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Cabello G, Sazanovich IV, Siachos I, Bilton M, Mehdi BL, Neale AR, Hardwick LJ. Simultaneous Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering with a Kerr Gate for Fluorescence Suppression. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:608-615. [PMID: 38198646 PMCID: PMC10801684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The combination of surface-enhanced and Kerr-gated Raman spectroscopy for the enhancement of the Raman signal and suppression of fluorescence is reported. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active gold substrates were demonstrated for the expansion of the surface generality of optical Kerr-gated Raman spectroscopy, broadening its applicability to the study of analytes that show a weak Raman signal in highly fluorescent media under (pre)resonant conditions. This approach is highlighted by the well-defined spectra of rhodamine 6G, Nile red, and Nile blue. The Raman spectra of fluorescent dyes were obtained only when SERS-active substrates were used in combination with the Kerr gate. To achieve enhancement of the weaker Raman scattering, Au films with different roughnesses or Au-core-shell-isolated nanoparticles (SHINs) were used. The use of SHINs enabled measurement of fluorescent dyes on non-SERS-active, optically flat Au, Cu, and Al substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Cabello
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell,
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 OQX, U.K.
| | - Ioannis Siachos
- Department
of Mechanical Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GH, U.K.
| | - Matthew Bilton
- SEM
Shared Research Facility, University of
Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GH, U.K.
| | - Beata L. Mehdi
- Department
of Mechanical Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GH, U.K.
| | - Alex R. Neale
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Laurence J. Hardwick
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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2
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Noordwijk KJ, Chen L, Ruspi BD, Schurer S, Papa B, Fasanello DC, McDonough SP, Palmer SE, Porter IR, Basran PS, Donnelly E, Reesink HL. Metacarpophalangeal Joint Pathology and Bone Mineral Density Increase with Exercise but Not with Incidence of Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fracture in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050827. [PMID: 36899684 PMCID: PMC10000193 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fracture is the leading cause of fatal musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses in Hong Kong and the US. Efforts are underway to investigate diagnostic modalities that could help identify racehorses at increased risk of fracture; however, features associated with PSB fracture risk are still poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate third metacarpal (MC3) and PSB density and mineral content using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), Raman spectroscopy, and ash fraction measurements, and (2) investigate PSB quality and metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) pathology using Raman spectroscopy and CT. Forelimbs were collected from 29 Thoroughbred racehorse cadavers (n = 14 PSB fracture, n = 15 control) for DXA and CT imaging, and PSBs were sectioned for Raman spectroscopy and ash fraction measurements. Bone mineral density (BMD) was greater in MC3 condyles and PSBs of horses with more high-speed furlongs. MCPJ pathology, including palmar osteochondral disease (POD), MC3 condylar sclerosis, and MC3 subchondral lysis were greater in horses with more high-speed furlongs. There were no differences in BMD or Raman parameters between fracture and control groups; however, Raman spectroscopy and ash fraction measurements revealed regional differences in PSB BMD and tissue composition. Many parameters, including MC3 and PSB bone mineral density, were strongly correlated with total high-speed furlongs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira J. Noordwijk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Leyi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bianca D. Ruspi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sydney Schurer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brittany Papa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Diana C. Fasanello
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sean P. McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Scott E. Palmer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ian R. Porter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Parminder S. Basran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (H.L.R.)
| | - Heidi L. Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (H.L.R.)
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3
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Abstract
Raman spectroscopy (RS) is used to analyze the physiochemical properties of bone because it is non-destructive and requires minimal sample preparation. With over two decades of research involving measurements of mineral-to-matrix ratio, type-B carbonate substitution, crystallinity, and other compositional characteristics of the bone matrix by RS, there are multiple methods to acquire Raman signals from bone, to process those signals, and to determine peak ratios including sub-peak ratios as well as the full-width at half maximum of the most prominent Raman peak, which is nu1 phosphate (ν1PO4). Selecting which methods to use is not always clear. Herein, we describe the components of RS instruments and how they influence the quality of Raman spectra acquired from bone because signal-to-noise of the acquisition and the accompanying background fluorescence dictate the pre-processing of the Raman spectra. We also describe common methods and challenges in preparing acquired spectra for the determination of matrix properties of bone. This article also serves to provide guidance for the analysis of bone by RS with examples of how methods for pre-processing the Raman signals and for determining properties of bone composition affect RS sensitivity to potential differences between experimental groups. Attention is also given to deconvolution methods that are used to ascertain sub-peak ratios of the amide I band as a way to assess characteristics of collagen type I. We provide suggestions and recommendations on the application of RS to bone with the goal of improving reproducibility across studies and solidify RS as a valuable technique in the field of bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, 70200, Turkey.
- Department of Bioengineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey 70200
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey 70200
| | - Rafay Ahmed
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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4
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Fosca M, Basoli V, Della Bella E, Russo F, Vadala G, Alini M, Rau JV, Verrier S. Raman spectroscopy in skeletal tissue disorders and tissue engineering: present and prospective. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:949-965. [PMID: 34579558 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common reason of chronic pain and disability representing worldwide an enormous socio-economic burden. In this review, new biomedical application fields for Raman spectroscopy (RS) technique related to skeletal tissues are discussed showing that it can provide a comprehensive profile of tissue composition in situ, in a rapid, label-free, and non-destructive manner. RS can be used as a tool to study tissue alterations associated to aging, pathologies, and disease treatments. The main advantage with respect to currently applied methods in clinics is its ability to provide specific information on molecular composition, which goes beyond other diagnostic tools. Being compatible with water, RS can be performed without pre-treatment on unfixed, hydrated tissue samples, without any labelling and chemical fixation used in histochemical methods. This review provides first the description of basic principles of RS as a biotechnology tool and introduces into the field of currently available RS based techniques, developed to enhance Raman signal. The main spectral processing statistical tools, fingerprint identification and available databases are mentioned. The recent literature has been analysed for such applications of RS as tendon and ligaments, cartilage, bone, and tissue engineered constructs for regenerative medicine. Several cases of proof-of-concept preclinical studies have been described. Finally, advantages, limitations, future perspectives, and challenges for translation of RS into clinical practice have been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fosca
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 204549, Roma, Lazio, Italy;
| | - Valentina Basoli
- AO Research Institute Davos, 161930, Regenerative Orthopaedics, Davos, Graubünden, Switzerland;
| | - Elena Della Bella
- AO Research Institute Davos, 161930, Regenerative Orthopaedics, Davos, Graubünden, Switzerland;
| | - Fabrizio Russo
- Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 220431, Roma, Lazio, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Vadala
- Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 220431, Roma, Lazio, Italy;
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, 161930, Regenerative Orthopaedics, Davos, Graubünden, Switzerland;
| | - Julietta V Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 204549, Roma, Lazio, Italy.,I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 68477, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation;
| | - Sophie Verrier
- AO Research Institute Davos, 161930, Regenerative Orthopaedics, Davos, Graubünden, Switzerland;
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5
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Lelevic A, Souchon V, Geantet C, Lorentz C, Moreaud M. Advanced data preprocessing for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy detection. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4141-4150. [PMID: 34510756 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet detection results in sizable data for which noise and baseline drift ought to be corrected. As the data is acquired from multiple channels, preprocessing steps have to be applied to the data from all channels while being robust and rather fast with respect to the significant size of the data. In this study, we have described advanced data preprocessing techniques for such data which were not available in the existing commercial software solutions and which were dedicated primarily to noise and baseline correction. Noise reduction was performed on both the spectral and the time dimension. For the baseline correction, a morphological approach based on iterated convolutions and rectifier operations was proposed. On the spectral dimension, much less noisy and reliable spectra were obtained. From a quantitative point of view, mentioned preprocessing steps significantly improved the signal-to-noise ratio for the analyte detection (circa six times in this study). These preprocessing methods were integrated into the plugim! platform (https://www.plugim.fr/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Lelevic
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, Solaize, 69360, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Souchon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, Solaize, 69360, France
| | - Christophe Geantet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxime Moreaud
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, Solaize, 69360, France
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6
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Chen H, Xu W, Broderick NGR. An Adaptive and Fully Automated Baseline Correction Method for Raman Spectroscopy Based on Morphological Operations and Mollification. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:284-293. [PMID: 30334459 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818811688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Baseline drift is a commonly identified and severe problem in Raman spectra, especially for biological samples. The main cause of baseline drift in Raman spectroscopy is fluorescence generated within the sample. If left untreated, it will affect the following qualitative or quantitative analysis. In this paper, an adaptive and fully automated baseline estimation algorithm based on iteratively averaging morphological opening and closing operations is presented. The proposed method is able to deal with different shapes and amplitudes of baselines. It is tested on both simulated and experimental Raman spectra. Comparison of the proposed method with other morphology-based methods and a well-developed penalized least squares-based method is made. The results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method and its advantages-in terms of accuracy, adaptivity, and computing speed-over other algorithms. In general, this method can also be applied to other spectroscopic data or other types of one-dimensional data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- 2 The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Weiliang Xu
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- 2 The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Neil G R Broderick
- 2 The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand
- 3 Department of Physics, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Chen Y, Dai L. An Automated Baseline Correction Method Based on Iterative Morphological Operations. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:731-739. [PMID: 29254366 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817752371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectra usually suffer from baseline drift caused by fluorescence or other reasons. Therefore, baseline correction is a necessary and crucial step that must be performed before subsequent processing and analysis of Raman spectra. An automated baseline correction method based on iterative morphological operations is proposed in this work. The method can adaptively determine the structuring element first and then gradually remove the spectral peaks during iteration to get an estimated baseline. Experiments on simulated data and real-world Raman data show that the proposed method is accurate, fast, and flexible for handling different kinds of baselines in various practical situations. The comparison of the proposed method with some state-of-the-art baseline correction methods demonstrates its advantages over the existing methods in terms of accuracy, adaptability, and flexibility. Although only Raman spectra are investigated in this paper, the proposed method is hopefully to be used for the baseline correction of other analytical instrumental signals, such as IR spectra and chromatograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Chen
- 12377 Control Science and Engineering, Yuquan Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liankui Dai
- 12377 Control Science and Engineering, Yuquan Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Lin K, Zheng W, Lim CM, Huang Z. Real-time In vivo Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Using Rapid Fiber-Optic Raman Spectroscopy. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:3517-3526. [PMID: 28912892 PMCID: PMC5596440 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the utility of a simultaneous fingerprint (FP) (i.e., 800-1800 cm-1) and high-wavenumber (HW) (i.e., 2800-3600 cm-1) fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy developed for real-time in vivo diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) at endoscopy. A total of 3731 high-quality in vivo FP/HW Raman spectra (normal=1765; cancer=1966) were acquired in real-time from 204 tissue sites (normal=95; cancer=109) of 95 subjects (normal=57; cancer=38) undergoing endoscopic examination. FP/HW Raman spectra differ significantly between normal and cancerous nasopharyngeal tissues that could be attributed to changes of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and the bound water content in NPC. Principal components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) together with leave-one subject-out, cross-validation (LOO-CV) were implemented to develop robust Raman diagnostic models. The simultaneous FP/HW Raman spectroscopy technique together with PCA-LDA and LOO-CV modeling provides a diagnostic accuracy of 93.1% (sensitivity of 93.6%; specificity of 92.6%) for nasopharyngeal cancer identification, which is superior to using either FP (accuracy of 89.2%; sensitivity of 89.9%; specificity of 88.4%) or HW (accuracy of 89.7%; sensitivity of 89.0%; specificity of 90.5%) Raman technique alone. Further receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis reconfirms the best performance of the simultaneous FP/HW Raman technique for in vivo diagnosis of NPC. This work demonstrates for the first time that simultaneous FP/HW fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy technique has great promise for enhancing real-time in vivo cancer diagnosis in the nasopharynx during endoscopic examination.
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9
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Konugolu Venkata Sekar S, Pagliazzi M, Negredo E, Martelli F, Farina A, Dalla Mora A, Lindner C, Farzam P, Pérez-Álvarez N, Puig J, Taroni P, Pifferi A, Durduran T. In Vivo, Non-Invasive Characterization of Human Bone by Hybrid Broadband (600-1200 nm) Diffuse Optical and Correlation Spectroscopies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168426. [PMID: 27997565 PMCID: PMC5172608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive in vivo diffuse optical characterization of human bone opens a new possibility of diagnosing bone related pathologies. We present an in vivo characterization performed on seventeen healthy subjects at six different superficial bone locations: radius distal, radius proximal, ulna distal, ulna proximal, trochanter and calcaneus. A tailored diffuse optical protocol for high penetration depth combined with the rather superficial nature of considered tissues ensured the effective probing of the bone tissue. Measurements were performed using a broadband system for Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (TRS) to assess mean absorption and reduced scattering spectra in the 600-1200 nm range and Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS) to monitor microvascular blood flow. Significant variations among tissue constituents were found between different locations; with radius distal rich of collagen, suggesting it as a prominent location for bone related measurements, and calcaneus bone having highest blood flow among the body locations being considered. By using TRS and DCS together, we are able to probe the perfusion and oxygen consumption of the tissue without any contrast agents. Therefore, we predict that these methods will be able to evaluate the impairment of the oxygen metabolism of the bone at the point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Pagliazzi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugènia Negredo
- Lluita contra la Sida Foundation, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Martelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Farina
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Claus Lindner
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Parisa Farzam
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Pérez-Álvarez
- Lluita contra la Sida Foundation, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Statistics and Operations Research Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Puig
- Lluita contra la Sida Foundation, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Taroni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Liao Z, Sinjab F, Nommeots-Nomm A, Jones J, Ruiz-Cantu L, Yang J, Rose F, Notingher I. Feasibility of Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy for in Vitro and in Vivo Monitoring Mineralization of Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Anal Chem 2016; 89:847-853. [PMID: 27983789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) for nondestructive characterization of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. The deep regions of these scaffolds, or scaffolds implanted subcutaneously in live animals, are typically difficult to measure by confocal Raman spectroscopy techniques because of the limited depth penetration of light caused by the high level of light scattering. Layered samples consisting of bioactive glass foams (IEIC16), three-dimensional (3D)-printed biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds (PLGA), and hydroxyapatite powder (HA) were used to mimic nondestructive detection of biomineralization for intact real-size 3D tissue engineering constructs. SORS spectra were measured with a new SORS instrument using a digital micromirror device (DMD) to allow software selection of the spatial offsets. The results show that HA can be reliably detected at depths of 0-2.3 mm, which corresponds to the maximum accessible spatial offset of the current instrument. The intensity ratio of Raman bands associated with the scaffolds and HA with the spatial offset depended on the depth at which HA was located. Furthermore, we show the feasibility for in vivo monitoring mineralization of scaffold implanted subcutaneously by demonstrating the ability to measure transcutaneously Raman signals of the scaffolds and HA (fresh chicken skin used as a top layer). The ability to measure spectral depth profiles at high speed (5 s acquisition time) and the ease of implementation make SORS a promising approach for noninvasive characterization of cell/tissue development in vitro, and for long-term in vivo monitoring the mineralization in 3D scaffolds subcutaneously implanted in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Liao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Faris Sinjab
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Nommeots-Nomm
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Jones
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ruiz-Cantu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Rose
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ioan Notingher
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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11
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Jermyn M, Desroches J, Aubertin K, St-Arnaud K, Madore WJ, De Montigny E, Guiot MC, Trudel D, Wilson BC, Petrecca K, Leblond F. A review of Raman spectroscopy advances with an emphasis on clinical translation challenges in oncology. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:R370-R400. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/23/r370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Butler HJ, Ashton L, Bird B, Cinque G, Curtis K, Dorney J, Esmonde-White K, Fullwood NJ, Gardner B, Martin-Hirsch PL, Walsh MJ, McAinsh MR, Stone N, Martin FL. Using Raman spectroscopy to characterize biological materials. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:664-87. [PMID: 26963630 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy can be used to measure the chemical composition of a sample, which can in turn be used to extract biological information. Many materials have characteristic Raman spectra, which means that Raman spectroscopy has proven to be an effective analytical approach in geology, semiconductor, materials and polymer science fields. The application of Raman spectroscopy and microscopy within biology is rapidly increasing because it can provide chemical and compositional information, but it does not typically suffer from interference from water molecules. Analysis does not conventionally require extensive sample preparation; biochemical and structural information can usually be obtained without labeling. In this protocol, we aim to standardize and bring together multiple experimental approaches from key leaders in the field for obtaining Raman spectra using a microspectrometer. As examples of the range of biological samples that can be analyzed, we provide instructions for acquiring Raman spectra, maps and images for fresh plant tissue, formalin-fixed and fresh frozen mammalian tissue, fixed cells and biofluids. We explore a robust approach for sample preparation, instrumentation, acquisition parameters and data processing. By using this approach, we expect that a typical Raman experiment can be performed by a nonspecialist user to generate high-quality data for biological materials analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J Butler
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,Centre for Global Eco-Innovation, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Lorna Ashton
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Gianfelice Cinque
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Kelly Curtis
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jennifer Dorney
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Karen Esmonde-White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nigel J Fullwood
- Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Benjamin Gardner
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pierre L Martin-Hirsch
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Michael J Walsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Martin R McAinsh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Nicholas Stone
- Biophotonics Research Unit, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Francis L Martin
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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13
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Gao F, Ong YH, Li G, Feng X, Liu Q, Zheng Y. Fast photoacoustic-guided depth-resolved Raman spectroscopy: a feasibility study. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:3568-3571. [PMID: 26258359 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, photoacoustic-guided Raman spectroscopy (PARS) is proposed for a fast depth-resolved Raman measurement with accurate depth localization. The approach was experimentally demonstrated to receive both photoacoustic and Raman signals from a three-layer agar phantom based on a developed synergic photoacoustic-Raman probe, showing strong depth correlation and achieving magnitude of faster operation speed due to photoacoustic time-of-flight measurement and guidance, compared with the conventional depth-resolved Raman spectroscopy method. In addition, further combination with advanced optical-focusing techniques in biological-scattering medium could potentially enable the proposed approach for cancer diagnostics with both tight and fast optical focusing at the desired depth of tumor.
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14
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De Luca AC, Dholakia K, Mazilu M. Modulated Raman Spectroscopy for Enhanced Cancer Diagnosis at the Cellular Level. SENSORS 2015; 15:13680-704. [PMID: 26110401 PMCID: PMC4507596 DOI: 10.3390/s150613680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is emerging as a promising and novel biophotonics tool for non-invasive, real-time diagnosis of tissue and cell abnormalities. However, the presence of a strong fluorescence background is a key issue that can detract from the use of Raman spectroscopy in routine clinical care. The review summarizes the state-of-the-art methods to remove the fluorescence background and explores recent achievements to address this issue obtained with modulated Raman spectroscopy. This innovative approach can be used to extract the Raman spectral component from the fluorescence background and improve the quality of the Raman signal. We describe the potential of modulated Raman spectroscopy as a rapid, inexpensive and accurate clinical tool to detect the presence of bladder cancer cells. Finally, in a broader context, we show how this approach can greatly enhance the sensitivity of integrated Raman spectroscopy and microfluidic systems, opening new prospects for portable higher throughput Raman cell sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiara De Luca
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh KY16 9SS, St Andrews, UK.
| | - Michael Mazilu
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh KY16 9SS, St Andrews, UK.
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15
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Kast RE, Tucker SC, Killian K, Trexler M, Honn KV, Auner GW. Emerging technology: applications of Raman spectroscopy for prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:673-93. [PMID: 24510129 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a need in prostate cancer diagnostics and research for a label-free imaging methodology that is nondestructive, rapid, objective, and uninfluenced by water. Raman spectroscopy provides a molecular signature, which can be scaled from micron-level regions of interest in cells to macroscopic areas of tissue. It can be used for applications ranging from in vivo or in vitro diagnostics to basic science laboratory testing. This work describes the fundamentals of Raman spectroscopy and complementary techniques including surface enhanced Raman scattering, resonance Raman spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, confocal Raman spectroscopy, stimulated Raman scattering, and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Clinical applications of Raman spectroscopy to prostate cancer will be discussed, including screening, biopsy, margin assessment, and monitoring of treatment efficacy. Laboratory applications including cell identification, culture monitoring, therapeutics development, and live imaging of cellular processes are discussed. Potential future avenues of research are described, with emphasis on multiplexing Raman spectroscopy with other modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kast
- Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Laboratories, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Room 3100, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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16
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Hokr BH, Yakovlev VV. Raman signal enhancement via elastic light scattering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:11757-62. [PMID: 23736397 PMCID: PMC3686355 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.011757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced generation of a spontaneous Raman signal by way of elastic scattering is demonstrated. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that elastic scattering, by increasing the path length of light through the medium, enhances the generation of a Raman signal. This is investigated over a large parameter space, demonstrating that this effect is robust, and providing additional physical insight into the dynamics of light propagation in a turbid medium. Both the temporal and spatial profiles of the Raman signal are shown to depend heavily on the amount of scattering present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett H Hokr
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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17
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Matousek P, Stone N. Recent advances in the development of Raman spectroscopy for deep non-invasive medical diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:7-19. [PMID: 23129567 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has recently undergone major advances in the area of deep non-invasive characterisation of biological tissues. The progress stems from the development of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) and renaissance of transmission Raman spectroscopy permitting the assessment of diffusely scattering samples at depths several orders of magnitude deeper than possible with conventional Raman spectroscopy. Examples of emerging applications include non-invasive diagnosis of bone disease, cancer and monitoring of glucose levels. This article reviews this fast moving field focusing on recent developments within the medical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, UK.
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18
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Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) for the analysis and detection of packaged pharmaceuticals and concealed drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 212:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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McElderry JDP, Kole MR, Morris MD. Repeated freeze-thawing of bone tissue affects Raman bone quality measurements. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:071407. [PMID: 21806253 PMCID: PMC3144971 DOI: 10.1117/1.3574525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to probe fresh tissue is a key feature to biomedical Raman spectroscopy. However, it is unclear how Raman spectra of calcified tissues are affected by freezing. In this study, six transverse sections of femoral cortical bone were subjected to multiple freeze∕thaw cycles and probed using a custom Raman microscope. Significant decreases were observed in the amide I and amide III bands starting after two freeze thaw cycles. Raman band intensities arising from proline residues of frozen tissue appeared consistent with fresh tissue after four cycles. Crystallinity values of bone mineral diminished slightly with freezing and were noticeable after only one freezing. Mineral carbonate levels did not deviate significantly with freezing and thawing. The authors recommend freezing and thawing bone tissue only once to maintain accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-David P McElderry
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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20
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Buckley K, Matousek P. Non-invasive analysis of turbid samples using deep Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2011; 136:3039-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00723d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Barman I, Kong CR, Singh GP, Dasari RR. Effect of photobleaching on calibration model development in biological Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:011004. [PMID: 21280891 PMCID: PMC3030610 DOI: 10.1117/1.3520131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in performing quantitative biological studies using Raman spectroscopy lies in overcoming the influence of the dominant sample fluorescence background. Moreover, the prediction accuracy of a calibration model can be severely compromised by the quenching of the endogenous fluorophores due to the introduction of spurious correlations between analyte concentrations and fluorescence levels. Apparently, functional models can be obtained from such correlated samples, which cannot be used successfully for prospective prediction. This work investigates the deleterious effects of photobleaching on prediction accuracy of implicit calibration algorithms, particularly for transcutaneous glucose detection using Raman spectroscopy. Using numerical simulations and experiments on physical tissue models, we show that the prospective prediction error can be substantially larger when the calibration model is developed on a photobleaching correlated dataset compared to an uncorrelated one. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the application of shifted subtracted Raman spectroscopy (SSRS) reduces the prediction errors obtained with photobleaching correlated calibration datasets compared to those obtained with uncorrelated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Barman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Laser Biomedical Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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22
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Knorr F, Smith ZJ, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Development of a time-gated system for Raman spectroscopy of biological samples. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:20049-58. [PMID: 20940895 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A time gating system has been constructed that is capable of recording high quality Raman spectra of highly fluorescing biological samples while operating below the photodamage threshold. Using a collinear gating geometry and careful attention to power conservation, we have achieved all-optical switching with a one picosecond gating time and 5% peak gating efficiency. The energy per pulse in this instrument is more than 3 orders of magnitude weaker than previous reports. Using this system we have performed proof-of-concept experiments on a sample composed of perylene dissolved in toluene, and the stem of a Jasminum multiflorum plant, the latter case being particularly important for the study of plants used in production of cellulosic biofuels. In both cases, a high SNR spectrum of the high-wavenumber region of the spectrum was recorded in the presence of an overwhelming fluorescence background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Knorr
- Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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23
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Everall N, Matousek P, MacLeod N, Ronayne KL, Clark IP. Temporal and spatial resolution in transmission Raman spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 64:52-60. [PMID: 20132598 DOI: 10.1366/000370210790571963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Picosecond time-resolved transmission Raman data were acquired for 1 mm thick powder samples of trans-stilbene, and a Monte Carlo model was developed that can successfully model the laser and Raman pulse profiles. Photon migration broadened the incident (approximately 1 ps) probe pulse by two orders of magnitude. As expected from previous studies of Raman photon migration in backscattering mode, the transmitted Raman pulse was broader than the transmitted laser pulse and took longer to propagate through the sample. The late-arriving photons followed tortuous flight paths in excess of 50 mm on traversing the 1 mm sample. The Monte Carlo code was also used to study the spatial resolution (lateral and depth) of steady-state transmission Raman spectroscopy in the diffusion regime by examining the distribution of Raman generation positions as a function of incident beam size, sample thickness, and transport length. It was predicted that the lateral resolution should worsen linearly with sample thickness (typically the resolution was about 50% of the sample thickness), and this is an inevitable consequence of operating in the diffusion regime. The lateral resolution was better at the sample surface (essentially determined by the probe beam diameter or the collection aperture) than for buried objects, but transmission sampling was shown to be biased towards the mid-point of thick samples. Time-resolved transmission experiments should improve the lateral resolution by preferentially detecting snake photons, subject to constraints of signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Everall
- Intertek MSG, The Wilton Centre, Wilton, Redcar, TS104RF, UK.
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24
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Raman Spectroscopy of Bone and Cartilage. EMERGING RAMAN APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL FIELDS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02649-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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25
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Esmonde-White FWL, Schulmerich MV, Esmonde-White KA, Morris MD. Automated Raman Spectral Preprocessing of Bone and Other Musculoskeletal Tissues. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2009; 7166. [PMID: 32943808 DOI: 10.1117/12.809436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy of bone is complicated by fluorescence background and spectral contributions from other tissues. Full utilization of Raman spectroscopy in bone studies requires rapid and accurate calibration and preprocessing methods. We have taken a step-wise approach to optimize and automate calibrations, preprocessing and background correction. Improvements to manual spike removal, white light correction, software image rotation and slit image curvature correction are described. Our approach is concisely described with a minimum of mathematical detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew V Schulmerich
- Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109-1055
| | - Karen A Esmonde-White
- Dept. of Biomed. Eng., Univ. of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109-1055
| | - Michael D Morris
- Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109-1055
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26
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Matousek P, Stone N. Emerging concepts in deep Raman spectroscopy of biological tissue. Analyst 2009; 134:1058-66. [PMID: 19475130 DOI: 10.1039/b821100k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews emerging Raman techniques for deep, non-invasive characterisation of biological tissues. As generic analytical tools, the new methods pave the way for a host of new applications including non-invasive bone disease diagnosis, chemical characterisation of 'stone-like' materials in urology and cancer detection in a number of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK OX11 0QX.
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27
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Macleod NA, Matousek P. Deep noninvasive Raman spectroscopy of turbid media. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:291A-304A. [PMID: 19007455 DOI: 10.1366/000370208786401527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Macleod
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
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28
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Stone N, Matousek P. Advanced Transmission Raman Spectroscopy: A Promising Tool for Breast Disease Diagnosis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4424-30. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Emerging Non-invasive Raman Methods in Process Control and Forensic Applications. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2205-15. [PMID: 18415048 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Zhao J, Lui H, McLean DI, Zeng H. Automated autofluorescence background subtraction algorithm for biomedical Raman spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 61:1225-32. [PMID: 18028702 DOI: 10.1366/000370207782597003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A significant advantage of Raman spectroscopy as a noninvasive optical technique is its ability to detect subtle molecular or biochemical signatures within tissue. One of the major challenges for biomedical Raman spectroscopy is the removal of intrinsic autofluorescence background signals, which are usually a few orders of magnitude stronger than those arising from Raman scattering. A number of methods have been proposed for fluorescence background removal including excitation wavelength shifting, Fourier transformation, time gating, and simple or modified polynomial fitting. The single polynomial and the modified multi-polynomial fitting methods are relatively simple and effective, and thus are widely used in biological applications. However, their performance in real-time in vivo applications and low signal-to-noise ratio environments is sub-optimal. An improved automated algorithm for fluorescence removal has been developed based on modified multi-polynomial fitting, but with the addition of (1) a peak-removal procedure during the first iteration, and (2) a statistical method to account for signal noise effects. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach improves the automated rejection of the fluorescence background during real-time Raman spectroscopy and for in vivo measurements characterized by low signal-to-noise ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- The Laboratory for Advanced Medical Photonics (LAMP), Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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31
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Matousek P, Stone N. Prospects for the diagnosis of breast cancer by noninvasive probing of calcifications using transmission Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:024008. [PMID: 17477723 DOI: 10.1117/1.2718934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Breast calcifications can be found in both benign and malignant lesions, and the composition of these calcifications can indicate the possible disease state. As current practices such as mammography and histopathology examine the morphology of the specimen, they cannot reliably distinguish between the two types of calcification, which frequently are the only mammographic features that indicate the presence of a cancerous lesion. Raman spectroscopy is an optical technique capable of obtaining biochemical information of a sample in situ. We demonstrate for the first time the noninvasive recovery of Raman spectra of calcified materials buried within a chicken breast tissue slab 16 mm thick, achieved using transmission Raman spectroscopy. The spectra of both calcium hydroxyapatite (HAP) and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) are obtained and chemically identified. The experimental geometry and gross insensitivity of the Raman signal to the depth of the calcified lesion makes the concept potentially well suited for probing human female breasts, in conjunction with existing mammography or ultrasound, to provide complementary data in the early diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matousek
- Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Central Laser Facility, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom.
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32
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Abstract
This tutorial review examines emerging Raman spectroscopy techniques for deep non-invasive probing of diffusely scattering media such as living tissue and powders. As generic analytical tools, the methods pave the way for a range of new applications for Raman spectroscopy, including disease diagnosis, non-invasive probing of pharmaceutical products in quality control and security screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK OX11 0QX.
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33
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Abstract
We compare and contrast two Raman collection geometries, backscattering and transmission, to identify their potential for monitoring the bulk chemical composition of turbid media. The experiments performed on pharmaceutical tablets confirm the expected strong bias of the backscattering Raman collection towards surface layers of the probed sample. However, this bias is largely absent with the transmission geometry, exhibiting gross insensitivity to the depth of impurities within the sample. The results are supported by Monte-Carlo simulations. The applicability of transmission geometry to tablets without any thinning is possible because of long migration times of Raman photons in non-absorbing powder media. The absolute measured intensity of the Raman signal was only 12 times lower in transmission geometry compared with backscattering geometry for a standard paracetamol tablet with a thickness of 3.9 mm. This makes detection relatively straightforward, and detectable Raman signals were observed even after propagation through three paracetamol tablets. Given its properties and instrumental simplicity, the transmission method is particularly well suited to the on-line analysis of bulk content of tablets in pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK.
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34
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Matousek P. Inverse spatially offset Raman spectroscopy for deep noninvasive probing of turbid media. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:1341-7. [PMID: 17132454 DOI: 10.1366/000370206778999102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A new type of highly sensitive spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) developed for deep noninvasive probing of stratified turbid media is described. The technique, termed inverse SORS, permits much greater depths to be interrogated than those accessible with the conventional SORS approach. This is achieved by enhancing the sensitivity of the technique through the elimination of spectral distortions inherent to the conventional SORS methodology. The method also permits the use of higher laser powers in applications where intensity limits exist, such as when probing human tissue in vivo. In addition, the new approach possesses a much higher degree of flexibility, enabling on-the-spot tailoring of experimental conditions such as the magnitude and number of spatial offsets to individual samples. The scheme uses a reverse SORS geometry whereby Raman light is collected through fibers at the center of the probe and laser radiation is delivered to the sample through a beam in the shape of a ring. The method is demonstrated on a layered powder sample and several practical examples of its uses, presented for the first time, are also given. Potential applications include disease diagnosis, noninvasive probing of pharmaceutical products and chemicals through packaging, probing of polymers, biofilms or paints, and homeland security screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK.
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35
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Matousek P, Draper ERC, Goodship AE, Clark IP, Ronayne KL, Parker AW. Noninvasive Raman spectroscopy of human tissue in vivo. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:758-63. [PMID: 16854263 DOI: 10.1366/000370206777886955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the first transcutaneous Raman spectrum of human bone in vivo obtained at skin-safe laser illumination levels. The spectrum of thumb distal phalanx was obtained using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS), which provides chemically specific information on deep layers of human tissue, well beyond the reach of existing comparative approaches. The spectroscopy is based on collecting Raman spectra away from the point of laser illumination using concentric rings of optical fibers. As a generic analytical tool this approach paves the way for a range of uses including disease diagnosis, noninvasive probing of pharmaceutical products, biofilms, catalysts, paints, and in dermatological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK.
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36
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Golcuk K, Mandair GS, Callender AF, Sahar N, Kohn DH, Morris MD. Is photobleaching necessary for Raman imaging of bone tissue using a green laser? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:868-73. [PMID: 16584709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Raman microspectroscopy is widely used for musculoskeletal tissues studies. But the fluorescence background obscures prominent Raman bands of mineral and matrix components of bone tissue. A 532-nm laser irradiation has been used efficiently to remove the fluorescence background from Raman spectra of cortical bone. Photochemical bleaching reduces over 80% of the fluorescence background after 2 h and is found to be nondestructive within 40 min. The use of electron multiplying couple charge detector (EMCCD) enables to acquire Raman spectra of bone tissues within 1-5 s range and to obtain Raman images less than in 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtulus Golcuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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37
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Schulmerich MV, Finney WF, Fredricks RA, Morris MD. Subsurface Raman spectroscopy and mapping using a globally illuminated non-confocal fiber-optic array probe in the presence of Raman photon migration. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:109-14. [PMID: 16542561 DOI: 10.1366/000370206776023340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of a fiber-optic probe with global illumination and an array of 50 collection fibers (PhAT probe, Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc.) to obtain Raman spectra and 50 spatial element maps of polymers through overlayers of other polymers that are highly scattering. Band target entropy minimization (BTEM) is used to recover the spectra of the subsurface components and generate maps of their distributions. This approach to subsurface mapping is tested with model systems consisting of two or three layers of polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), and polyoxymethylene (Delrin) arranged in different geometries. Raman spectra and maps were obtained through overlayer thicknesses of up to 13 mm. Subsurface spatial resolution is achieved because each fiber views an asymmetric distribution of Raman scattered light from surface and subsurface components that depends on the position of the fiber relative to the depth and position of a component and the extent of photon diffusion through the system.
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