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Milicevic KD, Ivanova VO, Lovic DD, Platisa J, Andjus PR, Antic SD. Plateau depolarizations in spontaneously active neurons detected by calcium or voltage imaging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22787. [PMID: 39367010 PMCID: PMC11452489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In calcium imaging studies, Ca2+ transients are commonly interpreted as neuronal action potentials (APs). However, our findings demonstrate that robust optical Ca2+ transients primarily stem from complex "AP-Plateaus", while simple APs lacking underlying depolarization envelopes produce much weaker photonic signatures. Under challenging in vivo conditions, these "AP-Plateaus" are likely to surpass noise levels, thus dominating the Ca2+ recordings. In spontaneously active neuronal culture, optical Ca2+ transients (OGB1-AM, GCaMP6f) exhibited approximately tenfold greater amplitude and twofold longer half-width compared to optical voltage transients (ArcLightD). The amplitude of the ArcLightD signal exhibited a strong correlation with the duration of the underlying membrane depolarization, and a weaker correlation with the presence of a fast sodium AP. Specifically, ArcLightD exhibited robust responsiveness to the slow "foot" but not the fast "trunk" of the neuronal AP. Particularly potent stimulators of optical signals in both Ca2+ and voltage imaging modalities were APs combined with plateau potentials (AP-Plateaus), resembling dendritic Ca2+ spikes or "UP states" in pyramidal neurons. Interestingly, even the spikeless plateaus (amplitude > 10 mV, duration > 200 ms) could generate conspicuous Ca2+ optical signals in neurons. Therefore, in certain circumstances, Ca2+ transients should not be interpreted solely as indicators of neuronal AP firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina D Milicevic
- School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry 'Jean Giaja', Center for Laser Microscopy, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Violetta O Ivanova
- School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Darko D Lovic
- School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry 'Jean Giaja', Center for Laser Microscopy, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Platisa
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Pavle R Andjus
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry 'Jean Giaja', Center for Laser Microscopy, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srdjan D Antic
- School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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2
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Righes Marafiga J, Calcagnotto ME. Electrophysiology of Dendritic Spines: Information Processing, Dynamic Compartmentalization, and Synaptic Plasticity. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:103-141. [PMID: 37962795 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
For many years, synaptic transmission was considered as information transfer between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic cell. At the synaptic level, it was thought that dendritic arbors were only receiving and integrating all information flow sent along to the soma, while axons were primarily responsible for point-to-point information transfer. However, it is important to highlight that dendritic spines play a crucial role as postsynaptic components in central nervous system (CNS) synapses, not only integrating and filtering signals to the soma but also facilitating diverse connections with axons from many different sources. The majority of excitatory connections from presynaptic axonal terminals occurs on postsynaptic spines, although a subset of GABAergic synapses also targets spine heads. Several studies have shown the vast heterogeneous morphological, biochemical, and functional features of dendritic spines related to synaptic processing. In this chapter (adding to the relevant data on the biophysics of spines described in Chap. 1 of this book), we address the up-to-date functional dendritic characteristics assessed through electrophysiological approaches, including backpropagating action potentials (bAPs) and synaptic potentials mediated in dendritic and spine compartmentalization, as well as describing the temporal and spatial dynamics of glutamate receptors in the spines related to synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Righes Marafiga
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Chien MP, Brinks D, Testa-Silva G, Tian H, Phil Brooks F, Adam Y, Bloxham B, Gmeiner B, Kheifets S, Cohen AE. Photoactivated voltage imaging in tissue with an archaerhodopsin-derived reporter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/19/eabe3216. [PMID: 33952514 PMCID: PMC8099184 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) have the potential to enable optically sectioned voltage imaging at the intersection of a photoactivation beam and an imaging beam. We developed a pooled high-throughput screen to identify archaerhodopsin mutants with enhanced photoactivation. After screening ~105 cells, we identified a novel GEVI, NovArch, whose one-photon near-infrared fluorescence is reversibly enhanced by weak one-photon blue or two-photon near-infrared excitation. Because the photoactivation leads to fluorescent signals catalytically rather than stoichiometrically, high fluorescence signals, optical sectioning, and high time resolution are achieved simultaneously at modest blue or two-photon laser power. We demonstrate applications of the combined molecular and optical tools to optical mapping of membrane voltage in distal dendrites in acute mouse brain slices and in spontaneously active neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Ping Chien
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daan Brinks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Guilherme Testa-Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - He Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - F Phil Brooks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yoav Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Blox Bloxham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Simon Kheifets
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adam E Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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4
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Gonzalez MA, Walker AS, Cao KJ, Lazzari-Dean JR, Settineri NS, Kong EJ, Kramer RH, Miller EW. Voltage Imaging with a NIR-Absorbing Phosphine Oxide Rhodamine Voltage Reporter. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2304-2314. [PMID: 33501825 PMCID: PMC7986050 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of fluorescent dyes that emit and absorb light at wavelengths greater than 700 nm and that respond to biochemical and biophysical events in living systems remains an outstanding challenge for noninvasive optical imaging. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and application of near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing and -emitting optical voltmeter based on a sulfonated, phosphine-oxide (po) rhodamine for voltage imaging in intact retinas. We find that po-rhodamine based voltage reporters, or poRhoVRs, display NIR excitation and emission profiles at greater than 700 nm, show a range of voltage sensitivities (13 to 43% ΔF/F per 100 mV in HEK cells), and can be combined with existing optical sensors, like Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent proteins (GCaMP), and actuators, like light-activated opsins ChannelRhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Simultaneous voltage and Ca2+ imaging reveals differences in activity dynamics in rat hippocampal neurons, and pairing poRhoVR with blue-light based ChR2 affords all-optical electrophysiology. In ex vivo retinas isolated from a mouse model of retinal degeneration, poRhoVR, together with GCaMP-based Ca2+ imaging and traditional multielectrode array (MEA) recording, can provide a comprehensive physiological activity profile of neuronal activity, revealing differences in voltage and Ca2+ dynamics within hyperactive networks of the mouse retina. Taken together, these experiments establish that poRhoVR will open new horizons in optical interrogation of cellular and neuronal physiology in intact systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alison S. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute. University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin J. Cao
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julia R. Lazzari-Dean
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Settineri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eui Ju Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard H. Kramer
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute. University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Evan W. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute. University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Dorgans K, Kuhn B, Uusisaari MY. Imaging Subthreshold Voltage Oscillation With Cellular Resolution in the Inferior Olive in vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:607843. [PMID: 33381015 PMCID: PMC7767970 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.607843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage imaging with cellular resolution in mammalian brain slices is still a challenging task. Here, we describe and validate a method for delivery of the voltage-sensitive dye ANNINE-6plus (A6+) into tissue for voltage imaging that results in higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than conventional bath application methods. The not fully dissolved dye was injected into the inferior olive (IO) 0, 1, or 7 days prior to acute slice preparation using stereotactic surgery. We find that the voltage imaging improves after an extended incubation period in vivo in terms of labeled volume, homogeneous neuropil labeling with saliently labeled somata, and SNR. Preparing acute slices 7 days after the dye injection, the SNR is high enough to allow single-trial recording of IO subthreshold oscillations using wide-field (network-level) as well as high-magnification (single-cell level) voltage imaging with a CMOS camera. This method is easily adaptable to other brain regions where genetically-encoded voltage sensors are prohibitively difficult to use and where an ultrafast, pure electrochromic sensor, like A6+, is required. Due to the long-lasting staining demonstrated here, the method can be combined, for example, with deep-brain imaging using implantable GRIN lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dorgans
- Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Marylka Yoe Uusisaari
- Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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6
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Quicke P, Howe CL, Song P, Jadan HV, Song C, Knöpfel T, Neil M, Dragotti PL, Schultz SR, Foust AJ. Subcellular resolution three-dimensional light-field imaging with genetically encoded voltage indicators. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:035006. [PMID: 32904628 PMCID: PMC7456658 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.3.035006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Light-field microscopy (LFM) enables high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and light efficient volume imaging at fast frame rates. Voltage imaging with genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) stands to particularly benefit from LFM's volumetric imaging capability due to high required sampling rates and limited probe brightness and functional sensitivity. Aim: We demonstrate subcellular resolution GEVI light-field imaging in acute mouse brain slices resolving dendritic voltage signals in three spatial dimensions. Approach: We imaged action potential-induced fluorescence transients in mouse brain slices sparsely expressing the GEVI VSFP-Butterfly 1.2 in wide-field microscopy (WFM) and LFM modes. We compared functional signal SNR and localization between different LFM reconstruction approaches and between LFM and WFM. Results: LFM enabled three-dimensional (3-D) localization of action potential-induced fluorescence transients in neuronal somata and dendrites. Nonregularized deconvolution decreased SNR with increased iteration number compared to synthetic refocusing but increased axial and lateral signal localization. SNR was unaffected for LFM compared to WFM. Conclusions: LFM enables 3-D localization of fluorescence transients, therefore eliminating the need for structures to lie in a single focal plane. These results demonstrate LFM's potential for studying dendritic integration and action potential propagation in three spatial dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quicke
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Centre for Neurotechnology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel L. Howe
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Centre for Neurotechnology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pingfan Song
- Imperial College London, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herman V. Jadan
- Imperial College London, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chenchen Song
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Knöpfel
- Imperial College London, Centre for Neurotechnology, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Neil
- Imperial College London, Centre for Neurotechnology, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pier L. Dragotti
- Imperial College London, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Schultz
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Centre for Neurotechnology, London, United Kingdom
- Address all correspondence to Simon R. Schultz, E-mail: ; Amanda J. Foust, E-mail:
| | - Amanda J. Foust
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Centre for Neurotechnology, London, United Kingdom
- Address all correspondence to Simon R. Schultz, E-mail: ; Amanda J. Foust, E-mail:
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7
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Song P, Jadan HV, Howe CL, Quicke P, Foust AJ, Dragotti PL. 3D Localization for Light-Field Microscopy via Convolutional Sparse Coding on Epipolar Images. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL IMAGING 2020; 6:1017-1032. [PMID: 32851121 PMCID: PMC7442043 DOI: 10.1109/tci.2020.2997301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light-field microscopy (LFM) is a type of all-optical imaging system that is able to capture 4D geometric information of light rays and can reconstruct a 3D model from a single snapshot. In this paper, we propose a new 3D localization approach to effectively detect 3D positions of neuronal cells from a single light-field image with high accuracy and outstanding robustness to light scattering. This is achieved by constructing a depth-aware dictionary and by combining it with convolutional sparse coding. Specifically, our approach includes 3 key parts: light-field calibration, depth-aware dictionary construction, and localization based on convolutional sparse coding (CSC). In the first part, an observed raw light-field image is calibrated and then decoded into a two-plane parameterized 4D format which leads to the epi-polar plane image (EPI). The second part involves simulating a set of light-fields using a wave-optics forward model for a ball-shaped volume that is located at different depths. Then, a depth-aware dictionary is constructed where each element is a synthetic EPI associated to a specific depth. Finally, by taking full advantage of the sparsity prior and shift-invariance property of EPI, 3D localization is achieved via convolutional sparse coding on an observed EPI with respect to the depth-aware EPI dictionary. We evaluate our approach on both non-scattering specimen (fluorescent beads suspended in agarose gel) and scattering media (brain tissues of genetically encoded mice). Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach can reliably detect the 3D positions of granular targets with small Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), high robustness to optical aberration and light scattering in mammalian brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfan Song
- Department of Electronic & Electrical
EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZU.K.
| | - Herman Verinaz Jadan
- Department of Electronic & Electrical
EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZU.K.
| | - Carmel L. Howe
- Department of Bioengineering, and Center
for NeurotechnologyImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZU.K.
| | - Peter Quicke
- Department of Bioengineering, and Center
for NeurotechnologyImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZU.K.
| | - Amanda J. Foust
- Department of Bioengineering, and Center
for NeurotechnologyImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZU.K.
| | - Pier Luigi Dragotti
- Department of Electronic & Electrical
EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZU.K.
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8
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Brondi M, Moroni M, Vecchia D, Molano-Mazón M, Panzeri S, Fellin T. High-Accuracy Detection of Neuronal Ensemble Activity in Two-Photon Functional Microscopy Using Smart Line Scanning. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2567-2580.e6. [PMID: 32101736 PMCID: PMC7043026 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon functional imaging using genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) is one prominent tool to map neural activity. Under optimized experimental conditions, GECIs detect single action potentials in individual cells with high accuracy. However, using current approaches, these optimized conditions are never met when imaging large ensembles of neurons. Here, we developed a method that substantially increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of population imaging of GECIs by using galvanometric mirrors and fast smart line scan (SLS) trajectories. We validated our approach in anesthetized and awake mice on deep and dense GCaMP6 staining in the mouse barrel cortex during spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity. Compared to raster population imaging, SLS led to increased SNR, higher probability of detecting calcium events, and more precise identification of functional neuronal ensembles. SLS provides a cheap and easily implementable tool for high-accuracy population imaging of neural GCaMP6 signals by using galvanometric-based two-photon microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brondi
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Monica Moroni
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy; Center for Mind and Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Dania Vecchia
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Manuel Molano-Mazón
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fellin
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy.
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9
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Depth-resolved fiber photometry with a single tapered optical fiber implant. Nat Methods 2019; 16:1185-1192. [PMID: 31591577 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fiber photometry is increasingly utilized to monitor fluorescent sensors of neural activity in the brain. However, most implementations are based on flat-cleaved optical fibers that can only interface with shallow tissue volumes adjacent to the fiber. We exploit modal properties of tapered optical fibers (TFs) to enable light collection over an extent of up to 2 mm of tissue and multisite photometry along the taper. Using a single TF, we simultaneously observed distinct dopamine transients in dorsal and ventral striatum in freely moving mice performing a simple, operant conditioning task. Collection volumes from TFs can also be engineered in both shape and size by microstructuring the nonplanar surface of the taper, to optically target multiple sites not only in the deep brain but, in general, in any biological system or organ in which light collection is beneficial but challenging because of light scattering and absorption.
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10
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Adesnik H, Naka A. Cracking the Function of Layers in the Sensory Cortex. Neuron 2019; 100:1028-1043. [PMID: 30521778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how cortical activity generates sensory perceptions requires a detailed dissection of the function of cortical layers. Despite our relatively extensive knowledge of their anatomy and wiring, we have a limited grasp of what each layer contributes to cortical computation. We need to develop a theory of cortical function that is rooted solidly in each layer's component cell types and fine circuit architecture and produces predictions that can be validated by specific perturbations. Here we briefly review the progress toward such a theory and suggest an experimental road map toward this goal. We discuss new methods for the all-optical interrogation of cortical layers, for correlating in vivo function with precise identification of transcriptional cell type, and for mapping local and long-range activity in vivo with synaptic resolution. The new technologies that can crack the function of cortical layers are finally on the immediate horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillel Adesnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander Naka
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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11
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Carbonell-Leal M, Mínguez-Vega G, Lancis J, Mendoza-Yero O. Encoding of arbitrary micrometric complex illumination patterns with reduced speckle. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19788-19801. [PMID: 31503734 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In nonlinear microscopy, phase-only spatial light modulators (SLMs) allow achieving simultaneous two-photon excitation and fluorescence emission from specific region-of-interests (ROIs). However, as iterative Fourier transform algorithms (IFTAs) can only approximate the illumination of selected ROIs, both image formation and/or signal acquisition can be largely affected by the spatial irregularities of the illumination patterns and the speckle noise. To overcome these limitations, we propose an alternative complex illumination method (CIM) able to generate simultaneous excitation of large-area ROIs with full control over the amplitude and phase of light and reduced speckle. As a proof-of-concept we experimentally demonstrate single-photon and second harmonic generation (SHG) with structured illumination over large-area ROIs.
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12
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Go MA, Mueller M, Castañares ML, Egger V, Daria VR. A compact holographic projector module for high-resolution 3D multi-site two-photon photostimulation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210564. [PMID: 30689635 PMCID: PMC6349413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterned two-photon (2P) photolysis via holographic illumination is a powerful method to investigate neuronal function because of its capability to emulate multiple synaptic inputs in three dimensions (3D) simultaneously. However, like any optical system, holographic projectors have a finite space-bandwidth product that restricts the spatial range of patterned illumination or field-of-view (FOV) for a desired resolution. Such trade-off between holographic FOV and resolution restricts the coverage within a limited domain of the neuron's dendritic tree to perform highly resolved patterned 2P photolysis on individual spines. Here, we integrate a holographic projector into a commercial 2P galvanometer-based 2D scanning microscope with an uncaging unit and extend the accessible holographic FOV by using the galvanometer scanning mirrors to reposition the holographic FOV arbitrarily across the imaging FOV. The projector system utilizes the microscope's built-in imaging functions. Stimulation positions can be selected from within an acquired 3D image stack (the volume-of-interest, VOI) and the holographic projector then generates 3D illumination patterns with multiple uncaging foci. The imaging FOV of our system is 800×800 μm2 within which a holographic VOI of 70×70×70 μm3 can be chosen at arbitrary positions and also moved during experiments without moving the sample. We describe the design and alignment protocol as well as the custom software plugin that controls the 3D positioning of stimulation sites. We demonstrate the neurobiological application of the system by simultaneously uncaging glutamate at multiple spines within dendritic domains and consequently observing summation of postsynaptic potentials at the soma, eventually resulting in action potentials. At the same time, it is possible to perform two-photon Ca2+ imaging in 2D in the dendrite and thus to monitor synaptic Ca2+ entry in selected spines and also local regenerative events such as dendritic action potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Go
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Max Mueller
- Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lawrence Castañares
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200 ACT, Australia
| | - Veronica Egger
- Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vincent R. Daria
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200 ACT, Australia
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13
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Miyazaki K, Lisman JE, Ross WN. Improvements in Simultaneous Sodium and Calcium Imaging. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:514. [PMID: 30670951 PMCID: PMC6331411 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High speed imaging of ion concentration changes in neurons is an important and growing tool for neuroscientists. We previously developed a system for simultaneously measuring sodium and calcium changes in small compartments in neurons (Miyazaki and Ross, 2015). We used this technique to analyze the dynamics of these ions in individual pyramidal neuron dendritic spines (Miyazaki and Ross, 2017). This system is based on high speed multiplexing of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and classic organic indicators. To improve this system we made additional changes, primarily incorporating lasers in addition to the LEDs, more sophisticated imaging protocols, and the use of newer sodium and calcium indicators. This new system generates signals with higher signal to noise ratio (S/N), less background fluorescence, and less photodynamic damage. In addition, by using longer wavelength indicators instead of indicators sensitive in the UV range, it allows for the incorporation of focal uncaging along with simultaneous imaging, which should extend the range of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Miyazaki
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - John E Lisman
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States.,Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - William N Ross
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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14
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Ronzitti E, Emiliani V, Papagiakoumou E. Methods for Three-Dimensional All-Optical Manipulation of Neural Circuits. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:469. [PMID: 30618626 PMCID: PMC6304748 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical means for modulating and monitoring neuronal activity, have provided substantial insights to neurophysiology and toward our understanding of how the brain works. Optogenetic actuators, calcium or voltage imaging probes and other molecular tools, combined with advanced microscopies have allowed an "all-optical" readout and modulation of neural circuits. Completion of this remarkable work is evolving toward a three-dimensional (3D) manipulation of neural ensembles at a high spatiotemporal resolution. Recently, original optical methods have been proposed for both activating and monitoring neurons in a 3D space, mainly through optogenetic compounds. Here, we review these methods and anticipate possible combinations among them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eirini Papagiakoumou
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm S968, CNRS UMR7210, Paris, France
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15
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Quicke P, Reynolds S, Neil M, Knöpfel T, Schultz SR, Foust AJ. High speed functional imaging with source localized multifocal two-photon microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3678-3693. [PMID: 30338147 PMCID: PMC6191622 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multifocal two-photon microscopy (MTPM) increases imaging speed over single-focus scanning by parallelizing fluorescence excitation. The imaged fluorescence's susceptibility to crosstalk, however, severely degrades contrast in scattering tissue. Here we present a source-localized MTPM scheme optimized for high speed functional fluorescence imaging in scattering mammalian brain tissue. A rastered line array of beamlets excites fluorescence imaged with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera. We mitigate scattering-induced crosstalk by temporally oversampling the rastered image, generating grouped images with structured illumination, and applying Richardson-Lucy deconvolution to reassign scattered photons. Single images are then retrieved with a maximum intensity projection through the deconvolved image groups. This method increased image contrast at depths up to 112 μm in scattering brain tissue and reduced functional crosstalk between pixels during neuronal calcium imaging. Source-localization did not affect signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in densely labeled tissue under our experimental conditions. SNR decreased at low frame rates in sparsely labeled tissue, with no effect at frame rates above 50 Hz. Our non-descanned source-localized MTPM system enables high SNR, 100 Hz capture of fluorescence transients in scattering brain, increasing the scope of MTPM to faster and smaller functional signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quicke
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Stephanie Reynolds
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Mark Neil
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Thomas Knöpfel
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Simon R. Schultz
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Amanda J. Foust
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
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16
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Filipis L, Ait Ouares K, Moreau P, Tanese D, Zampini V, Latini A, Bleau C, Bleau C, Graham J, Canepari M. A novel multisite confocal system for rapid Ca 2+ imaging from submicron structures in brain slices. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11. [PMID: 29165917 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In brain slices, resolving fast Ca2+ fluorescence signals from submicron structures is typically achieved using 2-photon or confocal scanning microscopy, an approach that limits the number of scanned points. The novel multiplexing confocal system presented here overcomes this limitation. This system is based on a fast spinning disk, a multimode diode laser and a novel high-resolution CMOS camera. The spinning disk, running at 20 000 rpm, has custom-designed spiral pattern that maximises light collection, while rejecting out-of-focus fluorescence to resolve signals from small neuronal compartments. Using a 60× objective, the camera permits acquisitions of tens of thousands of pixels at resolutions of ~250 nm per pixel in the kHz range with 14 bits of digital depth. The system can resolve physiological Ca2+ transients from submicron structures at 20 to 40 μm below the slice surface, using the low-affinity Ca2+ indicator Oregon Green BAPTA-5N. In particular, signals at 0.25 to 1.25 kHz were resolved in single trials, or through averages of a few recordings, from dendritic spines and small parent dendrites in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Thanks to an unprecedented combination of temporal and spatial resolution with relatively simple implementation, it is expected that this system will be widely adopted for multisite monitoring of Ca2+ signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Filipis
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Physics, UMR 5588 CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
- Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, France
| | - Karima Ait Ouares
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Physics, UMR 5588 CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
- Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, France
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Physics, UMR 5588 CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
| | - Dimitrii Tanese
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR8250 CNRS and Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Valeria Zampini
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR8250 CNRS and Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Canepari
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Physics, UMR 5588 CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
- Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, France
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale (INSERM), France
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17
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Veliev F, Han Z, Kalita D, Briançon-Marjollet A, Bouchiat V, Delacour C. Recording Spikes Activity in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons Using Flexible or Transparent Graphene Transistors. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:466. [PMID: 28894412 PMCID: PMC5581354 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of nanoelectronics applied to neural interfaces has started few decades ago, and aims to provide new tools for replacing or restoring disabled functions of the nervous systems as well as further understanding the evolution of such complex organization. As the same time, graphene and other 2D materials have offered new possibilities for integrating micro and nano-devices on flexible, transparent, and biocompatible substrates, promising for bio and neuro-electronics. In addition to many bio-suitable features of graphene interface, such as, chemical inertness and anti-corrosive properties, its optical transparency enables multimodal approach of neuronal based systems, the electrical layer being compatible with additional microfluidics and optical manipulation ports. The convergence of these fields will provide a next generation of neural interfaces for the reliable detection of single spike and record with high fidelity activity patterns of neural networks. Here, we report on the fabrication of graphene field effect transistors (G-FETs) on various substrates (silicon, sapphire, glass coverslips, and polyimide deposited onto Si/SiO2 substrates), exhibiting high sensitivity (4 mS/V, close to the Dirac point at VLG < VD) and low noise level (10-22 A2/Hz, at VLG = 0 V). We demonstrate the in vitro detection of the spontaneous activity of hippocampal neurons in-situ-grown on top of the graphene sensors during several weeks in a millimeter size PDMS fluidics chamber (8 mm wide). These results provide an advance toward the realization of biocompatible devices for reliable and high spatio-temporal sensing of neuronal activity for both in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Veliev
- Institut Néel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
| | - Zheng Han
- Institut Néel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
| | - Dipankar Kalita
- Institut Néel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
| | - Anne Briançon-Marjollet
- Grenoble Alpes, HP2 Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1042Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Bouchiat
- Institut Néel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
| | - Cécile Delacour
- Institut Néel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
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18
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Guillon M, Forget BC, Foust AJ, De Sars V, Ritsch-Marte M, Emiliani V. Vortex-free phase profiles for uniform patterning with computer-generated holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12640-12652. [PMID: 28786619 PMCID: PMC5462068 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Computer-generated holography enables efficient light pattern generation through phase-only wavefront modulation. While perfect patterning usually requires control over both phase and amplitude, iterative Fourier transform algorithms (IFTA) can achieve phase-only approximations which maximize light efficiency at the cost of uniformity. The phase being unconstrained in the output plane, it can vary abruptly in some regions leading to destructive interferences. Among such structures phase vortices are the most common. Here we demonstrate theoretically, numerically and experimentally, a novel approach for eliminating phase vortices by spatially filtering the phase input to the IFTA, combining it with phase-based complex amplitude control at the spatial light modulator (SLM) plane to generate smooth shapes. The experimental implementation is achieved performing complex amplitude modulation with a phase-only SLM. This proposed experimental scheme offers a continuous and centered field of excitation. Lastly, we characterize achievable trade-offs between pattern uniformity, diffraction efficiency, and axial confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Guillon
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR 8250, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris,
France
| | - Benoît C. Forget
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR 8250, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris,
France
| | - Amanda J. Foust
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR 8250, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris,
France
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London,
UK
| | - Vincent De Sars
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR 8250, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris,
France
| | - Monika Ritsch-Marte
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsabruck, Müllerstraße 44, 6020 Innsbruck,
Austria
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR 8250, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris,
France
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