1
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Adekiya TA, Owoseni O. Emerging frontiers in nanomedicine targeted therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2023; 37:100778. [PMID: 37992539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2023.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent cancer in men, often treated with chemotherapy. However, it tumor cells are clinically grows slowly and is heterogeneous, leading to treatment resistance and recurrence. Nanomedicines, through targeted delivery using nanocarriers, can enhance drug accumulation at the tumor site, sustain drug release, and counteract drug resistance. In addition, combination therapy using nanomedicines can target multiple cancer pathways, improving effectiveness and addressing tumor heterogeneity. The application of nanomedicine in prostate cancer treatment would be an important strategy in controlling tumor dynamic process as well as improve survival. Thus, this review highlights therapeutic nanoparticles as a solution for prostate cancer chemotherapy, exploring targeting strategies and approaches to combat drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayo Alex Adekiya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States.
| | - Oluwanifemi Owoseni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
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2
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Jung E, Mao C, Bhatia M, Koellhoffer EC, Fiering SN, Steinmetz NF. Inactivated Cowpea Mosaic Virus for In Situ Vaccination: Differential Efficacy of Formalin vs UV-Inactivated Formulations. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:500-507. [PMID: 36399598 PMCID: PMC9812890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has been developed as a promising nanoplatform technology for cancer immunotherapy; when applied as in situ vaccine, CPMV exhibits potent, systemic, and durable efficacy. While CPMV is not infectious to mammals, it is infectious to legumes; therefore, agronomic safety needs to be addressed to broaden the translational application of CPMV. RNA-containing formulations are preferred over RNA-free virus-like particles because the RNA and protein, each, contribute to CPMV's potent antitumor efficacy. We have previously optimized inactivation methods to develop CPMV that contains RNA but is not infectious to plants. We established that inactivated CPMV has reduced efficacy compared to untreated, native CPMV. However, a systematic comparison between native CPMV and different inactivated forms of CPMV was not done. Therefore, in this study, we directly compared the therapeutic efficacies and mechanisms of immune activation of CPMV, ultraviolet- (UV-), and formalin (Form)-inactivated CPMV to explain the differential efficacies. In a B16F10 melanoma mouse tumor model, Form-CPMV suppressed the tumor growth with prolonged survival (there were no statistical differences comparing CPMV and Form-CPMV). In comparison, UV-CPMV inhibited tumor growth significantly but not as well as Form-CPMV or CPMV. The reduced therapeutic efficacy of UV-CPMV is explained by the degree of cross-linking and aggregated state of the RNA, which renders it inaccessible for sensing by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 to activate immune responses. The mechanistic studies showed that the highly aggregated state of UV-CPMV inhibited TLR7 signaling more so than for the Form-CPMV formulation, reducing the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-α (IFN-α), cytokines associated with TLR7 signaling. These findings support the translational development of Form-CPMV as a noninfectious immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Misha Bhatia
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of, California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United, States
| | - Edward C. Koellhoffer
- Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Steven N. Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and, Immunology and Dartmouth Cancer Center, Dartmouth, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Nanoengineering, Radiology, Bioengineering, Moores Cancer Center, Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, and Institute for Materials, Design and Discovery, University of California San Diego, La, Jolla, California 92093, United States
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3
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Rahman MM, Islam MR, Akash S, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Ray TK, Rahaman MS, Islam M, Anika F, Hosain MK, Aovi FI, Hemeg HA, Rauf A, Wilairatana P. Recent advancements of nanoparticles application in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders: At a glance. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113305. [PMID: 35717779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale engineering is one of the innovative approaches to heal multitudes of ailments, such as varieties of malignancies, neurological problems, and infectious illnesses. Therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) may be modified in aspect because of their ability to stimulate physiological response while limiting negative consequences by interfacing and activating possible targets. Nanomaterials have been extensively studied and employed for cancerous therapeutic strategies since nanomaterials potentially play a significant role in medical transportation. When compared to conventional drug delivery, nanocarriers drug delivery offers various benefits, such as excellent reliability, bioactivity, improved penetration and retention impact, as well as precise targeting and administering. Upregulation of drug efflux transporters, dysfunctional apoptotic mechanisms, and a hypoxic atmosphere are all elements that lead to cancer treatment sensitivity in humans. It has been possible to target these pathways using nanoparticles and increase the effectiveness of multidrug resistance treatments. As innovative strategies of tumor chemoresistance are uncovered, nanomaterials are being developed to target specific pathways of tumor resilience. Scientists have recently begun investigating the function of nanoparticles in immunotherapy, a field that is becoming increasingly useful in the care of malignancies. Nanoscale therapeutics have been explored in this scientific literature and represent the most current approaches to neurodegenerative illnesses and cancer therapy. In addition, current findings and various biomedical nanomaterials' future promise for tissue regeneration, prospective medication design, and the synthesis of novel delivery approaches have been emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Harun-Or-Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanmay Kumar Ray
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saidur Rahaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fazilatunnesa Anika
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kawser Hosain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farjana Islam Aovi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al-Madinah Al-Monawra 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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4
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Castelló CM, de Carvalho MT, Bakuzis AF, Fonseca SG, Miguel MP. Local tumour nanoparticle thermal therapy: A promising immunomodulatory treatment for canine cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:752-766. [PMID: 35698822 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Distinct thermal therapies have been used for cancer therapy. For hyperthermia (HT) treatment the tumour tissue is heated to temperatures between 39 and 45°C, while during ablation (AB) temperatures above 50°C are achieved. HT is commonly used in combination with different treatment modalities, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, for better clinical outcomes. In contrast, AB is usually used as a single modality for direct tumour cell killing. Both thermal therapies have been shown to result in cytotoxicity as well as immune response stimulation. Immunogenic responses encompass the innate and adaptive immune systems and involve the activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and T cells. Several heat technologies are used, but great interest arises from nanotechnology-based thermal therapies. Spontaneous tumours in dogs can be a model for cancer immunotherapies with several advantages. In addition, veterinary oncology represents a growing market with an important demand for new therapies. In this review, we will focus on nanoparticle-mediated thermal-induced immunogenic effects, the beneficial potential of integrating thermal nanomedicine with immunotherapies and the results of published works with thermotherapies for cancer using dogs with spontaneous tumours, highlighting the works that evaluated the effect on the immune system in order to show dogs with spontaneous cancer as a good model for evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Martí Castelló
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Mara Taís de Carvalho
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Gonçalves Fonseca
- Setor de Imunologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Marina Pacheco Miguel
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Setor de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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5
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Park Y, Demessie AA, Luo A, Taratula OR, Moses AS, Do P, Campos L, Jahangiri Y, Wyatt CR, Albarqi HA, Farsad K, Slayden OD, Taratula O. Targeted Nanoparticles with High Heating Efficiency for the Treatment of Endometriosis with Systemically Delivered Magnetic Hyperthermia. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107808. [PMID: 35434932 PMCID: PMC9232988 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a devastating disease in which endometrial-like tissue forms lesions outside the uterus. It causes infertility and severe pelvic pain in ≈176 million women worldwide, and there is currently no cure for this disease. Magnetic hyperthermia could potentially eliminate widespread endometriotic lesions but has not previously been considered for treatment because conventional magnetic nanoparticles have relatively low heating efficiency and can only provide ablation temperatures (>46 °C) following direct intralesional injection. This study is the first to describe nanoparticles that enable systemically delivered magnetic hyperthermia for endometriosis treatment. When subjected to an alternating magnetic field (AMF), these hexagonal iron-oxide nanoparticles exhibit extraordinary heating efficiency that is 6.4× greater than their spherical counterparts. Modifying nanoparticles with a peptide targeted to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) enhances their endometriosis specificity. Studies in mice bearing transplants of macaque endometriotic tissue reveal that, following intravenous injection at a low dose (3 mg per kg), these nanoparticles efficiently accumulate in endometriotic lesions, selectively elevate intralesional temperature above 50 °C upon exposure to external AMF, and completely eradicate them with a single treatment. These nanoparticles also demonstrate promising potential as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for precise detection of endometriotic tissue before AMF application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngrong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
| | - Ananiya A Demessie
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
| | - Addie Luo
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue Beaverton, Portland, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Olena R Taratula
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
| | - Abraham S Moses
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
| | - Peter Do
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
| | - Leonardo Campos
- Dotter Interventional Institute, Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Younes Jahangiri
- Dotter Interventional Institute, Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Cory R Wyatt
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Hassan A Albarqi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, King Abdulaziz Road, Najran, 55461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khashayar Farsad
- Dotter Interventional Institute, Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Ov D Slayden
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue Beaverton, Portland, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Oleh Taratula
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
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Healy S, Bakuzis AF, Goodwill PW, Attaluri A, Bulte JWM, Ivkov R. Clinical magnetic hyperthermia requires integrated magnetic particle imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1779. [PMID: 35238181 PMCID: PMC9107505 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials that respond to clinical magnetic devices have significant potential as cancer nanotheranostics. The complexities of their physics, however, introduce challenges for these applications. Hyperthermia is a heat‐based cancer therapy that improves treatment outcomes and patient survival when controlled energy delivery is combined with accurate thermometry. To date, few technologies have achieved the needed evolution for the demands of the clinic. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) offers this potential, but to be successful it requires particle‐imaging technology that provides real‐time thermometry. Presently, the only technology having the potential to meet these requirements is magnetic particle imaging (MPI), for which a proof‐of‐principle demonstration with MFH has been achieved. Successful clinical translation and adoption of integrated MPI/MFH technology will depend on successful resolution of the technological challenges discussed. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Healy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andris F Bakuzis
- Instituto de Física and CNanoMed, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Anilchandra Attaluri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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7
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Beiss V, Mao C, Fiering SN, Steinmetz NF. Cowpea Mosaic Virus Outperforms Other Members of the Secoviridae as In Situ Vaccine for Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1573-1585. [PMID: 35333531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In situ vaccination for cancer immunotherapy uses intratumoral administration of small molecules, proteins, nanoparticles, or viruses that activate pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) to reprogram the tumor microenvironment and prime systemic antitumor immunity. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a plant virus that─while noninfectious toward mammals─activates mammalian PRRs. Application of CPMV as in situ vaccine (ISV) results in a potent and durable efficacy in tumor mouse models and canine patients; data indicate that CPMV outperforms small molecule PRR agonists and other nonrelated plant viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs). In this work, we set out to compare the potency of CPMV versus other plant viruses from the Secoviridae. We developed protocols to produce and isolate cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and tobacco ring spot virus (TRSV) from plants. CPSMV, like CPMV, is a comovirus with genome and protein homology, while TRSV lacks homology and is from the genus nepovirus. When applied as ISV in a mouse model of dermal melanoma (using B16F10 cells and C57Bl6J mice), CPMV outperformed CPSMV and TRSV─again highlighting the unique potency of CPMV. Mechanistically, the increased potency is related to increased signaling through toll-like receptors (TLRs)─in particular, CPMV signals through TLR2, 4, and 7. Using knockout (KO) mouse models, we demonstrate here that all three plant viruses signal through the adaptor molecule MyD88─with CPSMV and TRSV predominantly activating TLR2 and 4. CPMV induced significantly more interferon β (IFNβ) compared to TRSV and CPSMV; therefore, IFNβ released upon signaling through TLR7 may be a differentiator for the observed potency of CPMV-ISV. Additionally, CPMV induced a different temporal pattern of intratumoral cytokine generation characterized by significantly increased inflammatory cytokines 4 days after the second of 2 weekly treatments, as if CPMV induced a "memory response". This higher, longer-lasting induction of cytokines may be another key differentiator that explains the unique potency of CPMV-ISV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Beiss
- Departments of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chenkai Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Departments of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States.,Departments of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Departments of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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8
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Koellhoffer EC, Mao C, Beiss V, Wang L, Fiering SN, Boone CE, Steinmetz NF. Inactivated Cowpea Mosaic Virus in Combination with OX40 Agonist Primes Potent Antitumor Immunity in a Bilateral Melanoma Mouse Model. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:592-601. [PMID: 34978197 PMCID: PMC9207558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral immunotherapies are being recognized in cancer treatment, with several currently approved or undergoing clinical testing. While contemporary approaches have focused on oncolytic viral therapies, our efforts center on the development of plant virus-based cancer immunotherapies. In a previous work, we demonstrated the potent efficacy of the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a plant virus that does not replicate in animals, applied as an in situ vaccine. CPMV is an immunostimulatory drug candidate, and intratumoral administration remodels the tumor microenvironment leading to activation of local and systemic antitumor immunity. Efficacy has been demonstrated in multiple tumor mouse models and canine cancer patients. As wild-type CPMV is infectious toward various legumes and because shedding of infectious virus from patients may be an agricultural concern, we developed UV-inactivated CPMV (termed inCPMV) which is not infectious toward plants. We report that as a monotherapy, wild-type CPMV outperforms inCPMV in mouse models of dermal melanoma or disseminated colon cancer. Efficacy of inCPMV is less than that of CPMV and similar to that of RNA-free CPMV. Immunological investigation using knockout mice shows that inCPMV does not signal through TLR7 (toll-like receptor); structure-function studies indicate that the RNA is highly cross-linked and therefore unable to activate TLR7. Wild-type CPMV signals through TLR2, -4, and -7, whereas inCPMV more closely resembles RNA-free CPMV which signals through TLR2 and -4 only. The structural features of inCPMV explain the increased potency of wild-type CPMV through the triple pronged TLR activation. Strikingly, when inCPMV is used in combination with an anti-OX40 agonist antibody (administered systemically), exceptional efficacy was demonstrated in a bilateral B16F10 dermal melanoma model. Combination therapy, with in situ vaccination applied only into the primary tumor, controlled the progression of the secondary, untreated tumors, with 10 out of 14 animals surviving for at least 100 days post tumor challenge without development of recurrence or metastatic disease. This study highlights the potential of inCPMV as an in situ vaccine candidate and demonstrates the power of combined immunotherapy approaches. Strategic immunocombination therapies are the formula for success, and the combination of in situ vaccination strategies along with therapeutic antibodies targeting the cancer immunity cycle is a particularly powerful approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Koellhoffer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chenkai Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical System, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Christine E Boone
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Design and Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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9
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Gavas S, Quazi S, Karpiński TM. Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Current Progress and Challenges. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:173. [PMID: 34866166 PMCID: PMC8645667 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity with a complex pathophysiology. Traditional cancer therapies include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, limitations such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and multi-drug resistance pose a substantial challenge for favorable cancer treatment. The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionized the arena of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanoparticles (1-100 nm) can be used to treat cancer due to their specific advantages such as biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, more excellent stability, enhanced permeability and retention effect, and precise targeting. Nanoparticles are classified into several main categories. The nanoparticle drug delivery system is particular and utilizes tumor and tumor environment characteristics. Nanoparticles not only solve the limitations of conventional cancer treatment but also overcome multidrug resistance. Additionally, as new multidrug resistance mechanisms are unraveled and studied, nanoparticles are being investigated more vigorously. Various therapeutic implications of nanoformulations have created brand new perspectives for cancer treatment. However, most of the research is limited to in vivo and in vitro studies, and the number of approved nanodrugs has not much amplified over the years. This review discusses numerous types of nanoparticles, targeting mechanisms, and approved nanotherapeutics for oncological implications in cancer treatment. Further, we also summarize the current perspective, advantages, and challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreelaxmi Gavas
- Department of Life Sciences, GenLab Biosolutions Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560043 India
| | - Sameer Quazi
- GenLab Biosolutions Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560043 India
| | - Tomasz M. Karpiński
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
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10
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Gautam A, Beiss V, Wang C, Wang L, Steinmetz NF. Plant Viral Nanoparticle Conjugated with Anti-PD-1 Peptide for Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189733. [PMID: 34575893 PMCID: PMC8467759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds tremendous potential in cancer therapy, in particular, when treatment regimens are combined to achieve synergy between pathways along the cancer immunity cycle. In previous works, we demonstrated that in situ vaccination with the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) activates and recruits innate immune cells, therefore reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment toward an immune-activated state, leading to potent anti-tumor immunity in tumor mouse models and canine patients. CPMV therapy also increases the expression of checkpoint regulators on effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as PD-1/PD-L1, and we demonstrated that combination with immune checkpoint therapy improves therapeutic outcomes further. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that CPMV could be combined with anti-PD-1 peptides to replace expensive antibody therapies. Specifically, we set out to test whether a multivalent display of anti-PD-1 peptides (SNTSESF) would enhance efficacy over a combination of CPMV and soluble peptide. Efficacy of the approaches were tested using a syngeneic mouse model of intraperitoneal ovarian cancer. CPMV combination with anti-PD-1 peptides (SNTSESF) resulted in increased efficacy; however, increased potency against metastatic ovarian cancer was only observed when SNTSESF was conjugated to CPMV, and not added as a free peptide. This can be explained by the differences in the in vivo fates of the nanoparticle formulation vs. the free peptide; the larger nanoparticles are expected to exhibit prolonged tumor residence and favorable intratumoral distribution. Our study provides new design principles for plant virus-based in situ vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushma Gautam
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Mao C, Gorbet MJ, Singh A, Ranjan A, Fiering S. In situ vaccination with nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy: understanding the immunology. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 37:4-17. [PMID: 33455477 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1810333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FDA approval of anti-CTLA4 in 2011 for melanoma immunotherapy was paradigm shifting and dramatically accelerated cancer immunotherapy research. The investment and effort have been exceptionally large, with a commensurate impressive pace of discovery. Historical and current research has validated the following key points: tumors are recognized by the immune system; tumors develop an immunosuppressive environment which suppresses the antitumor immune response; successful immunotherapy must overcome that tumor-mediated immunosuppression. While cancer immunotherapy research expanded, a parallel effort developing nanoparticles (NP) for cancer diagnosis and therapy also received major investment and expanded. Initially the two efforts appeared to have minimal synergy. Systemically administered nanoparticles are rapidly ingested by phagocytic leukocytes, and therefore nanotechnologists developed strategies to avoid NP ingestion by leukocytes in order to accomplish nanoparticle accumulation in tumors rather than liver and spleen. Recently, nanotechnology and cancer immunotherapy have increasingly merged since phagocytic leukocytes are the key to reversing the local tumor immunosuppression and the tendency of NP to be phagocytosed can be exploited to manipulate phagocytes for immunotherapy. This review focuses on in situ vaccination (ISV), an immunotherapy approach that can utilize direct injection of immunostimulatory reagents, including NPs, into tumors to disrupt the local immunosuppression, stimulate effective immune response against the treated tumor, and most importantly, generate a systemic antitumor immune response to eliminate metastatic tumors. While there are many specific options for using NP for ISV (reviewed further in this special issue), this review focuses on immunology concepts needed to understand and design successful NP ISV approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Michael-Joseph Gorbet
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Akansha Singh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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12
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Shahgolzari M, Pazhouhandeh M, Milani M, Fiering S, Khosroushahi AY. Alfalfa mosaic virus nanoparticles-based in situ vaccination induces antitumor immune responses in breast cancer model. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:97-107. [PMID: 33442986 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preclinical and clinical studies show that local and systemic antitumor efficacy is achievable by in situ vaccination (ISV) using plant virus nanoparticles in which immunostimulatory reagents are directly administered into the tumor rather than systemically. Aim: To investigate a minimally studied plant virus nanoparticle, alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), for ISV treatment of 4T1, the very aggressive and metastatic murine triple-negative breast cancer model. Materials & methods: AMV nanoparticles were propagated and characterized. Their treatment impact on in vivo tumors were analyzed using determination of inherent immunogenicity, cytokine analysis, western blotting analysis and immunohistochemistry methodologies. Results: AMV used as an ISV significantly slowed down tumor progression and prolonged survival through immune mechanisms (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Mechanistic studies show that ISV with AMV increases costimulatory molecules, inflammatory cytokines and immune effector cell infiltration and downregulates immune-suppressive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shahgolzari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maghsoud Pazhouhandeh
- Biotechnology Dept. Agriculture Fac. Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Milani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03756, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth & Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Kolberg HC, Hoffmann O, Baumann R. The Abscopal Effect: Could a Phenomenon Described Decades Ago Become Key to Enhancing the Response to Immune Therapies in Breast Cancer? Breast Care (Basel) 2020; 15:443-449. [PMID: 33223988 DOI: 10.1159/000511431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The term "abscopal effect" was defined in 1953. In oncology the term is used to describe systemic antitumor effects triggered by local irradiation (nontarget effect). Although the mechanism of the abscopal effect is not completely understood yet, it has been demonstrated that in situ tumor vaccination, and the resulting antitumor immune response, is one of the key factors. Summary The development of immune therapies has recently led to concepts combining local radiotherapy and immune therapy with the aim of enhancing the response to immune therapy by the immunological mechanisms summarized in the term abscopal effect. This concept has also been investigated in less immunogenic tumors such as breast cancer. Initial data are promising but the hypothesis that the combination of checkpoint inhibitors and local radiotherapy could be an effective combination in breast cancer has to be proven by ongoing trials. Substitution of local radiotherapy by local hyperthermia could be an option in selected cases. Key Messages Combination of checkpoint inhibitors with local radiation or hyperthermia in breast cancer is a promising approach and could enhance the response rates generated by immune therapy alone through the antitumor immune response initiated by the abscopal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Hoffmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - René Baumann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Marien-Hospital, Siegen, Germany
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14
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Yao Y, Zhou Y, Liu L, Xu Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Wu S, Deng Y, Zhang J, Shao A. Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy and Its Role in Overcoming Drug Resistance. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:193. [PMID: 32974385 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00193/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been extensively studied and exploited for cancer treatment as nanoparticles can play a significant role as a drug delivery system. Compared to conventional drugs, nanoparticle-based drug delivery has specific advantages, such as improved stability and biocompatibility, enhanced permeability and retention effect, and precise targeting. The application and development of hybrid nanoparticles, which incorporates the combined properties of different nanoparticles, has led this type of drug-carrier system to the next level. In addition, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been shown to play a role in overcoming cancer-related drug resistance. The mechanisms of cancer drug resistance include overexpression of drug efflux transporters, defective apoptotic pathways, and hypoxic environment. Nanoparticles targeting these mechanisms can lead to an improvement in the reversal of multidrug resistance. Furthermore, as more tumor drug resistance mechanisms are revealed, nanoparticles are increasingly being developed to target these mechanisms. Moreover, scientists have recently started to investigate the role of nanoparticles in immunotherapy, which plays a more important role in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the roles of nanoparticles and hybrid nanoparticles for drug delivery in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy and describe the targeting mechanism of nanoparticle-based drug delivery as well as its function on reversing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijie Wu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Yao Y, Zhou Y, Liu L, Xu Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Wu S, Deng Y, Zhang J, Shao A. Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy and Its Role in Overcoming Drug Resistance. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:193. [PMID: 32974385 PMCID: PMC7468194 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been extensively studied and exploited for cancer treatment as nanoparticles can play a significant role as a drug delivery system. Compared to conventional drugs, nanoparticle-based drug delivery has specific advantages, such as improved stability and biocompatibility, enhanced permeability and retention effect, and precise targeting. The application and development of hybrid nanoparticles, which incorporates the combined properties of different nanoparticles, has led this type of drug-carrier system to the next level. In addition, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been shown to play a role in overcoming cancer-related drug resistance. The mechanisms of cancer drug resistance include overexpression of drug efflux transporters, defective apoptotic pathways, and hypoxic environment. Nanoparticles targeting these mechanisms can lead to an improvement in the reversal of multidrug resistance. Furthermore, as more tumor drug resistance mechanisms are revealed, nanoparticles are increasingly being developed to target these mechanisms. Moreover, scientists have recently started to investigate the role of nanoparticles in immunotherapy, which plays a more important role in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the roles of nanoparticles and hybrid nanoparticles for drug delivery in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy and describe the targeting mechanism of nanoparticle-based drug delivery as well as its function on reversing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijie Wu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Soetaert F, Korangath P, Serantes D, Fiering S, Ivkov R. Cancer therapy with iron oxide nanoparticles: Agents of thermal and immune therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 163-164:65-83. [PMID: 32603814 PMCID: PMC7736167 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significant research and preclinical investment in cancer nanomedicine has produced several products, which have improved cancer care. Nevertheless, there exists a perception that cancer nanomedicine 'has not lived up to its promise' because the number of approved products and their clinical performance are modest. Many of these analyses do not consider the long clinical history and many clinical products developed from iron oxide nanoparticles. Iron oxide nanoparticles have enjoyed clinical use for about nine decades demonstrating safety, and considerable clinical utility and versatility. FDA-approved applications of iron oxide nanoparticles include cancer diagnosis, cancer hyperthermia therapy, and iron deficiency anemia. For cancer nanomedicine, this wealth of clinical experience is invaluable to provide key lessons and highlight pitfalls in the pursuit of nanotechnology-based cancer therapeutics. We review the clinical experience with systemic liposomal drug delivery and parenteral therapy of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with iron oxide nanoparticles. We note that the clinical success of injectable iron exploits the inherent interaction between nanoparticles and the (innate) immune system, which designers of liposomal drug delivery seek to avoid. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia, a cancer therapy that harnesses magnetic hysteresis heating is approved for treating humans only with iron oxide nanoparticles. Despite its successful demonstration to enhance overall survival in clinical trials, this nanotechnology-based thermal medicine struggles to establish a clinical presence. We review the physical and biological attributes of this approach, and suggest reasons for barriers to its acceptance. Finally, despite the extensive clinical experience with iron oxide nanoparticles new and exciting research points to surprising immune-modulating potential. Recent data demonstrate the interactions between immune cells and iron oxide nanoparticles can induce anti-tumor immune responses. These present new and exciting opportunities to explore additional applications with this venerable technology. Clinical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles present poignant case studies of the opportunities, complexities, and challenges in cancer nanomedicine. They also illustrate the need for revised paradigms and multidisciplinary approaches to develop and translate nanomedicines into clinical cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Soetaert
- Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical Constructions and Systems, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Preethi Korangath
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - David Serantes
- Department of Applied Physics and Instituto de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Steven Fiering
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, USA.
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17
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Steinmetz NF, Lim S, Sainsbury F. Protein cages and virus-like particles: from fundamental insight to biomimetic therapeutics. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:2771-2777. [PMID: 32352101 PMCID: PMC8085892 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages (viral and non-viral) found in nature have evolved for a variety of purposes and are found in all kingdoms of life. The main functions of these nanoscale compartments are the protection and delivery of nucleic acids e.g. virus capsids, or the enrichment and sequestration of metabolons e.g. bacterial microcompartments. This review focuses on recent developments of protein cages for use in immunotherapy and therapeutic delivery. In doing so, we highlight the unique ways in which protein cages have informed on fundamental principles governing bio-nano interactions. With the enormous existing design space among naturally occurring protein cages, there is still much to learn from studying them as biomimetic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sierin Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore and NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia. and Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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18
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Chariou PL, Ortega-Rivera OA, Steinmetz NF. Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Medical, Veterinary, and Agricultural Active Ingredients. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2678-2701. [PMID: 32125825 PMCID: PMC8085836 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarrier-based delivery systems can be used to increase the safety and efficacy of active ingredients in medical, veterinary, or agricultural applications, particularly when such ingredients are unstable, sparingly soluble, or cause off-target effects. In this review, we highlight the diversity of nanocarrier materials and their key advantages compared to free active ingredients. We discuss current trends based on peer-reviewed research articles, patent applications, clinical trials, and the nanocarrier formulations already approved by regulatory bodies. Although most nanocarriers have been engineered to combat cancer, the number of formulations developed for other purposes is growing rapidly, especially those for the treatment of infectious diseases and parasites affecting humans, livestock, and companion animals. The regulation and prohibition of many pesticides have also fueled research to develop targeted pesticide delivery systems based on nanocarriers, which maximize efficacy while minimizing the environmental impact of agrochemicals.
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19
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Gorbet MJ, Ranjan A. Cancer immunotherapy with immunoadjuvants, nanoparticles, and checkpoint inhibitors: Recent progress and challenges in treatment and tracking response to immunotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107456. [PMID: 31863820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation are accepted as the preferred treatment modalities against cancer, but in recent years the use of immunotherapeutic approaches has gained prominence as the fourth treatment modality in cancer patients. In this approach, a patient's innate and adaptive immune systems are activated to achieve clearance of occult cancerous cells. In this review, we discuss the preclinical and clinical immunotherapeutic (e.g., immunoadjuvants (in-situ vaccines, oncolytic viruses, CXC antagonists, device activated agents), organic and inorganic nanoparticles, and checkpoint blockade) that are under investigation for cancer therapy and diagnostics. Additionally, the innovations in imaging of immune cells for tracking therapeutic responses and limitations (e.g., toxicity, inefficient immunomodulation, etc.) are described. Existing data suggest that if immune therapy is optimized, it can be a real and potentially paradigm-shifting cancer treatment frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Joseph Gorbet
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA.
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20
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Fan TM, Selting KA. Exploring the Potential Utility of Pet Dogs With Cancer for Studying Radiation-Induced Immunogenic Cell Death Strategies. Front Oncol 2019; 8:680. [PMID: 30697532 PMCID: PMC6340932 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy serves as a foundational pillar for the therapeutic management of diverse solid tumors through the generation of lethal DNA damage and induction of cell death. While the direct cytotoxic effects of radiation therapy remain a cornerstone for cancer management, in the era of immunooncology there is renewed and focused interest in exploiting the indirect bystander activities of radiation, termed abscopal effects. In radioimmunobiologic terms, abscopal effects describe the radiotherapy-induced regression of cancerous lesions distant from the primary site of radiation delivery and rely upon the induction of immunogenic cell death and consequent systemic anticancer immune activation. Despite the promise of radiation therapy for awaking potent anticancer immune responses, the purposeful harnessing of abscopal effects with radiotherapy remain clinically elusive. In part, failure to fully leverage and clinically implement the promise of radiation-induced abscopal effects stems from limitations associated with existing conventional tumor models which inadequately recapitulate the complexity of malignant transformation and the dynamic nature of tumor immune surveillance. To supplement this existing gap in modeling systems, pet dogs diagnosed with solid tumors including melanoma and osteosarcoma, which are both metastatic and immunogenic in nature, could potentially serve as unique resources for exploring the fundamental underpinnings required for maximizing radiation-induced abscopal effects. Given the spontaneous course of cancer development in the context of operative immune mechanisms, pet dogs treated with radiotherapy for metastatic solid tumors might be leveraged as valuable model systems for realizing the science and best clinical practices necessary to generate potent abscopal effects with anti-metastatic immune activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Fan
- Comparative Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kimberly A Selting
- Comparative Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, United States
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