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Collini M, Radaelli F, Sironi L, Ceffa NG, D’Alfonso L, Bouzin M, Chirico G. Adaptive optics microspectrometer for cross-correlation measurement of microfluidic flows. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-15. [PMID: 30816029 PMCID: PMC6987636 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.2.025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mapping flows in vivo is essential for the investigation of cardiovascular pathologies in animal models. The limitation of optical-based methods, such as space-time cross correlation, is the scattering of light by the connective and fat components and the direct wave front distortion by large inhomogeneities in the tissue. Nonlinear excitation of the sample fluorescence helps us by reducing light scattering in excitation. However, there is still a limitation on the signal-background due to the wave front distortion. We develop a diffractive optical microscope based on a single spatial light modulator (SLM) with no movable parts. We combine the correction of wave front distortions to the cross-correlation analysis of the flow dynamics. We use the SLM to shine arbitrary patterns of spots on the sample, to correct their optical aberrations, to shift the aberration corrected spot array on the sample for the collection of fluorescence images, and to measure flow velocities from the cross-correlation functions computed between couples of spots. The setup and the algorithms are tested on various microfluidic devices. By applying the adaptive optics correction algorithm, it is possible to increase up to 5 times the signal-to-background ratio and to reduce approximately of the same ratio the uncertainty of the flow speed measurement. By working on grids of spots, we can correct different aberrations in different portions of the field of view, a feature that allows for anisoplanatic aberrations correction. Finally, being more efficient in the excitation, we increase the accuracy of the speed measurement by employing a larger number of spots in the grid despite the fact that the two-photon excitation efficiency scales as the fourth power of this number: we achieve a twofold decrease of the uncertainty and a threefold increase of the accuracy in the evaluation of the flow speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Collini
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Nanomedicine Center, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Laura Sironi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolo G. Ceffa
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura D’Alfonso
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
| | - Margaux Bouzin
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Nanomedicine Center, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Address all correspondence to Giuseppe Chirico, E-mail:
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Ceffa NG, Bouzin M, D'Alfonso L, Sironi L, Marquezin CA, Auricchio F, Marconi S, Chirico G, Collini M. Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Analysis for 3D Flow Field Mapping in Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2277-2284. [PMID: 29266924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices reproducing 3D networks are particularly valuable for nanomedicine applications such as tissue engineering and active cell sorting. There is however a gap in the possibility to measure how the flow evolves in such 3D structures. We show here that it is possible to map 3D flows in complex microchannel networks by combining wide field illumination to image correlation approaches. For this purpose, we have derived the spatiotemporal image correlation analysis of time stacks of single-plane illumination microscopy images. From the detailed analytical and numerical analysis of the resulting model, we developed a fitting method that allows us to measure, besides the in-plane velocity, the out-of-plane velocity component down to vz ≅ 65 μm/s. We have applied this method successfully to the 3D reconstruction of flows in microchannel networks with planar and 3D ramifications. These different network architectures have been realized by exploiting the great prototyping ability of a 3D printer, whose precision can reach few tens of micrometers, coupled to poly dimethyl-siloxane soft-printing lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo' G Ceffa
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Margaux Bouzin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura D'Alfonso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Cassia A Marquezin
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia, Goiás 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Pavia , 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Marconi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Pavia , 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.,CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.,CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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Ceffa NG, Cesana I, Collini M, D'Alfonso L, Carra S, Cotelli F, Sironi L, Chirico G. Spatiotemporal image correlation analysis of blood flow in branched vessel networks of zebrafish embryos. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-7. [PMID: 29030941 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.10.106008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ramification of blood circulation is relevant in a number of physiological and pathological conditions. The oxygen exchange occurs largely in the capillary bed, and the cancer progression is closely linked to the angiogenesis around the tumor mass. Optical microscopy has made impressive improvements in in vivo imaging and dynamic studies based on correlation analysis of time stacks of images. Here, we develop and test advanced methods that allow mapping the flow fields in branched vessel networks at the resolution of 10 to 20 μm. The methods, based on the application of spatiotemporal image correlation spectroscopy and its extension to cross-correlation analysis, are applied here to the case of early stage embryos of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo G Ceffa
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cesana
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, CNR-ISASI, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, Nanomedicine Center, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura D'Alfonso
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Sironi
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, CNR-ISASI, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, Nanomedicine Center, Monza, Italy
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Pozzi P, Wilding D, Soloviev O, Verstraete H, Bliek L, Vdovin G, Verhaegen M. High speed wavefront sensorless aberration correction in digital micromirror based confocal microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:949-959. [PMID: 28157989 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The quality of fluorescence microscopy images is often impaired by the presence of sample induced optical aberrations. Adaptive optical elements such as deformable mirrors or spatial light modulators can be used to correct aberrations. However, previously reported techniques either require special sample preparation, or time consuming optimization procedures for the correction of static aberrations. This paper reports a technique for optical sectioning fluorescence microscopy capable of correcting dynamic aberrations in any fluorescent sample during the acquisition. This is achieved by implementing adaptive optics in a non conventional confocal microscopy setup, with multiple programmable confocal apertures, in which out of focus light can be separately detected, and used to optimize the correction performance with a sampling frequency an order of magnitude faster than the imaging rate of the system. The paper reports results comparing the correction performances to traditional image optimization algorithms, and demonstrates how the system can compensate for dynamic changes in the aberrations, such as those introduced during a focal stack acquisition though a thick sample.
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Marquezin CA, Ceffa NG, Cotelli F, Collini M, Sironi L, Chirico G. Image Cross-Correlation Analysis of Time Varying Flows. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7115-22. [PMID: 27348197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In vivo studies of blood circulation pathologies have great medical relevance and need methods for the characterization of time varying flows at high spatial and time resolution in small animal models. We test here the efficacy of the combination of image correlation techniques and single plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) in characterizing time varying flows in vitro and in vivo. As indicated by numerical simulations and by in vitro experiments on straight capillaries, the complex analytical form of the cross-correlation function for SPIM detection can be simplified, in conditions of interest for hemodynamics, to a superposition of Gaussian components, easily amenable to the analysis of variable flows. The possibility to select a wide field of view with a good spatial resolution along the collection optical axis and to compute the cross-correlation between regions of interest at varying distances on a single time stack of images allows one to single out periodic flow components from spurious peaks on the cross-correlation functions and to infer the duration of each flow component. We apply this cross-correlation analysis to the blood flow in Zebrafish embryos at 4 days after fertilization, measuring the average speed and the duration of the systolic and diastolic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia A Marquezin
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Centro di Nanomedicina, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.,Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia, Goiás 74.690-900, Brasil
| | - Nicolò G Ceffa
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Centro di Nanomedicina, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Franco Cotelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano , Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Centro di Nanomedicina, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Centro di Nanomedicina, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Centro di Nanomedicina, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
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Iannacone M. Hepatic effector CD8(+) T-cell dynamics. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:269-72. [PMID: 25242274 PMCID: PMC4654318 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells play a critical role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) pathogenesis. During acute, self-limited infections, these cells are instrumental to viral clearance; in chronic settings, they sustain repetitive cycles of hepatocellular necrosis that promote hepatocellular carcinoma development. Both CD8(+) T-cell defensive and destructive functions are mediated by antigen-experienced effector cells and depend on the ability of these cells to migrate to the liver, recognize hepatocellular antigens and perform effector functions. Understanding the signals that modulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of CD8(+) T cells in the liver, particularly in the context of antigen recognition, is therefore critical to gaining insight into the pathogenesis of acute and chronic HBV infection. Here, we highlight recent data on how effector CD8(+) T cells traffic within the liver, and we discuss the potential for novel imaging techniques to shed light on this important aspect of HBV pathogenesis.
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Sironi L, Bouzin M, Inverso D, D'Alfonso L, Pozzi P, Cotelli F, Guidotti LG, Iannacone M, Collini M, Chirico G. In vivo flow mapping in complex vessel networks by single image correlation. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7341. [PMID: 25475129 PMCID: PMC4256590 DOI: 10.1038/srep07341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel method (FLICS, FLow Image Correlation Spectroscopy) to extract flow speeds in complex vessel networks from a single raster-scanned optical xy-image, acquired in vivo by confocal or two-photon excitation microscopy. Fluorescent flowing objects produce diagonal lines in the raster-scanned image superimposed to static morphological details. The flow velocity is obtained by computing the Cross Correlation Function (CCF) of the intensity fluctuations detected in pairs of columns of the image. The analytical expression of the CCF has been derived by applying scanning fluorescence correlation concepts to drifting optically resolved objects and the theoretical framework has been validated in systems of increasing complexity. The power of the technique is revealed by its application to the intricate murine hepatic microcirculatory system where blood flow speed has been mapped simultaneously in several capillaries from a single xy-image and followed in time at high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sironi
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Physics Department, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Margaux Bouzin
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Physics Department, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Donato Inverso
- 1] Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, I-20132, Milan, Italy [2] Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, I-20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura D'Alfonso
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Physics Department, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzi
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Physics Department, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Cotelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Life Sciences, Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, I-20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- 1] Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, I-20132, Milan, Italy [2] Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, I-20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Physics Department, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Physics Department, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126, Milan, Italy
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