1
|
Grainger A, Comfort P, Twist C, Heffernan SM, Tarantino G. Real-World Fatigue Testing in Professional Rugby Union: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:855-874. [PMID: 38114782 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional rugby union is a high-intensity contact sport with position-specific high training and match volumes across a season that may lead to periods of fatigue if above a typically experienced threshold. This study assesses the influence of match play and/or training on fatigue levels in rugby union players. OBJECTIVE We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of measures used to assess fatigue status in male professional rugby union players. METHODS Using electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE), a systematic review of fatigue testing in rugby union was conducted on (1) neuromuscular, (2) subjective self-report, (3) biochemical, and (4) heart rate-derived measures. RESULTS Thirty-seven articles were included in this systematic review, of which 14 were further included in a meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed small, yet not significant, decreases in countermovement jump height immediately after (effect size [ES] = - 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.64 to 0.06), 24 h (ES = - 0.43; 95% CI - 3.99 to 3.21), and 48 h (ES = - 0.22; 95% CI - 0.47 to 0.02) after exposure to rugby union match play or training. Reported wellness (ES = - 0.33; 95% CI - 1.70 to 1.04) and tiredness (ES = - 0.14; 95% CI - 1.30 to 1.03) declined over a period of a few weeks (however, the results were not-statistically significant), meanwhile muscle soreness increased (ES = 0.91; 95% CI 0.06 to 1.75) within the 96 h after the exposure to rugby union match play or training. Finally, while cortisol levels (ES = 1.87; 95% CI - 1.54 to 5.29) increased, testosterone declined (ES = - 1.54; 95% CI - 7.16 to 4.08) within the 24 h after the exposure. However, these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Subjective measures of muscle soreness can be used to assess fatigue after match play and training in rugby union players. Within-study and between-study variability for countermovement jump height, biochemical markers, and heart rate-derived measures means the utility (practical application) of these measures to assess fatigue in professional rugby union players after matches and training is unclear. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO ID: CRD42020216706.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grainger
- Kitman Labs, Dublin, Ireland.
- Institute of Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Paul Comfort
- University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
- Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Craig Twist
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barra-Moura H, Guilherme Vieira J, Zacaron Werneck F, Wilk M, Pascoalini B, Queiros V, Gomes de Assis G, Bichowska-Pawęska M, Vianna J, Vilaça-Alves J. The effect of complex contrast training with different training frequency on the physical performance of youth soccer players: a randomized study. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17103. [PMID: 38562995 PMCID: PMC10984173 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Complex contrast training (CCT) is potentially an efficient method to improve physical abilities such as muscle strength, power output, speed, agility, are extremely important in developing soccer players of different age categories. Aim This study aimed to analyze the effects of 6 weeks of CCT program applied in different training frequency (sessions per week) on youth soccer players performance. Methods Twenty-one youth soccer players (age: 15.3 ± 1.1 years; body mass 64.9 ± 0.7 kg; height 175.4 ± 0.7 cm) were randomized into three groups: a regular pre-season training control group (G0, n = 8), a group with regular pre-season training plus twice-a-week CCT (G2, n = 6), and a group with regular pre-season training plus thrice-a-week CCT (G3, n = 7). The CCT consisted of soccer skills-based exercises distributed across five stations, to be performed before common regular practice during a 6-week pre-season period. The agility (505 Agility test), sprint (S5 and S15), jump (SJ and CMJ), and free kick speed (11 m from the goal) of the groups were analyzed pre- and post-CCT intervention. During a 6-week pre-season period, the players integrated CCT into their regular training sessions. Furthermore, performance variables were compared between the groups. Results A statistical difference was identified for the timepoint for the players' CMJ (p = 0.023; η2 = 0.343) and the free kick speed (p = 0.013; η2 = 0.383) using ANOVA. The G3 showed a significant improvement in the CMJ (p = 0.001) and the free kick speed (p = 0.003) between pre- to post-CCT test. No other significant changes in performance were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion The CCT training program with a weekly frequency of 3 days per week is effective in improving free kick speed and CMJ performance in young male soccer players (U-15 and U-17 categories). CCT training programs have the potential to refine an athlete's preparation for competition. However, certain performance tests did not demonstrate substantial enhancements. Consequently, additional investigations are required to ascertain the effectiveness of CCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helder Barra-Moura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Guilherme Vieira
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Zacaron Werneck
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - Bruno Pascoalini
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical-Functional Performance, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Queiros
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande Norte, Brazil
| | - Gilmara Gomes de Assis
- Postgraduate Program in Integrative Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jeferson Vianna
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Vilaça-Alves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang Z, Ji H, Chen L, Zhang M, He J, Zhang W, Chen X, Sun J, Song J, Li D. Comparing autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise and velocity-based resistance training on jump performance in college badminton athletes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15877. [PMID: 37576500 PMCID: PMC10414022 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Jumping ability has been identified as a key factor that influences the performance of badminton athletes. Autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise (APRE) and velocity-based resistance training (VBRT) are commonly used approaches to enhance muscle strength and have been shown to accurately monitor the development of explosive power to improve jumping ability. This study aims to investigate the effects of APRE and VBRT on badminton athletes' jumping ability and to provide practical insights into improving their jumping performance during competitions. Methods Upon completing familiarization and pretesting, 18 badminton athletes were included and completed the training intervention (age, 21.4 ± 1.4 years; stature, 170.1 ± 7.3 cm; body mass, 65.9 ± 12 kg); they were randomly divided into the APRE group (n = 9) and VBRT group (n = 9). Jumping performance was assessed during the countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and drop jump (DJ) via SmartJump, with CMJ 's and SJ's jump height, eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), and reactive strength index (RSI). All participants then completed a 4-week in-season resistance training intervention. Results (1) The results of the within-group indicated that only the CMJ (pre: 41.56 ± 7.84 vs post: 43.57 ± 7.85, p < 0.05) of the APRE group had significant differences, whereas the SJ, EUR, and RSI were not significantly different (p > 0.05). (2) The results of the intergroups revealed that all indicators had no significant differences (p > 0.05), but APRE had a moderate effect size on the improvement of the CMJ (η2 = 0.244) and EUR (η2 = 0.068) when compared with VBRT. Conclusions The results showed that, compared to VBRT, APRE can effectively improve the performance of the reactive athletes' lower limb explosive power in the CMJ in a shorter period of time. The findings indicate that APRE may be useful for coaches seeking to improve the CMJ performance of athletes in the short term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Huang
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongshen Ji
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lunxin Chen
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxin He
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junyi Song
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Duanying Li
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on the Reactive Strength Index in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1029-1053. [PMID: 36906633 PMCID: PMC10115703 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reactive strength index (RSI) is meaningfully associated with independent markers of athletic (e.g., linear sprint speed) and neuromuscular performance [e.g., stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)]. Plyometric jump training (PJT) is particularly suitable to improve the RSI due to exercises performed in the SSC. However, no literature review has attempted to meta-analyse the large number of studies regarding the potential effects of PJT on the RSI in healthy individuals across the lifespan. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the effects of PJT on the RSI of healthy individuals across the lifespan compared with active/specific-active controls. METHODS Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched up to May 2022. According to the PICOS approach, the eligibility criteria were: (1) healthy participants, (2) PJT interventions of ≥ 3 weeks, (3) active (e.g., athletes involved in standard training) and specific-active (e.g., individuals using heavy resistance training) control group(s), (4) a measure of jump-based RSI pre-post training, and (5) controlled studies with multi-groups in randomised and non-randomised designs. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the risk of bias. The random-effects model was used to compute the meta-analyses, reporting Hedges' g effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Subgroup analyses were performed (chronological age; PJT duration, frequency, number of sessions, total number of jumps; randomization). A meta-regression was conducted to verify if PJT frequency, duration, and total number of sessions predicted the effects of PJT on the RSI. Certainty or confidence in the body of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Potential adverse health effects derived from PJT were researched and reported. RESULTS Sixty-one articles were meta-analysed, with a median PEDro score of 6.0, a low risk of bias and good methodological quality, comprising 2576 participants with an age range of 8.1-73.1 years (males, ~ 78%; aged under 18 years, ~ 60%); 42 studies included participants with a sport background (e.g., soccer, runners). The PJT duration ranged from 4 to 96 weeks, with one to three weekly exercise sessions. The RSI testing protocols involved the use of contact mats (n = 42) and force platforms (n = 19). Most studies reported RSI as mm/ms (n = 25 studies) from drop jump analysis (n = 47 studies). In general, PJT groups improved RSI compared to controls: ES = 0.54, 95% CI 0.46-0.62, p < 0.001. Training-induced RSI changes were greater (p = 0.023) for adults [i.e., age ≥ 18 years (group mean)] compared with youth. PJT was more effective with a duration of > 7 weeks versus ≤ 7 weeks, > 14 total PJT sessions versus ≤ 14 sessions, and three weekly sessions versus < three sessions (p = 0.027-0.060). Similar RSI improvements were noted after ≤ 1080 versus > 1080 total jumps, and for non-randomised versus randomised studies. Heterogeneity (I2) was low (0.0-22.2%) in nine analyses and moderate in three analyses (29.1-58.1%). According to the meta-regression, none of the analysed training variables explained the effects of PJT on RSI (p = 0.714-0.984, R2 = 0.0). The certainty of the evidence was moderate for the main analysis, and low-to-moderate across the moderator analyses. Most studies did not report soreness, pain, injury or related adverse effects related to PJT. CONCLUSIONS The effects of PJT on the RSI were greater compared with active/specific-active controls, including traditional sport-specific training as well as alternative training interventions (e.g., high-load slow-speed resistance training). This conclusion is derived from 61 articles with low risk of bias (good methodological quality), low heterogeneity, and moderate certainty of evidence, comprising 2576 participants. PJT-related improvements on RSI were greater for adults versus youths, after > 7 training weeks versus ≤ 7 weeks, with > 14 total PJT versus ≤ 14 sessions, and with three versus < three weekly sessions.
Collapse
|
5
|
How to Improve the Reactive Strength Index among Male Athletes? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10040593. [PMID: 35455771 PMCID: PMC9031107 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactive strength index (RSI) describes the individual’s capability to quickly change from an eccentric muscular contraction to a concentric one and can be used to monitor, assess, and reduce the risk of athlete’s injury. The purpose of this review is to compare the effectiveness of different training programs on RSI. Electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science from database inception to 11 February 2022. This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). The search returned 5890 records, in which 39 studies were included in the systematic review and 30 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Results from the randomized studies with the control group revealed that plyometric training improved RSI in adult athletes (0.84, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.32) and youth athletes (0.30, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.47). Evidence withdrawn from randomized studies without a control group revealed that resistance training also improved the RSI (0.44, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.79) in youth athletes but not in adults. Interventions with plyometric training routines have a relatively large, statistically significant overall effect in both adult and youth athletes. This supports the implementation of this type of interventions in early ages to better cope with the physical demands of the various sports. The impact of resistance training is very low in adult athletes, as these should seek to have a more power-type training to see improvements on the RSI. More interventions with sprint and combined training are needed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ritchie D, Keogh JWL, Reaburn P, Bartlett JD. Utilising one minute and four minute recovery when employing the resistance training contrast method does not negatively affect subsequent jump performance in the presence of concurrent training. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10031. [PMID: 33083124 PMCID: PMC7566756 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about contrast training and post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) in a same day concurrent training model. The aim of the current study was to examine the use of two short duration (1-min and 4-min) recovery periods on drop jump performance in same day concurrently trained athletes. Methods Ten professional Australian Rules footballers (age, 20.6 ± 1.9 yr; height, 184.8 ± 6.9 cm; body mass, 85.8 ± 8.4 kg) completed two resistance training sessions with different PAPE recovery durations; 1-min and 4-min, 1 h following a field-based endurance session. Baseline (pre) drop jumps were compared to post-test maximal drop jumps, performed after each set of three squats (where each participant was encouraged to lift as heavy as they could), to determine changes between 1-min and 4-min recovery periods. Data were analysed by fitting a mixed model (significance was set at P ≤ 0.05). Corrected Hedges' g standardised effect sizes ±95% confidence limits were calculated using group means ± SDs. Results There were no significant differences between baseline and experimental sets 1, 2 and 3 for reactive strength index (RSI), flight time, and total and relative impulse for either recovery duration. However, for contact time, 1-min baseline was significantly different from set 2 (mean difference; 95% CI [0.029; 0.000-0.057 s], P = 0.047, ES; 95% CI [-0.27; -1.20 to 0.66]). For RSI and flight time, 1-min was significantly higher than 4-min (RSI: 0.367; 0.091 to 0.642, P = 0.010, ES; 95% CI [0.52; -0.37 to 1.42]; flight time: 0.033; 0.003 to 0.063 s, P = 0.027, ES; 95% CI [0.86; -0.06 to 1.78]). Discussion Short recovery periods of 1-min may be a time-efficient form of prescribing strength-power exercise in contrast loading schemes. Longer recovery periods do not appear to benefit immediate, subsequent performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Ritchie
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Gold Coast Suns FC, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia.,Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India.,Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Reaburn
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Bartlett
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kirk C, Clark DR, Langan-Evans C, Morton JP. The physical demands of mixed martial arts: A narrative review using the ARMSS model to provide a hierarchy of evidence. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2819-2841. [PMID: 32783581 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1802093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The physical demands of mixed martial arts (MMA) training and competition is not yet well quantified. The Applied Research Model for the Sport Sciences (ARMSS) provides a framework through which to conduct sport science, determining pertinent questions to test research findings in real-world settings. The aim of this review was to evaluate MMA research within the context of ARMSS to critically analyse our understanding of the physical requirements of MMA training and competition. Research databases were searched, with 70 peer-reviewed articles being discussed in relation to the specific stage of the ARMSS in which their results best fit. MMA research was found to be mostly foundational and descriptive in nature and has generally not developed along systematic lines. The internal and external loads and responses to training and competition have not been adequately identified. Therefore, it is not currently possible to state which variables are key predictors of success, or how coaches can optimally manipulate these variables. We propose that MMA research be refocused to be conducted within ARMSS. Specifically, stage 2 studies describing the physical, physiological and technical demands of MMA training and competition, and stage 3 studies determining the physiological predictors of performance should be initially prioritised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kirk
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby , Derby, UK.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - David R Clark
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weakley JJ, Till K, Darrall-Jones J, Roe GA, Phibbs PJ, Read DB, Jones BL. Strength and Conditioning Practices in Adolescent Rugby Players: Relationship With Changes in Physical Qualities. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2361-2369. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Ali K, Verma S, Ahmad I, Singla D, Saleem M, Hussain ME. Comparison of Complex Versus Contrast Training on Steroid Hormones and Sports Performance in Male Soccer Players. J Chiropr Med 2019; 18:131-138. [PMID: 31367200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a complex versus a contrast training regimen with steroid hormones and the performance of soccer players. Methods Thirty-six professional male soccer players were randomly divided into 3 equal groups: complex training (n = 12; body mass index [BMI], 22.95 ± 1.76 kg/m2), contrast training (n = 12; BMI, 22.05 ± 2.03 kg/m2), and control (n = 12; BMI, 22.27 ± 1.44 kg/m2). Players from the complex and contrast groups were trained for 6 weeks (3 d/wk). The complex group performed 4 different exercises, each composed of strength (80% of 1 repetition maximum [RM]) and power components alternately. The contrast group performed the same strengthening exercises alternately at different intensities (40% and 80% of 1 RM). All players were tested for free testosterone, cortisol, vertical jump, 20-m sprint, and agility T-test at the baseline and after 6 weeks of training. Results A 3 × 2 mixed analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in time effect (P ≤ .05), whereas a nonsignificant difference was found in the group effect for all outcome variables. group × time interaction was significant in all the variables (P < .01) except cortisol (P = .28). Conclusion Complex training showed greater improvement in physical performance and free testosterone concentration compared with contrast training, whereas both types of training decreased cortisol concentration in a similar fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Ali
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, India
| | - Shalini Verma
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, India
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Singla
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Hussain
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pagaduan J, J. Schoenfeld B, Pojskić H. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Contrast Training on Vertical Jump Performance. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
11
|
Loturco I, Suchomel T, James LP, Bishop C, Abad CCC, Pereira LA, McGuigan MR. Selective Influences of Maximum Dynamic Strength and Bar-Power Output on Team Sports Performance: A Comprehensive Study of Four Different Disciplines. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1820. [PMID: 30618830 PMCID: PMC6304672 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the selective influences of one-repetition maximum (1RM) values [assessed in the half-squat (HS)] and bar-power production [assessed in both HS and jump squat (JS) exercises] on the physical performance of male and female team sport athletes from four different sports. Three-hundred and three elite players (31 Olympians) from four different disciplines (47 male soccer players, 58 female soccer players, 28 male handball players, 58 female handball players, 49 male rugby players, and 63 male futsal players) participated in this study. The physical tests were performed over 2 consecutive days for soccer and rugby players, and in 1 day for the remaining athletes. On the first day, rugby and soccer athletes performed squat jumps (SJ), countermovement jumps (CMJ), and HS 1RM. On the second day, they executed HS and JS tests (to assess the maximum bar-power output) and the linear and change-of-direction (COD) speed tests. For the other players, the sequence of the measurements was the same; however, they did not perform the HS exercise. Athletes were separated, using a median split analysis, into two distinct groups, according to their bar-power output in both JS and HS exercises and their performance in HS 1RM. The magnitude-based inferences method was used to examine the differences between "higher" and "lower" performance groups. Overall, the bar-power outputs were better connected to improved acceleration, speed, and jump performance than the 1RM measures. From these findings, it is possible to infer that players able to produce higher bar-power outputs are likely to sprint faster and jump higher. Therefore, coaches involved in team sports are strongly encouraged to use the bar-power method to evaluate the athletic performance of their players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR – Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Timothy Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, United States
| | - Lachlan P. James
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael R. McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Assessing Plyometric Ability during Vertical Jumps Performed by Adults and Adolescents. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040132. [PMID: 30373241 PMCID: PMC6315494 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare different methods for assessing plyometric ability during countermovement (CMJ) and drop jumps (DJ) in a group of adults and adolescents. Ten resistance-trained adult men (age: 22.6 ± 1.6 years) and ten adolescent male basketball players (age: 16.5 ± 0.7 years) performed a CMJ and a DJ from a height of 0.40 m. Jump height (JH), contact time, normalized work (WNORM), and power output (PONORM) during the absorption and propulsion phases were calculated from force platforms and 3-D motion analysis data. Plyometric ability was assessed using the modified reactive strength index (RSIMOD during CMJ) and the reactive strength index (RSI during DJ) as well as three indices using propulsion time, propulsion work (PWI), and propulsion power. Adults jumped significantly higher than adolescents (mean difference [MD]: 0.05 m) while JH (MD: 0.05 m) and ground contact time (MD: 0.29 s) decreased significantly from CMJ to DJ. WNORM (MD: 4.2 J/kg) and PONORM (MD: 24.2 W/kg) during the absorption phase of CMJ were significantly less than these variables during the propulsion phases of the jumps. The reactive strength index variants increased significantly from the CMJ to DJ (MD: 0.23) while all other plyometric indices decreased significantly. Neither RSIMOD nor RSI contributed significantly to the prediction of JH during CMJ and DJ, respectively, while PWI was able to explain ≥68% of the variance in JH. Variants of the reactive strength index do not reflect the changes in mechanical variables during the ground contact phase of CMJ and DJ and may not provide an accurate assessment of plyometric ability during different vertical jumps.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ojeda ÁH, Ríos LC, Barrilao RG, Ojeda XH. BEHAVIOR OF CORTISOL, CK AND LACTATE IN A SESSION OF VARIABLE RESISTANCE. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182404150764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Complex Training (CT) has been used to achieve Post-activation Potentiation (PAP) of physical capabilities and, in doing so, improve the sports performance of athletes. However, few studies have considered alterations in serum Cortisol, Metabolic Creatine Kinase (MB-CK), Total Creatine Kinase (Total-CK), and Lactate concentrations ([La]) resulting from this training method. Objective: This study determined the behavior of the following blood serum substances in a CT session: Cortisol, MB-CK, Total CK and [La]. Method: Ten military athlete volunteers aged 28.5 ± 4.8 years; 66.2 ± 2.8 kg, 171.4 ± 3.7 cm, 22.6 ± 1.2 kg/m2; 11.3 ± 2.9% of fat tissue took part in the study. The study had a quasi-experimental, intrasubject design. The variable measurements were: Cortisol, MB-CK, Total-CK, and [La], measured before physical exercise and 24 hours post-stress. The CT session consisted of: four series of five repetitions at 30% of 1RM, plus four repetitions at 60% of 1RM, plus three throws of a 575 g projectile, 15 seconds apart. The statistical analysis was carried out through repeated measure ANOVA for Lactate and a Wilcoxon Matched Pairs t-Test for Cortisol, MB-CK and Total-CK. Results: There was no evidence of alterations in the indicators for fatigue ([La] p = 0.36), and muscular injury (Cortisol p = 0.16; MB-CK p = 0.23; Total-CK p = 0.64) after the training sessions. Conclusion: Variables for muscular injury showed no evidence of alterations 24 hours after the CT sessions, hence confirming that the workload did not generate significant post-stress muscular injury. Level of Evidence I; Therapeutic Study: Investigating Treatment Results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Huerta Ojeda
- Universidad de Las Américas, Chile; Centro de Capacitación e Investigación Deportiva Alpha Sports, Chile; Universidad de Las Americas, Chile
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Variability of Jump Kinetics Related to Training Load in Elite Female Basketball. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5040085. [PMID: 29910445 PMCID: PMC5969036 DOI: 10.3390/sports5040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in jump performance and variability in elite female basketballers. Junior and senior female representative basketball players (n = 10) aged 18 ± 2 years participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ) data was collected with a Gymaware™ optical encoder at pre-, mid-, and post-season time points across 10 weeks. Jump performance was maintained across the course of the full season (from pre to post). Concentric peak velocity, jump height, and dip showed the most stability from pre- to post-season, with the %CV ranging from 5.6⁻8.9%. In the period of the highest training load (mid-season), the variability of within-subject performance was reduced by approximately 2⁻4% in all measures except for jump height. Altered jump mechanics through a small (0.26 effect size) increase in dip were evident at mid-season, suggesting that CMJ analysis is useful for coaches to use as an in-season monitoring tool. The highest coefficient of variation (8⁻22%CV) in inter-set scores in all measures except eccentric peak velocity also occurred mid-season. It appears that in-season load not only impairs jump performance, but also movement variability in basketball players.
Collapse
|
15
|
Freitas TT, Martinez-Rodriguez A, Calleja-González J, Alcaraz PE. Short-term adaptations following Complex Training in team-sports: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180223. [PMID: 28662108 PMCID: PMC5491153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this meta-analysis was to study the short-term adaptations on sprint and vertical jump (VJ) performance following Complex Training (CT) in team-sports. CT is a resistance training method aimed at developing both strength and power, which has a direct effect on sprint and VJ. It consists on alternating heavy resistance training exercises with plyometric/power ones, set for set, on the same workout. METHODS A search of electronic databases up to July 2016 (PubMed-MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Knowledge) was conducted. Inclusion criteria: 1) at least one CT intervention group; 2) training protocols ≥4-wks; 3) sample of team-sport players; 4) sprint or VJ as an outcome variable. Effect sizes (ES) of each intervention were calculated and subgroup analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 9 studies (13 CT groups) met the inclusion criteria. Medium effect sizes (ES) (ES = 0.73) were obtained for pre-post improvements in sprint, and small (ES = 0.41) in VJ, following CT. Experimental-groups presented better post-intervention sprint (ES = 1.01) and VJ (ES = 0.63) performance than control-groups. SPRINT large ESs were exhibited in younger athletes (<20 years old; ES = 1.13); longer CT interventions (≥6 weeks; ES = 0.95); conditioning activities with intensities ≤85% 1RM (ES = 0.96) and protocols with frequencies of <3 sessions/week (ES = 0.84). Medium ESs were obtained in Division I players (ES = 0.76); training programs >12 total sessions (ES = 0.74). VJ Large ESs in programs with >12 total sessions (ES = 0.81). Medium ESs obtained for under-Division I individuals (ES = 0.56); protocols with intracomplex rest intervals ≥2 min (ES = 0.55); conditioning activities with intensities ≤85% 1RM (ES = 0.64); basketball/volleyball players (ES = 0.55). Small ESs were found for younger athletes (ES = 0.42); interventions ≥6 weeks (ES = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS CT interventions have positive medium effects on sprint performance and small effects on VJ in team-sport athletes. This training method is a suitable option to include in the season planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T. Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Julio Calleja-González
- Laboratory of the Sport Performance Analysis, University of Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Latorre Román PÁ, Villar Macias FJ, García Pinillos F. Effects of a contrast training programme on jumping, sprinting and agility performance of prepubertal basketball players. J Sports Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1340662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Loturco I, Pereira LA, Moraes JE, Kitamura K, Cal Abad CC, Kobal R, Nakamura FY. Jump-Squat and Half-Squat Exercises: Selective Influences on Speed-Power Performance of Elite Rugby Sevens Players. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170627. [PMID: 28114431 PMCID: PMC5256944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between the maximum mean propulsive power (MPP) obtained in the loaded jump squat (JS) and half squat (HS) exercises and functional performances in vertical jumps, 40 m linear speed (VEL) and change-of-direction (COD) tests, using the median split technique. Twenty-two male rugby sevens players from the Brazilian National Olympic Team (Rio-2016) performed vertical jumping tests (squat and countermovement jumps [SJ and CMJ]), JS and HS exercises, COD speed test and sprinting velocity in 40 m, in this order. Based on the results of the MPP in the JS and HS exercises the participants were divided, using the median split, into four groups as follows: higher JS, lower JS, higher HS, and lower HS. Between-group differences in the functional tasks were detected via magnitude-based inferences. The athletes with higher MPP in the JS were capable of jumping higher and sprinting faster (including the COD speed test) than their weaker counterparts. This pattern was not observed in the HS exercise. To conclude, JS was shown to be more connected to sprinting, COD speed and jumping abilities than HS in elite rugby sevens players and should be preferred for assessing and possibly training elite athletes needing to improve speed-power related abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José E. Moraes
- CBRu—Brazilian Rugby Confederation; São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Kitamura
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Kobal
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Y. Nakamura
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Claudino JG, Cronin JB, Mezêncio B, Pinho JP, Pereira C, Mochizuki L, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. Autoregulating Jump Performance to Induce Functional Overreaching. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2242-9. [PMID: 26808857 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Claudino, JG, Cronin, JB, Mezêncio, B, Pinho, JP, Pereira, C, Mochizuki, L, Amadio, AC, and Serrão, JC. Autoregulating jump performance to induce functional overreaching. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2242-2249, 2016-The purpose of this study was to determine whether autoregulating jump performance using the minimal individual difference (MID) associated with countermovement jump (CMJ) height could be used to regulate and monitor a training phase that elicited functional overreaching and tapering in team sport athletes. The participants were familiarized with the jump and then the CMJ height reliability was quantified to determine the MID. Countermovement jump height was assessed in the pretesting session (T0), at the end of 4 weeks of intensified training (T1), and after 2 weeks of tapering (T2). Eighteen national level U17 male futsal players were randomly allocated into the regulated group (RG; n = 9) and the control group (CG; n = 9). The RG performed 6 weeks of training with the training load regulated by mean height of CMJ with MID, whereas the CG performed the preplanned training. The differences between groups and across time points were compared by a 2-way analysis of variance. In the RG, the MID loading was increased in weeks 3 and 4 (8.2 and 14.5%, respectively; p < 0.001) compared with the preplanned loading of the CG during the overreaching phase. In the jump results, the RG significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced CMJ height during T1 (effect size [ES] = -0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.58 to -0.02); however, there were no significant changes in the CG jump height at T1 and T2. At T2, the RG significantly increased CMJ height above baseline (ES = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.51). Researchers and practitioners could use this autoregulating method to regulate and monitor training load to achieve functional overreaching in youth futsal players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João G Claudino
- 1Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil;2Sport Performance Research Institute, AUT University, New Zealand;3School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia;4Sports Club of Penha, Futsal Coaching Staff, Brazil; and5School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Claudino JG, Cronin J, Mezêncio B, McMaster DT, McGuigan M, Tricoli V, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. The countermovement jump to monitor neuromuscular status: A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:397-402. [PMID: 27663764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to compare countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in studies that reported the highest value as opposed to average value for the purposes of monitoring neuromuscular status (i.e., fatigue and supercompensation). The secondary aim was to determine the sensitivity of the dependent variables. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS The meta-analysis was conducted on the highest or average of a number of CMJ variables. Multiple literature searches were undertaken in Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify articles utilizing CMJ to monitor training status. Effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using the mean and standard deviation of the pre- and post-testing data. The coefficient of variation (CV) with 95% CI was also calculated to assess the level of instability of each variable. Heterogeneity was assessed using a random-effects model. RESULTS 151 articles were included providing a total of 531 ESs for the meta-analyses; 85.4% of articles used highest CMJ height, 13.2% used average and 1.3% used both when reporting changes in CMJ performance. Based on the meta-analysis, average CMJ height was more sensitive than highest CMJ height in detecting CMJ fatigue and supercompensation. Furthermore, other CMJ variables such as peak power, mean power, peak velocity, peak force, mean impulse, and power were sensitive in tracking the supercompensation effects of training. CONCLUSIONS The average CMJ height was more sensitive than highest CMJ height in monitoring neuromuscular status; however, further investigation is needed to determine the sensitivity of other CMJ performance variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Gustavo Claudino
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, Brazil; Auckland University of Technology, Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand.
| | - John Cronin
- Auckland University of Technology, Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand; Edith Cowan University, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, Brazil
| | | | - Michael McGuigan
- Auckland University of Technology, Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand; Edith Cowan University, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Adaptations to Strength Training, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Amadio
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, Brazil
| | - Julio Cerca Serrão
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ojeda ÁH, Ríos LC, Barrilao RG, Ríos IC, Serrano PC. Effect of two complex training protocols of back squats in blood indicators of muscular damage in military athletes. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:1487-92. [PMID: 27313356 PMCID: PMC4905895 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the variations in the blood muscular
damage indicators post application of two complex training programs for back squats.
[Subjects and Methods] Seven military athletes were the subjects of this study. The study
had a quasi-experimental cross-over intra-subject design. Two complex training protocols
were applied, and the variables to be measured were cortisol, metabolic creatine kinase,
and total creatine kinase. For the statistical analysis, Student’s t-test was used.
[Results] Twenty-four hours post effort, a significant decrease in cortisol level was
shown for both protocols; however, the metabolic creatine kinase and total creatine kinase
levels showed a significant increase. [Conclusion] Both protocols lowered the indicator of
main muscular damage in the blood supply (cortisol). This proved that the work weight did
not generate significant muscular damage in the 24-hour post-exercise period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Huerta Ojeda
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de las Américas, Chile; Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universidad de Granada, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Chirosa Ríos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universidad de Granada, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Guisado Barrilao
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, Spain; Department of Nursing, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Chirosa Ríos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universidad de Granada, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Northey JM, Rattray B, Argus CK, Etxebarria N, Driller MW. Vascular Occlusion and Sequential Compression for Recovery After Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:533-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
22
|
Gathercole RJ, Stellingwerff T, Sporer BC. Effect of acute fatigue and training adaptation on countermovement jump performance in elite snowboard cross athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:37-46. [PMID: 25029001 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Countermovement jump performance was examined in response to acute neuromuscular (NM) fatigue (study I) and chronic training (study II) in elite snowboard cross (SBX) athletes, through both typical (countermovement jump [CMJ]-TYP) and alternative (CMJ-ALT) CMJ variables. Seven (4 men and 3 women) elite (Olympic-level) SBX athletes participated in study I, and 5 of the same athletes (2 men and 3 women) participated in study II. Countermovement jump variables relating to force, velocity, power, and time were measured during both eccentric and concentric jump phases, with CMJ-TYP variables reflecting CMJ output and CMJ-ALT variables reflecting CMJ mechanics. In study I, CMJ performance was assessed before and after a fatiguing lower-body exercise protocol, and in study II, CMJ performance was examined before and after a 19-week structured training block. Meaningful differences in CMJ performance were examined using the magnitude of change (effect sizes [ES]) for group and individual changes. Acute fatigue decreased peak force and eccentric function, while the duration of the jump increased. The structured training block increased peak force and eccentric function, while jump duration markedly decreased. In both study I and study II, the largest ES were associated with CMJ-ALT variables. The CMJ test seems a suitable monitoring tool in elite SBX athletes for the detection of both acute fatigue and training-adaptation. Compared with CMJ output, CMJ mechanics exhibits more marked and divergent changes after both acute NM fatigue and a structured training block. CMJ-ALT variables should therefore be incorporated into CMJ analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob J Gathercole
- 1School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada; and 2Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
García-Pinillos F, Martínez-Amat A, Hita-Contreras F, Martínez-López EJ, Latorre-Román PA. Effects of a Contrast Training Program Without External Load on Vertical Jump, Kicking Speed, Sprint, and Agility of Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:2452-60. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
24
|
|