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Wyatt PB, Reiter CR, Satalich JR, O’Neill CN, Edge C, Cyrus JW, O’Connell RS, Vap AR. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671231220371. [PMID: 38188620 PMCID: PMC10768611 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231220371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Deficiency in vitamin D has been shown to increase the risk of injury. Purpose To synthesize current placebo-controlled randomized trials investigating the effect of vitamin D supplementation in elite athletes on (1) aerobic capacity; (2) anaerobic measures, such as strength, speed, and anaerobic power; (3) serum biomarkers of inflammation; and (4) bone health. Study Design Systematic review; Level of evidence, 1. Methods A literature search was conducted on November 30, 2022, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included were randomized, placebo-controlled studies of longer than 2 weeks on subjects with active participation in organized sport. Excluded were nonrandomized controlled trial study designs, vitamin D administration routes other than oral, studies that did not use vitamin D supplementation as the sole intervention, and studies with nonathletic or military populations. Results Out of 2331 initial studies, 14 studies (482 athletes) were included. Of the 3 studies that assessed aerobic capacity, 2 demonstrated significantly greater improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and physical working capacity-170 (P < .05) in supplemented versus nonsupplemented athletes. Measurements of anaerobic power and strength were consistently increased in supplemented groups compared with nonsupplemented groups in 5 out of the 7 studies that assessed this. Of the 6 studies that assessed sprint speed, 4 found no significant difference between supplemented and nonsupplemented groups. Aside from 1 study that found significantly lower interleukin-6 levels in supplemented athletes, measures of other inflammatory cytokines were not affected consistently by supplementation. The 4 studies that assessed markers of bone health were conflicting regarding benefits of supplementation. One study found demonstrated improvements in bone mineral density in response to supplementation (P = .02) compared with control whereas another found no significant difference between supplemented and nonsupplemented groups. However, in 3 other studies, serum biomarkers of bone turnover such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and N-terminal telopeptide appeared to be higher in subjects with lower serum vitamin D levels (P < .05). Conclusion Results of this systematic review indicated that the greatest benefit of vitamin D supplementation in elite athletes may be improving aerobic endurance, anaerobic power, and strength. More research is needed to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone health and injury risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B. Wyatt
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles R. Reiter
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - James R. Satalich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Conor N. O’Neill
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Carl Edge
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John W. Cyrus
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert S. O’Connell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexander R. Vap
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Sist M, Zou L, Galloway SDR, Rodriguez-Sanchez N. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on maximal strength and power in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1163313. [PMID: 37841405 PMCID: PMC10570740 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1163313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D is thought to be a powerful modulator of skeletal muscle physiology. However, available data on the effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle function in athletes are limited and with mixed results. This meta-analysis therefore, aimed to quantitatively summarize the up-to-date literature assessing the effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength and power in athletes. Methods Sport Discus, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests to assess maximal strength, and vertical jump to assess muscle power in athletes. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to evaluate the included RCTs for sources of bias. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was used as the effect size, interpreted together with its 95% confidence intervals (CI). The effect sizes were calculated on the changes from baseline between vitamin D and placebo groups for maximal strength results by upper body and lower body, and for power results. Results Eleven RCTs involving 436 athletes were included. The results indicated that if baseline serum 25(OH)D concentration was < 75 nmol/L, the treatment had a small effect on upper body muscle strength [SMD 0.25, 95% CI: (-0.44, 0.95), p = 0.47] and on lower body muscle strength [SMD 0.26, 95% CI: (-0.13, 0.65), p = 0.19]; if the baseline serum 25(OH)D concentration was ≥ 75 nmol/L, the treatment had a trivial effect on muscle power [SMD 0.15, 95% CI: (-0.42, 0.72), p = 0.61]. Discussion This meta-analysis demonstrated that there is not a statistically significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on improving maximum strength and power, but highlights that further research is required addressing the key limitations in previous studies before definitive conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sist
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Zou
- AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. R. Galloway
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Pang M, Chen L, Jiang N, Jiang M, Wang B, Wang L, Jia XY. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level Is Negatively Associated with Fatigue in Elderly Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. Kidney Blood Press Res 2023; 48:231-240. [PMID: 36882038 PMCID: PMC10158086 DOI: 10.1159/000529514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is frequently observed in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and is associated with fracture, muscle weakness, malnutrition, etc.; however, relationships of CKD-MBD markers and fatigue are not well established. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study including 244 MHD patients (89 elders) from July to September 2021 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University. CKD-MBD markers and other clinical data were collected from medical records. Fatigue in the past week was measured by Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology-Hemodialysis (SONG-HD) fatigue measure; fatigue at the end of hemodialysis was measured by numeric rating scale (NRS). Spearman correlation, linear regression, and robust linear regression were. RESULTS In all MHD patients, lg[25(OH)D] (nmol/L) was negatively correlated with SONG-HD score (β = -1.503, 95% CI: -2.826 to 0.18, p = 0.026) and NRS score (β = -1.532, p = 0.04) in multiple regression models adjusting for sex, age, and all CKD-MBD characters; but no correlations were found on univariate regression or in other multiple regression models. Interaction effects between age ≥65 years and lg(25[OH]D [nmol/L]) in terms of fatigue scores were significant based on multiple linear regressions (SONG-HD score β = -3.613, p for interaction = 0.006; NRS score β = -3.943, p for interaction = 0.008). Compared with non-elderly patients, elderly patients were with higher ACCI scores (7 [6, 8] vs. 4 [3, 5], p < 0.001), higher SONG-HD scores (3 [2, 6] vs. 2 [1, 3], p < 0.001), higher NRS score (4 [2, 7] vs. 3 [1, 5], p < 0.001), lower serum phosphate levels (1.65 [1.29, 2.10] vs. 1.87 [1.55, 2.26] mmol/L, p = 0.002), and lower serum iPTH levels (160.6 [90.46, 306.45] vs. 282.2 [139, 445.7] pg/mL, p < 0.001). There were no differences in serum calcium, alkaline serum, or 25(OH)D levels between the two groups. In elderly patients, lg[25(OH)D] was negatively correlated with SONG-HD score (β = -3.323, p = 0.010) and NRS score (β = -3.521, p = 0.006) on univariate linear regressions. Following adjustment for sex, age, and all CKD-MBD characters, lg[25(OH)D] was negatively correlated with SONG-HD scores (multiple linear regression β = -4.012, p = 0.004; multiple robust regression β = -4.012, p = 0.003) or NRS scores (multiple linear regression β = -4.104, p = 0.002; multiple robust regression β = -4.104, p = 0.001). There were no significant correlations between fatigue scores and other CKD-MBD markers (calcium, phosphate, lgiPTH, alkaline phosphatase) in elderly MHD patients, on either univariate linear regressions or multiple regressions. CONCLUSION Serum 25(OH)D level is negatively associated with fatigue in elderly MHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Pang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-yan Jia
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
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Robles LA, Harrison S, Tan VY, Beynon R, McAleenan A, Higgins JP, Martin RM, Lewis SJ. Does testosterone mediate the relationship between vitamin D and prostate cancer progression? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2022; 33:1025-1038. [PMID: 35752985 PMCID: PMC9270305 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01591-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown an association between vitamin D levels and prostate cancer progression. However, evidence of direct causality is sparse and studies have not examined biological mechanisms, which can provide information on plausibility and strengthen the evidence for causality. METHODS We used the World Cancer Research Fund International/University of Bristol two-stage framework for mechanistic systematic reviews. In stage one, both text mining of published literature and expert opinion identified testosterone as a plausible biological mechanism. In stage two, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the evidence from both human and animal studies examining the effect of vitamin D on testosterone, and testosterone on advanced prostate cancer (diagnostic Gleason score of ≥ 8, development of metastasis) or prostate cancer-specific mortality. RESULTS A meta-analysis of ten human RCTs showed evidence of an effect of vitamin D on total testosterone (standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.133, 95% CI = - 0.003-0.269, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.056). Five human RCTs showed evidence of an effect of vitamin D on free testosterone (SMD = 0.173, 95% CI = - 0.104-0.450, I2 = 52.4%, p = 0.220). Three human cohort studies of testosterone on advanced prostate cancer or prostate cancer-specific mortality provided inconsistent results. In one study, higher levels of calculated free testosterone were positively associated with advanced prostate cancer or prostate cancer-specific mortality. In contrast, higher levels of dihydrotestosterone were associated with lowering prostate cancer-specific mortality in another study. No animal studies met the study eligibility criteria. CONCLUSION There is some evidence that vitamin D increases levels of total and free testosterone, although the effect of testosterone levels within the normal range on prostate cancer progression is unclear. The role of testosterone as a mechanism between vitamin D and prostate cancer progression remains inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Robles
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England.
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England.
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, England.
| | - Sean Harrison
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Vanessa Y Tan
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Rhona Beynon
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Alexandra McAleenan
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Julian Pt Higgins
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Richard M Martin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, England
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Heileson JL, McGowen JM, Moris JM, Chapman-Lopez TJ, Torres R, Funderburk LK, Forsse JS. Body Composition, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, and Vitamin D are Associated with Army Combat Fitness Test Performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:349-365. [PMID: 35813844 PMCID: PMC9261738 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2094717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L. Heileson
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jared M. McGowen
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jose M. Moris
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Tomas J. Chapman-Lopez
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo Torres
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
| | - LesLee K. Funderburk
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
- Baylor University, Human Sciences and Design, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Forsse
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
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Most A, Dörr O, Nef H, Hamm C, Bauer T, Bauer P. Influence of 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Insufficiency on Maximal Aerobic Power in Elite Indoor Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:74. [PMID: 34648100 PMCID: PMC8517059 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The impact of vitamin D on musculoskeletal health is well-established, although its influence on physical performance is unclear. Therefore, we conducted this study to evaluate the impact of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH vitamin D) concentrations with maximal aerobic power of professional indoor athletes.
Results A total of 112 male professional athletes were included in this cross-sectional study, consisting of 88 handball and 24 ice hockey players. The maximal aerobic power was assessed with a standardized cycling ergometer test. Athletes were assigned to two groups according to their 25-OH vitamin D status: insufficient (< 30 ng/mL) and sufficient (≥ 30 ng/mL). Thirty-four players (30.4%) displayed insufficient (21.9 ± 5.9 ng/mL) and 78 (69.6%) sufficient 25-OH vitamin D concentrations (41.6 ± 8.6 ng/mL). Athletes with sufficient levels achieved a higher maximal aerobic power (3.9 ± 0.9 vs. 3.5 ± 0.8 W/kg, p = 0.03) compared to those with insufficient levels. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of 25-OH vitamin D insufficiency in professional indoor athletes, even in summer. Insufficient 25-OH vitamin D concentrations were associated with lower maximal aerobic power in male professional indoor athletes. Further, the 25-OH vitamin D concentration was identified as the only independent predictor of maximal aerobic power in these athletes, highlighting the impact of 25-OH vitamin D on physical performance. Therefore, 25-OH vitamin D concentrations of ≥ 30 ng/mL should be maintained to ensure optimal physical performance in these athletes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00363-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Most
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Dörr
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Nef
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Hamm
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Timm Bauer
- Department of Cardiology, Internal Intensive Care, General Internal Medicine, Sana Klinikum, Offenbach, Germany
| | - Pascal Bauer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Rockwell MS, Kostelnik SB, McMillan RP, Lancaster M, Larson-Meyer DE, Hulver MW. An Association between Bioavailable 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Bone Mineral Density in a Diverse Cohort of Collegiate Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 54:371-376. [PMID: 34652336 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although vitamin D is intimately involved in bone metabolism, the relationship between vitamin D status, as measured by serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration, and bone mineral density (BMD) is weak, particularly in non-White populations. Measurement of bioavailable 25(OH)D has been suggested as a better indicator of vitamin D status than total 25(OH)D concentration. To date, the bioavailable 25(OH)D biomarker has been explored minimally in athletic populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between total and bioavailable 25(OH)D concentrations and BMD in collegiate athletes. METHODS NCAA Division 1 basketball and swimming athletes served as study participants (n = 53; 28 females, 25 males; 28 basketball players, 25 swimmers). All participants completed dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans for analysis of BMD, blood draws for vitamin D measures, and diet/lifestyle questionnaires. RESULTS Overall, total 25(OH)D was 80.0 + 13.9 nmol/L and bioavailable 25(OH)D was 6.0 ± 1.9 nmol/L. There was strong disagreement between total 25(OH)D and bioavailable 25(OH)D concentrations (κ = -0.299; r = -0.129) (p = 0.100); 53% of total participants and 77% of Black participants were classified differently (low vs. normal vitamin D status) based on total and bioavailable 25(OH)D criteria. Black participants had significantly lower total 25(OH)D and higher bioavailable 25(OH)D concentrations than White participants (59.5 vs. 102.5 nmol/L and 7.9 vs. 5.4 nmol/L, respectively) (p < 0.001). Total 25(OH)D and total BMD were not correlated, but bioavailable 25(OH)D and total BMD demonstrated a positive correlation (r = 0.618, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that bioavailable 25(OH)D concentration may be a better clinical measure of vitamin D status than total 25(OH)D in collegiate athletes as related to BMD, particularly in Black athletes. Further research on the utility of the bioavailable 25(OH)D biomarker in athletes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Rockwell
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA Department of Family and Community Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Blacksburg, VA The Metabolism Core at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Abate M, DI Carlo L, Cocco G, Cocco A, Salini V. Testosterone, cortisol, vitamin D and oxydative stress and their relationships in professional soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:382-388. [PMID: 34080814 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The testosterone/cortisol ratio has been used in sport physiology to evaluate the balance between anabolism and catabolism; its decrease below 30% has been considered a marker of overtraining. In this framework recent studies in soccer players have investigated the relationships between testosterone, cortisol, vitamin D and reactive oxygen species, but with unconvincing results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of such biological parameters and their relationships both in winter (the season of championship) and in summer (off-competition season), characterized by different homeostatic situations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-seven professional male football players (Second Italian Division), were studied. Blood levels of free testosterone, cortisol, vitamin D and reactive oxygen species were evaluated in August (pre-season training) and in February, in the midseason. A comparison between these two periods was performed and for each of them the relationships between the biological parameters were evaluated. RESULTS Blood levels of testosterone were higher during summer whereas those of cortisol were higher in winter. Vitamin D levels were higher in summer; in this season a positive significant relationship between vitamin D and testosterone was observed (p=0.001), but not in winter (p=0.592). Reactive oxygen species were higher in winter; in this season a significant positive relationship between these substances and cortisol was observed (0.000), but not in summer (p=0.325). CONCLUSIONS In professional soccer players it was found a positive relationship between vitamin D and testosterone in summer and between reactive oxygen species and cortisol in winter. However the question whether such results are genuine cause-effect relationships or mere casual or spurious statistical correlations is still unsolved. As matter of fact, such results could be dependent from other determinants which might drive the aforementioned biological parameters in the same direction. These conclusions must be considered valid only in relation to the experimental conditions (training workload, diet and sun exposure) of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Abate
- Medical Services Delfino Pescara 1936, Pescara, Italy -
| | | | - Giulio Cocco
- Sport Biochemical Analysis Center, Lanciano, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonino Cocco
- Sport Biochemical Analysis Center, Lanciano, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salini
- Medical Services Delfino Pescara 1936, Pescara, Italy.,Sport Biochemical Analysis Center, Lanciano, Chieti, Italy.,Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Grant WB, Lahore H, Rockwell MS. The Benefits of Vitamin D Supplementation for Athletes: Better Performance and Reduced Risk of COVID-19. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3741. [PMID: 33291720 PMCID: PMC7761895 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is having major economic and personal consequences for collegiate and professional sports. Sporting events have been canceled or postponed, and even when baseball and basketball seasons resumed in the United States recently, no fans were in attendance. As play resumed, several players developed COVID-19, disrupting some of the schedules. A hypothesis now under scientific consideration is that taking vitamin supplements to raise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations could quickly reduce the risk and/or severity of COVID-19. Several mechanisms have been identified through which vitamin D could reduce the risks of infection and severity, death, and long-haul effects of COVID-19: (1) inducing production of cathelicidin and defensins to reduce the survival and replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (2) reducing inflammation and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and risk of the "cytokine storm" that damages the epithelial layer of the lungs, heart, vascular system, and other organs; and (3) increasing production of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, thus limiting the amount of angiotensin II available to the virus to cause damage. Clinical trials have confirmed that vitamin D supplementation reduces risk of acute respiratory tract infections, and approximately 30 observational studies have shown that incidence, severity, and death from COVID-19 are inversely correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Vitamin D supplementation is already familiar to many athletes and sports teams because it improves athletic performance and increases playing longevity. Thus, athletes should consider vitamin D supplementation to serve as an additional means by which to reduce risk of COVID-19 and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
| | - Henry Lahore
- VitaminDWiki, 2289 Highland Loop, Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA;
| | - Michelle S. Rockwell
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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