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Jung E, Mao C, Bhatia M, Koellhoffer EC, Fiering SN, Steinmetz NF. Inactivated Cowpea Mosaic Virus for In Situ Vaccination: Differential Efficacy of Formalin vs UV-Inactivated Formulations. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:500-507. [PMID: 36399598 PMCID: PMC9812890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has been developed as a promising nanoplatform technology for cancer immunotherapy; when applied as in situ vaccine, CPMV exhibits potent, systemic, and durable efficacy. While CPMV is not infectious to mammals, it is infectious to legumes; therefore, agronomic safety needs to be addressed to broaden the translational application of CPMV. RNA-containing formulations are preferred over RNA-free virus-like particles because the RNA and protein, each, contribute to CPMV's potent antitumor efficacy. We have previously optimized inactivation methods to develop CPMV that contains RNA but is not infectious to plants. We established that inactivated CPMV has reduced efficacy compared to untreated, native CPMV. However, a systematic comparison between native CPMV and different inactivated forms of CPMV was not done. Therefore, in this study, we directly compared the therapeutic efficacies and mechanisms of immune activation of CPMV, ultraviolet- (UV-), and formalin (Form)-inactivated CPMV to explain the differential efficacies. In a B16F10 melanoma mouse tumor model, Form-CPMV suppressed the tumor growth with prolonged survival (there were no statistical differences comparing CPMV and Form-CPMV). In comparison, UV-CPMV inhibited tumor growth significantly but not as well as Form-CPMV or CPMV. The reduced therapeutic efficacy of UV-CPMV is explained by the degree of cross-linking and aggregated state of the RNA, which renders it inaccessible for sensing by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 to activate immune responses. The mechanistic studies showed that the highly aggregated state of UV-CPMV inhibited TLR7 signaling more so than for the Form-CPMV formulation, reducing the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-α (IFN-α), cytokines associated with TLR7 signaling. These findings support the translational development of Form-CPMV as a noninfectious immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Misha Bhatia
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of, California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United, States
| | - Edward C. Koellhoffer
- Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Steven N. Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and, Immunology and Dartmouth Cancer Center, Dartmouth, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Nanoengineering, Radiology, Bioengineering, Moores Cancer Center, Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, and Institute for Materials, Design and Discovery, University of California San Diego, La, Jolla, California 92093, United States
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2
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Healy S, Bakuzis AF, Goodwill PW, Attaluri A, Bulte JWM, Ivkov R. Clinical magnetic hyperthermia requires integrated magnetic particle imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1779. [PMID: 35238181 PMCID: PMC9107505 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials that respond to clinical magnetic devices have significant potential as cancer nanotheranostics. The complexities of their physics, however, introduce challenges for these applications. Hyperthermia is a heat‐based cancer therapy that improves treatment outcomes and patient survival when controlled energy delivery is combined with accurate thermometry. To date, few technologies have achieved the needed evolution for the demands of the clinic. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) offers this potential, but to be successful it requires particle‐imaging technology that provides real‐time thermometry. Presently, the only technology having the potential to meet these requirements is magnetic particle imaging (MPI), for which a proof‐of‐principle demonstration with MFH has been achieved. Successful clinical translation and adoption of integrated MPI/MFH technology will depend on successful resolution of the technological challenges discussed. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Healy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andris F Bakuzis
- Instituto de Física and CNanoMed, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Anilchandra Attaluri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Beiss V, Mao C, Fiering SN, Steinmetz NF. Cowpea Mosaic Virus Outperforms Other Members of the Secoviridae as In Situ Vaccine for Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1573-1585. [PMID: 35333531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In situ vaccination for cancer immunotherapy uses intratumoral administration of small molecules, proteins, nanoparticles, or viruses that activate pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) to reprogram the tumor microenvironment and prime systemic antitumor immunity. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a plant virus that─while noninfectious toward mammals─activates mammalian PRRs. Application of CPMV as in situ vaccine (ISV) results in a potent and durable efficacy in tumor mouse models and canine patients; data indicate that CPMV outperforms small molecule PRR agonists and other nonrelated plant viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs). In this work, we set out to compare the potency of CPMV versus other plant viruses from the Secoviridae. We developed protocols to produce and isolate cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and tobacco ring spot virus (TRSV) from plants. CPSMV, like CPMV, is a comovirus with genome and protein homology, while TRSV lacks homology and is from the genus nepovirus. When applied as ISV in a mouse model of dermal melanoma (using B16F10 cells and C57Bl6J mice), CPMV outperformed CPSMV and TRSV─again highlighting the unique potency of CPMV. Mechanistically, the increased potency is related to increased signaling through toll-like receptors (TLRs)─in particular, CPMV signals through TLR2, 4, and 7. Using knockout (KO) mouse models, we demonstrate here that all three plant viruses signal through the adaptor molecule MyD88─with CPSMV and TRSV predominantly activating TLR2 and 4. CPMV induced significantly more interferon β (IFNβ) compared to TRSV and CPSMV; therefore, IFNβ released upon signaling through TLR7 may be a differentiator for the observed potency of CPMV-ISV. Additionally, CPMV induced a different temporal pattern of intratumoral cytokine generation characterized by significantly increased inflammatory cytokines 4 days after the second of 2 weekly treatments, as if CPMV induced a "memory response". This higher, longer-lasting induction of cytokines may be another key differentiator that explains the unique potency of CPMV-ISV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Beiss
- Departments of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chenkai Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Departments of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States.,Departments of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Departments of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Koellhoffer EC, Mao C, Beiss V, Wang L, Fiering SN, Boone CE, Steinmetz NF. Inactivated Cowpea Mosaic Virus in Combination with OX40 Agonist Primes Potent Antitumor Immunity in a Bilateral Melanoma Mouse Model. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:592-601. [PMID: 34978197 PMCID: PMC9207558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral immunotherapies are being recognized in cancer treatment, with several currently approved or undergoing clinical testing. While contemporary approaches have focused on oncolytic viral therapies, our efforts center on the development of plant virus-based cancer immunotherapies. In a previous work, we demonstrated the potent efficacy of the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a plant virus that does not replicate in animals, applied as an in situ vaccine. CPMV is an immunostimulatory drug candidate, and intratumoral administration remodels the tumor microenvironment leading to activation of local and systemic antitumor immunity. Efficacy has been demonstrated in multiple tumor mouse models and canine cancer patients. As wild-type CPMV is infectious toward various legumes and because shedding of infectious virus from patients may be an agricultural concern, we developed UV-inactivated CPMV (termed inCPMV) which is not infectious toward plants. We report that as a monotherapy, wild-type CPMV outperforms inCPMV in mouse models of dermal melanoma or disseminated colon cancer. Efficacy of inCPMV is less than that of CPMV and similar to that of RNA-free CPMV. Immunological investigation using knockout mice shows that inCPMV does not signal through TLR7 (toll-like receptor); structure-function studies indicate that the RNA is highly cross-linked and therefore unable to activate TLR7. Wild-type CPMV signals through TLR2, -4, and -7, whereas inCPMV more closely resembles RNA-free CPMV which signals through TLR2 and -4 only. The structural features of inCPMV explain the increased potency of wild-type CPMV through the triple pronged TLR activation. Strikingly, when inCPMV is used in combination with an anti-OX40 agonist antibody (administered systemically), exceptional efficacy was demonstrated in a bilateral B16F10 dermal melanoma model. Combination therapy, with in situ vaccination applied only into the primary tumor, controlled the progression of the secondary, untreated tumors, with 10 out of 14 animals surviving for at least 100 days post tumor challenge without development of recurrence or metastatic disease. This study highlights the potential of inCPMV as an in situ vaccine candidate and demonstrates the power of combined immunotherapy approaches. Strategic immunocombination therapies are the formula for success, and the combination of in situ vaccination strategies along with therapeutic antibodies targeting the cancer immunity cycle is a particularly powerful approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Koellhoffer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chenkai Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical System, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Christine E Boone
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Design and Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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5
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Gautam A, Beiss V, Wang C, Wang L, Steinmetz NF. Plant Viral Nanoparticle Conjugated with Anti-PD-1 Peptide for Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189733. [PMID: 34575893 PMCID: PMC8467759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds tremendous potential in cancer therapy, in particular, when treatment regimens are combined to achieve synergy between pathways along the cancer immunity cycle. In previous works, we demonstrated that in situ vaccination with the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) activates and recruits innate immune cells, therefore reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment toward an immune-activated state, leading to potent anti-tumor immunity in tumor mouse models and canine patients. CPMV therapy also increases the expression of checkpoint regulators on effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as PD-1/PD-L1, and we demonstrated that combination with immune checkpoint therapy improves therapeutic outcomes further. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that CPMV could be combined with anti-PD-1 peptides to replace expensive antibody therapies. Specifically, we set out to test whether a multivalent display of anti-PD-1 peptides (SNTSESF) would enhance efficacy over a combination of CPMV and soluble peptide. Efficacy of the approaches were tested using a syngeneic mouse model of intraperitoneal ovarian cancer. CPMV combination with anti-PD-1 peptides (SNTSESF) resulted in increased efficacy; however, increased potency against metastatic ovarian cancer was only observed when SNTSESF was conjugated to CPMV, and not added as a free peptide. This can be explained by the differences in the in vivo fates of the nanoparticle formulation vs. the free peptide; the larger nanoparticles are expected to exhibit prolonged tumor residence and favorable intratumoral distribution. Our study provides new design principles for plant virus-based in situ vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushma Gautam
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Day NB, Wixson WC, Shields CW. Magnetic systems for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2172-2196. [PMID: 34522583 PMCID: PMC8424374 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly developing area of cancer treatment due to its higher specificity and potential for greater efficacy than traditional therapies. Immune cell modulation through the administration of drugs, proteins, and cells can enhance antitumoral responses through pathways that may be otherwise inhibited in the presence of immunosuppressive tumors. Magnetic systems offer several advantages for improving the performance of immunotherapies, including increased spatiotemporal control over transport, release, and dosing of immunomodulatory drugs within the body, resulting in reduced off-target effects and improved efficacy. Compared to alternative methods for stimulating drug release such as light and pH, magnetic systems enable several distinct methods for programming immune responses. First, we discuss how magnetic hyperthermia can stimulate immune cells and trigger thermoresponsive drug release. Second, we summarize how magnetically targeted delivery of drug carriers can increase the accumulation of drugs in target sites. Third, we review how biomaterials can undergo magnetically driven structural changes to enable remote release of encapsulated drugs. Fourth, we describe the use of magnetic particles for targeted interactions with cellular receptors for promoting antitumor activity. Finally, we discuss translational considerations of these systems, such as toxicity, clinical compatibility, and future opportunities for improving cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- BW, body weight
- Biomaterials
- CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanine
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- Drug delivery
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FFR, field free region
- HS-TEX, heat-stressed tumor cell exosomes
- HSP, heat shock protein
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IVIS, in vivo imaging system
- Immunotherapy
- MICA, MHC class I-related chain A
- MPI, magnetic particle imaging
- Magnetic hyperthermia
- Magnetic nanoparticles
- Microrobotics
- ODNs, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PARP, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PNIPAM, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- SDF, stromal cell derived-factor
- SID, small implantable device
- SLP, specific loss power
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Day
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - William C Wixson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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7
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Beola L, Grazú V, Fernández-Afonso Y, Fratila RM, de las Heras M, de la Fuente JM, Gutiérrez L, Asín L. Critical Parameters to Improve Pancreatic Cancer Treatment Using Magnetic Hyperthermia: Field Conditions, Immune Response, and Particle Biodistribution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12982-12996. [PMID: 33709682 PMCID: PMC8892434 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) was used to treat a murine model of pancreatic cancer. This type of cancer is generally characterized by the presence of dense stroma that acts as a barrier for chemotherapeutic treatments. Several alternating magnetic field (AMF) conditions were evaluated using three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models loaded with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to determine which conditions were producing a strong effect on the cell viability. Once the optimal AMF conditions were selected, in vivo experiments were carried out using similar frequency and field amplitude parameters. A marker of the immune response activation, calreticulin (CALR), was evaluated in cells from a xenograft tumor model after the MH treatment. Moreover, the distribution of nanoparticles within the tumor tissue was assessed by histological analysis of tumor sections, observing that the exposure to the alternating magnetic field resulted in the migration of particles toward the inner parts of the tumor. Finally, a relationship between an inadequate body biodistribution of the particles after their intratumoral injection and a significant decrease in the effectiveness of the MH treatment was found. Animals in which most of the particles remained in the tumor area after injection showed higher reductions in the tumor volume growth in comparison with those animals in which part of the particles were found also in the liver and spleen. Therefore, our results point out several factors that should be considered to improve the treatment effectiveness of pancreatic cancer by magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianne Beola
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de
Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Valeria Grazú
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yilian Fernández-Afonso
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de
Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raluca M. Fratila
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jesús M. de la Fuente
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Gutiérrez
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de
Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Asín
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Soetaert F, Korangath P, Serantes D, Fiering S, Ivkov R. Cancer therapy with iron oxide nanoparticles: Agents of thermal and immune therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 163-164:65-83. [PMID: 32603814 PMCID: PMC7736167 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significant research and preclinical investment in cancer nanomedicine has produced several products, which have improved cancer care. Nevertheless, there exists a perception that cancer nanomedicine 'has not lived up to its promise' because the number of approved products and their clinical performance are modest. Many of these analyses do not consider the long clinical history and many clinical products developed from iron oxide nanoparticles. Iron oxide nanoparticles have enjoyed clinical use for about nine decades demonstrating safety, and considerable clinical utility and versatility. FDA-approved applications of iron oxide nanoparticles include cancer diagnosis, cancer hyperthermia therapy, and iron deficiency anemia. For cancer nanomedicine, this wealth of clinical experience is invaluable to provide key lessons and highlight pitfalls in the pursuit of nanotechnology-based cancer therapeutics. We review the clinical experience with systemic liposomal drug delivery and parenteral therapy of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with iron oxide nanoparticles. We note that the clinical success of injectable iron exploits the inherent interaction between nanoparticles and the (innate) immune system, which designers of liposomal drug delivery seek to avoid. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia, a cancer therapy that harnesses magnetic hysteresis heating is approved for treating humans only with iron oxide nanoparticles. Despite its successful demonstration to enhance overall survival in clinical trials, this nanotechnology-based thermal medicine struggles to establish a clinical presence. We review the physical and biological attributes of this approach, and suggest reasons for barriers to its acceptance. Finally, despite the extensive clinical experience with iron oxide nanoparticles new and exciting research points to surprising immune-modulating potential. Recent data demonstrate the interactions between immune cells and iron oxide nanoparticles can induce anti-tumor immune responses. These present new and exciting opportunities to explore additional applications with this venerable technology. Clinical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles present poignant case studies of the opportunities, complexities, and challenges in cancer nanomedicine. They also illustrate the need for revised paradigms and multidisciplinary approaches to develop and translate nanomedicines into clinical cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Soetaert
- Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical Constructions and Systems, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Preethi Korangath
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - David Serantes
- Department of Applied Physics and Instituto de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Steven Fiering
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, USA.
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9
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Steinmetz NF, Lim S, Sainsbury F. Protein cages and virus-like particles: from fundamental insight to biomimetic therapeutics. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:2771-2777. [PMID: 32352101 PMCID: PMC8085892 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages (viral and non-viral) found in nature have evolved for a variety of purposes and are found in all kingdoms of life. The main functions of these nanoscale compartments are the protection and delivery of nucleic acids e.g. virus capsids, or the enrichment and sequestration of metabolons e.g. bacterial microcompartments. This review focuses on recent developments of protein cages for use in immunotherapy and therapeutic delivery. In doing so, we highlight the unique ways in which protein cages have informed on fundamental principles governing bio-nano interactions. With the enormous existing design space among naturally occurring protein cages, there is still much to learn from studying them as biomimetic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sierin Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore and NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia. and Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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Chariou PL, Ortega-Rivera OA, Steinmetz NF. Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Medical, Veterinary, and Agricultural Active Ingredients. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2678-2701. [PMID: 32125825 PMCID: PMC8085836 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarrier-based delivery systems can be used to increase the safety and efficacy of active ingredients in medical, veterinary, or agricultural applications, particularly when such ingredients are unstable, sparingly soluble, or cause off-target effects. In this review, we highlight the diversity of nanocarrier materials and their key advantages compared to free active ingredients. We discuss current trends based on peer-reviewed research articles, patent applications, clinical trials, and the nanocarrier formulations already approved by regulatory bodies. Although most nanocarriers have been engineered to combat cancer, the number of formulations developed for other purposes is growing rapidly, especially those for the treatment of infectious diseases and parasites affecting humans, livestock, and companion animals. The regulation and prohibition of many pesticides have also fueled research to develop targeted pesticide delivery systems based on nanocarriers, which maximize efficacy while minimizing the environmental impact of agrochemicals.
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Elming PB, Sørensen BS, Oei AL, Franken NAP, Crezee J, Overgaard J, Horsman MR. Hyperthermia: The Optimal Treatment to Overcome Radiation Resistant Hypoxia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E60. [PMID: 30634444 PMCID: PMC6356970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regions of low oxygenation (hypoxia) are a characteristic feature of solid tumors, and cells existing in these regions are a major factor influencing radiation resistance as well as playing a significant role in malignant progression. Consequently, numerous pre-clinical and clinical attempts have been made to try and overcome this hypoxia. These approaches involve improving oxygen availability, radio-sensitizing or killing the hypoxic cells, or utilizing high LET (linear energy transfer) radiation leading to a lower OER (oxygen enhancement ratio). Interestingly, hyperthermia (heat treatments of 39⁻45 °C) induces many of these effects. Specifically, it increases blood flow thereby improving tissue oxygenation, radio-sensitizes via DNA repair inhibition, and can kill cells either directly or indirectly by causing vascular damage. Combining hyperthermia with low LET radiation can even result in anti-tumor effects equivalent to those seen with high LET. The various mechanisms depend on the time and sequence between radiation and hyperthermia, the heating temperature, and the time of heating. We will discuss the role these factors play in influencing the interaction between hyperthermia and radiation, and summarize the randomized clinical trials showing a benefit of such a combination as well as suggest the potential future clinical application of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille B Elming
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Brita S Sørensen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Arlene L Oei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicolaas A P Franken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes Crezee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jens Overgaard
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Michael R Horsman
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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