1
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Boildieu D, Guerenne-Del Ben T, Duponchel L, Sol V, Petit JM, Champion É, Kano H, Helbert D, Magnaudeix A, Leproux P, Carré P. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering cell imaging and segmentation with unsupervised data analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:933897. [PMID: 36051442 PMCID: PMC9424763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.933897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent Raman imaging has been extensively applied to live-cell imaging in the last 2 decades, allowing to probe the intracellular lipid, protein, nucleic acid, and water content with a high-acquisition rate and sensitivity. In this context, multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (MCARS) microspectroscopy using sub-nanosecond laser pulses is now recognized as a mature and straightforward technology for label-free bioimaging, offering the high spectral resolution of conventional Raman spectroscopy with reduced acquisition time. Here, we introduce the combination of the MCARS imaging technique with unsupervised data analysis based on multivariate curve resolution (MCR). The MCR process is implemented under the classical signal non-negativity constraint and, even more originally, under a new spatial constraint based on cell segmentation. We thus introduce a new methodology for hyperspectral cell imaging and segmentation, based on a simple, unsupervised workflow without any spectrum-to-spectrum phase retrieval computation. We first assess the robustness of our approach by considering cells of different types, namely, from the human HEK293 and murine C2C12 lines. To evaluate its applicability over a broader range, we then study HEK293 cells in different physiological states and experimental situations. Specifically, we compare an interphasic cell with a mitotic (prophase) one. We also present a comparison between a fixed cell and a living cell, in order to visualize the potential changes induced by the fixation protocol in cellular architecture. Next, with the aim of assessing more precisely the sensitivity of our approach, we study HEK293 living cells overexpressing tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), a cancer-related membrane receptor, depending on the presence of its ligand, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Finally, the segmentation capability of the approach is evaluated in the case of a single cell and also by considering cell clusters of various sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Boildieu
- University of Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Limoges, France
- University of Poitiers, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Ludovic Duponchel
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIRE - Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Pour Les Interactions, La Réactivité et L’Environnement, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Sol
- University of Limoges, PEIRENE, UR 22722, Limoges, France
| | | | - Éric Champion
- University of Limoges, CNRS, Institut de Recherche sur Les Céramiques, UMR 7315, Limoges, France
| | - Hideaki Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - David Helbert
- University of Poitiers, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Poitiers, France
| | - Amandine Magnaudeix
- University of Limoges, CNRS, Institut de Recherche sur Les Céramiques, UMR 7315, Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Leproux
- University of Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Limoges, France
- *Correspondence: Philippe Leproux,
| | - Philippe Carré
- University of Poitiers, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Poitiers, France
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2
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Novakovic D, Saarinen J, Rojalin T, Antikainen O, Fraser-Miller SJ, Laaksonen T, Peltonen L, Isomäki A, Strachan CJ. Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Imaging for Sensitive Detection of Multiple Pharmaceutical Solid-State Forms and Surface Transformations. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11460-11467. [PMID: 28950703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two nonlinear imaging modalities, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and sum-frequency generation (SFG), were successfully combined for sensitive multimodal imaging of multiple solid-state forms and their changes on drug tablet surfaces. Two imaging approaches were used and compared: (i) hyperspectral CARS combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and SFG imaging and (ii) simultaneous narrowband CARS and SFG imaging. Three different solid-state forms of indomethacin-the crystalline gamma and alpha forms, as well as the amorphous form-were clearly distinguished using both approaches. Simultaneous narrowband CARS and SFG imaging was faster, but hyperspectral CARS and SFG imaging has the potential to be applied to a wider variety of more complex samples. These methodologies were further used to follow crystallization of indomethacin on tablet surfaces under two storage conditions: 30 °C/23% RH and 30 °C/75% RH. Imaging with (sub)micron resolution showed that the approach allowed detection of very early stage surface crystallization. The surfaces progressively crystallized to predominantly (but not exclusively) the gamma form at lower humidity and the alpha form at higher humidity. Overall, this study suggests that multimodal nonlinear imaging is a highly sensitive, solid-state (and chemically) specific, rapid, and versatile imaging technique for understanding and hence controlling (surface) solid-state forms and their complex changes in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Novakovic
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Saarinen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara J Fraser-Miller
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Isomäki
- Biomedicum Imaging Unit, University of Helsinki , Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Pohling C, Bocklitz T, Duarte AS, Emmanuello C, Ishikawa MS, Dietzeck B, Buckup T, Uckermann O, Schackert G, Kirsch M, Schmitt M, Popp J, Motzkus M. Multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy of brain tissue with higher ranking data classification for biomedical imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:66005. [PMID: 28613345 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.6.066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (MCARS) microscopy was carried out to map a solid tumor in mouse brain tissue. The border between normal and tumor tissue was visualized using support vector machines (SVM) as a higher ranking type of data classification. Training data were collected separately in both tissue types, and the image contrast is based on class affiliation of the single spectra. Color coding in the image generated by SVM is then related to pathological information instead of single spectral intensities or spectral differences within the data set. The results show good agreement with the H&E stained reference and spontaneous Raman microscopy, proving the validity of the MCARS approach in combination with SVM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Abbe School of Photonics, Jena, GermanycLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technologies, Jena, Germany
| | - Alex S Duarte
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Benjamin Dietzeck
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Abbe School of Photonics, Jena, GermanycLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technologies, Jena, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ortrud Uckermann
- Carl Gustav Carus Universitätsklinikum an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Carl Gustav Carus Universitätsklinikum an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Carl Gustav Carus Universitätsklinikum an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Abbe School of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Abbe School of Photonics, Jena, GermanycLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technologies, Jena, GermanyeInfectoGnostics Forschungscampus, Jena, Germany
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4
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Alfonso-García A, Mittal R, Lee ES, Potma EO. Biological imaging with coherent Raman scattering microscopy: a tutorial. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:71407. [PMID: 24615671 PMCID: PMC4019423 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.7.071407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy is gaining acceptance as a valuable addition to the imaging toolset of biological researchers. Optimal use of this label-free imaging technique benefits from a basic understanding of the physical principles and technical merits of the CRS microscope. This tutorial offers qualitative explanations of the principles behind CRS microscopy and provides information about the applicability of this nonlinear optical imaging approach for biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richa Mittal
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Eun Seong Lee
- Center for Nano-Bio Technology, Division of Convergence Technology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 1 Doryong-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric O. Potma
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California 92697
- Address all correspondence to: Eric O. Potma, E-mail:
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5
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El-Mashtoly SF, Niedieker D, Petersen D, Krauss SD, Freier E, Maghnouj A, Mosig A, Hahn S, Kötting C, Gerwert K. Automated identification of subcellular organelles by coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering. Biophys J 2014; 106:1910-20. [PMID: 24806923 PMCID: PMC4017266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is an emerging tool for label-free characterization of living cells. Here, unsupervised multivariate analysis of CARS datasets was used to visualize the subcellular compartments. In addition, a supervised learning algorithm based on the "random forest" ensemble learning method as a classifier, was trained with CARS spectra using immunofluorescence images as a reference. The supervised classifier was then used, to our knowledge for the first time, to automatically identify lipid droplets, nucleus, nucleoli, and endoplasmic reticulum in datasets that are not used for training. These four subcellular components were simultaneously and label-free monitored instead of using several fluorescent labels. These results open new avenues for label-free time-resolved investigation of subcellular components in different cells, especially cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir F El-Mashtoly
- Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Niedieker
- Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dennis Petersen
- Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha D Krauss
- Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Erik Freier
- Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Abdelouahid Maghnouj
- Department of Molecular GI-Oncology, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Mosig
- Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Hahn
- Department of Molecular GI-Oncology, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Kötting
- Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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6
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Naji M, Murugkar S, Anis H. Determining optimum operating conditions of the polarization-maintaining fiber with two far-lying zero dispersion wavelengths for CARS microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:10800-10814. [PMID: 24921780 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.010800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single femtosecond laser-based coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, using a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) pumped in the near-IR to generate a supercontinuum for the Stokes source, is rapidly being adopted as a cost-effective approach. A PCF with two closely-lying zero dispersion wavelengths is a popular choice for the Stokes source, but it is often limited to imaging lipids. A polarization-maintaining PCF with two far-lying zero dispersion wavelengths offers important advantages for polarization CARS microscopy, and for CARS imaging in the fingerprint region. This PCF fiber, though commercially available, has limited use for CARS microscopy in the C-H bond region. The main problem is that the supercontinuum from this fiber is typically noisier than that from a standard PCF with two closely-lying zero dispersion wavelengths. To overcome this, we determined the optimum operating conditions for generating a low-noise supercontinuum out of a PCF with two far-lying zero dispersion wavelengths, in terms of the input parameters of the excitation pulse. We measured the relative intensity noise (RIN) of the Stokes and the corresponding CARS signal as a function of the input laser parameters in this fiber. We showed that the results of CARS imaging using this alternate fiber are comparable to those achieved using the standard fiber, for input laser pulse conditions of low average power, narrow pulse width with slightly positive chirp, and polarization direction parallel to the slow axis of the selected fiber.
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7
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Favreau PF, Hernandez C, Heaster T, Alvarez DF, Rich TC, Prabhat P, Leavesley SJ. Excitation-scanning hyperspectral imaging microscope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:046010. [PMID: 24727909 PMCID: PMC3983524 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.4.046010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging is a versatile tool that has recently been applied to a variety of biomedical applications, notably live-cell and whole-tissue signaling. Traditional hyperspectral imaging approaches filter the fluorescence emission over a broad wavelength range while exciting at a single band. However, these emission-scanning approaches have shown reduced sensitivity due to light attenuation from spectral filtering. Consequently, emission scanning has limited applicability for time-sensitive studies and photosensitive applications. In this work, we have developed an excitation-scanning hyperspectral imaging microscope that overcomes these limitations by providing high transmission with short acquisition times. This is achieved by filtering the fluorescence excitation rather than the emission. We tested the efficacy of the excitation-scanning microscope in a side-by-side comparison with emission scanning for detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing endothelial cells in highly autofluorescent lung tissue. Excitation scanning provided higher signal-to-noise characteristics, as well as shorter acquisition times (300 ms/wavelength band with excitation scanning versus 3 s/wavelength band with emission scanning). Excitation scanning also provided higher delineation of nuclear and cell borders, and increased identification of GFP regions in highly autofluorescent tissue. These results demonstrate excitation scanning has utility in a wide range of time-dependent and photosensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Favreau
- University of South Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
- University of South Alabama, Center for Lung Biology, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
| | - Clarissa Hernandez
- University of South Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
| | - Tiffany Heaster
- Mississippi State University, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Bos 9632, 130 Creelman St., Starkville, Mississippi 39762
| | - Diego F. Alvarez
- University of South Alabama, Center for Lung Biology, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
- University of South Alabama, Department of Internal Medicine, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
| | - Thomas C. Rich
- University of South Alabama, Center for Lung Biology, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
- University of South Alabama, College of Engineering, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
| | - Prashant Prabhat
- Semrock Inc., A Unit of IDEX, Corporation, 3625 Buffalo Road, Suite 6, Rochester, New York 14624
| | - Silas J. Leavesley
- University of South Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
- University of South Alabama, Center for Lung Biology, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology, 150 Jaguar Dr., SH 4129, Mobile, Alabama 36688
- Address all correspondence to: Silas J. Leavesley, E-mail:
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8
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Meyer T, Schmitt M, Dietzek B, Popp J. Accumulating advantages, reducing limitations: multimodal nonlinear imaging in biomedical sciences - the synergy of multiple contrast mechanisms. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:887-904. [PMID: 24259267 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal nonlinear microscopy has matured during the past decades to one of the key imaging modalities in life science and biomedicine due to its unique capabilities of label-free visualization of tissue structure and chemical composition, high depth penetration, intrinsic 3D sectioning, diffraction limited resolution and low phototoxicity. This review briefly summarizes first recent advances in the field regarding the methodology, e.g., contrast mechanisms and signal characteristics used for contrast generation as well as novel image processing approaches. The second part deals with technologic developments emphasizing improvements in penetration depth, imaging speed, spatial resolution and nonlinear labeling strategies. The third part focuses on recent applications in life science fundamental research and biomedical diagnostics as well as future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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9
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Ren H, Lai Z, Biggs JD, Wang J, Mukamel S. Two-dimensional stimulated resonance Raman spectroscopy study of the Trp-cage peptide folding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:19457-64. [PMID: 24126634 PMCID: PMC3859311 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51347e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a combined molecular dynamics (MD) and ab initio simulation study of the ultrafast broadband ultraviolet (UV) stimulated resonance Raman (SRR) spectra of the Trp-cage mini protein. Characteristic two dimensional (2D) SRR features of various folding states are identified. Structural fluctuations erode the cross peaks and the correlation between diagonal peaks is a good indicator of the α-helix formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. Antonio
- University of Notre Dame, Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Zachary D. Schultz
- University of Notre Dame, Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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11
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Billecke N, Rago G, Bosma M, Eijkel G, Gemmink A, Leproux P, Huss G, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC, Bonn M, Parekh SH. Chemical imaging of lipid droplets in muscle tissues using hyperspectral coherent Raman microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 141:263-73. [PMID: 24186059 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues is attracting increasing attention due to its correlation with obesity. In muscle tissue, ectopic deposition of specific lipids is further correlated with pathogenic development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Most intramyocellular lipids are organized into lipid droplets (LDs), which are metabolically active organelles. In order to better understand the putative role of LDs in pathogenesis, insight into both the location of LDs and nearby chemistry of muscle tissue is very useful. Here, we demonstrate the use of label-free coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy in combination with multivariate, chemometric analysis to visualize intracellular lipid accumulations in ex vivo muscle tissue. Consistent with our previous results, hyperspectral CARS microscopy showed an increase in LDs in tissues where LD proteins were overexpressed, and further chemometric analysis showed additional features morphologically (and chemically) similar to mitochondria that colocalized with LDs. CARS imaging is shown to be a very useful method for label-free stratification of ectopic fat deposition and cellular organelles in fresh tissue sections with virtually no sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Billecke
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Fu D, Holtom G, Freudiger C, Zhang X, Xie XS. Hyperspectral imaging with stimulated Raman scattering by chirped femtosecond lasers. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:4634-40. [PMID: 23256635 PMCID: PMC3637845 DOI: 10.1021/jp308938t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Raman microscopy is a quantitative, label-free, and noninvasive optical imaging technique for studying inhomogeneous systems. However, the feebleness of Raman scattering significantly limits the use of Raman microscopy to low time resolutions and primarily static samples. Recent developments in narrowband stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy have significantly increased the acquisition speed of Raman based label-free imaging by a few orders of magnitude, at the expense of reduced spectroscopic information. On the basis of a spectral focusing approach, we present a fast SRS hyperspectral imaging system using chirped femtosecond lasers to achieve rapid Raman spectra acquisition while retaining the full speed and image quality of narrowband SRS imaging. We demonstrate that quantitative concentration determination of cholesterol in the presence of interfering chemical species can be achieved with sensitivity down to 4 mM. For imaging purposes, hyperspectral imaging data in the C-H stretching region is obtained within a minute. We show that mammalian cell SRS hyperspectral imaging reveals the spatially inhomogeneous distribution of saturated lipids, unsaturated lipids, cholesterol, and protein. The combination of fast spectroscopy and label-free chemical imaging will enable new applications in studying biological systems and material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University
| | - Gary Holtom
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University
| | | | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University
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13
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Ren H, Biggs JD, Mukamel S. Two-Dimensional Stimulated Ultraviolet Resonance Raman Spectra of Tyrosine and Tryptophan; A Simulation Study. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY : JRS 2013; 44:544-559. [PMID: 23585708 PMCID: PMC3622277 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report an ab-initio simulation study of the ultrafast broad bandwidth ultraviolet (UV) stimulated resonance Raman spectra (SRRS) of L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan and trans-L-tryptophan-L-tyrosine (WY) dipeptide. Two-pulse one-dimensional (1D) SRRS and three-pulse 2D SRRS that reveal inter- and intra-residue vibrational coorelations are simulated using electronically resonant or preresonant pulse configurations that select the Raman signal and discriminate against excited state pathways. Multimode effects are incorporated via the cumulant expansion. The 2D SRRS technique is more sensitive to residue couplings than spontaneous Raman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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14
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Duarte AS, Rehbinder J, Correia RRB, Buckup T, Motzkus M. Mapping impurity of single-walled carbon nanotubes in bulk samples with multiplex coherent anti-stokes Raman microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:697-702. [PMID: 23323766 DOI: 10.1021/nl304371x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mapping of defects in bulk samples of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) is performed via multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman microscopy. The D and G vibrational bands are acquired simultaneously, and their relative amplitude is used as a criterion to quantify the local purity in spin-coated SWNT samples. We observe that defects induced by oxidation are related to the spatial dispersion of nanotubes in a solid distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Duarte
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Optical imaging with spectroscopic vibrational contrast is a label-free solution for visualizing, identifying, and quantifying a wide range of biomolecular compounds in biological materials. Both linear and nonlinear vibrational microscopy techniques derive their imaging contrast from infrared active or Raman allowed molecular transitions, which provide a rich palette for interrogating chemical and structural details of the sample. Yet nonlinear optical methods, which include both second-order sum-frequency generation (SFG) and third-order coherent Raman scattering (CRS) techniques, offer several improved imaging capabilities over their linear precursors. Nonlinear vibrational microscopy features unprecedented vibrational imaging speeds, provides strategies for higher spatial resolution, and gives access to additional molecular parameters. These advances have turned vibrational microscopy into a premier tool for chemically dissecting live cells and tissues. This review discusses the molecular contrast of SFG and CRS microscopy and highlights several of the advanced imaging capabilities that have impacted biological and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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16
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Wipfler A, Rehbinder J, Buckup T, Motzkus M. Full characterization of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility using a single-beam coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering setup. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:4239-4241. [PMID: 23073423 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.004239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A method for the full determination of the third-order nonlinear coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) susceptibility is presented, which relies on phase control of a single ultrabroadband femtosecond laser pulse. A narrowband phase gate is scanned to perform double quadrature spectral interferometry, which reveals amplitude and phase of a multiplex CARS field. A single calibration measurement in a nonresonant sample allows for the characterization of the susceptibility in amplitude and phase. This scheme is demonstrated experimentally for the fingerprint region of toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wipfler
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Suhalim JL, Boik JC, Tromberg BJ, Potma EO. The need for speed. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:387-95. [PMID: 22344721 PMCID: PMC3383092 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the key enabling features of coherent Raman scattering (CRS) techniques is the dramatically improved imaging speed over conventional vibrational imaging methods. It is this enhanced imaging acquisition rate that has guided the field of vibrational microscopy into the territory of real-time imaging of live tissues. In this feature article, we review several aspects of fast vibrational imaging and discuss new applications made possible by the improved CRS imaging capabilities. In addition, we reflect on the current limitations of CRS microscopy and look ahead at several new developments towards real-time, hyperspectral vibrational imaging of biological tissues. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Suhalim
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine
| | - John C. Boik
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine
| | - Eric O. Potma
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine
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Lim RS, Suhalim JL, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Miyazaki M, Levi M, Potma EO, Tromberg BJ. Identification of cholesterol crystals in plaques of atherosclerotic mice using hyperspectral CARS imaging. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2177-2186. [PMID: 21949051 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m018077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of lipids, including cholesterol, in the arterial wall plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although several advances have been made in the detection and imaging of these lipid structures in plaque lesions, their morphology and composition have yet to be fully elucidated, particularly in different animal models of disease. To address this issue, we analyzed lipid morphology and composition in the atherosclerotic plaques of two animal models of disease, the low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mouse and the ApoE lipoprotein-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mouse, utilizing hyperspectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy in combination with principal component analysis (PCA). Hyperspectral CARS imaging revealed lipid-rich macrophage cells and condensed needle-shaped and plate-shaped lipid crystal structures in both mice. Spectral analysis with PCA and comparison to spectra of pure cholesterol and cholesteryl ester derivatives further revealed these lipid structures to be pure cholesterol crystals, which were predominantly observed in the ApoE(-/-) mouse model. These results illustrate the ability of hyperspectral CARS imaging in combination with multivariate analysis to characterize atherosclerotic lipid morphology and composition with chemical specificity, and consequently, provide new insight into the formation of cholesterol crystal structures in atherosclerotic plaque lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Lim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA; Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Jeffrey L Suhalim
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), University of California, Irvine, CA; Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA and
| | - Shinobu Miyazaki-Anzai
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Eric O Potma
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), University of California, Irvine, CA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA and; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA; and
| | - Bruce J Tromberg
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), University of California, Irvine, CA; Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA and.
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Pohling C, Buckup T, Pagenstecher A, Motzkus M. Chemoselective imaging of mouse brain tissue via multiplex CARS microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:2110-6. [PMID: 21833351 PMCID: PMC3149512 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.002110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fast and reliable characterization of pathological tissue is a debated topic in the application of vibrational spectroscopy in medicine. In the present work we apply multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (MCARS) to the investigation of fresh mouse brain tissue. The combination of imaginary part extraction followed by principal component analysis led to color contrast between grey and white matter as well as layers of granule and Purkinje cells. Additional quantitative information was obtained by using a decomposition algorithm. The results perfectly agree with HE stained references slides prepared separately making multiplex CARS an ideal approach for chemoselective imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Pohling
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Pagenstecher
- Abteilung Neuropathologie, Universität Marburg, Baldingerstr.1, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Motzkus
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Nonlinear interferometric vibrational imaging for fast label-free visualization of molecular domains in skin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2817-25. [PMID: 21465094 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent molecular constituents of skin are spatially mapped by the use of nonlinear interferometric vibrational imaging, a coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS)-based technique. Raman-like profiles over the range from 2,800 to 3,000 cm(-1) are acquired by means of completely suppressing the non-resonant background, allowing the generation of images based on the molecule-specific spectral profiles over the probed region with high spatial resolution. A simple algorithm that maps spectral content to color allows the visualization of histology in a manner analogous to that obtained with more conventional staining procedures (e.g., hematoxylin-eosin), but faster and with the benefit of having access to localized spectra, which could further enhance the potential for diagnosis of diseases, especially during the early stages of development.
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