so on. Significantly, the expression of DEGs associated with cartilage ECM and cell proliferation are upregulated in 0.8% constructs; whilst the expressions of DEGs involved in cell cycle and matrix degradation are upregulated in 4% constructs. Moreover, interestingly, the expressions of chondrocyte hypertrophy markers are upregulated in 0.8% constructs; while 4% constructs seemingly favor the long-term maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype. Taken together, this study confirms on transcriptomic level that gel density affects gene expression and phenotype of the encapsulated chondrocytes; therefore, it may provide guidance for future design and fabrication of cartilage tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yujun Xia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yang Ling
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, P. R. China
| | - Zuo-Xiang Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, P. R. China
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Changjiang Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.,Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, P. R. China
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Sonseca A, Sahay R, Stepien K, Bukala J, Wcislek A, McClain A, Sobolewski P, Sui X, Puskas JE, Kohn J, Wagner HD, El Fray M. Architectured helically coiled scaffolds from elastomeric poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) copolyester via wet electrospinning. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 108:110505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Airway and other head and neck disorders affect hundreds of thousands of patients each year and most require surgical intervention. Among these, congenital deformity that affects newborns is particularly serious and can be life-threatening. In these cases, reconstructive surgery is resolutive but bears significant limitations, including the donor site morbidity and limited available tissue. In this context, tissue engineering represents a promising alternative approach for the surgical treatment of otolaryngologic disorders. In particular, 3D printing coupled with advanced imaging technologies offers the unique opportunity to reproduce the complex anatomy of native ear, nose, and throat, with its import in terms of functionality as well as aesthetics and the associated patient well-being. In this review, we provide a general overview of the main ear, nose and throat disorders and focus on the most recent scientific literature on 3D printing and bioprinting for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Gesù
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ian Jacobs
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Robbins AB, Freed AD, Moreno MR. Characterizing the non-linear mechanical behavior of native and biomimetic engineered tissues in 1D with physically meaningful parameters. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 102:103509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Heng W, Bhavsar M, Han Z, Barker JH. Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:441-448. [PMID: 31995020 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200129154747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent interest in developing new regenerative medicine- and tissue engineering-based treatments has motivated researchers to develop strategies for manipulating stem cells to optimize outcomes in these potentially, game-changing treatments. Cells communicate with each other, and with their surrounding tissues and organs via electrochemical signals. These signals originate from ions passing back and forth through cell membranes and play a key role in regulating cell function during embryonic development, healing, and regeneration. To study the effects of electrical signals on cell function, investigators have exposed cells to exogenous electrical stimulation and have been able to increase, decrease and entirely block cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, alignment, and adherence to scaffold materials. In this review, we discuss research focused on the use of electrical stimulation to manipulate stem cell function with a focus on its incorporation in tissue engineering-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Heng
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Trauma & Orthopedic Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mit Bhavsar
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Trauma & Orthopedic Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Zhihua Han
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Trauma & Orthopedic Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John H Barker
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Trauma & Orthopedic Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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42
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Sohutskay DO, Puls TJ, Voytik-Harbin SL. Collagen Self-assembly: Biophysics and Biosignaling for Advanced Tissue Generation. MULTI-SCALE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX MECHANICS AND MECHANOBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20182-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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43
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Chondrogenesis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells on the [devitalized costal cartilage matrix/poly(vinyl alcohol)/fibrin] hybrid scaffolds. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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44
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Xin H, Wang Z, Wu S, Wang P, Tao X, Xu C, You L. Calcified decellularized arterial scaffolds impact vascular smooth muscle cell transformation via downregulating α-SMA expression and upregulating OPN expression. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:705-710. [PMID: 31281450 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of arterial remodeling (AR) remain unclear. Studies have indicated that decellularized scaffolds stimulate the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and promote the accumulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In the present study, the impact of ECM changes following AR on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypes was investigated. VSMCs were co-cultured with normal or calcified decellularized arterial scaffolds. The expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and osteopontin (OPN) were measured at 2, 5, 10, 15 and 21 days following the establishment of the co-culture systems. The expression of α-SMA in the normal co-culture group was significantly increased compared with that in the calcified arterial decellularized scaffold co-culture group (P<0.05 and P<0.001). In addition, the expression of OPN in the AR co-culture group was significantly increased compared with the normal co-culture group (P<0.05 and P<0.001). To conclude, the calcified decellularized arterial scaffolds impact VSMC transformation by downregulating α-SMA expression and upregulating OPN expression (P<0.001). To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first study that co-cultured VSMCs with normal or calcified decellularized arterial scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Xin
- Department of Geriatrics, The People's Hospital of Yichun City, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P.R. China
| | - Shuwu Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The People's Hospital of Yichun City, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tao
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P.R. China
| | - Chenhua Xu
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P.R. China
| | - Liling You
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P.R. China
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Liang X, Gao J, Xu W, Wang X, Shen Y, Tang J, Cui S, Yang X, Liu Q, Yu L, Ding J. Structural mechanics of 3D-printed poly(lactic acid) scaffolds with tetragonal, hexagonal and wheel-like designs. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035009. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0f59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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46
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Chen W, Dai N, Wang J, Liu H, Li D, Liu L. Personalized Design of Functional Gradient Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffold. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2732253. [PMID: 31017616 DOI: 10.1115/1.4043559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The porous structure of the natural bone not only has the characteristics of lightweight and high strength, but also is conducive to the growth of cells and tissues due to interconnected pores. In this paper, a novel gradient-controlled parametric modeling technology is presented to design bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffold. First of all, the method functionalizes the pore distribution in the bone tissue, and reconstructs the pore distribution of the bone tissue in combination with the pathological analysis of the bone defect area of the individual patient. Then, based on the reconstructed pore distribution, the Voronoi segmentation algorithm and the contour interface optimization method are used to reconstruct the whole model of the bone tissue. Finally, the mechanical properties of the scaffold are studied by the finite element analysis (FEA) of different density gradient scaffolds. The results show that the method is highly feasible. BTE scaffold can be designed by irregular design methods and adjustment of pore distribution parameters, which is similar with natural bone in structural characteristics and biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Dai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Safavi AS, Rouhi G, Haghighipour N, Bagheri F, Eslaminejad MB, Sayahpour FA. Efficacy of mechanical vibration in regulating mesenchymal stem cells gene expression. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:387-394. [PMID: 30993556 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the expression of osteoblast and chondrocyte-related genes in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), derived from rabbit adipose tissue, under mechanical vibration. The cells were placed securely on a vibrator's platform and subjected to 300 Hz of sinusoidal vibration, with a maximum amplitude of 10 μm, for 45 min per day, and for 14 consequent days, in the absence of biochemical reagents. The negative control group was placed in the conventional culture medium with no mechanical loading. The expression of osteoblast and chondrocyte-related genes was investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). In addition, F-actin fiber structure and alignment with the help of actin filament fluorescence staining were evaluated, and the level of metabolic activity of MSCs was determined by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. The real-time PCR study showed a significant increase of bone gene expression in differentiated cells, compared with MSCs (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the level of chondrocyte gene expression was not remarkable. Applying mechanical vibration enhanced F-actin fiber structure and made them aligned in a specific direction. It was also found that during the differentiation process, the metabolic activity of the cells increased (P < 0.05). The results of this work are in agreement with the well-accepted fact that the MSCs, in the absence of growth factors, are sensitive to low-amplitude, high-frequency vibration. Outcomes of this work can be applied in cell therapy and tissue engineering, when regulation of stem cells is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiyeh Sadat Safavi
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P. O. Box 1591634311, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Rouhi
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P. O. Box 1591634311, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Bagheri
- Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frough Azam Sayahpour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Ansari S, Khorshidi S, Karkhaneh A. Engineering of gradient osteochondral tissue: From nature to lab. Acta Biomater 2019; 87:41-54. [PMID: 30721785 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The osteochondral tissue is an interface between two distinct tissues: articular cartilage and bone. These two tissues are significantly diverse with regard to their chemical compositions, mechanical properties, structure, electrical properties, and the amount of nutrient and oxygen consumption. Thus, transition from the surface of the articular cartilage to the subchondral bone needs to face several smooth gradients. These gradients are imperative to study to generate a scaffold suitable for the reconstruction of the cartilaginous and osseous layers of a defected osteochondral tissue, simultaneously. The aim of this review is to peruse the alternation of biochemical, biomechanical, structural, electrical, and metabolic properties of the osteochondral tissue moving from the surface of the articular cartilage to the subchondral bone. Moreover, this review also discusses currently developed approaches and ideal techniques with a focus on gradients present in the interface of the cartilage and bone. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The submitted review paper entitled as "Engineering of the gradient osteochondral tissue: from nature to lab" is a complete review with regard to the osteochondral tissue and transition of different properties between the cartilage and bone tissues. Moreover, previous studies on the osteochondral tissue engineering have been reviewed in this paper. This complete information can be a valuable and useful source for current and future researchers and scientists. Considering the scope of the submitted paper, Acta Biomaterialia would be a suitable journal for publishing this article.
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49
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Müllers Y, Meiser I, Stracke F, Riemann I, Lautenschläger F, Neubauer JC, Zimmermann H. Quantitative analysis of F-actin alterations in adherent human mesenchymal stem cells: Influence of slow-freezing and vitrification-based cryopreservation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211382. [PMID: 30682146 PMCID: PMC6347223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is an essential tool to meet the increasing demand for stem cells in medical applications. To ensure maintenance of cell function upon thawing, the preservation of the actin cytoskeleton is crucial, but so far there is little quantitative data on the influence of cryopreservation on cytoskeletal structures. For this reason, our study aims to quantitatively describe cryopreservation induced alterations to F-actin in adherent human mesenchymal stem cells, as a basic model for biomedical applications. Here we have characterised the actin cytoskeleton on single-cell level by calculating the circular standard deviation of filament orientation, F-actin content, and average filament length. Cryo-induced alterations of these parameters in identical cells pre and post cryopreservation provide the basis of our investigation. Differences between the impact of slow-freezing and vitrification are qualitatively analyzed and highlighted. Our analysis is supported by live cryo imaging of the actin cytoskeleton via two photon microscopy. We found similar actin alterations in slow-frozen and vitrified cells including buckling of actin filaments, reduction of F-actin content and filament shortening. These alterations indicate limited functionality of the respective cells. However, there are substantial differences in the frequency and time dependence of F-actin disruptions among the applied cryopreservation strategies; immediately after thawing, cytoskeletal structures show least disruption after slow freezing at a rate of 1°C/min. As post-thaw recovery progresses, the ratio of cells with actin disruptions increases, particularly in slow frozen cells. After 120 min of recovery the proportion of cells with an intact actin cytoskeleton is higher in vitrified than in slow frozen cells. Freezing at 10°C/min is associated with a high ratio of impaired cells throughout the post-thawing culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Müllers
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Ina Meiser
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Frank Stracke
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Iris Riemann
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Division of Cytoskeletal Fibers, Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chair for Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julia C. Neubauer
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
- Fraunhofer Project Centre for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
- Chair for Molecular and Cellular Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Faculty of Marine Science, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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Zündel M, Ehret AE, Mazza E. The multiscale stiffness of electrospun substrates and aspects of their mechanical biocompatibility. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:146-158. [PMID: 30447336 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to homogeneous materials, the mechanical properties of fibrous substrates depend on the probing lengthscale. This suggests that cells feel very different mechanical cues than expected from the macroscale characterisation of the substrate materials. By means of multiscale computational analyses we study here the mechanical environment of cells adhering to typical electrospun networks used in biomedical applications, with comparable macroscopic stiffness but different fibre diameters. The stiffness evaluated at the level of focal adhesions varies significantly, and the overall magnitude is strongly affected by the fibre diameter. The microscopic stiffness evaluated at cell scale depends substantially on the network topology and is about one order of magnitude lower than the macroscopic stiffness of the substrate, and two to three orders of magnitude below the fibres' elastic modulus. Moreover, the translation of stiffness over the scales is modulated by global deformations of the scaffold. In particular, uniaxial or biaxial stretching of the substrate induces nonlinear microscopic stiffening. Finally, although electrospun networks allow long-range transmission of cell-induced deformations, the comparison between the range of forces measured in cell traction force microscopy and those required to markedly deform typical electrospun networks reveals an order of magnitude difference, suggesting that these scaffolds provide a rather rigid environment for cells. All these results underline that the achievement of mechanical biocompatibility at all relevant lengthscales, and over the whole range of physiological loading states is extremely challenging. At the same time, the study shows that the diameter, length and curvature of fibre segments might be tunable towards achieving this goal. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Electrospun fabrics have growing use as substrates and scaffolds in tissue engineering and other biomedical applications. Based on multiscale computational analyses, this study shows that substrates of comparable macroscopic stiffness can provide tremendously different mechanical micro-environments, and that cells adhering to fibrous substrates may thus experience by orders of magnitude different mechanical cues than it would be expected from macroscale material characterisation. The simulations further reveal that the transfer of stiffness over the length scales changes with macroscopic deformation, and identify some key parameters that govern the transfer ratio. We believe that such refined understanding of the multiscale aspects of mechanical biocompatibility is key to the development of successful scaffold materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Zündel
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander E Ehret
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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