1
|
Martinho DV, Field A, Naughton R, Ribeiro AS, Rebelo A, Gouveia ÉR, Sarmento H. Nutritional perspectives in female soccer: a scoping review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2366427. [PMID: 38961627 PMCID: PMC11225636 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2366427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the review was to evaluate the literature exploring nutritional habits and practices in female soccer players. METHODS The PRISMA-ScR Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews were followed. Searches of Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were conducted for studies exploring the nutritional habits and practices of female soccer players. RESULTS A total of 72 studies were included in the scoping review. Studies on female soccer players mainly focused on daily energy expenditure, daily energy and macronutrient intake and hydration status. A negative energy balance was consistent across studies, and the ingestion of CHO appears below the current recommendations. Female soccer players are predominately in negative energy balance, which may indicate that they are at risk of low energy availability. A high use of nutritional supplements is apparent in female soccer, whilst a large proportion of players commence training dehydrated. CONCLUSIONS The current findings have implications for practitioners relating to the planning, management, monitoring, and implementation of nutritional intake and training and competition schedules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- Interactive Technologies Institute, Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Naughton
- University of Huddersfield, School of Human and Health Sciences,Huddersfield, UK
| | - Alex S. Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André Rebelo
- Universidade Lusófona, CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saúde, Lisboa, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Élvio R. Gouveia
- Interactive Technologies Institute, Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Funchal, Portugal
- University of Madeira, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mecherques-Carini M, Albaladejo-Saura M, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Baglietto N, Esparza-Ros F. Validity and agreement between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance in the estimation of fat mass in young adults. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1421950. [PMID: 38919386 PMCID: PMC11198126 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1421950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Assessment of fat mass has historically employed various methods like Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), and bioelectrical impedance (BIA), and anthropometry with its set of formulas. However, doubts persist regarding their validity and interchangeability to evaluate fat mass. This research aimed to determine the validity of anthropometry, and BIA in estimating fat mass Vs DXA, considering the influence of sex and hydration status. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study included 265 young adults (161 males and 104 females), assessed through DXA, BIA in a standing position, and anthropometry. A fat mass estimation formula with DXA, a fat mass estimation formula with BIA and 10 fat mass estimation formulas with anthropometry were calculated. Results Significant differences were found across DXA, BIA and anthropometry in both kilograms and percentages for the overall sample (p<0.001), and when the covariable sex was included (p<0.001), with no significant effect of hydration status (p=0.332-0.527). Bonferroni-adjusted analyses revealed significant differences from DXA with anthropometry and BIA in most cases for the overall sample (p<0.001), as well as when stratified by sex (p<0.001-0.016). Lin's coefficient indicated poor agreement between most of the formulas and methods both in percentage and kilograms of fat mass (CCC=0.135-0.892). In the Bland-Altman analysis, using the DXA fat mass values as a reference, lack of agreement was found in the general sample (p<0.001-0.007), except for Carter's formula in kilograms (p=0.136) and percentage (p=0.929) and Forsyth for percentage (p=0.365). When separating the sample by sex, lack of agreement was found in males for all methods when compared with both percentage and kilograms calculated by DXA (p<0.001). In the female sample, all methods and formulas showed lack of agreement (p<0.001-0.020), except for Evans's in percentage (p=0.058). Conclusion The formulas for fat mass assessment with anthropometry and BIA may not be valid with respect to the values reported with DXA, with the exception of Carter's anthropometry formula for general sample and Evans's anthropometry formula for female sample. BIA could also be an alternative if what is needed is to assess fat mass in women as a group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malek Mecherques-Carini
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mario Albaladejo-Saura
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Nicolás Baglietto
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Esparza-Ros
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamed-Hamed D, González-Muñoz A, Cuevas-Cervera M, Perez-Montilla JJ, Aguilar-Nuñez D, Aguilar-García M, Pruimboom L, Navarro-Ledesma S. Effects of the menstrual cycle on the performance of female football players. A systematic review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1359953. [PMID: 38651042 PMCID: PMC11033481 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1359953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Women's football has been booming for a few years now, which has led to an increase in the expectation of the players' performance, leading to a more detailed study of women's physiology in the field of sports. Objectives To analyze the scientific evidence on the influence of menstruation on the performance of female footballers, as well as to analyze the methodological quality of the studies included in this review. Materials and methods The possible hormonal effects of the menstrual cycle phases on the performance of female footballers were analyzed. The databases used to conduct the searches were Pubmed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science, EBSCO and the Cochrane Library. All included studies met the inclusion criteria. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used. This systematic review protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42023390652). Results A total of nine clinical trials were included in this review. A low quality of evidence was observed in the studies. Not all the results support the idea that the menstrual cycle phases can alter the performance of female footballers. Conclusion This systematic review shows that there is a great deal of controversy about the influence of the menstrual cycle phases on the performance of female footballers. Studies are focused on solely biological factors and gender is normally no part of those studies. Further research with larger samples, and taking not only biological but also sociological factors, are necessary to determine the effects of menstruation on the performance of female footballers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Hamed-Hamed
- Clinical Medicine and Public Health PhD Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana González-Muñoz
- Clinical Medicine and Public Health PhD Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Clinica Ana Gonzalez, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Jose Javier Perez-Montilla
- Clinical Medicine and Public Health PhD Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Aguilar-Nuñez
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - María Aguilar-García
- Biomedicine PhD Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Leo Pruimboom
- University Chair in Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Melilla, Spain
| | - Santiago Navarro-Ledesma
- University Chair in Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Melilla, Spain
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Melilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Igonin PH, Cognasse F, Gonzalo P, Philippot P, Rogowski I, Sabot T, Boisseau N, Martin C. Monitoring of sprint and change of direction velocity, vertical jump height, and repeated sprint ability in sub-elite female football players throughout their menstrual cycle. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38492212 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2328674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the early follicular (EF, i.e., menstruation), late follicular (LF), and middle luteal (ML) phases of the menstrual cycle and different factors that may influence football performance. METHODS To this end, 11 eumenorrheic sub-elite female football players underwent field tests to assess sprint speed, lower extremity power, repeated sprint ability, velocity on change of direction, and technical skills at each cycle phase. RESULTS Performance during the 15-m change of direction ability test, 15-m ball dribbling test, squat jump height, total sprint time [sum of 7 sprints] and decrement score [(mean sprint time/best sprint time × 100) - 100], maximum and mean heart rate, and perceived exertion did not significantly differ among menstrual cycle phases. Conversely, the linear sprint velocity over 10, 20, 30-m distances was decreased in EF vs LF (10-, 20- and 30-m) and in ML vs LF (10- and 20-m) (p < 0.05). The 40-m sprint velocity did not change in the different menstrual cycle phases. CONCLUSION Overall, our study suggests that sex hormone fluctuations during the menstrual cycle are not associated with vertical jump, velocity on change of direction, and repeated sprint ability, but may influence linear sprint velocity over short distances (10, 20, and 30 m).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Igonin
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM EA 7424), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
- Association Sportive de Saint-Etienne (ASSE), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - F Cognasse
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1059), Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - P Gonzalo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Pharmaco-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne (CHU), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - P Philippot
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM EA 7424), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
- Association Sportive de Saint-Etienne (ASSE), Saint-Etienne, France
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne (CHU), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - I Rogowski
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM EA 7424), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - T Sabot
- Association Sportive de Saint-Etienne (ASSE), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - N Boisseau
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - C Martin
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM EA 7424), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Juillard E, Douchet T, Paizis C, Babault N. Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Physical Performance and Subjective Ratings in Elite Academy Women Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:16. [PMID: 38251290 PMCID: PMC10820559 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to combine psychological and physical factors to explore the impact of the menstrual cycle on performance in elite academy women soccer players through weekly monitoring. Eighteen elite academy women soccer players were monitored. Players reported daily through an online anonymous survey if they were in menstruation. Players answered the Hooper Questionnaire daily, performed an Illinois Agility Test (IAT) twice a week, and rated their perceived exertion (RPE) after every training session. Tests were associated with a complete menstrual cycle reported through the online anonymous survey to determine the two weeks of the follicular phase and the two weeks of the luteal phase. Of the 18 players, 10 completed all requirements and were retained for analyses. IAT did not show significant differences throughout the menstrual cycle (p = 0.633). Fatigue (p = 0.444), Stress (p = 0.868), Sleep (p = 0.398), DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness; p = 0.725), and Hooper Index (p = 0.403) did not show significant differences either. RPE was also comparable across the cycle (p = 0.846). Our results failed to demonstrate that hormonal variation during the menstrual cycle influenced psychological and physical markers of performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Juillard
- Dijon Football Côte d’Or (DFCO), 17 Rue du Stade, 21000 Dijon, France; (E.J.); (T.D.)
| | - Tom Douchet
- Dijon Football Côte d’Or (DFCO), 17 Rue du Stade, 21000 Dijon, France; (E.J.); (T.D.)
- Center for Performance Expertise, CAPS, U1093 INSERM, Sport Science Faculty, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 3 Allée des Stades Universitaires, BP 27877, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France;
| | - Christos Paizis
- Center for Performance Expertise, CAPS, U1093 INSERM, Sport Science Faculty, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 3 Allée des Stades Universitaires, BP 27877, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France;
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Center for Performance Expertise, CAPS, U1093 INSERM, Sport Science Faculty, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 3 Allée des Stades Universitaires, BP 27877, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morenas-Aguilar MD, Ruiz-Alias SA, Blanco AM, Lago-Fuentes C, García-Pinillos F, Pérez-Castilla A. Does the Menstrual Cycle Impact the Maximal Neuromuscular Capacities of Women? An Analysis Before and After a Graded Treadmill Test to Exhaustion. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2185-2191. [PMID: 37883397 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Morenas-Aguilar, MD, Ruiz-Alias, SA, Blanco, AM, Lago-Fuentes, C, García-Pinillos, F, and Pérez-Castilla, A. Does the menstrual cycle impact the maximal neuromuscular capacities of women? An analysis before and after a graded treadmill test to exhaustion. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2185-2191, 2023. This study explored the effect of the menstrual cycle (MC) on the maximal neuromuscular capacities of the lower-body muscles obtained before and after a graded exercise test conducted on a treadmill to exhaustion. Sixteen physically active women were tested at -11 ± 3, -5 ± 3, and 5 ± 3 days from the luteinizing peak for the early follicular, late follicular, and midluteal phases. In each session, the individualized load-velocity (L-V) relationship variables (load-axis intercept [L0], velocity-axis intercept [v0], and area under the L-V relationship line [Aline]) were obtained before and after a graded exercise test conducted on a treadmill to exhaustion using the 2-point method (3 countermovement jumps with a 0.5-kg barbell and 2 back squats against a load linked to a mean velocity of 0.55 m·second-1). At the beginning of each session, no significant differences were reported for L0 (p = 0.726; ES ≤ 0.18), v0 (p = 0.202; ES ≤ 0.37), and Aline (p = 0.429; ES ≤ 0.30) between the phases. The MC phase × time interaction did not reach statistical significance for any L-V relationship variable (p ≥ 0.073). A significant main effect of "time" was observed for L0 (p < 0.001; ES = -0.77) and Aline (p = 0.002; ES = -0.59) but not for v0 (p = 0.487; ES = 0.12). These data suggest that the lower-body maximal neuromuscular capacities obtained before and after a graded treadmill test are not significantly affected by MC, although there is a high variability in the individual response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago A Ruiz-Alias
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Center (iMUDS), Granada, Spain
| | - Aitor Marcos Blanco
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Center (iMUDS), Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Fuentes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Atlantic, Santander, Spain
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Center (iMUDS), Granada, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Recacha-Ponce P, Collado-Boira E, Suarez-Alcazar P, Montesinos-Ruiz M, Hernando-Domingo C. Is It Necessary to Adapt Training According to the Menstrual Cycle? Influence of Contraception and Physical Fitness Variables. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1764. [PMID: 37629621 PMCID: PMC10455893 DOI: 10.3390/life13081764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The influence of the menstrual cycle on physical fitness in athletes is controversial in the scientific literature. There is a marked fluctuation of sex hormones at three key points of the menstrual cycle, where estrogen and progesterone vary significantly. Hormonal contraception induces hormonal levels different from the natural menstrual cycle, requiring specific study in relation to physical fitness. (2) Method: Women aged 18 to 40 years with regular natural menstrual cycles and women using hormonal contraception were recruited, creating two study groups. All participants needed to be athletes classified as level II-III, based on training volume/physical activity metrics, among other variables. To assess their physical fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness (measured by V˙O2max), high-speed strength, hand grip strength, and flexibility were evaluated. Blood samples were taken to determine the menstrual cycle phase through analysis of sex hormone levels. Additionally, urine tests for ovulation detection were performed for the natural menstrual cycle group. Neurosensory stimulation tests were incorporated to measure sensory thresholds and pain thresholds in each phase. Body composition in each phase and its relationship with the other variables were also taken into account. (3) Results: Athletes in the natural cycling group showed differences in V˙O2max (mL·kg-1·min-1) (phase I = 41.75 vs. phase II = 43.85 and (p = 0.004) and phase I vs. phase III = 43.25 mL·kg-1·min-1 (p = 0.043)), as well as in body weight (phase I = 63.23 vs. phase III = 62.48 kg; p = 0.006), first pain threshold (phase I = 1.34 vs. phase II = 1.69 (p = 0.027) and phase III = 1.59 mA (p = 0.011)), and sensitive threshold (phase I = 0.64 vs. phase II = 0.76 mA (p = 0.017)). The pain threshold was found to be an important covariate in relation to V˙O2max, explaining 31.9% of the variance in phase I (p = 0.006). These findings were not observed between the two phases of contraceptive cycling. (4) Conclusion: The natural menstrual cycle will cause significant changes in the physical fitness of athletes. The use of hormonal contraception is not innocuous. Women with natural cycles show an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness in phases II and III, which is a factor to be considered in relation to training level and workload.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eladio Collado-Boira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaime I University, 12071 Castello de la Plana, Spain; (P.R.-P.); (P.S.-A.); (M.M.-R.); (C.H.-D.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cirillo E, Pompeo A, Cirillo FT, Vilaça-Alves J, Costa P, Ramirez-Campillo R, Dourado AC, Afonso J, Casanova F. Relationship between Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle and Upper and Lower Limb Muscle Strength in Athletes from Several Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11050107. [PMID: 37234063 DOI: 10.3390/sports11050107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The phase angle (PhA) of bioelectrical impedance is determined by primary factors such as age, body mass index and sex. The researchers' interest in applying PhA to better understand the skeletal muscle property and ability has grown, but the results are still heterogeneous. This systematic review with a meta-analysis aimed to examine the existence of the relationship between PhA and muscle strength in athletes. The data sources used were PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science and the study eligibility criteria were based on the PECOS. The searches identified 846 titles. From those, thirteen articles were eligible. Results showed a positive correlation between PhA and lower limb strength (r = 0.691 [95% CI 0.249 to 0.895]; p = 0.005), while no meta-analysis was possible for the relationships between PhA and lower limb strength. Furthermore, GRADE shows very low certainty of evidence. In conclusion, it was found that most studies showed a positive correlation between PhA and vertical jump or handgrip strength. The meta-analysis showed the relationship between PhA and vertical jump, however, little is known for the upper limbs as was not possible to perform a meta-analysis, and for the lower limbs we performed it with four studies and only with vertical jump.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Everton Cirillo
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- Sports Science Department, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Alberto Pompeo
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - José Vilaça-Alves
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano (CIDESD), 5000 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pablo Costa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Antonio Carlos Dourado
- Sports Science Department, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Casanova
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Szajnowska M. The influence on menstrual cycle phases on trunk flexion mobility assessed with finger floor distance test: a preliminary study. MEDICAL SCIENCE PULSE 2022. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.9964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The menstrual cycle plays an important role in a woman's body and the relationship between different phases of the menstrual cycle and flexibility has not been well known. Aim of the study: This study aimed to examine whether the different phases of the menstrual cycle could affect trunk flexion mobility in young, healthy, physically active women who had not used hormonal contraception and had not received hormone treatment. Material and methods: In total, ten healthy female nulliparas aged 25 - 30 participated in the study. The inclusion criterion for the study was regular menstruation (25 - 35 cycle days). The exclusion criteria were: hormonal treatment, use of hormonal contraception, BMI > 25, and history of pregnancy. To assess trunk flexion mobility the finger floor distance test was used. The test was performed on each participant three times: during menstruation (follicular phase), during ovulation (ovulatory phase), and after day 15 of the cycle (luteal phase). Friedman ANOVA was used to determine the effect of the menstrual cycle phases on the finger floor distance test results. It was followed by Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: There was a significant effect of the phases of the menstrual cycle on the results of the finger floor distance test (p = 0.03). Significantly higher values for the finger floor distance test result in the follicular phase as compared to the ovulatory phase were found (p = 0.02). Conclusions: The comparison of finger floor distance test results obtained in young healthy nulliparas in three phases of the menstrual cycle indicates decreased trunk flexion mobility in the follicular phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Szajnowska
- Student Scientific Association: The Analysis of the Influence of Pregnancy on the Musculoskeletal System, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reference Percentiles for Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Athletes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020264. [PMID: 35205130 PMCID: PMC8869633 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The bioelectrical phase angle is a raw parameter that can be utilized as an indicator of performance, muscle quantity and hydration status of cells. However, sex- and sport-specific phase angle reference percentiles are lacking for the athletic population. For the first time, this study provides 5th, 15th, 50th, 85th, and 95th reference percentiles for phase angle in male and female athletes practicing different sports. These reference values can be used to track body composition and performance related-outcomes in sports practice, while leveraging the portability of bioelectric impedance analysis. Abstract The present study aimed to develop reference values for bioelectrical phase angle in male and female athletes from different sports. Overall, 2224 subjects participated in this study [1658 males (age 26.2 ± 8.9 y) and 566 females (age 26.9 ± 6.6 y)]. Participants were categorized by their sport discipline and sorted into three different sport modalities: endurance, velocity/power, and team sports. Phase angle was directly measured using a foot-to-hand bioimpedance technology at a 50 kHz frequency during the in-season period. Reference percentiles (5th, 15th, 50th, 85th, and 95th) were calculated and stratified by sex, sport discipline and modality using an empirical Bayesian analysis. This method allows for the sharing of information between different groups, creating reference percentiles, even for sports disciplines with few observations. Phase angle differed (men: p < 0.001; women: p = 0.003) among the three sport modalities, where endurance athletes showed a lower value than the other groups (men: vs. velocity/power: p = 0.010, 95% CI = −0.43 to −0.04; vs. team sports: p < 0.001, 95% CI = −0.48 to −0.02; women: vs. velocity/power: p = 0.002, 95% CI = −0.59 to −0.10; vs. team sports: p = 0.015, 95% CI = −0.52 to −0.04). Male athletes showed a higher phase angle than female athletes within each sport modality (endurance: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.14; velocity/power: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.68 to 1.07; team sports: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.23). We derived phase angle reference percentiles for endurance, velocity/power, and team sports athletes. Additionally, we calculated sex-specific references for a total of 22 and 19 sport disciplines for male and female athletes, respectively. This study provides sex- and sport-specific percentiles for phase angle that can track body composition and performance-related parameters in athletes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Campa F, Bongiovanni T, Trecroci A, Rossi A, Greco G, Pasta G, Coratella G. Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Body Composition and Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Serie A Soccer Players: A Comparison of Two Consecutive Seasons. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111175. [PMID: 34827168 PMCID: PMC8614814 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In 2020, the first Italian soccer league (Serie A) was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, a detraining process was triggered in soccer players, leading coaches and sports scientists to implement alternative training strategies to prevent a remodeling in body composition. This study tested the hypothesis that male elite soccer players, when confined to their home during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, will display unfavorable trends in bioelectrical and body composition parameters. The results of the present study showed that reduction in phase angle and muscle mass occurred in soccer players during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic lockdown. Recognizing these adverse effects of a detraining period is critical in avoiding adverse effects on body composition in soccer players. In addition, the bioelectrical phase angle has been identified as a valid predictor of muscle mass changes during the competitive soccer season. Considerably, the phase angle represents a parameter that can be measured directly through bioelectrical impedance analysis, and it is independent of predictive equations such as those that quantify muscle mass. Abstract The present study compared changes in body composition during the COVID-19-associated lockdown with the same period of the following season in elite soccer players. Fifteen elite male soccer players (30.5 ± 3.6 years.) underwent a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) before (end of February) and after (end of May) the lockdown, which occurred during the 2019/2020 season, and at the same period during the following competitive season in 2020/2021, when restrictions were lifted. Fat and muscle mass were estimated using predictive equations, while phase angle (PhA) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns were directly measured. After lockdown, fat mass remained unchanged (p > 0.05), while muscle mass (95%CI = −1.12/−0.64; ES = −2.04) and PhA (95%CI = 0.51/−0.24, ES = −1.56) decreased. A rightward displacement of the BIVA vector was also found (p < 0.001, ES = 1.50). After the same period during the regular season, FM% and muscle mass did not change (p > 0.05), while the PhA increased (95%CI = 0.01/0.22; ES = 0.63). A leftward vector displacement (p < 0.001, ES = 1.05) was also observed. The changes in muscle mass correlated with changes in PhA (“lockdown” season 2019/2020: ß = −1.128, p = 0.011; “regular” season 2020/21: ß = 1.963, p = 0.011). In conclusion, coaches and strength conditioners should monitor muscle mass in soccer players during detraining periods as this parameter appears to be mainly affected by changes in training plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Study of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (T.B.); (A.T.); (G.C.)
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Parma Calcio 1913, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Study of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (T.B.); (A.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, 43100 Parma, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Study of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (T.B.); (A.T.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Głąbska D, Wojciechowska A, Cackowska K, Guzek D. Body Composition Results of Caucasian Young Normal Body Mass Women in the Follicular Proliferative Phase, Measured for the Different Positions of Limbs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910214. [PMID: 34639521 PMCID: PMC8508292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) became a standardized technique for assessing body composition, but many factors affect the reproducibility of measurement, including body and limbs position. In spite of the fact that it is recommended for patient to be in a supine position, with arms abducted at least 30° and legs abducted at approximately 45°, a lot of authors conduct their measurements with arms and legs of patients separated to not touch the body but not strictly following the recommendations. Taking this into account, the aim of the study was to analyze the body composition results of Caucasian young normal body mass women in the follicular proliferative phase, measured for the different positions of limbs in order to compare the results obtained in the recommended position (with arms abducted at least 30° and legs abducted at approximately 45°) and in the commonly used position (not following strictly the recommendations). The study was conducted in a homogenous group of 100 adult females under the age of 30 years using BIA 101/ASE with the Bodygram Pro software and its equations by Akern Srl, Firenze, Italy, based on the measurement recommendations. The measurements were conducted (1) in a recommended position of arms abducted at least 30° and legs abducted at approximately 45° and (2) with arms spread and legs separated to not touch the body to compare the body composition assessment (fat mass, fat-free mass, body cell mass, muscle mass, water content, extracellular water content, and intracellular water content). It was stated that the results obtained for various positions of limbs were positively correlated (p < 0.0001; R > 0.5). At the same time, the statistically significant differences dependent on the position were observed for the calculated results of body cell mass (lower results for the recommended position for the results observed in kg and % of body mass; p = 0.0165 and p = 0.0075, respectively) and muscle mass (lower results for the recommended position for the results observed in kg and % of body mass; p = 0.0025 and p = 0.0011, respectively), as well as extracellular and intracellular water (higher % of total body water for the extracellular water and lower for intracellular water; p = 0.0049 and p = 0.0115, respectively), resulting from the measured resistance and reactance values. For all listed comparisons of significantly differing variables, weighted κ statistics indicated moderate agreement (values of 0.41–0.60), and the Bland–Altman plot analysis indicated no agreement (Bland–Altman index of >5%). While compared with the reference values, the major differences were observed for extracellular/intracellular water content, as, while applying a method with arms and legs separated to not touch the body (not recommended position), the extracellular water content was underestimated for 31% and intracellular water content was overestimated for 28% of participants. It may be concluded that the recommended body position of arms abducted at least 30° and legs abducted at approximately 45° should be chosen to ensure the reliability of the BIA measurements, as, while the recommendations of a body position are not followed, the results obtained may be misleading and may not reflect the actual body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Głąbska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (K.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-593-71-26
| | - Agata Wojciechowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Karolina Cackowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Dominika Guzek
- Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carmichael MA, Thomson RL, Moran LJ, Dunstan JR, Nelson MJ, Mathai ML, Wycherley TP. A Pilot Study on the Impact of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Elite Australian Football Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189591. [PMID: 34574516 PMCID: PMC8471812 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the menstrual cycle on athlete performance, wellbeing and perceived exertion and fatigue is not well understood. Furthermore, it has not been investigated specifically in Australian Football athletes. This pilot study aimed to explore how naturally menstruating Australian Football athletes may be affected by menstrual cycle phase. The data collected from the routine monitoring of five naturally menstruating athletes (average menstrual cycle length of 28 ± 3 [SD] days) in one team (athlete age range 18–35 years) competing in the Women’s Australian Football League during the 2019 season were retrospectively analysed to compare performance (countermovement jump parameters and adductor squeeze pressure), perceived exertion, perceived fatigue and wellbeing (perceived sleep quality, stress and soreness) outcomes between the follicular and luteal phases. Performance, perceived exertion, stress and soreness did not appear to be affected by menstrual cycle phase (p > 0.17). However, perceived fatigue appeared to be significantly greater (p = 0.042) and sleep quality worse (p = 0.005) in the luteal phase. This pilot study suggests further research focusing on the effect of menstrual cycle phase on subjective fatigue and wellbeing is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikaeli A. Carmichael
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (R.L.T.); (J.R.D.); (M.J.N.); (T.P.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rebecca L. Thomson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (R.L.T.); (J.R.D.); (M.J.N.); (T.P.W.)
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lisa J. Moran
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Joel R. Dunstan
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (R.L.T.); (J.R.D.); (M.J.N.); (T.P.W.)
| | - Maximillian J. Nelson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (R.L.T.); (J.R.D.); (M.J.N.); (T.P.W.)
| | - Michael L. Mathai
- Institute for Health and Sport, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Thomas P. Wycherley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (R.L.T.); (J.R.D.); (M.J.N.); (T.P.W.)
| |
Collapse
|