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Rosales Pérez A, Esquivel Escalante K. The Evolution of Sonochemistry: From the Beginnings to Novel Applications. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300660. [PMID: 38369655 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Sonochemistry is the use of ultrasonic waves in an aqueous medium, to generate acoustic cavitation. In this context, sonochemistry emerged as a focal point over the past few decades, starting as a manageable process such as a cleaning technique. Now, it is found in a wide range of applications across various chemical, physical, and biological processes, creating opportunities for analysis between these processes. Sonochemistry is a powerful and eco-friendly technique often called "green chemistry" for less energy use, toxic reagents, and residues generation. It is increasing the number of applications achieved through the ultrasonic irradiation (USI) method. Sonochemistry has been established as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative compared to traditional industrial methods. It promotes scientific and social well-being, offering non-destructive advantages, including rapid processes, improved process efficiency, enhanced product quality, and, in some cases, the retention of key product characteristics. This versatile technology has significantly contributed to the food industry, materials technology, environmental remediation, and biological research. This review is created with enthusiasm and focus on shedding light on the manifold applications of sonochemistry. It delves into this technique's evolution and current applications in cleaning, environmental remediation, microfluidic, biological, and medical fields. The purpose is to show the physicochemical effects and characteristics of acoustic cavitation in different processes across various fields and to demonstrate the extending application reach of sonochemistry. Also to provide insights into the prospects of this versatile technique and demonstrating that sonochemistry is an adapting system able to generate more efficient products or processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rosales Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Química para la Economía Circular, CIQEC, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro Centro Universitario, Santiago de Querétaro, 76010, Mexico
| | - Karen Esquivel Escalante
- Graduate and Research Division, Engineering Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, 76010, Mexico
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2
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Patil PD, Salokhe S, Karvekar A, Suryavanshi P, Phirke AN, Tiwari MS, Nadar SS. Microfluidic based continuous enzyme immobilization: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127358. [PMID: 37827414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Conventional techniques for enzyme immobilization suffer from suboptimal activity recovery due to insufficient enzyme loading and inadequate stability. Furthermore, these techniques are time-consuming and involve multiple steps which limit the applicability of immobilized enzymes. In contrast, the use of microfluidic devices for enzyme immobilization has garnered significant attention due to its ability to precisely control immobilization parameters, resulting in highly active immobilized enzymes. This approach offers several advantages, including reduced time and energy consumption, enhanced mass-heat transfer, and improved control over the mixing process. It maintains the superior structural configuration in immobilized form which ultimately affects the overall efficiency. The present review article comprehensively explains the design, construction, and various methods employed for enzyme immobilization using microfluidic devices. The immobilized enzymes prepared using these techniques demonstrated excellent catalytic activity, remarkable stability, and outstanding recyclability. Moreover, they have found applications in diverse areas such as biosensors, biotransformation, and bioremediation. The review article also discusses potential future developments and foresees significant challenges associated with enzyme immobilization using microfluidics, along with potential remedies. The development of this advanced technology not only paves the way for novel and innovative approaches to enzyme immobilization but also allows for the straightforward scalability of microfluidic-based techniques from an industrial standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin D Patil
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Sakshi Salokhe
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Aparna Karvekar
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Prabhavati Suryavanshi
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Ajay N Phirke
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Manishkumar S Tiwari
- Department of Data Science, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Shamraja S Nadar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India.
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Zeng Q, Li G, Chen W. Ultrasound-activatable and skin-associated minimally invasive microdevices for smart drug delivery and diagnosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115133. [PMID: 37925075 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-activatable and skin-associated minimally invasive microdevices (USMIMs) have garnered significant attention in the domains of smart drug delivery and biomedical diagnosis for on-demand healthcare, owing to their outstanding wearability, flexibility, and comfort. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the noteworthy advancements in USMIMs, with a specific focus on device design, potential applications, challenges, and future prospects. The classification of such microdevices primarily encompasses biointerfacing microsystems, including skin-perforable US-assisted microneedles (MNs), skin-attachable sonophoresis and their combination with microbubbles, as well as non-biointerfacing microsystems for drug delivery. Additionally, US-mediated and skin-attached microtransducers utilized in biomedical diagnosis are classified into imaging-related microtransducers, diagramming detection devices, and their combinative systems with applications on diverse signal detection. Besides, the review also highlights the challenges associated with USMIMs, focusing on aspects such as safety, environmental tolerance, wearability/comfortability, and personalization. Furthermore, it offers insights into future perspectives that address these challenges and discuss potential advancements in the field. It is firmly believed that the proposed USMIMs possess immense potential to significantly improve human lives in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guanyue Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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4
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Dasgupta A, Sun T, Rama E, Motta A, Zhang Y, Power C, Moeckel D, Fletcher SM, Moosavifar M, Barmin R, Porte C, Buhl EM, Bastard C, Pallares RM, Kiessling F, McDannold N, Mitragotri S, Lammers T. Transferrin Receptor-Targeted Nonspherical Microbubbles for Blood-Brain Barrier Sonopermeation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2308150. [PMID: 37949438 PMCID: PMC11238272 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles (MB) are widely used for ultrasound (US) imaging and drug delivery. MB are typically spherically shaped, due to surface tension. When heated above their glass transition temperature, polymer-based MB can be mechanically stretched to obtain an anisotropic shape, endowing them with unique features for US-mediated blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation. It is here shown that nonspherical MB can be surface-modified with BBB-specific targeting ligands, thereby promoting binding to and sonopermeation of blood vessels in the brain. Actively targeted rod-shaped MB are generated via 1D stretching of spherical poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) MB and via subsequently functionalizing their shell with antitransferrin receptor (TfR) antibodies. Using US and optical imaging, it is demonstrated that nonspherical anti-TfR-MB bind more efficiently to BBB endothelium than spherical anti-TfR-MB, both in vitro and in vivo. BBB-associated anisotropic MB produce stronger cavitation signals and markedly enhance BBB permeation and delivery of a model drug as compared to spherical BBB-targeted MB. These findings exemplify the potential of antibody-modified nonspherical MB for targeted and triggered drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Dasgupta
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02134, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02134, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Elena Rama
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Motta
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chanikarn Power
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Diana Moeckel
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stecia-Marie Fletcher
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mirjavad Moosavifar
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roman Barmin
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Céline Porte
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Céline Bastard
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roger M Pallares
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nathan McDannold
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02134, USA
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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5
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Cooley MB, Wulftange WJ, Wegierak D, Goreke U, Abenojar EC, Gurkan UA, Exner AA. Real-time imaging of nanobubble ultrasound contrast agent flow, extravasation, and diffusion through an extracellular matrix using a microfluidic model. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3453-3466. [PMID: 37424286 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00514c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid shell-stabilized nanoparticles with a perfluorocarbon gas-core, or nanobubbles, have recently attracted attention as a new contrast agent for molecular ultrasound imaging and image-guided therapy. Due to their small size (∼275 nm diameter) and flexible shell, nanobubbles have been shown to extravasate through hyperpermeable vasculature (e.g., in tumors). However, little is known about the dynamics and depth of extravasation of intact, acoustically active nanobubbles. Accordingly, in this work, we developed a microfluidic chip with a lumen and extracellular matrix (ECM) and imaging method that allows real-time imaging and characterization of the extravasation process with high-frequency ultrasound. The microfluidic device has a lumen and is surrounded by an extracellular matrix with tunable porosity. The combination of ultrasound imaging and the microfluidic chip advantageously produces real-time images of the entire length and depth of the matrix. This captures the matrix heterogeneity, offering advantages over other imaging techniques with smaller fields of view. Results from this study show that nanobubbles diffuse through a 1.3 μm pore size (2 mg mL-1) collagen I matrix 25× faster with a penetration depth that was 0.19 mm deeper than a 3.7 μm (4 mg mL-1) matrix. In the 3.7 μm pore size matrix, nanobubbles diffused 92× faster than large nanobubbles (∼875 nm diameter). Decorrelation time analysis was successfully used to differentiate flowing and extra-luminally diffusing nanobubbles. In this work, we show for the first time that combination of an ultrasound-capable microfluidic chip and real-time imaging provided valuable insight into spatiotemporal nanoparticle movement through a heterogeneous extracellular matrix. This work could help accurately predict parameters (e.g., injection dosage) that improve translation of nanoparticles from in vitro to in vivo environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela B Cooley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - William J Wulftange
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Dana Wegierak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Utku Goreke
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
| | - Eric C Abenojar
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
| | - Umut A Gurkan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
| | - Agata A Exner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Bam R, Natarajan A, Tabesh F, Paulmurugan R, Dahl JJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of Clinically Translatable Targeted Microbubbles Using a Microfluidic Device for In Vivo Ultrasound Molecular Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9048. [PMID: 37240396 PMCID: PMC10219500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study is to synthesize contrast microbubbles (MB) functionalized with engineered protein ligands using a microfluidic device to target breast cancer specific vascular B7-H3 receptor in vivo for diagnostic ultrasound imaging. We used a high-affinity affibody (ABY) selected against human/mouse B7-H3 receptor for engineering targeted MBs (TMBs). We introduced a C-terminal cysteine residue to this ABY ligand for facilitating site-specific conjugation to DSPE-PEG-2K-maleimide (M. Wt = 2.9416 kDa) phospholipid for MB formulation. We optimized the reaction conditions of bioconjugations and applied it for microfluidic based synthesis of TMBs using DSPE-PEG-ABY and DPPC liposomes (5:95 mole %). The binding affinity of TMBs to B7-H3 (MBB7-H3) was tested in vitro in MS1 endothelial cells expressing human B7-H3 (MS1B7-H3) by flow chamber assay, and by ex vivo in the mammary tumors of a transgenic mouse model (FVB/N-Tg (MMTV-PyMT)634Mul/J), expressing murine B7-H3 in the vascular endothelial cells by immunostaining analyses. We successfully optimized the conditions needed for generating TMBs using a microfluidic system. The synthesized MBs showed higher affinity to MS1 cells engineered to express higher level of hB7-H3, and in the endothelial cells of mouse tumor tissue upon injecting TMBs in a live animal. The average number (mean ± SD) of MBB7-H3 binding to MS1B7-H3 cells was estimated to be 354.4 ± 52.3 per field of view (FOV) compared to wild-type control cells (MS1WT; 36.2 ± 7.5/FOV). The non-targeted MBs did not show any selective binding affinity to both the cells (37.7 ± 7.8/FOV for MS1B7-H3 and 28.3 ± 6.7/FOV for MS1WT cells). The fluorescently labeled MBB7-H3 upon systemic injection in vivo co-localized to tumor vessels, expressing B7-H3 receptor, as validated by ex vivo immunofluorescence analyses. We have successfully synthesized a novel MBB7-H3 via microfluidic device, which allows us to produce on demand TMBs for clinical applications. This clinically translatable MBB7-H3 showed significant binding affinity to vascular endothelial cells expressing B7-H3 both in vitro and in vivo, which shows its potential for clinical translation as a molecular ultrasound contrast agent for human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Dahl
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Chabouh G, van Elburg B, Versluis M, Segers T, Quilliet C, Coupier G. Buckling of lipidic ultrasound contrast agents under quasi-static load. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220025. [PMID: 36774952 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Collapse of lipidic ultrasound contrast agents under high-frequency compressive load has been historically interpreted by the vanishing of surface tension. By contrast, buckling of elastic shells is known to occur when costly compressible stress is released through bending. Through quasi-static compression experiments on lipidic shells, we analyse the buckling events in the framework of classical elastic buckling theory and deduce the mechanical characteristics of these shells. They are then compared with that obtained through acoustic characterization. This article is part of the theme issue 'Probing and dynamics of shock sensitive shells'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Chabouh
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Benjamin van Elburg
- Physics of Fluids Group, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Versluis
- Physics of Fluids Group, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Segers
- BIOS/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gwennou Coupier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble 38000, France
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8
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Microbubbles for human diagnosis and therapy. Biomaterials 2023; 294:122025. [PMID: 36716588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles (MBs) were observed for the first time in vivo as a curious consequence of quick saline injection during ultrasound (US) imaging of the aortic root, more than 50 years ago. From this serendipitous event, MBs are now widely used as contrast enhancers for US imaging. Their intrinsic properties described in this review, allow a multitude of designs, from shell to gas composition but also from grafting targeting agents to drug payload encapsulation. Indeed, the versatile MBs are deeply studied for their dual potential in imaging and therapy. As presented in this paper, new generations of MBs now opens perspectives for targeted molecular imaging along with the development of new US imaging systems. This review also presents an overview of the different therapeutic strategies with US and MBs for cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation. The overall aim is to overlap those fields in order to find similarities in the MBs application for treatment enhancement associated with US. To conclude, this review explores the new scales of MBs technologies with nanobubbles development, and along concurrent advances in the US imaging field. This review ends by discussing perspectives for the booming future uses of MBs.
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Chapla R, Huynh KT, Schutt CE. Microbubble–Nanoparticle Complexes for Ultrasound-Enhanced Cargo Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112396. [PMID: 36365214 PMCID: PMC9698658 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutics to specific tissues is critically important for reducing systemic toxicity and optimizing therapeutic efficacy, especially in the case of cytotoxic drugs. Many strategies currently exist for targeting systemically administered drugs, and ultrasound-controlled targeting is a rapidly advancing strategy for externally-stimulated drug delivery. In this non-invasive method, ultrasound waves penetrate through tissue and stimulate gas-filled microbubbles, resulting in bubble rupture and biophysical effects that power delivery of attached cargo to surrounding cells. Drug delivery capabilities from ultrasound-sensitive microbubbles are greatly expanded when nanocarrier particles are attached to the bubble surface, and cargo loading is determined by the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. This review serves to highlight and discuss current microbubble–nanoparticle complex component materials and designs for ultrasound-mediated drug delivery. Nanocarriers that have been complexed with microbubbles for drug delivery include lipid-based, polymeric, lipid–polymer hybrid, protein, and inorganic nanoparticles. Several schemes exist for linking nanoparticles to microbubbles for efficient nanoparticle delivery, including biotin–avidin bridging, electrostatic bonding, and covalent linkages. When compared to unstimulated delivery, ultrasound-mediated cargo delivery enables enhanced cell uptake and accumulation of cargo in target organs and can result in improved therapeutic outcomes. These ultrasound-responsive delivery complexes can also be designed to facilitate other methods of targeting, including bioactive targeting ligands and responsivity to light or magnetic fields, and multi-level targeting can enhance therapeutic efficacy. Microbubble–nanoparticle complexes present a versatile platform for controlled drug delivery via ultrasound, allowing for enhanced tissue penetration and minimally invasive therapy. Future perspectives for application of this platform are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Chapla
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Katherine T. Huynh
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Carolyn E. Schutt
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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Zalloum IO, Paknahad AA, Kolios MC, Karshafian R, Tsai SSH. Controlled Shrinkage of Microfluidically Generated Microbubbles by Tuning Lipid Concentration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13021-13029. [PMID: 36260341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Monodisperse microbubbles with diameters less than 10 μm are desirable in several ultrasound imaging and therapeutic delivery applications. However, conventional approaches to synthesize microbubbles, which are usually agitation-based, produce polydisperse bubbles that are less desirable because of their heterogeneous response when exposed to an ultrasound field. Microfluidics technology has the unique advantage of generating size-controlled monodisperse microbubbles, and it is now well established that the diameter of microfluidically made microbubbles can be tuned by varying the liquid flow rate, gas pressure, and dimensions of the microfluidic channel. It is also observed that once the microbubbles form, the bubbles shrink and eventually stabilize to a quasi-equilibrium diameter, and that the rate of stabilization is related to the lipid solution. However, how the lipid solution concentration affects the degree of bubble shrinkage, and the stable size of microbubbles, has not been thoroughly examined. Here, we investigate whether and how the lipid concentration affects the degree of microbubble shrinkage. Namely, we utilize a flow-focusing microfluidic geometry to generate monodisperse bubbles, and observe the effect of gas composition (2.5, 1.42, and 0.17 wt % octafluoropropane in nitrogen) and lipid concentration (1-16 mg/mL) on the degree of microbubble shrinkage. For the lipid system and gas utilized in these experiments, we observe a monotonic increase in the degree of microbubble shrinkage with decreasing lipid concentration, and no dependency on the gas composition. We hypothesize that the degree of shrinkage is related to lipid concentration by the self-assembly of lipids on the gas-liquid interface during bubble generation and subsequent lipid packing on the interface during shrinkage, which is arrested when a maximum packing density is achieved. We anticipate that this approach for creating and tuning the size of monodisperse microbubbles will find utility in biomedical applications, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-triggered gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intesar O Zalloum
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Ali A Paknahad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Raffi Karshafian
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Scott S H Tsai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
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Khan AH, Jiang X, Kaushik A, Nair HS, Edirisinghe M, Mercado-Shekhar KP, Shekhar H, Dalvi SV. Combining Ultrasound and Capillary-Embedded T-Junction Microfluidic Devices to Scale Up the Production of Narrow-Sized Microbubbles through Acoustic Fragmentation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10288-10304. [PMID: 35943351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles are tiny gas-filled bubbles that have a variety of applications in ultrasound imaging and therapeutic drug delivery. Microbubbles can be synthesized using a number of techniques including sonication, amalgamation, and saline shaking. These approaches can produce highly concentrated microbubble suspensions but offer minimal control over the size and polydispersity of the microbubbles. One of the simplest and effective methods for producing monodisperse microbubbles is capillary-embedded T-junction microfluidic devices, which offer great control over the microbubble size. However, lower production rates (∼200 bubbles/s) and large microbubble sizes (∼300 μm) limit the applicability of such devices for biomedical applications. To overcome the limitations of these technologies, we demonstrate in this work an alternative approach to combine a capillary-embedded T-junction device with ultrasound to enhance the generation of narrow-sized microbubbles in aqueous suspensions. Two T-junction microfluidic devices were connected in parallel and combined with an ultrasonic horn to produce lipid-coated SF6 core microbubbles in the size range of 1-8 μm. The rate of microbubble production was found to increase from 180 microbubbles/s in the absence of ultrasound to (6.5 ± 1.2) × 106 bubble/s in the presence of ultrasound (100% ultrasound amplitude). When stored in a closed environment, the microbubbles were observed to be stable for up to 30 days, with the concentration of the microbubble suspension decreasing from ∼2.81 × 109/mL to ∼2.3 × 106/mL and the size changing from 1.73 ± 0.2 to 1.45 ± 0.3 μm at the end of 30 days. The acoustic response of these microbubbles was examined using broadband attenuation spectroscopy, and flow phantom imaging was performed to determine the ability of these microbubble suspensions to enhance the contrast relative to the surrounding tissue. Overall, this approach of coupling ultrasound with microfluidic parallelization enabled the continuous production of stable microbubbles at high production rates and low polydispersity using simple T-junction devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaqib H Khan
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Anuj Kaushik
- Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Hari S Nair
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Karla P Mercado-Shekhar
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Himanshu Shekhar
- Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sameer V Dalvi
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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Chaudhary A, Setia A, Singh D, Bhattacharya S. The potential of microbubbles as a cancer eradication theranostic agent. Pharm Nanotechnol 2022; 10:PNT-EPUB-124508. [PMID: 35708092 DOI: 10.2174/2211738510666220615154841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbubbles are a new kind of delivery system that may be used to treat a variety of illnesses, including cancer. Microbubble is a non-invasive technology that uses microscopic gas-filled colloidal particle bubbles with a size range of less than 100 micrometres. This unique carrier has been used in a variety of applications in the last decade, ranging from basic targeting to ultrasound-mediated drug delivery. The oxygen in the microbubble lasts longer in the water. The drug release mechanism is highly regulated, since it releases the medication only in the appropriate areas, increasing the local impact while reducing drug toxicity. This carrier is exceptional in cancer medication delivery because of its sustained stability, encapsulation efficiency, and drug targeting. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of microbubble technology, including its manufacturing techniques and use in cancer medication delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutics ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road (NH-95), GhalKalan,Moga, Punjab 142001, Inida
| | - Aseem Setia
- Department of Pharmacy, Shri Rawatpura Sarkar University, Raipur (C.G.). Inida
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road (NH-95), GhalKalan,Moga, Punjab 142001, Inida
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management Shirpur, SVKM’S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
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Friend J, Thompson C, Chitale K, Denis M. Introduction to the special issue on the theory and applications of acoustofluidics. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:4558. [PMID: 34972297 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidics is a burgeoning field that applies ultrasound to micro-scale to nano-scale fluidic systems. The discovery of the ability to effectively manipulate fluids and particles at small scales has yielded results that are superior to other approaches and has been built into a diverse range of research. Recasting the fundamentals of acoustics from the past to include new phenomena observed in recent years has allowed acoustical systems to impact new areas, such as drug delivery, diagnostics, and enhanced chemical processes. The contributions in this special issue address a diverse range of research topics in acoustofluidics. Topics include acoustic streaming, flows induced by bubbles, manipulation of particles using acoustic radiation forces, fluid and structural interactions, and contributions suggesting a natural limit to the particle velocity, the ability to deliver molecules to human immune T cells, and microdroplet generation via nozzle-based acoustic atomization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Friend
- Medically Advanced Devices Lab, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0411, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Charles Thompson
- Center for Advanced Computation and Telecommunications, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
| | - Kedar Chitale
- Vertex Cell and Gene Therapies, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 225A Carolina Avenue, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA
| | - Max Denis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
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