1
|
Schlegel P, Berry DA, Moffatt C, Zhang Z, Chhetri DK. Register transitions in an in vivo canine model as a function of intrinsic laryngeal muscle stimulation, fundamental frequency, and sound pressure level. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 155:2139-2150. [PMID: 38498507 PMCID: PMC10954347 DOI: 10.1121/10.0025135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Phonatory instabilities and involuntary register transitions can occur during singing. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms which govern such transitions. To investigate this phenomenon, we systematically varied laryngeal muscle activation and airflow in an in vivo canine larynx model during phonation. We calculated voice range profiles showing average nerve activations for all combinations of fundamental frequency (F0) and sound pressure level (SPL). Further, we determined closed-quotient (CQ) and minimum-posterior-area (MPA) based on high-speed video recordings. While different combinations of muscle activation favored different combinations of F0 and SPL, in the investigated larynx there was a consistent region of instability at about 400 Hz which essentially precluded phonation. An explanation for this region may be a larynx specific coupling between sound source and subglottal tract or an effect based purely on larynx morphology. Register transitions crossed this region, with different combinations of cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid muscle (TA) activation stabilizing higher or lower neighboring frequencies. Observed patterns in CQ and MPA dependent on TA activation reproduced patterns found in singers in previous work. Lack of control of TA stimulation may result in phonation instabilities, and enhanced control of TA stimulation may help to avoid involuntary register transitions, especially in the singing voice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schlegel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - David A Berry
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Clare Moffatt
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Dinesh K Chhetri
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Serry MA, Alzamendi GA, Zañartu M, Peterson SD. An Euler-Bernoulli-type beam model of the vocal folds for describing curved and incomplete glottal closure patterns. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 147:106130. [PMID: 37774440 PMCID: PMC10787517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete glottal closure is a laryngeal configuration wherein the glottis is not fully obstructed prior to phonation. It has been linked to inefficient voice production and voice disorders. Various incomplete glottal closure patterns can arise and the mechanisms driving them are not well understood. In this work, we introduce an Euler-Bernoulli composite beam vocal fold (VF) model that produces qualitatively similar incomplete glottal closure patterns as those observed in experimental and high-fidelity numerical studies, thus offering insights into the potential underlying physical mechanisms. Refined physiological insights are pursued by incorporating the beam model into a VF posturing model that embeds the five intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Analysis of the combined model shows that co-activating the lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) and interarytenoid (IA) muscles without activating the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle results in a bowed (convex) VF geometry with closure at the posterior margin only; this is primarily attributed to the reactive moments at the anterior VF margin. This bowed pattern can also arise during VF compression (due to extrinsic laryngeal muscle activation for example), wherein the internal moment induced passively by the TA muscle tissue is the predominant mechanism. On the other hand, activating the TA muscle without incorporating other adductory muscles results in anterior and mid-membranous glottal closure, a concave VF geometry, and a posterior glottal opening driven by internal moments induced by TA muscle activation. In the case of initial full glottal closure, the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle activation cancels the adductory effects of the LCA and IA muscles, resulting in a concave VF geometry and posterior glottal opening. Furthermore, certain maneuvers involving co-activation of all adductory muscles result in an hourglass glottal shape due to a reactive moment at the anterior VF margin and moderate internal moment induced by TA muscle activation. These findings have implications regarding potential laryngeal maneuvers in patients with voice disorders involving imbalances or excessive tension in the laryngeal muscles such as muscle tension dysphonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Serry
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Gabriel A Alzamendi
- Institute for Research and Development on Bioengineering and Bioinformatics (IBB), CONICET-UNER, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos 3100, Argentina
| | - Matías Zañartu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sean D Peterson
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu L, Zhang Z. Impact of the Paraglottic Space on Voice Production in an MRI-Based Vocal Fold Model. J Voice 2023; 37:633.e15-633.e23. [PMID: 33752927 PMCID: PMC8449798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the vocal fold is in direct contact anteriorly with the thyroid cartilage, posteriorly the vocal fold connects to the thyroid cartilage through a soft tissue layer in the paraglottic space. Currently the paraglottic space is often neglected in computational models of phonation, in which a fixed boundary condition is often imposed on the lateral surface of the vocal fold. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the paraglottic space on voice production in an MRI-based vocal fold model, and how this effect may be counteracted by vocal fold stiffening due to laryngeal muscle activation. METHODS Parametric simulation study using an MRI-based computational vocal fold model. RESULTS The results showed that the presence of the paraglottic space increased the mean and amplitude of the glottal area waveform, decreased the phonation frequency and closed quotient. For the particular vocal fold geometry used in this study, the presence of the paraglottic space also reduced the occurrence of irregular vocal fold vibration. These effects of the paraglottic space became smaller with increasing paraglottic space stiffness and to a lesser degree with vocal fold stiffening. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the paraglottic space may be neglected in qualitative evaluations of normal phonation, but needs to be included in simulations of pathological phonation or vocal fold posturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schneider-Stickler B, Ho GY, Moriggl B. Ultrasound-guided injection into the lateral crico-arytenoid muscle: a pilot study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:2877-2883. [PMID: 36773100 PMCID: PMC10175418 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-07843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The anterior, percutaneous Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection in the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (LCA) guided by laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) is considered the golden standard treatment for several neurolaryngological disorders. The study presented in this article aims to assess the effectiveness of an alternative approach by which the injection is performed laterally under ultrasound monitoring. STUDY DESIGN Anatomical dissection study in human cadavers. SETTINGS Academic health care center. METHODS Ultrasound-guided bilateral dye (0.1 mL of dye solution containing cold-curing polymers, latex, acrylates, acrylic esters, alcohol, and green color) injection in the LCA was performed by means of 24G needles and 1 mL syringes using the lateral approach. The dye location and distribution were assessed by anatomic dissection, performed immediately after the injection. RESULTS In 9/10 specimens, the dye was exclusively detectable in the LCA. In 1/10 case (left side), the dye could not be delivered in the LCA because of unintended penetration of the thyroid cartilage by the needle during injection. Anatomic dissection confirmed that the dye spread neither into the thyroarytenoid (TA) nor the cricothyroid muscle (CT). CONCLUSIONS The anatomic dissection following lateral dye injection in the LCA under ultrasound guide confirmed the precision of this approach in delivery a substance exclusively in a pre-determined target. This feature makes this method an interesting addition or alternative to the standard LEMG-guided BoNT injection at least when the LCA is its target. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Schneider-Stickler
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Guan-Yuh Ho
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Moriggl
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Serry MA, Stepp CE, Peterson SD. Exploring the mechanics of fundamental frequency variation during phonation onset. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:339-356. [PMID: 36370231 PMCID: PMC10369356 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental frequency patterns during phonation onset have received renewed interest due to their promising application in objective classification of normal and pathological voices. However, the associated underlying mechanisms producing the wide array of patterns observed in different phonetic contexts are not yet fully understood. Herein, we employ theoretical and numerical analyses in an effort to elucidate the potential mechanisms driving opposing frequency patterns for initial/isolated vowels versus vowels preceded by voiceless consonants. Utilizing deterministic lumped-mass oscillator models of the vocal folds, we systematically explore the roles of collision and muscle activation in the dynamics of phonation onset. We find that an increasing trend in fundamental frequency, as observed for initial/isolated vowels, arises naturally through a progressive increase in system stiffness as collision intensifies as onset progresses, without the need for time-varying vocal fold tension or changes in aerodynamic loading. In contrast, reduction in cricothyroid muscle activation during onset is required to generate the decrease in fundamental frequency observed for vowels preceded by voiceless consonants. For such phonetic contexts, our analysis shows that the magnitude of reduction in the cricothyroid muscle activation and the activation level of the thyroarytenoid muscle are potential factors underlying observed differences in (relative) fundamental frequency between speakers with healthy and hyperfunctional voices. This work highlights the roles of sometimes competing laryngeal factors in producing the complex array of observed fundamental frequency patterns during phonation onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Serry
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Cara E Stepp
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sean D Peterson
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang W, Farbos de Luzan C, Wang X, Oren L, Khosla SM, Xue Q, Zheng X. Computational Modeling of Voice Production Using Excised Canine Larynx. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:1116031. [PMID: 34423809 PMCID: PMC8547019 DOI: 10.1115/1.4052226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A combined experimental-numerical work was conducted to comprehensively validate a subject-specific continuum model of voice production in larynx using excised canine laryngeal experiments. The computational model is a coupling of the Navier-Stokes equations for glottal flow dynamics and a finite element model of vocal fold dynamics. The numerical simulations employed a cover-body vocal fold structure with the geometry reconstructed from magnetic resonance imaging scans and the material properties determined through an optimization-based inverse process of experimental indentation measurement. The results showed that the simulations predicted key features of the dynamics observed in the experiments, including the skewing of the glottal flow waveform, mucosal wave propagation, continuous increase of the divergent angle and intraglottal swirl strength during glottal closing, and flow recirculation between glottal jet and vocal fold. The simulations also predicted the increase of the divergent angle, glottal jet speed, and intraglottal flow swirl strength with the subglottal pressure, same as in the experiments. Quantitatively, the simulations over-predicted the frequency and jet speed and under-predicted the flow rate and divergent angle for the larynx under study. The limitations of the model and their implications were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, 204 Crosby Hall, Orono, ME 04473,e-mail:
| | - Charles Farbos de Luzan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45256,e-mail:
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, 204 Crosby Hall, Orono, ME 04473,e-mail:
| | - Liran Oren
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45256,e-mail:
| | - Sid M. Khosla
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45256,e-mail:
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Room 213, Boardman Hall, Orono, ME 04473,e-mail:
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Room 213 A, Boardman Hall, Orono, ME 04473,e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alzamendi GA, Peterson SD, Erath BD, Hillman RE, Zañartu M. Triangular body-cover model of the vocal folds with coordinated activation of the five intrinsic laryngeal muscles. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:17. [PMID: 35105008 PMCID: PMC8727069 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Poor laryngeal muscle coordination that results in abnormal glottal posturing is believed to be a primary etiologic factor in common voice disorders such as non-phonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction. Abnormal activity of antagonistic laryngeal muscles is hypothesized to play a key role in the alteration of normal vocal fold biomechanics that results in the dysphonia associated with such disorders. Current low-order models of the vocal folds are unsatisfactory to test this hypothesis since they do not capture the co-contraction of antagonist laryngeal muscle pairs. To address this limitation, a self-sustained triangular body-cover model with full intrinsic muscle control is introduced. The proposed scheme shows good agreement with prior studies using finite element models, excised larynges, and clinical studies in sustained and time-varying vocal gestures. Simulations of vocal fold posturing obtained with distinct antagonistic muscle activation yield clear differences in kinematic, aerodynamic, and acoustic measures. The proposed tool is deemed sufficiently accurate and flexible for future comprehensive investigations of non-phonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction and other laryngeal motor control disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Alzamendi
- Institute for Research and Development on Bioengineering and Bioinformatics (IBB), CONICET-UNER, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos 3100, Argentina
| | - Sean D Peterson
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Byron D Erath
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA
| | - Robert E Hillman
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Matías Zañartu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Azar SS, Chhetri DK. Phonation Threshold Pressure Revisited: Effects of Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscle Activation. Laryngoscope 2021; 132:1427-1432. [PMID: 34784055 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Phonation threshold pressure (Pth ) is the minimum subglottic pressure required to reach phonation onset and is considered a marker for vocal efficiency and health. We investigated the effects of intrinsic laryngeal muscle (ILM) activation on Pth . STUDY DESIGN In vivo animal study. METHODS In an in vivo canine phonation model, laryngeal adductor muscles were activated together by stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) and individually via stimulation of respective terminal nerve branches. Cricothyroid (CT) muscles were activated via stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves. ILMs were activated in a graded manner at various combinations as transglottal airflow was gradually increased. Aerodynamic and glottal posture parameters were measured at phonation onset. RESULTS Graded RLN stimulation decreased glottal distance and increased Pth . Thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle activation alone increased Pth . Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) muscle activation alone had minimal effects. However, graded TA activation as a function of LCA activation level revealed a synergistic relationship between the two muscles in increasing Pth . Effects of CT activation were dependent on adductor stimulation level: CT activation increased Pth at low RLN stimulation levels and decreased Pth at high RLN levels. CONCLUSIONS The effects of ILM activation on Pth were consistent with their expected effects on vocal fold stiffness and tension. TA was the primary adductor controlling Pth . While LCA alone had minimal effects on Pth , it enhanced the role of TA in controlling Pth . TA and CT have antagonistic roles in controlling Pth . These relationships should be considered in clinical efforts to improve ease of phonation and vocal efficiency. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A, basic science Laryngoscope, 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaghauyegh S Azar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dinesh K Chhetri
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Movahhedi M, Geng B, Xue Q, Zheng X. Effects of cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid interaction on voice control: Muscle activity, vocal fold biomechanics, flow, and acoustics. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:29. [PMID: 34340476 DOI: 10.1121/10.0005275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An MRI-based three-dimensional computer model of a canine larynx was used to investigate the effect of cricothyroid (CT) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle activity on vocal fold pre-phonatory posturing and glottic dynamics during voice production. Static vocal fold posturing in the full activation space of CT and TA muscles was first simulated using a laryngeal muscle mechanics model; dynamic flow-structure-acoustics interaction (FSAI) simulations were then performed to predict glottal flow and voice acoustics. The results revealed that TA activation decreased the length and increased the bulging, height, and contact area of the vocal fold. CT activation increased the length and contact area and decreased the height of the vocal fold. Both CT and TA activations increased the vocal fold stress, stiffness, and closure quotient; and only slightly affected the flow rate and voice intensity. Furthermore, CT and TA showed a complex control mechanism on the fundamental frequency pattern, which highly correlated with a combination of the stress, stiffness, and stretch of the vocal fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Biao Geng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu M, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang X, Yang Z, Wang C, Samuel OW, Chen S, Li G. Towards optimizing electrode configurations for silent speech recognition based on high-density surface electromyography. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abca14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. Silent speech recognition (SSR) based on surface electromyography (sEMG) is an attractive non-acoustic modality of human-machine interfaces that convert the neuromuscular electrophysiological signals into computer-readable textual messages. The speaking process involves complex neuromuscular activities spanning a large area over the facial and neck muscles, thus the locations of the sEMG electrodes considerably affected the performance of the SSR system. However, most of the previous studies used only a quite limited number of electrodes that were placed empirically without prior quantitative analysis, resulting in uncertainty and unreliability of the SSR outcomes. Approach. In this study, the technique of high-density sEMG was proposed to provide a full representation of the articulatory muscle activities so that the optimal electrode configuration for SSR could be systemically explored. A total of 120 closely spaced electrodes were placed on the facial and neck muscles to collect the high-density sEMG signals for classifying ten digits (0–9) silently spoken in both English and Chinese. The sequential forward selection algorithm was adopted to explore the optimal electrodes configurations. Main Results. The results showed that the classification accuracy increased rapidly and became saturated quickly when the number of selected electrodes increased from 1 to 120. Using only ten optimal electrodes could achieve a classification accuracy of 86% for English and 94% for Chinese, whereas as many as 40 non-optimized electrodes were required to obtain comparable accuracies. Also, the optimally selected electrodes seemed to be mostly distributed on the neck instead of the facial region, and more electrodes were required for English recognition to achieve the same accuracy. Significance. The findings of this study can provide useful guidelines about electrode placement for developing a clinically feasible SSR system and implementing a promising approach of human-machine interface, especially for patients with speaking difficulties.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Z. Laryngeal strategies to minimize vocal fold contact pressure and their effect on voice production. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 148:1039. [PMID: 32873018 PMCID: PMC7455307 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to identify laryngeal strategies that minimize vocal fold contact pressure while producing a target sound pressure level (SPL) using a three-dimensional voice production model. The results show that while the subglottal pressure and transverse stiffness can be manipulated to reduce the peak contact pressure, such manipulations also reduce the SPL, and are thus less effective in reducing contact pressure in voice tasks targeting a specific SPL level. In contrast, changes in the initial glottal angle and vocal fold vertical thickness that reduce the contact pressure also increase the SPL. Thus, in voice tasks targeting a specific SPL, such changes in the initial glottal angle and vertical thickness also lower the subglottal pressure, which further reduces the peak contact pressure. Overall the results show that for voice tasks with a target SPL level, vocal fold contact pressure can be significantly reduced by adopting a barely abducted glottal configuration or reducing the vocal fold vertical thickness. Aerodynamic measures are effective in identifying voice production with large initial glottal angles, but by themselves alone are not useful in differentiating hyperadducted vocal folds from barely abducted vocal folds, which may be better differentiated by closed quotient and voice type measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Geng B, Pham N, Xue Q, Zheng X. A three-dimensional vocal fold posturing model based on muscle mechanics and magnetic resonance imaging of a canine larynx. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:2597. [PMID: 32359330 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a high-fidelity three-dimensional continuum model of the canine laryngeal framework was developed for simulating laryngeal posturing. By building each muscle and cartilage from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the model is highly realistic in anatomy. The muscle mechanics is modeled using the finite-element method. The model was tested by simulating vocal fold postures under systematic activations of individual as well as groups of laryngeal muscles, and it accurately predicted vocal fold posturing parameters reported from in vivo canine larynges. As a demonstration of its application, the model was then used to investigate muscle controls of arytenoid movements, medial surface morphology, and vocal fold abduction. The results show that the traditionally categorized adductor and abductor muscles can have opposite effects on vocal fold posturing, making highly complex laryngeal adjustments in speech and singing possible. These results demonstrate that a realistic comprehensive larynx model is feasible, which is a critical step toward a causal physics-based model of voice production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Geng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Ngoc Pham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gagnon C, Boismery S, Godio-Raboutet Y, Tuchtan L, Bartoli C, Adalian P, Chaumoitre K, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Thollon L. Biomechanical study of the thyroid cartilage: A model of bi-digital strangulation. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109891. [PMID: 31400616 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of fracture on neck elements is an indication of violence. Both the hyoid bone and the larynx can be damaged by a strangulation mechanism. Thyroid cartilage, more specifically, may present lesions in response to this mechanical stress. These lesions result in fractures at the bases of the horns of the thyroid cartilage. This study focuses on the thyroid cartilage behavior in cases of bi-digital strangulation, using an anthropometric and biomechanical approach. To develop a biomechanical model, we performed an anthropometric study taking into account 14 distances measurements as well as 3 measurements of angles. These measures allowed us to determine a significant sexual dimorphism between individuals. Then, we define 6 morphologies models, composed of 3 females and 3 males individuals. In order to visualize the ossification of the cartilage, each model has been tested with bone properties. Strangulation cases were simulated by applying an imposed velocity of 0.4m/s then 1m/s. We observed different behaviors of the thyroid cartilage according to the sex and the morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gagnon
- Aix Marseille Univ, IFSTTAR, LBA, UMR_T 24, 13916 Marseille, France.
| | - S Boismery
- Aix Marseille Univ, IFSTTAR, LBA, UMR_T 24, 13916 Marseille, France.
| | - Y Godio-Raboutet
- Aix Marseille Univ, IFSTTAR, LBA, UMR_T 24, 13916 Marseille, France.
| | - L Tuchtan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Faculté de médecine Secteur Nord, Marseille, France; APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Médecine Légale et Droit de la santé, Marseille, France.
| | - C Bartoli
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Faculté de médecine Secteur Nord, Marseille, France; APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Médecine Légale et Droit de la santé, Marseille, France.
| | - P Adalian
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Faculté de médecine Secteur Nord, Marseille, France.
| | - K Chaumoitre
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Faculté de médecine Secteur Nord, Marseille, France; APHM, Hôpital Nord, Service de radiologie, Marseille, France.
| | - M-D Piercecchi-Marti
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Faculté de médecine Secteur Nord, Marseille, France; APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Médecine Légale et Droit de la santé, Marseille, France.
| | - L Thollon
- Aix Marseille Univ, IFSTTAR, LBA, UMR_T 24, 13916 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Daggumati S, Mattioni J, Sataloff RT. Lateral Cricoarytenoid-Dominant Closure Pattern Causing Recurrent Granulomas. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2019; 99:NP27-NP28. [PMID: 30943805 DOI: 10.1177/0145561319838409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jillian Mattioni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert T Sataloff
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee SH, Koh KS, Song WC. Oblique thyroarytenoid muscle in humans: An independent muscle or an accessory belly? Laryngoscope 2018; 128:1634-1638. [PMID: 29332305 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS This study aimed to determine the prevalence and morphological variations of the oblique thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle in humans. STUDY DESIGN Cadaveric anatomic dissections. METHODS One hundred hemilarynges from 50 formalin-embalmed cadavers were dissected to investigate the morphology of muscle fibers of the TA muscle. RESULTS Thirty-six (36%) hemilarynges were found to have a distinct oblique belly superficial to the TA muscle. In 28 cases, the belly had a relatively constant origin and an insertion that extended straight onto the TA muscle from the anterosuperior area of the internal surface of the thyroid lamina to the base of the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. Eight cases were located in a similar area but with some differences in the origin or insertion features. CONCLUSIONS We proposed that the oblique TA muscle has a high prevalence and probably acts to close and relax the vocal cords. It remains to be determined whether the oblique TA muscle is an independent muscle or an accessory belly of the main TA muscle. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 128:1634-1638, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hyo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wu-Chul Song
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dewan K, Vahabzadeh-Hagh A, Soofer D, Chhetri DK. Neuromuscular compensation mechanisms in vocal fold paralysis and paresis. Laryngoscope 2017; 127:1633-1638. [PMID: 28059441 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Vocal fold paresis and paralysis are common conditions. Treatment options include augmentation laryngoplasty and voice therapy. The optimal management for this condition is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess possible neuromuscular compensation mechanisms that could potentially be used in the treatment of vocal fold paresis and paralysis. STUDY DESIGN In vivo canine model. METHODS In an in vivo canine model, we examined three conditions: 1) unilateral right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paresis and paralysis, 2) unilateral superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) paralysis, and 3) unilateral vagal nerve paresis and paralysis. Phonatory acoustics and aerodynamics were measured in each of these conditions. Effective compensation was defined as improved acoustic and aerodynamic profile. RESULTS The most effective compensation for all conditions was increasing RLN activation and decreasing glottal gap. Increasing RLN activation increased the percentage of possible phonatory conditions that achieved phonation onset. SLN activation generally led to decreased number of total phonation onset conditions within each category. Differential effects of SLN (cricothyroid [CT] muscle) activation were seen. Ipsilateral SLN activation could compensate for RLN paralysis; normal CT compensated well in unilateral SLN paralysis; and in vagal paresis/paralysis, contralateral SLN and RLN displayed antagonistic relationships. CONCLUSIONS Methods to improve glottal closure should be the primary treatment for large glottal gaps. Neuromuscular compensation is possible for paresis. This study provides insights into possible compensatory mechanisms in vocal fold paresis and paralysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 127:1633-1638, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Dewan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Andrew Vahabzadeh-Hagh
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Donna Soofer
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Dinesh K Chhetri
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Park AM, Bhatt NK, Paniello RC. Paclitaxel inhibits post-traumatic recurrent laryngeal nerve regeneration into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in a canine model. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:651-655. [PMID: 27900774 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To investigate the efficacy of paclitaxel, a potent microtubule inhibitor with a more favorable therapeutic index as compared with vincristine, in preventing post-traumatic nerve regeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in a canine laryngeal model. STUDY DESIGN Experimental animal study. METHODS Forty-nine canine hemilaryngeal specimens were divided into five experimental groups. Under general anesthesia, a tracheostomy, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) transection and repair, and laryngeal adductory pressures (LAP) were measured pre-RLN injury. The approach to the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle for neurotoxin injection was transoral or open transcervical, at 0 or 3 months. At 6 months, postinjury LAPs were measured and the animals were sacrificed at 6 months to allow for laryngeal harvesting and analysis. RESULTS Paclitaxel demonstrated increased mean laryngeal adductory pressures (70.6%) as compared with saline control (55.5%). The effect of paclitaxel was the same as observed with vincristine at 0 months and with a delayed injection at 3 months. There was no difference between transoral or open injection groups. CONCLUSIONS PCA muscle injection with paclitaxel resulted in improved strength of laryngeal adduction. This effect was similar to that of vincristine at both 0 and 3 months following nerve injury. A single intramuscular injection of paclitaxel was well tolerated. Additional human studies are needed to determine the degree of clinical benefit of this intervention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 127:651-655, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Neel K Bhatt
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Randal C Paniello
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Z. Mechanics of human voice production and control. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:2614. [PMID: 27794319 PMCID: PMC5412481 DOI: 10.1121/1.4964509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the primary means of communication, voice plays an important role in daily life. Voice also conveys personal information such as social status, personal traits, and the emotional state of the speaker. Mechanically, voice production involves complex fluid-structure interaction within the glottis and its control by laryngeal muscle activation. An important goal of voice research is to establish a causal theory linking voice physiology and biomechanics to how speakers use and control voice to communicate meaning and personal information. Establishing such a causal theory has important implications for clinical voice management, voice training, and many speech technology applications. This paper provides a review of voice physiology and biomechanics, the physics of vocal fold vibration and sound production, and laryngeal muscular control of the fundamental frequency of voice, vocal intensity, and voice quality. Current efforts to develop mechanical and computational models of voice production are also critically reviewed. Finally, issues and future challenges in developing a causal theory of voice production and perception are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yin J, Zhang Z. Laryngeal muscular control of vocal fold posturing: Numerical modeling and experimental validation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:EL280. [PMID: 27914396 PMCID: PMC5384605 DOI: 10.1121/1.4962375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional continuum model of vocal fold posturing was developed to investigate laryngeal muscular control of vocal fold geometry, stiffness, and tension, which are difficult to measure in live humans or in vivo models. This model was able to qualitatively reproduce in vivo experimental observations of laryngeal control of vocal fold posturing, despite the many simplifications which are necessary due to the lack of accurate data of laryngeal geometry and material properties. The results present a first comprehensive study of the co-variations between glottal width, vocal fold length, stiffness, tension at different conditions of individual, and combined laryngeal muscle activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- UCLA School of Medicine, 31-24 Rehab Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu L, Zhang Z. A parametric vocal fold model based on magnetic resonance imaging. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:EL159. [PMID: 27586774 PMCID: PMC5397093 DOI: 10.1121/1.4959599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a parametric three-dimensional body-cover vocal fold model based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human larynx. Major geometric features that are observed in the MRI images but missing in current vocal fold models are discussed, and their influence on vocal fold vibration is evaluated using eigenmode analysis. Proper boundary conditions for the model are also discussed. Based on control parameters corresponding to anatomic landmarks that can be easily measured, this model can be adapted toward a subject-specific vocal fold model for voice production research and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA ,
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA ,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bhatt NK, Park AM, Al-Lozi M, Paniello RC. Compound Motor Action Potential Quantifies Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Innervation in a Canine Model. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 125:584-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0003489416637386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The compound motor action potential (CMAP) is the summated action potential from multiple muscle fibers activated by a single nerve impulse. The utility of laryngeal muscle CMAP for quantifying innervation following recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury was investigated. Method: In a series of 21 canine hemi-laryngeal preparations, RLNs were exposed and a stimulating electrode placed. Maximum CMAP amplitudes and area under the curve from the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles were obtained at baseline and at 6 months following injury to the RLN. Injury mechanisms included crush, stretch, cautery, and complete transection with microsuture repair. Results: Prior to injury, baseline CMAP amplitudes and area under the curve were 15.81 mV and 15.49mVms, respectively. Six months following injury, CMAP amplitude and area under curve were 105.1% and 102.1% of baseline for stretch, 98.7% and 112.7% for crush, 93.3% and 114.3% for cautery. The CMAP amplitude and area under the curve in the transection/repair group had a 54.3% and 69.4% recovery, respectively, which were significantly different than baseline ( P < .01, P < .05). These values were correlated with vocal fold motion. Conclusion: The CMAP is a measure of vocal fold innervation. The technique could be further developed for clinical and experimental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neel K. Bhatt
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea M. Park
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Muhammad Al-Lozi
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randal C. Paniello
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chhetri DK, Neubauer J. Differential roles for the thyroarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles in phonation. Laryngoscope 2015. [PMID: 26198167 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Laryngeal adductor muscle dysfunction is a common cause of voice disorders. Reconstitution of adductor muscle function is often the target of therapy, but the effects of these muscles on voice production remain to be fully understood. This study investigated the differential roles of thyroarytenoid (TA) and lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) muscles on voice production. STUDY DESIGN Basic science study using an in vivo canine model of phonation. METHODS The TA and LCA muscle nerve branches were stimulated to obtain seven graded levels of muscle activation, from threshold to maximal contraction. The effects of LCA muscle activation alone, TA muscle activation alone, and combined TA and LCA muscle activation on phonation onset parameters were investigated. Phonatory posture, phonation onset type, fundamental frequency (F0), phonation onset pressure, and airflow were evaluated. RESULTS LCA muscle activation closed the posterior glottis, but the midmembranous gap remained. TA muscle activation closed the membranous glottis, but the posterior gap remained. Complete glottal closure was obtained only with combined TA and LCA muscle activation. Phonation onset with the LCA muscle alone was characterized by multiple modes (soft, aperiodic, periodic), whereas with the TA muscle alone it was abrupt and periodic but had significant baseline noise. Combined muscle activation led to elimination of baseline noise with stable abrupt periodic onset of phonation. Combined muscle activation was also necessary for F0 variation. The LCA muscle assisted the TA muscle in increasing subglottal pressure while concurrently reducing phonation onset airflow. CONCLUSIONS The TA muscle is necessary for F0 variation, stable onset phonation, and increased subglottal pressure, but needs the LCA muscle for optimal effectiveness and to reduce airflow requirements with increased activation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Chhetri
- Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Juergen Neubauer
- Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Z. Regulation of glottal closure and airflow in a three-dimensional phonation model: implications for vocal intensity control. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 137:898-910. [PMID: 25698022 PMCID: PMC4336262 DOI: 10.1121/1.4906272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a small glottal opening across a large range of voice conditions is critical to normal voice production. This study investigated the effectiveness of vocal fold approximation and stiffening in regulating glottal opening and airflow during phonation, using a three-dimensional numerical model of phonation. The results showed that with increasing subglottal pressure the vocal folds were gradually pushed open, leading to increased mean glottal opening and flow rate. A small glottal opening and a mean glottal flow rate typical of human phonation can be maintained against increasing subglottal pressure by proportionally increasing the degree of vocal fold approximation for low to medium subglottal pressures and vocal fold stiffening at high subglottal pressures. Although sound intensity was primarily determined by the subglottal pressure, the results suggest that, to maintain small glottal opening as the sound intensity increases, one has to simultaneously tighten vocal fold approximation and/or stiffen the vocal folds, resulting in increased glottal resistance, vocal efficiency, and fundamental frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Zhang
- UCLA School of Medicine, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Luegmair G, Chhetri DK, Zhang Z. THE ROLE OF THE THYROARYTENOID MUSCLE IN REGULATING GLOTTAL AIRFLOW AND GLOTTAL CLOSURE IN AN IN VIVO CANINE LARYNX MODEL. PROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS ON ACOUSTICS. ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 22:060007. [PMID: 34900082 PMCID: PMC8656240 DOI: 10.1121/2.0001504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of individual laryngeal muscles in regulating the mean glottal flow and glottal closure pattern during phonation in an in vivo canine larynx model. Phonation experiments were performed with parametric stimulation of the thyroarytenoid (TA), lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), interarytenoid (IA), and the cricothyroid (CT) muscles. For each stimulation level, the subglottal pressure was gradually increased to produce phonation. The subglottal pressure, the volume flow, and the outside acoustic pressure were measured together with high-speed recording of vocal fold vibration from a superior view. The results show that the TA muscle played a dominant role in regulating both the membranous glottal width and the glottal closure pattern during phonation, indicating an important role of the TA muscle in regulating voice quality. The TA muscle activation was also the most effective in regulating the mean glottal flow, and thus an important laryngeal adjustment in airflow conservation, particularly at high subglottal pressures or loud voice production, although increasing TA activation decreased the vocal intensity. This study also presented a complete set of data on muscular control of the glottal width and voice production, which can be used in validation of computational models of vocal fold posturing and voice production.
Collapse
|