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Raju G, Ranjan A, Banik S, Poddar A, Managuli V, Mazumder N. A commentary on the development and use of smartphone imaging devices. Biophys Rev 2024; 16:151-163. [PMID: 38737211 PMCID: PMC11078910 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Current-age smartphones are known for their wide array of functionality and are now being utilized in the field of healthcare and medicine due to their proven capabilities as smartphone imaging devices (SIDs). Recent technical advancements enabled the integration of special add-on lenses with smartphones to transform them into SIDs. With the rising demand for efficient point-of-care (PoC) devices for better diagnostic applications, SIDs will be a one-stop solution. Additionally, portability, user-friendliness and low-cost make it accessible for all even at remote locations. Furthermore, improvements in resolution, magnification and field-of-view (FOV) have attracted the scientific community to use SIDs in various biomedical applications such as disease diagnosis, food quality control and pathogen detection. SIDs can be arranged in various combinational setups by using different illumination sources and optics to achieve suitable contrast and visibility of the specimen under study. This Commentary illustrates the various illumination sources used in SID and also spotlights their design and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Raju
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Aashrayi Ranjan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Soumyabrata Banik
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ashmini Poddar
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Vishwanath Managuli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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Saknite I, Kwun S, Zhang K, Hood A, Chen F, Kangas L, Kortteisto P, Kukkonen A, Spigulis J, Tkaczyk ER. Hyperspectral imaging to accurately segment skin erythema and hyperpigmentation in cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300009. [PMID: 36942511 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In 51 lesions from 15 patients with the inflammatory skin condition chronic graft-versus-host-disease, hyperspectral imaging accurately delineated active erythema and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. The method was validated by dermatologist-approved confident delineations of only definitely affected and definitely unaffected areas in photographs. A prototype hyperspectral imaging system acquired a 2.5 × 3.5 cm2 area of skin at 120 wavelengths in the 450-850 nm range. Unsupervised extraction of unknown absorbers by endmember analysis achieved a comparable accuracy to that of supervised extraction of known absorbers (melanin, hemoglobin) by chromophore mapping: 0.78 (IQR: 0.39-0.85) vs. 0.83 (0.53-0.91) to delineate erythema and 0.74 (0.57-0.87) vs. 0.73 (0.52-0.84) to delineate hyperpigmentation. Both algorithms achieved higher specificity than sensitivity. Whereas a trained human confidently marked a median of 7% of image pixels, unsupervised and supervised algorithms delineated a median of 14% and 27% pixels. Hyperspectral imaging could overcome a fundamental practice gap of distinguishing active from inactive manifestations of inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Saknite
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Shinwho Kwun
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathy Zhang
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexis Hood
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fuyao Chen
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Janis Spigulis
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Eric R Tkaczyk
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Ilișanu MA, Moldoveanu F, Moldoveanu A. Multispectral Imaging for Skin Diseases Assessment-State of the Art and Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3888. [PMID: 37112229 PMCID: PMC10140977 DOI: 10.3390/s23083888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Skin optical inspection is an imperative procedure for a suspicious dermal lesion since very early skin cancer detection can guarantee total recovery. Dermoscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, optical coherence tomography, multispectral imaging, multiphoton laser imaging, and 3D topography are the most outstanding optical techniques implemented for skin examination. The accuracy of dermatological diagnoses attained by each of those methods is still debatable, and only dermoscopy is frequently used by all dermatologists. Therefore, a comprehensive method for skin analysis has not yet been established. Multispectral imaging (MSI) is based on light-tissue interaction properties due to radiation wavelength variation. An MSI device collects the reflected radiation after illumination of the lesion with light of different wavelengths and provides a set of spectral images. The concentration maps of the main light-absorbing molecules in the skin, the chromophores, can be retrieved using the intensity values from those images, sometimes even for deeper-located tissues, due to interaction with near-infrared light. Recent studies have shown that portable and cost-efficient MSI systems can be used for extracting skin lesion characteristics useful for early melanoma diagnoses. This review aims to describe the efforts that have been made to develop MSI systems for skin lesions evaluation in the last decade. We examined the hardware characteristics of the produced devices and identified the typical structure of an MSI device for dermatology. The analyzed prototypes showed the possibility of improving the specificity of classification between the melanoma and benign nevi. Currently, however, they are rather adjuvants tools for skin lesion assessment, and efforts are needed towards a fully fledged diagnostic MSI device.
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Tran MH, Fei B. Compact and ultracompact spectral imagers: technology and applications in biomedical imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:040901. [PMID: 37035031 PMCID: PMC10075274 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.4.040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Significance Spectral imaging, which includes hyperspectral and multispectral imaging, can provide images in numerous wavelength bands within and beyond the visible light spectrum. Emerging technologies that enable compact, portable spectral imaging cameras can facilitate new applications in biomedical imaging. Aim With this review paper, researchers will (1) understand the technological trends of upcoming spectral cameras, (2) understand new specific applications that portable spectral imaging unlocked, and (3) evaluate proper spectral imaging systems for their specific applications. Approach We performed a comprehensive literature review in three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science). We included only fully realized systems with definable dimensions. To best accommodate many different definitions of "compact," we included a table of dimensions and weights for systems that met our definition. Results There is a wide variety of contributions from industry, academic, and hobbyist spaces. A variety of new engineering approaches, such as Fabry-Perot interferometers, spectrally resolved detector array (mosaic array), microelectro-mechanical systems, 3D printing, light-emitting diodes, and smartphones, were used in the construction of compact spectral imaging cameras. In bioimaging applications, these compact devices were used for in vivo and ex vivo diagnosis and surgical settings. Conclusions Compact and ultracompact spectral imagers are the future of spectral imaging systems. Researchers in the bioimaging fields are building systems that are low-cost, fast in acquisition time, and mobile enough to be handheld.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh H. Tran
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Bioengineering, Richardson, Texas, United States
| | - Baowei Fei
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Bioengineering, Richardson, Texas, United States
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Dallas, Texas, United States
- University of Texas at Dallas, Center for Imaging and Surgical Innovation, Richardson, Texas, United States
- Address all correspondence to Baowei Fei,
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Lam JH, Tu KJ, Kim J, Kim S. Smartphone-based single snapshot spatial frequency domain imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:6497-6507. [PMID: 36589565 PMCID: PMC9774861 DOI: 10.1364/boe.470665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a handheld, smartphone-based spatial frequency domain imaging device. We first examined the linear dynamic range of the smartphone camera sensor. We then calculated optical properties for a series of liquid phantoms with varying concentrations of nigrosin ink and Intralipid, demonstrating separation of absorption and scattering. The device was then tested on a human wrist, where optical properties and hemoglobin-based chromophores were calculated. Finally, we performed an arterial occlusion on a human hand and captured hemodynamics using our device. We hope to lay the foundation for an accessible SFDI device with mass-market appeal designed for dermatological and cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse H. Lam
- Dankook University, Beckman Laser Institute Korea, School of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kelsey J. Tu
- Dankook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kim
- Dankook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- MEDiThings Co. Ltd., Industry-Academia Cooperation, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Kim
- Dankook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, CA, USA
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Oshina I, Spigulis J, Kuzmina I, Dambite L, Berzina A. Three-dimensional representation of triple spectral line imaging data as an option for noncontact skin diagnostics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:095005. [PMID: 36114603 PMCID: PMC9478380 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.9.095005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Skin malformations in dermatology are mostly evaluated subjectively, based on a doctor's experience and visual perception; an option for objective quantitative skin assessment is camera-based spectrally selective diagnostics. Multispectral imaging is a technique capable to provide information about concentrations of the absorbing chromophores and their distribution over the malformation in a noncontact way. Conversion of spectral images into distribution maps of chromophores can be performed by means of the modified Beer-Lambert law. However, such distribution maps represent only single specific cases, therefore, some extensive method for data comparison is needed. AIM This study aims to develop a more informative approach for identification and characterization of skin malformations using three-dimensional (3D) representation of triple spectral line imaging data. APPROACH The 3D-representation method is experimentally tested on eight different skin pathology types, including both benign and malignant pathologies; an imaging device ensuring uniform three laser line (448, 532, and 659 nm) illumination is used. Three spectral line images are extracted from a single snapshot RGB image data, with subsequent calculation of attenuation coefficients for each working wavelength at every image pixel and represented as 3D graphs. Skin chromophore content variations in malformations are represented in a similar way. RESULTS Clinical measurement results for 99 skin pathologies, including basal cell carcinomas, melanoma, dermal nevi, combined nevi, junctional nevi, blue nevi, seborrheic keratosis, and hemangiomas. They are presented as 3D spectral attenuation maps exhibiting specific individual features for each group of pathologies. Along with intensity attenuation maps, 3D maps for content variations of three main skin chromophores (melanin, oxyhemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin), calculated in frame of a model based on modified Beer-Lambert law, are also presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed data representation method are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The described 3D-representation method of triple spectral line imaging data shows promising potential for objective quantitative noncontact diagnosis of skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Oshina
- University of Latvia, Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Spigulis
- University of Latvia, Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Riga, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilona Kuzmina
- University of Latvia, Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Riga, Latvia
| | - Laura Dambite
- University of Latvia, Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Berzina
- University of Latvia, Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Riga, Latvia
- The Clinic of Laser Plastics, Riga, Latvia
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Fischer T, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Cristina Assis A, Levin Elad M, Algarra M, Barac M, Bogdanovic Radovic I, Cicconi F, Claes B, Frascione N, George S, Guedes A, Heaton C, Heeren R, Lazic V, Luis Lerma J, del Valle Martinez de Yuso Garcia M, Nosko M, O'Hara J, Oshina I, Palucci A, Pawlaczyk A, Zelená Pospíšková K, de Puit M, Radodic K, Rēpele M, Ristova M, Saverio Romolo F, Šafařík I, Siketic Z, Spigulis J, Iwona Szynkowska-Jozwik M, Tsiatsiuyeu A, Vella J, Dawson L, Rödiger S, Francese S. Profiling and imaging of forensic evidence – A pan-European forensic round robin study part 1: Document forgery. Sci Justice 2022; 62:433-447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kuzmina I, Oshina I, Dambite L, Lukinsone V, Maslobojeva A, Berzina A, Spigulis J. Skin chromophore mapping by smartphone RGB camera under spectral band and spectral line illumination. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-210361GR. [PMID: 35191236 PMCID: PMC8860175 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.2.026004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Multispectral imaging enables mapping of chromophore content changes in skin neoplasms, which helps to diagnose a pathology. Different types of light sources can be used for the imaging. Design of laser-based illuminators is more complicated and, consequently, they are more expensive than LED-based illuminators. On the other hand, spectral line illumination has the advantage of less complicated calculations, since only the discrete maximum wavelengths need to be considered. Spectral band and spectral line approaches for multispectral skin diagnostics have not been compared so far. This can help to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of both approaches. AIM To compare two specific illumination modalities-spectral band and spectral line illumination-from the point of performance for mapping of in vivo skin chromophores. APPROACH Three spectral images of the same skin malformations were captured by a smartphone RGB camera with two different add-on illuminators comprising LED emitters and laser emitters, respectively. Five types of benign skin neoplasms were included in our study. Concentrations of skin melanin, oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin at image pixel groups were calculated using the Beer-Lambert law. RESULTS Skin chromophore maps and statistical analysis of mean concentrations' changes in the neoplasms compared to the surrounding skin are presented and discussed. The data of the laser emitters led to significantly higher (∼10 times) increase of the oxy-hemoglobin values in vascular neoplasms and much lower deoxy-hemoglobin values, if compared to the data obtained by the LED emitters. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the obtained chromophore distribution maps and concentration variations in neoplasms led to conclusion that the spectral line illumination approach is more appropriate for this application. Considering only the peak wavelengths of illumination spectral bands leads to essentially different results if compared to those obtained by spectral line illumination and may cause misinterpretations in the clinical assessment of skin neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kuzmina
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Biophotonics Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
- Address all correspondence to Ilona Kuzmina,
| | - Ilze Oshina
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Biophotonics Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Laura Dambite
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Biophotonics Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vanesa Lukinsone
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Biophotonics Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Maslobojeva
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Biophotonics Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Berzina
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Biophotonics Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
- The Clinic of Laser Plastics, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Spigulis
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Biophotonics Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
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Urban BE, Subhash HM. Multimodal hyperspectral fluorescence and spatial frequency domain imaging for tissue health diagnostics of the oral cavity. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6954-6968. [PMID: 34858691 PMCID: PMC8606135 DOI: 10.1364/boe.439663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A multimodal, hyperspectral imaging system was built for diagnostics of oral tissues. The system, termed Hyperspectral-Fluorescence-Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (Hy-F-SFDI), combines the principles of spatial frequency domain imaging, quantitative light fluorescence, and CIELAB color measurement. Hy-F-SFDI employs a compact LED projector, excitation LED, and a 16 channel hyperspectral camera mounted on a custom platform for tissue imaging. A two layer Monte Carlo approach was used to generate a reference table for quick tissue analysis. To demonstrate the clinical capabilities of Hy-F-SFDI, we used the system to quantify gingival tissue hemoglobin volume fraction, detect caries, bacterial activity, and measure tooth color of a volunteer at different time points. Hy-F-SFDI was able to measure quantitative changes in tissue parameters.
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Oshina I, Spigulis J. Beer-Lambert law for optical tissue diagnostics: current state of the art and the main limitations. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210167VRR. [PMID: 34713647 PMCID: PMC8553265 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.10.100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Beer-Lambert law (BLL) is a widely used tool for contact and remote determination of absorber concentration in various media, including living tissues. Originally proposed in the 18th century as a simple exponential expression, it has survived numerous modifications and updates. The basic assumptions of this law may not be fulfilled in real measurement conditions. This can lead to mistaken or misinterpreted results. In particular, the effects to be additionally taken into account in the tissue measurements include anisotropy, scattering, fluorescence, chemical equilibria, interference, dichroism, spectral bandwidth disagreements, stray radiation, and instrumental effects. AIM We review the current state of the art and the main limitations of remote tissue diagnostics using the BLL. Historical development of updating this law by taking into account specific additional factors such as light scattering and photon pathlengths in diffuse reflectance is described, along with highlighting the main risks to be considered by interpreting the measured data. APPROACH Literature data related to extension and modification of the BLL related to tissue assessment and concentration estimation of specific tissue molecules are collected and analyzed. The main emphasis here is put on the optical measurements of living tissue chromophore concentrations and estimation of physiological parameters, e.g., blood oxygen saturation. RESULTS Modified expressions of the BLL suitable for several specific cases of living tissue characterization are presented and discussed. CONCLUSIONS Applications of updated/modified Beer-Lambert law (MBLL) with respect to particular measurement conditions are helpful for obtaining more reliable data on the target tissue physiological state and biochemical content. MBLL accounting for the role of scattering in several ways appears to be a successful approach. Extended MBLL and BLL in the time domain form could provide more accurate results, but this requires more time resources to be spent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Oshina
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Biophotonics Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Spigulis
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Biophotonics Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
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Hunt B, Ruiz AJ, Pogue BW. Smartphone-based imaging systems for medical applications: a critical review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200421VR. [PMID: 33860648 PMCID: PMC8047775 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.4.040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Smartphones come with an enormous array of functionality and are being more widely utilized with specialized attachments in a range of healthcare applications. A review of key developments and uses, with an assessment of strengths/limitations in various clinical workflows, was completed. AIM Our review studies how smartphone-based imaging (SBI) systems are designed and tested for specialized applications in medicine and healthcare. An evaluation of current research studies is used to provide guidelines for improving the impact of these research advances. APPROACH First, the established and emerging smartphone capabilities that can be leveraged for biomedical imaging are detailed. Then, methods and materials for fabrication of optical, mechanical, and electrical interface components are summarized. Recent systems were categorized into four groups based on their intended application and clinical workflow: ex vivo diagnostic, in vivo diagnostic, monitoring, and treatment guidance. Lastly, strengths and limitations of current SBI systems within these various applications are discussed. RESULTS The native smartphone capabilities for biomedical imaging applications include cameras, touchscreens, networking, computation, 3D sensing, audio, and motion, in addition to commercial wearable peripheral devices. Through user-centered design of custom hardware and software interfaces, these capabilities have the potential to enable portable, easy-to-use, point-of-care biomedical imaging systems. However, due to barriers in programming of custom software and on-board image analysis pipelines, many research prototypes fail to achieve a prospective clinical evaluation as intended. Effective clinical use cases appear to be those in which handheld, noninvasive image guidance is needed and accommodated by the clinical workflow. Handheld systems for in vivo, multispectral, and quantitative fluorescence imaging are a promising development for diagnostic and treatment guidance applications. CONCLUSIONS A holistic assessment of SBI systems must include interpretation of their value for intended clinical settings and how their implementations enable better workflow. A set of six guidelines are proposed to evaluate appropriateness of smartphone utilization in terms of clinical context, completeness, compactness, connectivity, cost, and claims. Ongoing work should prioritize realistic clinical assessments with quantitative and qualitative comparison to non-smartphone systems to clearly demonstrate the value of smartphone-based systems. Improved hardware design to accommodate the rapidly changing smartphone ecosystem, creation of open-source image acquisition and analysis pipelines, and adoption of robust calibration techniques to address phone-to-phone variability are three high priority areas to move SBI research forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Hunt
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Brady Hunt,
| | - Alberto J. Ruiz
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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Application of Multispectral Imaging in the Human Tympanic Membrane. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2020; 2020:6219845. [PMID: 33014321 PMCID: PMC7525297 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6219845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multispectral imaging has recently shown good performance in determining information about physiology, morphology, and composition of tissue. In the endoscopy field, many researches have shown the ability to apply multispectral or narrow-band images in surveying vascular structure based on the interaction of light wavelength with tissue composition. However, there has been no mention to assess the contrast between other components in the middle ear such as the tympanic membrane, malleus, and the surrounding area. Using CT, OCT, or ODT can clearly describe the tympanic membrane structure; nevertheless, these approaches are expensive, more complex, and time-consuming and are not suitable for most common middle ear diagnoses. Here, we show the potential of using the multispectral imaging technique to enhance the contrast of the tympanic membrane compared to the surrounding tissue. The optical absorption and scattering of biological tissues constituents are not the same at different wavelengths. In this pilot study, multiwavelength images of the tympanic membrane were captured by using the otoscope with LED light source at three distinct spectral regions: 450 nm, 530 nm, and 630 nm. Subsequently, analyses of the intensity images as well as the histogram of these images point out that the 630 nm illumination image features an evident contrast in the intensity of the tympanic membrane and malleus compared to the surrounding area. Analysis of such images could facilitate the boundary determination and segmentation of the tympanic membrane (TM) with high precision.
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Cavalcanti TC, Kim S, Lee K, Lee SY, Park MK, Hwang JY. Smartphone-based spectral imaging otoscope: System development and preliminary study for evaluation of its potential as a mobile diagnostic tool. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e2452. [PMID: 32141237 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We develop a novel smartphone-based spectral imaging otoscope for telemedicine and examine its capability for the mobile diagnosis of middle ear diseases. The device was applied to perform spectral imaging and analysis of an ear-mimicking phantom and a normal and abnormal tympanic membrane for evaluation of its potential for the mobile diagnosis. Spectral classified images were obtained via online spectral analysis in a remote server. The phantom experimental results showed that it allowed us to distinguish four different fluids located behind a semitransparent membrane. Also, in the spectral classified images of normal ears (n = 3) and an ear with chronic otitis media (n = 1), the normal and abnormal regions in each ear could be quantitatively distinguished with high contrast. These preliminary results thus suggested that it might have the potentials for providing quantitative information for the mobile diagnosis of various middle ear diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Cavalcanti
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sewoong Kim
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyungsu Lee
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang-Yeon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae Youn Hwang
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
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14
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Uthoff RD, Song B, Maarouf M, Shi V, Liang R. Point-of-care, multispectral, smartphone-based dermascopes for dermal lesion screening and erythema monitoring. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-21. [PMID: 32578406 PMCID: PMC7309634 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.6.066004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The rates of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer are rising across the globe. Due to a shortage of board-certified dermatologists, the burden of dermal lesion screening and erythema monitoring has fallen to primary care physicians (PCPs). An adjunctive device for lesion screening and erythema monitoring would be beneficial because PCPs are not typically extensively trained in dermatological care. AIM We aim to examine the feasibility of using a smartphone-camera-based dermascope and a USB-camera-based dermascope utilizing polarized white-light imaging (PWLI) and polarized multispectral imaging (PMSI) to map dermal chromophores and erythema. APPROACH Two dermascopes integrating LED-based PWLI and PMSI with both a smartphone-based camera and a USB-connected camera were developed to capture images of dermal lesions and erythema. Image processing algorithms were implemented to provide chromophore concentrations and redness measures. RESULTS PWLI images were successfully converted to an alternate colorspace for erythema measures, and the spectral bandwidth of the PMSI LED illumination was sufficient for mapping of deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, and melanin chromophores. Both types of dermascopes were able to achieve similar relative concentration results. CONCLUSION Chromophore mapping and erythema monitoring are feasible with PWLI and PMSI using LED illumination and smartphone-based cameras. These systems can provide a simpler, more portable geometry and reduce device costs compared with interference-filter-based or spectrometer-based clinical-grade systems. Future research should include a rigorous clinical trial to collect longitudinal data and a large enough dataset to train and implement a machine learning-based image classifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D. Uthoff
- The University of Arizona, James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Bofan Song
- The University of Arizona, James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Melody Maarouf
- The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Vivian Shi
- The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Rongguang Liang
- The University of Arizona, James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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15
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Lukinsone V, Maslobojeva A, Rubins U, Kuzminskis M, Osis M, Spigulis J. Remitted photon path lengths in human skin: in-vivo measurement data. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2866-2873. [PMID: 32499966 PMCID: PMC7249824 DOI: 10.1364/boe.388349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The remitted photon path lengths in human skin can be estimated by modelling; however, there are very few experimental data available to validate the simulations. This study exploited the photon time of flight method where picosecond laser pulses at seven wavelength bands in the spectral range 560-800 nm were launched into in-vivo forearm skin of 10 volunteers via an optical fiber. The pulses of back-scattered light were detected via another optical fiber placed at variable distance (1, 8, 12, 16 or 20 mm) from the input fiber, with subsequent analysis of their shapes for all 35 spectral-spatial combinations. Using a deconvolution algorithm, the distribution functions of remitted photon arrival times after infinitely narrow input pulse were calculated and transformed into distributions of skin-remitted photon path lengths. Nearly linear dependences of the remitted photon mean path length on inter-fiber distance were obtained for all wavelength bands, while the spectral dependences at fixed inter-fiber distances showed more complicated character, most probably due to absorption of the dermal hemoglobin.
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16
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Tamošiūnas M, Plorina EV, Lange M, Derjabo A, Kuzmina I, Bļizņuks D, Spigulis J. Autofluorescence imaging for recurrence detection in skin cancer postoperative scars. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201900162. [PMID: 31909557 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This clinical study is a first attempt to use autofluorescence for recurrence diagnosis of skin cancer in postoperative scars. The proposed diagnostic parameter is based on a reduction in scar autofluorescence, evaluated in the green spectral channel. The validity of the method has been tested on 110 postoperative scars from 56 patients suspected of non-melanoma skin cancer, with eight patients (13 scars) available for the repeated examination. The recurrence diagnosis within a scar has been made after two subsequent autofluorescence check-ups, representing the temporal difference between the scar autofluorescence amplitudes as a vector. The recognition of recurrence has been discussed to represent the significant deviations from the value of vector angle θ. This new autofluorescence-based method can be easily integrated into the postoperative monitoring of surgical scars and can help diagnose the recurrence of skin cancer from the early stage of scar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Tamošiūnas
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Emilija V Plorina
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marta Lange
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aleksandrs Derjabo
- Oncology Centre of Latvia, Riga Eastern University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilona Kuzmina
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dmitrijs Bļizņuks
- Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Spigulis
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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17
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He Q, Wang R. Hyperspectral imaging enabled by an unmodified smartphone for analyzing skin morphological features and monitoring hemodynamics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:895-910. [PMID: 32133229 PMCID: PMC7041456 DOI: 10.1364/boe.378470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel method and system that utilizes a popular smartphone to realize hyperspectral imaging for analyzing skin morphological features and monitoring hemodynamics. The imaging system works based on a built-in RGB camera and flashlight on the smartphone. We apply Wiener estimation to transform the acquired RGB-mode images into "pseudo"-hyperspectral images with 16 wavebands, covering a visible range from 470nm to 620nm. The processing method uses weighted subtractions between wavebands to extract absorption information caused by specific chromophores within skin tissue, mainly including hemoglobin and melanin. Based on the extracted absorption information of hemoglobin, we conduct real-time monitoring experiments in the skin to measure heart rate and to observe skin activities during a vascular occlusion event. Compared with expensive hyperspectral imaging systems, the smartphone-based system delivers similar results but with very-high imaging resolution. Besides, it is easy to operate, very cost-effective and has a wider customer base. The use of an unmodified smartphone to realize hyperspectral imaging promises a possibility to bring a hyperspectral analysis of skin out from laboratory and clinical wards to daily life, which may also impact on healthcare in low resource settings and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua He
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ruikang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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18
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Bauer JR, Thomas JB, Hardeberg JY, Verdaasdonk RM. An Evaluation Framework for Spectral Filter Array Cameras to Optimize Skin Diagnosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4805. [PMID: 31694239 PMCID: PMC6864639 DOI: 10.3390/s19214805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Comparing and selecting an adequate spectral filter array (SFA) camera is application-specific and usually requires extensive prior measurements. An evaluation framework for SFA cameras is proposed and three cameras are tested in the context of skin analysis. The proposed framework does not require application-specific measurements and spectral sensitivities together with the number of bands are the main focus. An optical model of skin is used to generate a specialized training set to improve spectral reconstruction. The quantitative comparison of the cameras is based on reconstruction of measured skin spectra, colorimetric accuracy, and oxygenation level estimation differences. Specific spectral sensitivity shapes influence the results directly and a 9-channel camera performed best regarding the spectral reconstruction metrics. Sensitivities at key wavelengths influence the performance of oxygenation level estimation the strongest. The proposed framework allows to compare spectral filter array cameras and can guide their application-specific development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Renzo Bauer
- The Norwegian Colour and Visual Computing Laboratory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gjøvik, Norway; (J.-B.T.); (J.Y.H.)
| | - Jean-Baptiste Thomas
- The Norwegian Colour and Visual Computing Laboratory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gjøvik, Norway; (J.-B.T.); (J.Y.H.)
| | - Jon Yngve Hardeberg
- The Norwegian Colour and Visual Computing Laboratory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gjøvik, Norway; (J.-B.T.); (J.Y.H.)
| | - Rudolf M. Verdaasdonk
- Biomedical Photonics and Imaging group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
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19
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He Q, Wang RK. Analysis of skin morphological features and real-time monitoring using snapshot hyperspectral imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5625-5638. [PMID: 31799035 PMCID: PMC6865098 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a snapshot hyperspectral imaging system and methods for skin morphological feature analysis and real-time monitoring of skin activities. The analysis method includes a strategy using weighted subtractions between sub-channel images to extract absorption information due to specific chromophores within skin tissue, for example hemoglobin and melanin. Based on morphological analysis results, we carry out real-time monitoring of the skin features to verify the ability of this method to provide temporal responses of the skin tissue activities, which is experimentally shown to be useful in the measurement of heartrate, monitoring of the tissue recovery after a body exercise, and studying of the tissue response due to a vascular occlusion. Compared to conventional multispectral imaging system, the proposed system improves the device simplicity and is immune to motion artifacts. Coupled with the extraction algorithms, the hyperspectral imaging promises a robust skin assessment tool with abilities for qualitative visualization and potentially quantitative analysis of skin features, useful in the applications of cosmetics and clinical dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua He
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Ruikang K. Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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20
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Zherebtsov E, Dremin V, Popov A, Doronin A, Kurakina D, Kirillin M, Meglinski I, Bykov A. Hyperspectral imaging of human skin aided by artificial neural networks. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3545-3559. [PMID: 31467793 PMCID: PMC6706048 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a compact, hand-held hyperspectral imaging system for 2D neural network-based visualization of skin chromophores and blood oxygenation. State-of-the-art micro-optic multichannel matrix sensor combined with the tunable Fabry-Perot micro interferometer enables a portable diagnostic device sensitive to the changes of the oxygen saturation as well as the variations of blood volume fraction of human skin. Generalized object-oriented Monte Carlo model is used extensively for the training of an artificial neural network utilized for the hyperspectral image processing. In addition, the results are verified and validated via actual experiments with tissue phantoms and human skin in vivo. The proposed approach enables a tool combining both the speed of an artificial neural network processing and the accuracy and flexibility of advanced Monte Carlo modeling. Finally, the results of the feasibility studies and the experimental tests on biotissue phantoms and healthy volunteers are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Zherebtsov
- Opto-Electronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Viktor Dremin
- Opto-Electronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexey Popov
- Opto-Electronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexander Doronin
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140 Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Daria Kurakina
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ul’yanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Mikhail Kirillin
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ul’yanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Opto-Electronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Bykov
- Opto-Electronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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21
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Park J, Oh S, Lee J. Effects of particulate matter on healthy human skin: a panel study using a smartphone application measuring daily skin condition. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:1363-1368. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.H. Park
- Department of Dermatology Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - S.J. Oh
- Department of Dermatology Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - J.H. Lee
- Department of Dermatology Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management & Research SAIHST Sungkyunkwan University Seoul Korea
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22
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Kim T, Visbal-Onufrak MA, Konger RL, Kim YL. Data-driven imaging of tissue inflammation using RGB-based hyperspectral reconstruction toward personal monitoring of dermatologic health. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:5282-5296. [PMID: 29188120 PMCID: PMC5695970 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.005282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and accurate assessment of dermatologic inflammatory hyperemia in otherwise grossly normal-appearing skin conditions is beneficial to laypeople for monitoring their own skin health on a regular basis, to patients for looking for timely clinical examination, and to primary care physicians or dermatologists for delivering effective treatments. We propose that mathematical hyperspectral reconstruction from RGB images in a simple imaging setup can provide reliable visualization of hemoglobin content in a large skin area. Without relying on a complicated, expensive, and slow hyperspectral imaging system, we demonstrate the feasibility of determining heterogeneous or multifocal areas of inflammatory hyperemia associated with experimental photocarcinogenesis in mice. We envision that RGB-based reconstructed hyperspectral imaging of subclinical inflammatory hyperemic foci could potentially be integrated with the built-in camera (RGB sensor) of a smartphone to develop a simple imaging device that could offer affordable monitoring of dermatologic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Raymond L. Konger
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Young L. Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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23
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Multispectral, Fluorescent and Photoplethysmographic Imaging for Remote Skin Assessment. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17051165. [PMID: 28534815 PMCID: PMC5470910 DOI: 10.3390/s17051165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optical tissue imaging has several advantages over the routine clinical imaging methods, including non-invasiveness (it does not change the structure of tissues), remote operation (it avoids infections) and the ability to quantify the tissue condition by means of specific image parameters. Dermatologists and other skin experts need compact (preferably pocket-size), self-sustaining and easy-to-use imaging devices. The operational principles and designs of ten portable in-vivo skin imaging prototypes developed at the Biophotonics Laboratory of Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia during the recent five years are presented in this paper. Four groups of imaging devices are considered. Multi-spectral imagers offer possibilities for distant mapping of specific skin parameters, thus facilitating better diagnostics of skin malformations. Autofluorescence intensity and photobleaching rate imagers show a promising potential for skin tumor identification and margin delineation. Photoplethysmography video-imagers ensure remote detection of cutaneous blood pulsations and can provide real-time information on cardiovascular parameters and anesthesia efficiency. Multimodal skin imagers perform several of the abovementioned functions by taking a number of spectral and video images with the same image sensor. Design details of the developed prototypes and results of clinical tests illustrating their functionality are presented and discussed.
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