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Kim T, Chae YK, Nam SJ, Lee H, Hwang SS, Park EK, Ahn YC, Oak C. Time-Sequential Monitoring of the Early Mesothelial Reaction in the Pleura after Cryoinjury. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:292. [PMID: 38337808 PMCID: PMC10855702 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: An early mesothelial reaction of the pleura, leading to fibrosis, has been reported in animals after chemical or heavy metal exposure. However, the visual monitoring of early time-sequential mesothelial reaction-associated cryoinjury has not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and visualize the early mesothelial reactions seen following cryoinjury using rabbit pleura. (2) Methods: We monitored the early mesothelial reaction in rabbit pleurae after cryoinjury using optical coherence tomography (OCT), in real-time, which was then compared with pathological images. Due to the penetration limit of OCT, we made a thoracic window to image the parietal and visceral pleurae in vivo. We also used an innovative technique for capturing the microstructure in vivo, employing a computer-controlled intermittent iso-pressure breath hold to reduce respiratory motion, increasing the resolution of OCT. We organized three sample groups: the normal group, the sham group with just a thoracic window, and the experimental group with a thoracic window and cryotherapy. In the experimental group, localized cryoinjury was performed. The mesothelial cells at the level of pleura of the cryotherapy-injured site were visualized by OCT within the first 30 min and then again after 2 days at the same site. (3) Results: In the experimental group, focal thickening of the parietal pleura was observed at the site of cryoinjury using OCT after the first injury, and it was then confirmed pathologically as focal mesothelial cell proliferation. Two days after cryoinjury, diffuse mesothelial cell proliferation in the parietal pleura was noted on the reverse side around the cryoinjured site in the same rabbit. In the sham group, no pleural reaction was found. The OCT and pathological examinations revealed different patterns of mesothelial cell reactions between the parietal and visceral pleurae: the focal proliferation of mesothelial cells was found in the parietal pleura, while only a morphological change from flat cells to cuboidal cells and a thickened monolayer without proliferation of mesothelial cells were found in the visceral pleural. (4) Conclusions: An early mesothelial reaction occurs following cryoinjury to the parietal and visceral pleurae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yu-Kyung Chae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.N.); (S.-S.H.)
| | - Haeyoung Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Suk Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.N.); (S.-S.H.)
| | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeh-Chan Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulho Oak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.N.); (S.-S.H.)
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2
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Zhuang Z, Chen D, Liang Z, Zhang S, Liu Z, Chen W, Qi L. Automatic 3D reconstruction of an anatomically correct upper airway from endoscopic long range OCT images. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:4594-4608. [PMID: 37791278 PMCID: PMC10545183 DOI: 10.1364/boe.496812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic airway optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive and high resolution imaging modality for the diagnosis and analysis of airway-related diseases. During OCT imaging of the upper airway, in order to reliably characterize its 3D structure, there is a need to automatically detect the airway lumen contour, correct rotational distortion and perform 3D airway reconstruction. Based on a long-range endoscopic OCT imaging system equipped with a magnetic tracker, we present a fully automatic framework to reconstruct the 3D upper airway model with correct bending anatomy. Our method includes an automatic segmentation method for the upper airway based on dynamic programming algorithm, an automatic initial rotation angle error correction method for the detected 2D airway lumen contour, and an anatomic bending method combined with the centerline detected from the magnetically tracked imaging probe. The proposed automatic reconstruction framework is validated on experimental datasets acquired from two healthy adults. The result shows that the proposed framework allows the full automation of 3D airway reconstruction from OCT images and thus reveals its potential to improve analysis efficiency of endoscopic OCT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Zhuang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- The Third People’s Hospital of Zhuhai, 166 Hezheng Rd., Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Delang Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhichao Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shuangyang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhenyang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Wufan Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Li Qi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
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Automatic proximal airway volume segmentation using optical coherence tomography for assessment of inhalation injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019; 87:S132-S137. [PMID: 31246917 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe form of acute lung injury with a mortality rate of up to 40%. Early management of ARDS has been difficult due to the lack of sensitive imaging tools and robust analysis software. We previously designed an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system to evaluate mucosa thickness (MT) after smoke inhalation, but the analysis relied on manual segmentation. The aim of this study is to assess in vivo proximal airway volume (PAV) after inhalation injury using automated OCT segmentation and correlate the PAV to lung function for rapid indication of ARDS. METHODS Anesthetized female Yorkshire pigs (n = 14) received smoke inhalation injury (SII) and 40% total body surface area thermal burns. Measurements of PaO2-to-FiO2 ratio (PFR), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), dynamic compliance, airway resistance, and OCT bronchoscopy were performed at baseline, postinjury, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours after injury. A tissue segmentation algorithm based on graph theory was used to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) model of lower respiratory tract and estimate PAV. Proximal airway volume was correlated with PFR, PIP, compliance, resistance, and MT measurement using a linear regression model. RESULTS Proximal airway volume decreased after the SII: the group mean of proximal airway volume at baseline, postinjury, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours were 20.86 cm (±1.39 cm), 17.61 cm (±0.99 cm), 14.83 cm (±1.20 cm), 14.88 cm (±1.21 cm), and 13.11 cm (±1.59 cm), respectively. The decrease in the PAV was more prominent in the animals that developed ARDS after 24 hours after the injury. PAV was significantly correlated with PIP (r = 0.48, p < 0.001), compliance (r = 0.55, p < 0.001), resistance (r = 0.35, p < 0.01), MT (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), and PFR (r = 0.34, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Optical coherence tomography is a useful tool to quantify changes in MT and PAV after SII and burns, which can be used as predictors of developing ARDS at an early stage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic, level III.
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Miao Y, Brenner M, Chen Z. Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography for Assessing Inhalation Airway Injury: A Technical Review. OTOLARYNGOLOGY (SUNNYVALE, CALIF.) 2019; 9:366. [PMID: 31497378 PMCID: PMC6731096 DOI: 10.4172/2161-119x.1000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of inhalation injury has been clinically challenging. Currently, assessment of inhalation injury relies on subjective clinical exams and bronchoscopy, which provides little understanding of tissue conditions and results in limited prognostics. Endoscopic Optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology has been recently utilized in the airway for direct assessment of respiratory tract disorders and injuries. Endoscopic OCT is capable of capturing high-resolution images of tissue morphology 1-3 mm beneath the surface as well as the complex 3D anatomical shape. Previous studies indicate that changes in airway histopathology can be found in the OCT image almost immediately after inhalation of smoke and other toxic chemicals, which correlates well with histology and pulmonary function tests. This review summarizes the recent development of endoscopic OCT technology for airway imaging, current uses of OCT for inhalation injury, and possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Miao
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Qi L, Zheng K, Li X, Feng Q, Chen Z, Chen W. Automatic three-dimensional segmentation of endoscopic airway OCT images. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:642-656. [PMID: 30800505 PMCID: PMC6377898 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Automatic delineation and segmentation of airway structures from endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) images improve image analysis efficiency and thus has been of particular interest. Conventional two-dimensional automatic segmentation methods, such as the dynamic programming approach, ensures the edge-continuity in the xz-direction (intra-B-scan), but fails to preserve the surface-continuity when concerning the y-direction (inter-B-scan). To solve this, we present a novel automatic three-dimensional (3D) airway segmentation strategy. Our segmentation scheme includes an artifact-oriented pre-processing pipeline and a modified 3D optimal graph search algorithm incorporating adaptive tissue-curvature adjustment. The proposed algorithm is tested on endoscopic airway OCT image data sets acquired by different swept-source OCT platforms, and on different animal and human models. With our method, the results show continuous surface segmentation performance, which is both robust and accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Kaibin Zheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xipan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Qianjin Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330063, China
| | - Wufan Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
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6
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Choi JH, Chou LD, Roberts TR, Beely BM, Wendorff DS, Espinoza MD, Sieck K, Dixon AT, Burmeister D, Jordan BS, Brenner M, Chen Z, Necsoiu C, Cancio LC, Batchinsky AI. Point-of-care endoscopic optical coherence tomography detects changes in mucosal thickness in ARDS due to smoke inhalation and burns. Burns 2018; 45:589-597. [PMID: 30482414 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in mechanically ventilated burn patients is 33%, with mortality varying from 11-46% depending on ARDS severity. Despite the new Berlin definition for ARDS, prompt bedside diagnosis is lacking. We developed and tested a bedside technique of fiberoptic-bronchoscopy-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement of airway mucosal thickness (MT) for diagnosis of ARDS following smoke inhalation injury (SII) and burns. METHODS 16 female Yorkshire pigs received SII and 40% thermal burns. OCT MT and PaO2-to-FiO2 ratio (PFR) measurements were taken at baseline, after injury, and at 24, 48, and 72h after injury. RESULTS Injury led to thickening of MT which was sustained in animals that developed ARDS. Significant correlations were found between MT, PFR, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and total infused fluid volume. CONCLUSIONS OCT is a useful tool to quantify MT changes in the airway following SII and burns. OCT may be effective as a diagnostic tool in the early stages of SII-induced ARDS and should be tested in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyek Choi
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma WA, United States; United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Li-Dek Chou
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Teryn R Roberts
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma WA, United States; United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brendan M Beely
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma WA, United States; United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Daniel S Wendorff
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma WA, United States; United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark D Espinoza
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kyle Sieck
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma WA, United States; United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexander T Dixon
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma WA, United States; United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - David Burmeister
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bryan S Jordan
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Corina Necsoiu
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Leopoldo C Cancio
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andriy I Batchinsky
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma WA, United States; United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, United States
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7
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Miao Y, Jing JC, Desai V, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Veress LA, White CW, Chen Z. Automated 3D segmentation of methyl isocyanate-exposed rat trachea using an ultra-thin, fully fiber optic optical coherence endoscopic probe. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8713. [PMID: 29880863 PMCID: PMC5992171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of effective rescue countermeasures for toxic inhalational industrial chemicals, such as methyl isocyanate (MIC), has been an emerging interest. Nonetheless, current methods for studying toxin-induced airway injuries are limited by cost, labor time, or accuracy, and only provide indirect or localized information. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) endoscopic probes have previously been used to visualize the 3-D airway structure. However, gathering such information in small animal models, such as rat airways after toxic gas exposure, remains a challenge due to the required probe size necessary for accessing the small, narrow, and partially obstructed tracheas. In this study, we have designed a 0.4 mm miniature endoscopic probe and investigated the structural changes in rat trachea after MIC inhalation. An automated 3D segmentation algorithm was implemented so that anatomical changes, such as tracheal lumen volume and cross-sectional areas, could be quantified. The tracheal region of rats exposed to MIC by inhalation showed significant airway narrowing, especially within the upper trachea, as a result of epithelial detachment and extravascular coagulation within the airway. This imaging and automated reconstruction technique is capable of rapid and minimally-invasive identification of airway obstruction. This method can be applied to large-scale quantitative analysis of in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Miao
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92612, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697, California, USA
| | - Joseph C Jing
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92612, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697, California, USA
| | - Vineet Desai
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92612, California, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92612, California, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92612, California, USA
| | - Livia A Veress
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, 80204, Colorado, USA
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, 80204, Colorado, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92612, California, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697, California, USA.
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8
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Qi L, Huang S, Heidari AE, Dai C, Zhu J, Zhang X, Chen Z. Automatic airway wall segmentation and thickness measurement for long-range optical coherence tomography images. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:33992-4006. [PMID: 26832057 PMCID: PMC4741311 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.033992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an automatic segmentation method for the delineation and quantitative thickness measurement of multiple layers in endoscopic airway optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. The boundaries of the mucosa and the sub-mucosa layers are accurately extracted using a graph-theory-based dynamic programming algorithm. The algorithm was tested with sheep airway OCT images. Quantitative thicknesses of the mucosal layers are obtained automatically for smoke inhalation injury experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Shenghai Huang
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Andrew E. Heidari
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Cuixia Dai
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Xuping Zhang
- Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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McLaughlin RA, Noble PB, Sampson DD. Optical coherence tomography in respiratory science and medicine: from airways to alveoli. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:369-80. [PMID: 25180266 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00002.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography is a rapidly maturing optical imaging technology, enabling study of the in vivo structure of lung tissue at a scale of tens of micrometers. It has been used to assess the layered structure of airway walls, quantify both airway lumen caliber and compliance, and image individual alveoli. This article provides an overview of the technology and reviews its capability to provide new insights into respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A McLaughlin
- Optical & Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia;
| | - Peter B Noble
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, and Centre for Neonatal Research & Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and
| | - David D Sampson
- Optical & Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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10
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Chou L, Batchinsky A, Belenkiy S, Jing J, Ramalingam T, Brenner M, Chen Z. In vivo detection of inhalation injury in large airway using three-dimensional long-range swept-source optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:36018. [PMID: 24664245 PMCID: PMC3963560 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.3.036018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on the feasibility of using long-range swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) to detect airway changes following smoke inhalation in a sheep model. The long-range OCT system (with axial imaging range of 25 mm) and probe are capable of rapidly obtaining a series of high-resolution full cross-sectional images and three-dimensional reconstructions covering 20-cm length of tracheal and bronchial airways with airway diameter up to 25 mm, regardless of the position of the probe within the airway lumen. Measurements of airway thickness were performed at baseline and postinjury to show mucosal thickness changes following smoke inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidek Chou
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
- OCT Medical Imaging Inc., 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
| | - Andriy Batchinsky
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas 78234
| | - Slava Belenkiy
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas 78234
| | - Joseph Jing
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | - Matthew Brenner
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
- University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Orange, California 92868
| | - Zhongping Chen
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697
- Address all correspondence to: Zhongping Chen, E-mail:
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11
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Ahn YC, Kim SW, Hwang SS, Chae YG, Lee AS, Jung MH, Chun BK, Lee SJ, Park EK, Oak C. Optical imaging of subacute airway remodeling and adipose stem cell engraftment after airway injury. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 5:312-321. [PMID: 24466496 PMCID: PMC3891342 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Acquired airway injury is frequently caused by endotracheal intubations, long-term tracheostomies, trauma, airway burns, and some systemic diseases. An effective and less invasive technique for both the early assessment and the early interventional treatment of acquired airway stenosis is therefore needed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been proposed to have unique potential for early monitoring from the proliferative epithelium to the cartilage in acute airway injury. Additionally, stem cell therapy using adipose stem cells is being investigated as an option for early interventional treatment in airway and lung injury. Over the past decade, it has become possible to monitor the level of injury using OCT and to track the engraftment of stem cells using stem cell imaging in regenerative tissue. The purpose of this study was to assess the engraftment of exogenous adipose stem cells in injured tracheal epithelium with fluorescent microscopy and to detect and monitor the degree of airway injury in the same tracheal epithelium with OCT. OCT detected thickening of both the epithelium and basement membrane after tracheal scraping. The engraftment of adipose stem cells was successfully detected by fluorescent staining in the regenerative epithelium of injured tracheas. OCT has the potential to be a high-resolution imaging modality capable of detecting airway injury in combination with stem cell imaging in the same tracheal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Chan Ahn
- Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Center, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
- Yeh-Chan Ahn and Sung Won Kim contributed equally to this work
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Center, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Yeh-Chan Ahn and Sung Won Kim contributed equally to this work
| | - Sang Seok Hwang
- Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Center, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - Yu-Gyeong Chae
- Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Center, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - Andrew Sungwan Lee
- Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Center, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
| | - Maan Hong Jung
- Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Center, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
| | - Bong Kwon Chun
- Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Center, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030 South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Center, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kee Park
- Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Center, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
| | - Chulho Oak
- Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Center, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-030, South Korea
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12
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Carr JA, Crowley N. Prophylactic sequential bronchoscopy after inhalation injury: results from a three-year prospective randomized trial. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2013; 39:177-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00068-013-0254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Zander DS. Volumetric optical frequency domain imaging: building a new lexicon. Chest 2013; 143:10-12. [PMID: 23276839 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dani S Zander
- Department of Pathology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center/Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.
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14
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Hou R, Le T, Murgu SD, Chen Z, Brenner M. Recent advances in optical coherence tomography for the diagnoses of lung disorders. Expert Rev Respir Med 2011; 5:711-24. [PMID: 21955240 PMCID: PMC3393648 DOI: 10.1586/ers.11.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There have been many advances in the field of diagnostic and therapeutic pulmonary medicine in the past several years, with major progress in the field of imaging. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution (micron level) imaging modality currently being advanced with the potential to image airway wall structures in real time and at higher resolution than previously possible. OCT has the potential to increase the sensitivity and specificity of biopsies, create 3D images of the airway to guide diagnostics, and may have a future role in diverse areas such as the evaluation and treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea, tracheal stenosis, airway remodeling and inhalation injury. OCT has recently been investigated to monitor airway compliance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma patients as well as differentiate causes of pulmonary hypertension. In future clinical and research applications, OCT will likely be combined with other endoscopic based modalities such as ultrasound, spectroscopy, confocal, and/or photoacoustic tomography to determine functional and biomolecular properties. This article discusses the current uses of OCT, its potential applications, as it relates to specific pulmonary diseases, and the future directions for OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Hou
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tho Le
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Septimiu D Murgu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matt Brenner
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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15
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Robertson C, Lee SW, Ahn YC, Mahon S, Chen Z, Brenner M, George SC. Investigating in vivo airway wall mechanics during tidal breathing with optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:106011. [PMID: 22029358 PMCID: PMC3210193 DOI: 10.1117/1.3642006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a nondestructive imaging technique offering high temporal and spatial resolution, which makes it a natural choice for assessing tissue mechanical properties. We have developed methods to mechanically analyze the compliance of the rabbit trachea in vivo using tissue deformations induced by tidal breathing, offering a unique tool to assess the behavior of the airways during their normal function. Four-hundred images were acquired during tidal breathing with a custom-built endoscopic OCT system. The surface of the tissue was extracted from a set of these images via image processing algorithms, filtered with a bandpass filter set at respiration frequency to remove cardiac and probe motion, and compared to ventilatory pressure to calculate wall compliance. These algorithms were tested on elastic phantoms to establish reliability and reproducibility. The mean tracheal wall compliance (in five animals) was 1.3±0.3×10(-5) (mm Pa)(-1). Unlike previous work evaluating airway mechanics, this new method is applicable in vivo, noncontact, and loads the trachea in a physiological manner. The technique may have applications in assessing airway mechanics in diseases such as asthma that are characterized by significant airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Robertson
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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16
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Models and approaches to understand the role of airway remodelling in disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:478-86. [PMID: 21824523 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Airway remodelling is a collective term for changes in the amount or organisation of the cellular and molecular constituents of the airway wall. Remodelling occurs in and is associated with the pathophysiology of airways diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The remodelling that occurs in these diseases exhibits both shared and distinct features. Remodelling is generally considered to be deleterious to airway function but recent studies also indicate potential protective effects. However, the true impact of different aspects of the remodelling process on lung function, both negative and positive, is poorly understood. In addition, the genetic susceptibility and processes by which environmental insults drive the cell and molecular events which result in airway remodelling and the potential for therapeutic reversibility are also incompletely understood. The last 10-15 years has seen the development of animal models of airway remodelling which have been refined and modified as new factors such as exacerbations and early life influences have been recognised as being of importance. In addition, invertebrate models have been put forward and complex in vitro culture systems and lung slice preparations developed. In parallel, imaging technology has developed to an extent where it is feasible using a combination of techniques to image structural components, cells and proteins in the airway wall as well as to analyse biological processes, cell and receptor activation non-invasively over time. The integration of data from in vivo and in vitro models together with use of imaging techniques in man and animals should allow validation of models, further our understanding of the pathophysiology of airway remodelling and potentially improve predictive accuracy for the translation of novel therapeutic agents into the clinic.
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17
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Lee SW, Heidary AE, Yoon D, Mukai D, Ramalingam T, Mahon S, Yin J, Jing J, Liu G, Chen Z, Brenner M. Quantification of airway thickness changes in smoke-inhalation injury using in-vivo 3-D endoscopic frequency-domain optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:243-54. [PMID: 21339870 PMCID: PMC3038440 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Smoke inhalation injury is frequently accompanied by cyanide poisoning that may result in substantial morbidity and mortality, and methods are needed to quantitatively determine extent of airway injury. We utilized a 3-D endoscopic frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) constructed with a swept-source laser to investigate morphological airway changes following smoke and cyanide exposure in rabbits. The thickness of the mucosal area between the epithelium and cartilage in the airway was measured and quantified. 3-D endoscopic FD-OCT was able to detect significant increases in the thickness of the tracheal walls of the rabbit beginning almost immediately after smoke inhalation injuries which were similar to those with combined smoke and cyanide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine,1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Current address: Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,
138 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-700, Korea
| | - Andrew E. Heidary
- OCT Medical Imaging Inc., 1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - David Yoon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine,1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - David Mukai
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine,1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | | | - Sari Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine,1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Jiechen Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joseph Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gangjun Liu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine,1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine,1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine,1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Pumonary and Critical care Division, UC Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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18
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Colt HG, Murgu SD. Interventional bronchoscopy from bench to bedside: new techniques for early lung cancer detection. Clin Chest Med 2010; 31:29-37, Table of Contents. [PMID: 20172430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in the world, and it accounts for more deaths than breast, colon, and prostate cancer combined in the United States. From a historical perspective, the premise behind early lung cancer detection strategy is that early detection of lung cancer is justified if early treatment improves the outcome. New optical technologies such as those presented in this article allow dynamic study of these processes at the cellular level, and it is hoped that opportunities for targeted therapy will be provided in the future. Investigators are on the verge of discovering a multidimensional bronchoscopic platform that can be used to narrow in on airway structures, explore vascular flow and angiogenesis, and discover new features of bronchogenic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri G Colt
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, 101 The City Drive, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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19
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Xie T, Liu G, Kreuter K, Mahon S, Colt H, Mukai D, Peavy GM, Chen Z, Brenner M. In vivo three-dimensional imaging of normal tissue and tumors in the rabbit pleural cavity using endoscopic swept source optical coherence tomography with thoracoscopic guidance. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:064045. [PMID: 20059283 PMCID: PMC2809499 DOI: 10.1117/1.3275478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a dynamic tunable focal distance graded-refractive-index lens rod-based high-speed 3-D swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) endoscopic system and demonstrate real-time in vivo, high-resolution (10-microm) imaging of pleural-based malignancies in an animal model. The GRIN lens-based 3-D SS OCT system, which images at 39 fps with 512 A-lines per frame, was able to capture images of and detect abnormalities during thoracoscopy in the thoracic cavity, including the pleura, chest wall, pericardium, and the lungs. The abnormalities were confirmed by histological evaluation and compared to OCT findings. The dynamic tunable focal distance range and rapid speed of the probe and SS prototype OCT system enabled this first-reported application of in vivo 3-D thoracoscopic imaging of pleural-based malignancies. The imaging probe of the system was found to be easily adaptable to various sites within the thoracic cavity and can be readily adapted to other sites, including rigid airway endoscopic examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuqiang Xie
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, USA.
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20
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Yin J, Liu G, Zhang J, Yu L, Mahon S, Mukai D, Brenner M, Chen Z. In vivo early detection of smoke-induced airway injury using three-dimensional swept-source optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:060503. [PMID: 20059234 PMCID: PMC2801726 DOI: 10.1117/1.3268775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report on the feasibility of rapid, high-resolution, 3-D swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) to detect early airway injury changes following smoke inhalation exposure in a rabbit model. The SSOCT system obtains 3-D helical scanning using a microelectromechanical system motor-based endoscope. Real-time 2-D data processing and image display at the speed of 20 frames/s are achieved by adopting the technique of parallel computing. Longitudinal images are reconstructed via an image processing algorithm to remove motion artifacts caused by ventilation and pulse. Quantitative analyses of tracheal airway thickness as well as thickness distribution along tracheal circumference are also performed based on the comprehensive 3-D volumetric data.
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21
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Kreuter KA, Mahon SB, Mukai DS, Su J, Jung WG, Narula N, Guo S, Wakida N, Raub C, Berns MW, George SC, Chen Z, Brenner M. Detection and monitoring of early airway injury effects of half-mustard (2-chloroethylethylsulfide) exposure using high-resolution optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:044037. [PMID: 19725748 PMCID: PMC2792700 DOI: 10.1117/1.3210775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, high-resolution imaging technology capable of delivering real-time, near-histologic images of tissues. Mustard gas is a vesicant-blistering agent that can cause severe and lethal damage to airway and lungs. The ability to detect and assess airway injury in the clinical setting of mustard exposure is currently limited. The purpose of this study is to assess the ability to detect and monitor progression of half-mustard [2-chloroethylethylsulfide (CEES)] airway injuries with OCT techniques. A ventilated rabbit mustard exposure airway injury model is developed. A flexible fiber optic OCT probe is introduced into the distal trachea to image airway epithelium and mucosa in vivo. Progression of airway injury is observed over eight hours with OCT using a prototype time-domain superluminescent diode OCT system. OCT tracheal images from CEES exposed animals are compared to control rabbits for airway mucosal thickening and other changes. OCT detects the early occurrence and progression of dramatic changes in the experimental group after exposure to CEES. Histology and immunofluorescence staining confirms this finding. OCT has the potential to be a high resolution imaging modality capable of detecting, assessing, and monitoring treatment for airway injury following mustard vesicant agent exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Kreuter
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California 92612, USA
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