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Saraya T. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: Basics. J Gen Fam Med 2017; 18:118-125. [PMID: 29264006 PMCID: PMC5689399 DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) is one of the leading causes of community‐acquired pneumonia and can cause a number of extrapulmonary manifestations in the absence of pneumonia. In this regard, primary care physicians should know how to suspect, diagnose, and manage patients with Mp infection. This review gives a general overview of the basic clinical aspects of Mp infection with special reference to pneumonia, which will help further understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Kyorin University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Saraya T, Kurai D, Nakagaki K, Sasaki Y, Niwa S, Tsukagoshi H, Nunokawa H, Ohkuma K, Tsujimoto N, Hirao S, Wada H, Ishii H, Nakata K, Kimura H, Kozawa K, Takizawa H, Goto H. Novel aspects on the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and therapeutic implications. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:410. [PMID: 25157244 PMCID: PMC4127663 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) is a leading cause of community acquired pneumonia. Knowledge regarding Mp pneumonia obtained from animal models or human subjects has been discussed in many different reports. Accumulated expertise concerning this critical issue has been hard to apply clinically, and potential problems may remain undiscovered. Therefore, our multidisciplinary team extensively reviewed the literature regarding Mp pneumonia, and compared findings from animal models with those from human subjects. In human beings, the characteristic pathological features of Mp pneumonia have been reported as alveolar infiltration with neutrophils and lymphocytes and lymphocyte/plasma cell infiltrates in the peri-bronchovascular area. Herein, we demonstrated the novel aspects of Mp pneumonia that the severity of the Mp pneumonia seemed to depend on the host innate immunity to the Mp, which might be accelerated by antecedent Mp exposure (re-exposure or latent respiratory infection) through up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 expression on bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. The macrolides therapy might be beneficial for the patients with macrolide-resistant Mp pneumonia via not bacteriological but immunomodulative effects. This exhaustive review focuses on pathogenesis and extends to some therapeutic implications such as clarithromycin, and discusses the various diverse aspects of Mp pneumonia. It is our hope that this might lead to new insights into this common respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nakagaki
- Department of Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University Mitaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sasaki
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shoichi Niwa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nunokawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohkuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Tsujimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Hirao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Wada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Koh Nakata
- Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
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Saraya T, Nakata K, Nakagaki K, Motoi N, Iihara K, Fujioka Y, Oka T, Kurai D, Wada H, Ishii H, Taguchi H, Kamiya S, Goto H. Identification of a mechanism for lung inflammation caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae using a novel mouse model. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 1:76-87. [PMID: 24371556 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia is characterized by alveolar infiltration with neutrophils and lymphocytes and lymphocyte/plasma cell infiltrates in the peri-bronchovascular area (PBVA). No mouse model has been able to mimic the pathological features seen in human MP pneumonia, such as plasma cell-rich lymphocytic infiltration in PBVA. To figure out the mechanism for inflammation by MP infection using a novel mouse model that mimics human MP pneumonia, mice were pre-immunized intraperitoneally with Th2 stimulating adjuvant, alum, alone or MP extracts with an alum, followed by intratracheal challenge with MP extracts. The toll-like receptor-2, which is the major receptor for mycoplasma cell wall lipoproteins, was strongly up-regulated in alveolar macrophages in a latter group after the pre-immunization but prior to the intratracheal challenge. Those findings demonstrated that acceleration of innate immunity by antecedent antigenic stimulation can be an important positive-feedback mechanism in lung inflammation during MP pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Nakata
- Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital, Bioscience Medical Research Center, 1-754, Asashimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nakagaki
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Jui Seimei-kagaku University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Natsuki Motoi
- Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital, Bioscience Medical Research Center, 1-754, Asashimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Kuniko Iihara
- NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fujioka
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Teruaki Oka
- Division of Pathology and Central Clinical Laboratory, Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroo Wada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Taguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kyorin University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kamiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
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