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De la Fuente C, Silvestre R, Yañez R, Roby M, Soldán M, Ferrada W, Carpes FP. Preseason multiple biomechanics testing and dimension reduction for injury risk surveillance in elite female soccer athletes: short-communication. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 7:183-188. [PMID: 35522903 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2075558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Injury risk is regularly assessed during the preseason in susceptible populations like female soccer players. However, multiple outcomes (high-dimensional dataset) derived from multiple testing may make pattern recognition difficult. Thus, dimension reduction and clustering may be useful for improving injury surveillance when results of multiple assessments tools are available. Thus, we determined the influence of dimension reduction for pattern recognition followed by clustering on multiple biomechanical injury markers in elite female soccer players during preseason. We introduce the use of dimension reduction through linear principal component analysis (PCA), non-linear kernel principal component analysis (k-PCA), t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-sne), and uniform manifold approximation and projection (umap) for injury markers via grid search. Muscle strength, muscle function, jump technique and power, balance, muscle stiffness, exercise tolerance, and running performance were assessed in an elite female soccer team (n=21) prior to the competitive season. As a result, umap facilitated the injury pattern recognition compared to PCA, k-PCA, and t-sne. One of three patterns was related to a team subgroup with acceptable muscle conditions. In contrast, the other two patterns showed higher injury risk profiles. For our dataset, umap improved injury surveillance through multiple testing characteristics. Dimension reduction and clustering techniques present as useful strategies to analyze subgroups of female soccer players who have different risk profiles for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos De la Fuente
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile.,Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Cs. de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rony Silvestre
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Yañez
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile.,Traumatología, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile.,Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matias Roby
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile.,Traumatología, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Soldán
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
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Torres-Ronda L, Beanland E, Whitehead S, Sweeting A, Clubb J. Tracking Systems in Team Sports: A Narrative Review of Applications of the Data and Sport Specific Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:15. [PMID: 35076796 PMCID: PMC8789973 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Seeking to obtain a competitive advantage and manage the risk of injury, team sport organisations are investing in tracking systems that can quantify training and competition characteristics. It is expected that such information can support objective decision-making for the prescription and manipulation of training load. This narrative review aims to summarise, and critically evaluate, different tracking systems and their use within team sports. The selection of systems should be dependent upon the context of the sport and needs careful consideration by practitioners. The selection of metrics requires a critical process to be able to describe, plan, monitor and evaluate training and competition characteristics of each sport. An emerging consideration for tracking systems data is the selection of suitable time analysis, such as temporal durations, peak demands or time series segmentation, whose best use depends on the temporal characteristics of the sport. Finally, examples of characteristics and the application of tracking data across seven popular team sports are presented. Practitioners working in specific team sports are advised to follow a critical thinking process, with a healthy dose of scepticism and awareness of appropriate theoretical frameworks, where possible, when creating new or selecting an existing metric to profile team sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Torres-Ronda
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Spanish Basketball Federation, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK
| | - Alice Sweeting
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jo Clubb
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Variability of External Intensity Comparisons between Official and Friendly Soccer Matches in Professional Male Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9121708. [PMID: 34946434 PMCID: PMC8702108 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the external intensity between official (OMs) and friendly matches (FMs), and between first and second halves in the Iranian Premier League. Twelve players participated in this study (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg). External intensity was measured by total duration, total distance, average speed, high-speed running distance, sprint distance, maximal speed and body load. In general, there was higher intensity in OMs compared with FMs for all variables. The first half showed higher intensities than the second half, regardless of the type of the match. Specifically, OMs showed higher values for total sprint distance (p = 0.012, ES = 0.59) and maximal speed (p < 0.001, ES = 0.27) but lower value for body load (p = 0.038, ES = −0.42) compared to FMs. The first half of FMs only showed lower value for body load (p = 0.004, ES = −0.38) than FMs, while in the second half of OMs, only total distance showed a higher value than FMs (p = 0.013, ES = 0.96). OMs showed higher demands of high intensity, questioning the original assumption of FMs demands. Depending on the period of the season that FMs are applied, coaches may consider requesting higher demands from their teams.
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Connor M, Beato M, O'Neill M. Adaptive Athlete Training Plan Generation: An intelligent control systems approach. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:351-355. [PMID: 34764011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The planning and control of team sport training activities is an extremely important aspect of athletic development and team performance. This research introduces a novel system which leverages techniques from the fields of control system theory and artificial intelligence to construct optimal future training plans when unexpected disturbances and deviations from a training plan goal occur. DESIGN Simulation-based experimental design. METHODS The adaptation of training load prescriptions was formulated as an optimal control problem where we seek to minimize the difference between a desired training plan goal and an observed training outcome. To determine the most suitable approach to optimize future training loads the performance of an artificial intelligence-based feedback controller was compared to random and proportional controllers. Computational simulations (N = 1800) were conducted using a non-linear training plan spanning 60 days over a 12-week period, and the control strategies were assessed on their ability to adapt future training loads when disturbances and deviations from an optimal planning policy have occurred. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine if significant differences existed between the three control strategies. RESULTS The results of a repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that an intelligent feedback controller significantly outperforms the random (p < .001, ES = 7.41, very large) and proportional control (p < .001, ES = 7.41, very large) strategies at reducing the deviations from a training plan goal. CONCLUSIONS This system can be used to support the decision making of practitioners across several areas considered important for the effective planning and adaption of athletic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Connor
- Natural Computing Research and Applications Group, School of Business, University College Dublin, Ireland; School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, United Kingdom.
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Michael O'Neill
- Natural Computing Research and Applications Group, School of Business, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Calleja-Gonzalez J, Lalín C, Cos F, Marques-Jimenez D, Alcaraz PE, Gómez-Díaz AJ, Freitas TT, Mielgo Ayuso J, Loturco I, Peirau X, Refoyo I, Terrados N, Sampaio JE. SOS to the Soccer World. Each Time the Preseason Games Are Less Friendly. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:559539. [PMID: 33367274 PMCID: PMC7750874 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.559539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria, Spain
| | | | - Francesc Cos
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Manchester City Football Club, 1st Team, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Marques-Jimenez
- Academy Department, Deportivo Alavés, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.,Núcleo de Alto Rendimento Esportivo de São Paulo (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan Mielgo Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus de Soria, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Núcleo de Alto Rendimento Esportivo de São Paulo (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xavi Peirau
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ignacio Refoyo
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolas Terrados
- Departamento de Medicina Deportiva, Fundación Deportiva Municipal de Avilés (FDM), Aviles, Spain
| | - Jaime E Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Impellizzeri FM, Woodcock S, Coutts AJ, Fanchini M, McCall A, Vigotsky AD. What Role Do Chronic Workloads Play in the Acute to Chronic Workload Ratio? Time to Dismiss ACWR and Its Underlying Theory. Sports Med 2020; 51:581-592. [PMID: 33332011 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to examine the associations between the injury risk and the acute (AL) to chronic (CL) workload ratio (ACWR) by substituting the original CL with contrived values to assess the role of CL (i.e., the presence and implications of statistical artefacts). METHODS Using previously published data, we generated a contrived ACWR by dividing the AL by fixed and randomly generated CLs, and we compared these results to real data. We also reproduced previously reported subgroup analyses, including dichotomising players' data above and below the median CL. Our analyses follow the same, previously published modelling approach. RESULTS The analyses with original data showed effects compatible with higher injury risk for ACWR only (odd ratios, OR: 2.45, 95% CI 1.28-4.71). However, we observed similar effects by dividing AL by the "contrived" fixed and randomly generated CLs: OR 1.95 (1.18-3.52) dividing by 1510 (average CL); and OR ranging from 1.16 to 2.07, using random CL 1.53 (mean). Random ACWRs reduced the variance relative to the original AL and further inflated the ORs (mean OR 1.89, from 1.42 to 2.70). ACWR causes artificial reclassification of players compared to AL alone. Finally, neither ACWR nor AL alone confer a meaningful predictive advantage to an intercept-only model, even within the training sample (c-statistic 0.574/0.544 vs. 0.5 in both ACWR/AL and intercept-only models, respectively). DISCUSSION ACWR is a rescaling of the explanatory variable (AL, numerator), in turn magnifying its effect estimates and decreasing its variance despite conferring no predictive advantage. Other ratio-related transformations (e.g., reducing the variance of the explanatory variable and unjustified reclassifications) further inflate the OR of AL alone with injury risk. These results also disprove the etiological theory behind this ratio and its components. We suggest ACWR be dismissed as a framework and model, and in line with this, injury frameworks, recommendations, and consensus be updated to reflect the lack of predictive value of and statistical artefacts inherent in ACWR models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco M Impellizzeri
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Driver Avenue, Moore Park, Sydney, NSW, 2021, Australia.
| | - S Woodcock
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A J Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Driver Avenue, Moore Park, Sydney, NSW, 2021, Australia
| | - M Fanchini
- AS Roma Performance Department, AS Roma Football Club, Roma, Italy
| | - A McCall
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - A D Vigotsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Impellizzeri FM, McCall A, Ward P, Bornn L, Coutts AJ. Training Load and Its Role in Injury Prevention, Part 2: Conceptual and Methodologic Pitfalls. J Athl Train 2020; 55:893-901. [PMID: 32991699 PMCID: PMC7534938 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-501-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In part 2 of this clinical commentary, we highlight the conceptual and methodologic pitfalls evident in current training-load-injury research. These limitations make these studies unsuitable for determining how to use new metrics such as acute workload, chronic workload, and their ratio for reducing injury risk. The main overarching concerns are the lack of a conceptual framework and reference models that do not allow for appropriate interpretation of the results to define a causal structure. The lack of any conceptual framework also gives investigators too many degrees of freedom, which can dramatically increase the risk of false discoveries and confirmation bias by forcing the interpretation of results toward common beliefs and accepted training principles. Specifically, we underline methodologic concerns relating to (1) measure of exposures, (2) pitfalls of using ratios, (3) training-load measures, (4) time windows, (5) discretization and reference category, (6) injury definitions, (7) unclear analyses, (8) sample size and generalizability, (9) missing data, and (10) standards and quality of reporting. Given the pitfalls of previous studies, we need to return to our practices before this research influx began, when practitioners relied on traditional training principles (eg, overload progression) and adjusted training loads based on athletes' responses. Training-load measures cannot tell us whether the variations are increasing or decreasing the injury risk; we recommend that practitioners still rely on their expert knowledge and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco M. Impellizzeri
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre and School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Alan McCall
- Arsenal Football Club, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Aaron J. Coutts
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre and School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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Claudino JG, Capanema DDO, de Souza TV, Serrão JC, Machado Pereira AC, Nassis GP. Current Approaches to the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Injury Risk Assessment and Performance Prediction in Team Sports: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:28. [PMID: 31270636 PMCID: PMC6609928 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The application of artificial intelligence (AI) opens an interesting perspective for predicting injury risk and performance in team sports. A better understanding of the techniques of AI employed and of the sports that are using AI is clearly warranted. The purpose of this study is to identify which AI approaches have been applied to investigate sport performance and injury risk and to find out which AI techniques each sport has been using. Methods Systematic searches through the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science online databases were conducted for articles reporting AI techniques or methods applied to team sports athletes. Results Fifty-eight studies were included in the review with 11 AI techniques or methods being applied in 12 team sports. Pooled sample consisted of 6456 participants (97% male, 25 ± 8 years old; 3% female, 21 ± 10 years old) with 76% of them being professional athletes. The AI techniques or methods most frequently used were artificial neural networks, decision tree classifier, support vector machine, and Markov process with good performance metrics for all of them. Soccer, basketball, handball, and volleyball were the team sports with more applications of AI. Conclusions The results of this review suggest a prevalent application of AI methods in team sports based on the number of published studies. The current state of development in the area proposes a promising future with regard to AI use in team sports. Further evaluation research based on prospective methods is warranted to establish the predictive performance of specific AI techniques and methods. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40798-019-0202-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gustavo Claudino
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-030, Brazil. .,Research and Development Department, LOAD CONTROL, Contagem, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Julio Cerca Serrão
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-030, Brazil
| | | | - George P Nassis
- Department of Sports Science, City Unity College, Athens, Greece.,School of Physical Education & Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Qingyuanhuan Rd 650, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
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The Development of a Personalised Training Framework: Implementation of Emerging Technologies for Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4020025. [PMID: 33467340 PMCID: PMC7739422 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been considerable interest in the individualisation of athlete training, including the use of genetic information, alongside more advanced data capture and analysis techniques. Here, we explore the evidence for, and practical use of, a number of these emerging technologies, including the measurement and quantification of epigenetic changes, microbiome analysis and the use of cell-free DNA, along with data mining and machine learning. In doing so, we develop a theoretical model for the use of these technologies in an elite sport setting, allowing the coach to better answer six key questions: (1) To what training will my athlete best respond? (2) How well is my athlete adapting to training? (3) When should I change the training stimulus (i.e., has the athlete reached their adaptive ceiling for this training modality)? (4) How long will it take for a certain adaptation to occur? (5) How well is my athlete tolerating the current training load? (6) What load can my athlete handle today? Special consideration is given to whether such an individualised training framework will outperform current methods as well as the challenges in implementing this approach.
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Johnston RD, Black GM, Harrison PW, Murray NB, Austin DJ. Applied Sport Science of Australian Football: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:1673-1694. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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