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Andrus L, Jeon H, Pawlowski M, Debord B, Gerome F, Benabid F, Mau T, Tkaczyk T, Ben-Yakar A. Ultrafast laser surgery probe for sub-surface ablation to enable biomaterial injection in vocal folds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20554. [PMID: 36446830 PMCID: PMC9708667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Creation of sub-epithelial voids within scarred vocal folds via ultrafast laser ablation may help in localization of injectable therapeutic biomaterials towards an improved treatment for vocal fold scarring. Several ultrafast laser surgery probes have been developed for precise ablation of surface tissues; however, these probes lack the tight beam focusing required for sub-surface ablation in highly scattering tissues such as vocal folds. Here, we present a miniaturized ultrafast laser surgery probe designed to perform sub-epithelial ablation in vocal folds. The requirement of high numerical aperture for sub-surface ablation, in addition to the small form factor and side-firing architecture required for clinical use, made for a challenging optical design. An Inhibited Coupling guiding Kagome hollow core photonic crystal fiber delivered micro-Joule level ultrashort pulses from a high repetition rate fiber laser towards a custom-built miniaturized objective, producing a 1/e2 focal beam radius of 1.12 ± 0.10 μm and covering a 46 × 46 μm2 scan area. The probe could deliver up to 3.8 μJ pulses to the tissue surface at 40% transmission efficiency through the entire system, providing significantly higher fluences at the focal plane than were required for sub-epithelial ablation. To assess surgical performance, we performed ablation studies on freshly excised porcine hemi-larynges and found that large area sub-epithelial voids could be created within vocal folds by mechanically translating the probe tip across the tissue surface using external stages. Finally, injection of a model biomaterial into a 1 × 2 mm2 void created 114 ± 30 μm beneath the vocal fold epithelium surface indicated improved localization when compared to direct injection into the tissue without a void, suggesting that our probe may be useful for pre-clinical evaluation of injectable therapeutic biomaterials for vocal fold scarring therapy. With future developments, the surgical system presented here may enable treatment of vocal fold scarring in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Andrus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hamin Jeon
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michal Pawlowski
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Benoit Debord
- GPPMM Group, XLIM, CNRS-University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Frederic Gerome
- GPPMM Group, XLIM, CNRS-University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Fetah Benabid
- GPPMM Group, XLIM, CNRS-University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Ted Mau
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tomasz Tkaczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Gabay I, Subramanian K, Andrus L, DuPlissis A, Yildirim M, Ben-Yakar A. In vivo hamster cheek pouch subepithelial ablation, biomaterial injection, and localization: pilot study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:080501. [PMID: 36008882 PMCID: PMC9407625 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.8.080501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The creation of subepithelial voids within scarred vocal folds via ultrafast laser ablation may help in localization of injectable biomaterials toward a clinically viable therapy for vocal fold scarring. AIM We aim to prove that subepithelial voids can be created in a live animal model and that the ablation process does not engender additional scar formation. We demonstrate localization and long-term retention of an injectable biomaterial within subepithelial voids. APPROACH A benchtop nonlinear microscope was used to create subepithelial voids within healthy and scarred cheek pouches of four Syrian hamsters. A model biomaterial, polyethylene glycol tagged with rhodamine dye, was then injected into these voids using a custom injection setup. Follow-up imaging studies at 1- and 2-week time points were performed using the same benchtop nonlinear microscope. Subsequent histology assessed void morphology and biomaterial retention. RESULTS Focused ultrashort pulses can be used to create large subepithelial voids in vivo. Our analysis suggests that the ablation process does not introduce any scar formation. Moreover, these studies indicate localization, and, more importantly, long-term retention of the model biomaterial injected into these voids. Both nonlinear microscopy and histological examination indicate the presence of biomaterial-filled voids in healthy and scarred cheek pouches 2 weeks postoperation. CONCLUSIONS We successfully demonstrated subepithelial void formation, biomaterial injection, and biomaterial retention in a live animal model. This pilot study is an important step toward clinical acceptance of a new type of therapy for vocal fold scarring. Future long-term studies on large animals will utilize a miniaturized surgical probe to further assess the clinical viability of such a therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Gabay
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Kaushik Subramanian
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Liam Andrus
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew DuPlissis
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Murat Yildirim
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
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Yildirim M, Hu M, Le NM, Sugihara H, So PTC, Sur M. Quantitative third-harmonic generation imaging of mouse visual cortex areas reveals correlations between functional maps and structural substrates. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5650-5673. [PMID: 33149977 PMCID: PMC7587247 DOI: 10.1364/boe.396962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The structure of brain regions is assumed to correlate with their function, but there are very few instances in which the relationship has been demonstrated in the live brain. This is due to the difficulty of simultaneously measuring functional and structural properties of brain areas, particularly at cellular resolution. Here, we performed label-free, third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy to obtain a key structural signature of cortical areas, their effective attenuation lengths (EAL), in the vertical columns of functionally defined primary visual cortex and five adjacent visual areas in awake mice. EALs measured by THG microscopy in the cortex and white matter showed remarkable correspondence with the functional retinotopic sign map of each area. Structural features such as cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and blood vessel architecture were correlated with areal EAL values, suggesting that EAL is a function of these structural features as an optical property of these areas. These results demonstrate for the first time a strong relationship between structural substrates of visual cortical areas and their functional representation maps in vivo. This study may also help in understanding the coupling between structure and function in other animal models as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Yildirim
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nhat M Le
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hiroki Sugihara
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter T C So
- Departments of Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Simons Center for the Social Brain, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Andrus L, Mau T, Ben-Yakar A. Scattering properties and femtosecond laser ablation thresholds of human and canine vocal folds at 776-nm wavelength. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-7. [PMID: 31468749 PMCID: PMC6983523 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.8.085005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast laser ablation may provide a treatment for vocal fold (VF) scarring. Optical properties of VFs must be known prior to clinical implementation to select appropriate laser surgery conditions. We present scattering lengths of epithelium ℓs , ep, superficial lamina propria ℓs , SLP, and ablation thresholds Fth of human and canine VF tissues. Our experimental approach involves an image-guided, laser-ablation-based method that allows for simultaneous determination of ℓs and Fth in these multilayered tissues. Studying eight canine samples, we found ℓs , ep = 75.3 ± 5.7 μm, ℓs , SLP = 26.1 ± 1.2 μm, Fth , ep = 1.58 ± 0.06 J / cm2, and Fth , SLP = 1.55 ± 0.17 J / cm2. Studying five human samples, we found ℓs , ep = 42.8 ± 3.3 μm and Fth , ep = 1.66 ± 0.10 J / cm2. We studied the effects of cumulative pulse overlap on ablation threshold and found no significant variations beyond 12 overlapping pulses. Interestingly, our studies about the effect of sample storage on the scattering properties of porcine VF show a 60% increase in ℓs , ep for fresh porcine VF when compared to the same sample stored in isotonic solution. These results provide guidelines for clinical implementation by enabling selection of optimal laser surgery parameters for subsurface ablation of VF tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Andrus
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Ted Mau
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
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Richard J, Lim LK, Denechaud V, Volchkov VV, Lecoutre B, Mukhtar M, Jendrzejewski F, Aspect A, Signoles A, Sanchez-Palencia L, Josse V. Elastic Scattering Time of Matter Waves in Disordered Potentials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:100403. [PMID: 30932627 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on an extensive study of the elastic scattering time τ_{s} of matter waves in optical disordered potentials. Using direct experimental measurements, numerical simulations, and comparison with the first-order Born approximation based on the knowledge of the disorder properties, we explore the behavior of τ_{s} over more than 3 orders of magnitude, ranging from the weak to the strong scattering regime. We study in detail the location of the crossover and, as a main result, we reveal the strong influence of the disorder statistics, especially on the relevance of the widely used Ioffe-Regel-like criterion kl_{s}∼1. While it is found to be relevant for Gaussian-distributed disordered potentials, we observe significant deviations for laser speckle disorders that are commonly used with ultracold atoms. Our results are crucial for connecting experimental investigation of complex transport phenomena, such as Anderson localization, to microscopic theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Richard
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Lih-King Lim
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Vincent Denechaud
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
- SAFRAN Sensing Solutions, Safran Tech, Rue des Jeunes Bois, Châteaufort CS 80112, 78772 Magny-les-Hameaux, France
| | - Valentin V Volchkov
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Max-Plack-Ring, 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Baptiste Lecoutre
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Musawwadah Mukhtar
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Fred Jendrzejewski
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Heidelberg University, Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alain Aspect
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Adrien Signoles
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Laurent Sanchez-Palencia
- CPHT, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Vincent Josse
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
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Functional imaging of visual cortical layers and subplate in awake mice with optimized three-photon microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:177. [PMID: 30635577 PMCID: PMC6329792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy is used to image neuronal activity, but has severe limitations for studying deeper cortical layers. Here, we developed a custom three-photon microscope optimized to image a vertical column of the cerebral cortex > 1 mm in depth in awake mice with low (<20 mW) average laser power. Our measurements of physiological responses and tissue-damage thresholds define pulse parameters and safety limits for damage-free three-photon imaging. We image functional visual responses of neurons expressing GCaMP6s across all layers of the primary visual cortex (V1) and in the subplate. These recordings reveal diverse visual selectivity in deep layers: layer 5 neurons are more broadly tuned to visual stimuli, whereas mean orientation selectivity of layer 6 neurons is slightly sharper, compared to neurons in other layers. Subplate neurons, located in the white matter below cortical layer 6 and characterized here for the first time, show low visual responsivity and broad orientation selectivity. Two-photon microscopy is a powerful tool for studying neuronal activity but cannot easily image deeper cortical layers. Here, the authors design a custom microscope for three-photon microscopy and use it to reveal response properties of layer 5, 6, and subplate visual cortical neurons.
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