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Tan BH, Ahemad N, Pan Y, Ong CE. Mechanism-based Inactivation of Cytochromes P450: Implications in Drug Interactions and Pharmacotherapy. Xenobiotica 2024:1-38. [PMID: 39175333 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2395557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P40 (CYP) enzymes dominate the metabolism of numerous endogenous and xenobiotic substances. While it is commonly believed that CYP-catalyzed reactions result in the detoxication of foreign substances, these reactions can also yield reactive intermediates that can bind to cellular macromolecules to cause cytotoxicity or irreversibly inactivate CYPs that create them.Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) produces either irreversible or quasi-irreversible inactivation and is commonly caused by CYP metabolic bioactivation to an electrophilic reactive intermediate. Many drugs that have been known to cause MBI in CYPs have been discovered as perpetrators in drug-drug interactions throughout the last 20-30 years.This review will highlight the key findings from the recent literature about the mechanisms of CYP enzyme inhibition, with a focus on the broad mechanistic elements of MBI for widely used drugs linked to the phenomenon. There will also be a brief discussion of the clinical or pharmacokinetic consequences of CYP inactivation with regard to drug interaction and toxicity risk.Gaining knowledge about the selective inactivation of CYPs by common therapeutic drugs helps with the assessment of factors that affect the systemic clearance of co-administered drugs and improves comprehension of anticipated interactions with other drugs or xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Hooi Tan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Eng Ong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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2
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Yadav J, Maldonato BJ, Roesner JM, Vergara AG, Paragas EM, Aliwarga T, Humphreys S. Enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions: a review of in vivo and in vitro methodologies, regulatory guidance, and translation to the clinic. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-33. [PMID: 39057923 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2381021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions can be caused by altered activity of drug metabolizing enzymes in the presence of a perpetrator drug, mostly via inhibition or induction. We identified a gap in the literature for a state-of-the art detailed overview assessing this type of DDI risk in the context of drug development. This manuscript discusses in vitro and in vivo methodologies employed during the drug discovery and development process to predict clinical enzyme-mediated DDIs, including the determination of clearance pathways, metabolic enzyme contribution, and the mechanisms and kinetics of enzyme inhibition and induction. We discuss regulatory guidance and highlight the utility of in silico physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling, an approach that continues to gain application and traction in support of regulatory filings. Looking to the future, we consider DDI risk assessment for targeted protein degraders, an emerging small molecule modality, which does not have recommended guidelines for DDI evaluation. Our goal in writing this report was to provide early-career researchers with a comprehensive view of the enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic DDI landscape to aid their drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Maldonato
- Department of Nonclinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Roesner
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana G Vergara
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Aliwarga
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Humphreys
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Klammers F, Goetschi A, Ekiciler A, Walter I, Parrott N, Fowler S, Umehara K. Estimation of fraction metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes using long-term co-cultured human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:566-575. [PMID: 35246464 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimation of the fraction of a drug metabolized by individual hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes relative to hepatic metabolism (fm,CYP) or total clearance (fCL,CYP) has been challenging for low turnover compounds due to insufficient resolution of the intrinsic clearance (CLint) measurement in vitro and difficulties in quantifying the formation of low abundance metabolites. To overcome this gap, inhibition of drug depletion or selective metabolite formation for 7 marker CYP substrates was investigated using chemical inhibitors and a micro-patterned hepatocyte co-culture system (HepatoPac®). The use of 3 µM itraconazole was successfully validated for estimation of fm,CYP3A4 by demonstration of fm values within a 2-fold of in vivo estimates for 10 out of 13 CYP3A4 substrates in a reference set of marketed drugs. Other CYP3A4 inhibitors (ketoconazole and posaconazole) were not optimal for estimation of fm,CYP3A4 for low turnover compounds due to their high CLint. The current study also demonstrated that selective inhibition sufficient for fm calculation was achieved by inhibitors of CYP1A2 (20 µM furafylline), CYP2C8 (40 µM montelukast), CYP2C9 (40 µM sulfaphenazole), CYP2C19 (3 µM (-)N-3-benzyl-phenobarbital) and CYP2D6 (5 µM quinidine). Good estimation of fm,CYP2B6 was not possible in this study due to the poor selectivity of the tested inhibitor (20 µM ticlopidine). The approach verified in this study can result in an improved fm estimation which is aligned with the regulatory agencies' guidance and can support a victim drug-drug interaction risk assessment strategy for low clearance discovery and development drug candidates. Significance Statement Successful qualification of a chemical inhibition assay for estimation of fraction metabolized requires chemical inhibitors which retain sufficient unbound concentrations over time in the incubates. The current co-cultured hepatocyte assay enabled estimation of fraction metabolized, especially by CYP3A4, during the drug discovery phase where metabolite quantification methods may not be available. The method enables the assessment of PK variability and victim DDI risks due to enzyme polymorphism or inhibition/induction with more confidence, especially for low clearance drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aynur Ekiciler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Kenichi Umehara
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Switzerland
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Zhang L, Xu X, Badawy S, Ihsan A, Liu Z, Xie C, Wang X, Tao Y. A Review: Effects of Macrolides on CYP450 Enzymes. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:928-937. [PMID: 32807049 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200817113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of haemoglobin, cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) participate in the metabolism of many substances, including endogenous substances, exogenous substances and drugs. It is estimated that 60% of common prescription drugs require bioconversion through CYP450. The influence of macrolides on CYP450 contributes to the metabolism and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of macrolides. At present, most studies on the effects of macrolides on CYP450 are focused on CYP3A, but a few exist on other enzymes and drug combinations, such as telithromycin, which can decrease the activity of hepatic CYP1A2 and CYP3A2. This article summarizes some published applications of the influence of macrolides on CYP450 and the DDIs of macrolides caused by CYP450. And the article may subsequently guide the rational use of drugs in clinical trials. To a certain extent, poisoning caused by adverse drug interactions can be avoided. Unreasonable use of macrolide antibiotics may enable the presence of residue of macrolide antibiotics in animal-origin food. It is unhealthy for people to eat food with macrolide antibiotic residues. So it is of great significance to guarantee food safety and protect the health of consumers by the rational use of macrolides. This review gives a detailed description of the influence of macrolides on CYP450 and the DDIs of macrolides caused by CYP450. Moreover, it offers a perspective for researchers to further explore in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sara Badawy
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Changqing Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Pham C, Nagar S, Korzekwa K. Numerical analysis of time-dependent inhibition kinetics: comparison between rat liver microsomes and rat hepatocyte data for mechanistic model fitting. Xenobiotica 2020. [PMID: 28644704 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1345020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Time-dependent inhibition (TDI) may confound drug interaction predictions. Recently, models were generated for an array of TDI kinetic schemes using numerical analysis of microsomal assays. Additionally, a distinct terminal inactivation step was identified for certain mechanism based inhibitors (MBI) following reversible metabolite intermediate complex (MIC) formation. Longer hepatocyte incubations potentially allow analysis of slow TDI and terminal inactivation. In the experiments presented here, we compared the quality of TDI parameterization by numerical analysis between hepatocyte and microsomal data. Rat liver microsomes (RLM), suspended rat hepatocytes (SRH) and sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRH) were incubated with the prototypical CYP3A MBI troleandomycin and the substrate midazolam. Data from RLM provided a better model fit as compared to SRH. Increased CYP3A expression after dexamethasone (DEX) induction improved the fit for RLM and SRH. A novel sequential kinetic scheme, defining inhibitor metabolite production prior to MIC formation, improved the fit compared to direct MIC formation. Furthermore, terminal inactivation rate constants were parameterized for RLM and SRH samples with DEX-induced CYP3A. The low expression of CYP3A and experimental error in SCRH resulted in poor data for model fitting. Overall, RLM generated data better suited for elucidation of TDI mechanisms by numerical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuong Pham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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McDonald MG, Tian DD, Thummel KE, Paine MF, Rettie AE. Modulation of Major Human Liver Microsomal Cytochromes P450 by Component Alkaloids of Goldenseal: Time-Dependent Inhibition and Allosteric Effects. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1018-1027. [PMID: 32591416 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.091041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Botanical and other natural products (NPs) are often coconsumed with prescription medications, presenting a risk for cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated NP-drug interactions. The NP goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) has exhibited antimicrobial activities in vitro attributed to isoquinoline alkaloids contained in the plant, primarily berberine, (-)-β-hydrastine, and to a lesser extent, hydrastinine. These alkaloids contain methylenedioxyphenyl rings, structural alerts with potential to inactivate P450s through formation of metabolic intermediate complexes. Time-dependent inhibition experiments were conducted to evaluate their ability to inhibit major P450 activities in human liver microsomes by using a cocktail of isozyme-specific substrate probes. Berberine inhibited CYP2D6 (dextromethorphan O-demethylation; K I = 2.7 μM, kinact = 0.065 minute-1) and CYP3A4/5 (midazolam 1'-hydroxylation; K I = 14.8 μM, kinact = 0.019 minute-1); (-)-β-hydrastine inhibited CYP2C9 (diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation; K I = 49 μM, kinact = 0.036 minute-1), CYP2D6 (K I > 250 μM, kinact > 0.06 minute-1), and CYP3A4/5 (K I = 28 μM, kinact = 0.056 minute-1); and hydrastinine inhibited CYP2D6 (K I = 37 μM, kinact = 0.049 minute-1) activity. Berberine additionally exhibited allosteric effects on midazolam hydroxylation, showing both positive and negative heterotropic cooperativity. Experiments with recombinant isozymes showed that berberine activated midazolam 1'-hydroxylation by CYP3A5, lowering K m(app), but showed mixed inhibition and negative cooperativity toward this reaction when catalyzed by CYP3A4. Berberine inactivated CYP3A4 at a much faster rate than CYP3A5 and was a noncompetitive inhibitor of midazolam 4-hydroxylation by CYP3A4 but a strong mixed inhibitor of the CYP3A5 catalyzed reaction. These complex kinetics should be considered when extrapolating the risk for NP-drug interactions involving goldenseal. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Robust kinetic parameters were determined for the reversible and time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5 activities in human liver microsomes by major component isoquinoline alkaloids contained in the botanical natural product goldenseal. The alkaloid berberine also exhibited opposing, isozyme-specific allosteric effects on midazolam hydroxylation mediated by recombinant CYP3A4 (inhibition) and CYP3A5 (activation). These data will inform the development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model that can be used to predict potential clinically relevant goldenseal-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G McDonald
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., A.E.R.) and Pharmaceutics (K.E.T.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-D.T., M.F.P.), College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (K.E.T., M.F.P., A.E.R.)
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., A.E.R.) and Pharmaceutics (K.E.T.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-D.T., M.F.P.), College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (K.E.T., M.F.P., A.E.R.)
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., A.E.R.) and Pharmaceutics (K.E.T.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-D.T., M.F.P.), College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (K.E.T., M.F.P., A.E.R.)
| | - Mary F Paine
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., A.E.R.) and Pharmaceutics (K.E.T.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-D.T., M.F.P.), College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (K.E.T., M.F.P., A.E.R.)
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., A.E.R.) and Pharmaceutics (K.E.T.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-D.T., M.F.P.), College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (K.E.T., M.F.P., A.E.R.)
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7
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Palacharla VRC, Chunduru P, Ajjala DR, Bhyrapuneni G, Nirogi R, Li AP. Development and Validation of a Higher-Throughput Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assay with the Novel Cofactor-Supplemented Permeabilized Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes (MetMax Human Hepatocytes). Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1032-1039. [PMID: 31375472 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the application of a novel hepatocyte system, the cofactor-supplemented permeabilized cryopreserved human hepatocytes [MetMax human hepatocytes (MMHHs)] in a higher-throughput 384-well plate assay for the evaluation of cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibition. The assay was created to develop physiologically relevant P450 inhibition information, taking advantage of the complete organelle composition and their associated drug-metabolizing enzymes of the MMHH but with the ease of use of human liver microsomes, including storage at -80°C instead of in liquid nitrogen, and thaw and use without centrifugation and microscopic evaluation as required for intact hepatocytes. Nine key P450 isoforms for drug metabolism (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4) were evaluated using multiple isoform-selective inhibitors. Results with MMHH were found to be comparable to those obtained with intact cryopreserved human hepatocytes (CHHs). Isoform-selective drug-metabolizing enzyme pathways evaluated were phenacetin O-deethylation (CYP1A2), coumarin 7-hydroxylation (CYP2A6), bupropion hydroxylation (CYP2B6), amodiaquine N-deethylation (CYP2C8), diclofenac 4-hydroxylation (CYP2C9), s-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan O-demethylation (CYP2D6), chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation (CYP2E1), and midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation (CYP3A4). The Km values obtained with MMHHs were comparable with those reported in the literature for CHHs. Using substrate concentrations at or near Km values, the IC50 values for the standard inhibitors against the P450 activities were found to be comparable between MMHHs and CHHs, with 73% and 84% of values falling within 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively, from the line of unity. The results indicate that MMHHs can be an efficient experimental system for the evaluation of P450 inhibition in hepatocytes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MetMax human hepatocytes (MMHHs) are cofactor-supplemented cryopreserved human hepatocytes with the complete drug-metabolizing enzyme pathways of the conventional hepatocytes but with the convenience of human liver microsomes, including storage at -80°C instead of in liquid nitrogen, and direct thaw and use without a need for centrifugation and microscopic examination. Here, we report the application of MMHH in a high-throughput assay in a 384-well plate format for the evaluation of cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibition. Our results show that data obtained with MMHH are similar to those with conventional hepatocytes, suggesting that the MMHH 384-well P450 inhibition assay can be used routinely for the evaluation of drug-drug interaction potential of new chemical entities in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Raghava Choudary Palacharla
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Prathyusha Chunduru
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Devender Reddy Ajjala
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Gopinadh Bhyrapuneni
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Albert P Li
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
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8
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Stanisavljević A, Perić I, Bernardi RE, Gass P, Filipović D. Clozapine increased c-Fos protein expression in several brain subregions of socially isolated rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:35-44. [PMID: 31299320 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic social stress and/or pharmacological treatments differentially modulate the expression of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activity, in subregions of the rat brain. Here, we examined the effect of the atypical antipsychotic Clozapine (Clz) (20 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks) on the neuronal activation pattern of c-Fos protein expression in stress-relevant brain subregions of adult male Wistar rats exposed to chronic social isolation (CSIS: 3 weeks), an animal model of depression and schizophrenia, and controls. The protein expression of c-Fos was also used to map neuronal populations in brain subregions activated by CSIS alone. Subregions which showed significantly increased c-Fos protein expression following CSIS included the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), (subregions:RSC granular cortex, c region (RSGc) and dysgranular (RSD)), dentate gyrus, dorsal (DGd), paraventricular thalamic nucleus, posterior part (PVP), lateral (LA)/basolateral (BL) complex of amygdala, caudate putamen (CPu) and accumbens nucleus, shell (AcbSh). Increases in c-Fos protein expression in the RSGc, RSD, DGd, PVP, LA/BL complex of amygdala and striatum (CPu, Acb Core (AcbC) and AcbSh) following Clz treatment in controls were found. Clz applied simultaneously with CSIS modulated neuronal activity in CPu, AcbC and AcbSh subregions compared to CSIS alone, increasing c-Fos protein expression. Furthermore, Clz revealed synergistic effects with CSIS in the CA1d and PVP. These identified neural circuits reflect brain subregions activated following CSIS and/or Clz administration. These data further contribute to the understanding of the effectiveness of Clz in the modulation of brain subregion activation in response to CSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Stanisavljević
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Perić
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rick E Bernardi
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Dragana Filipović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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9
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Kratochwil NA, Triyatni M, Mueller MB, Klammers F, Leonard B, Turley D, Schmaler J, Ekiciler A, Molitor B, Walter I, Gonsard PA, Tournillac CA, Durrwell A, Marschmann M, Jones R, Ullah M, Boess F, Ottaviani G, Jin Y, Parrott NJ, Fowler S. Simultaneous Assessment of Clearance, Metabolism, Induction, and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential Using a Long-Term In Vitro Liver Model for a Novel Hepatitis B Virus Inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:237-248. [PMID: 29453199 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term in vitro liver models are now widely explored for human hepatic metabolic clearance prediction, enzyme phenotyping, cross-species metabolism, comparison of low clearance drugs, and induction studies. Here, we present studies using a long-term liver model, which show how metabolism and active transport, drug-drug interactions, and enzyme induction in healthy and diseased states, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, may be assessed in a single test system to enable effective data integration for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. The approach is exemplified in the case of (3S)-4-[[(4R)-4-(2-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-2-thiazol-2-yl-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-6-yl]methyl]morpholine-3-carboxylic acid RO6889678, a novel inhibitor of HBV with a complex absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile. RO6889678 showed an intracellular enrichment of 78-fold in hepatocytes, with an apparent intrinsic clearance of 5.2 µl/min per mg protein and uptake and biliary clearances of 2.6 and 1.6 µl/min per mg protein, respectively. When apparent intrinsic clearance was incorporated into a PBPK model, the simulated oral human profiles were in good agreement with observed data at low doses but were underestimated at high doses due to unexpected overproportional increases in exposure with dose. In addition, the induction potential of RO6889678 on cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and transporters at steady state was assessed and cotreatment with ritonavir revealed a complex drug-drug interaction with concurrent P450 inhibition and moderate UDP-glucuronosyltransferase induction. Furthermore, we report on the first evaluation of in vitro pharmacokinetics studies using HBV-infected HepatoPac cocultures. Thus, long-term liver models have great potential as translational research tools exploring pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in vitro in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Kratochwil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Miriam Triyatni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Martina B Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Florian Klammers
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Brian Leonard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Dan Turley
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Josephine Schmaler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Aynur Ekiciler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Birgit Molitor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Isabelle Walter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Pierre-Alexis Gonsard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Charles A Tournillac
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Alexandre Durrwell
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Michaela Marschmann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Russell Jones
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Mohammed Ullah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Franziska Boess
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Giorgio Ottaviani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Yuyan Jin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Neil J Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
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10
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den Braver-Sewradj SP, den Braver MW, Baze A, Decorde J, Fonsi M, Bachellier P, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM, Richert L, Vos JC. Direct comparison of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and cytochrome P450 activities in human liver microsomes, plated and suspended primary human hepatocytes from five liver donors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:96-110. [PMID: 28778465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are the major enzymes involved in hepatic metabolism of drugs. Hepatic drug metabolism is commonly investigated using human liver microsomes (HLM) or primary human hepatocytes (PHH). We describe the development of a sensitive assay to phenotype activities of six major hepatic UGT isoforms (UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7) in intact PHH by analysis of glucuronidation of selective probe substrates. The non-selective, general substrate 7-hydroxycoumarin was included for comparison. For each liver donor preparation (five donors) UGT activities in cryopreserved suspended and plated PHH were compared to HLM prepared from the same donors. Standard CYP reaction phenotyping of seven major isoforms was performed in parallel. For all donors, CYP- and UGT-isoforms activity profiles were comparable in PHH and HLM, indicating that reaction phenotyping with selective probe substrates in intact cells primarily reflects respective CYP or UGT activity. System-dependent effects on UGT and CYP isoform activity were still found. While UGT activity of UGT1A1 was equivalent in plated and suspended PHH, UGT1A3, UGT1A6 and UGT2B7 activity was higher in suspended PHH and UGT1A9 and UGT1A4 activity was higher in plated PHH. The well-known decrease in activity of most CYP isoforms in plated compared to suspended PHH was confirmed. Importantly, we found a significant loss in CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 in HLM, activity being lower than in intact cells. Taken together, these findings implicate that, dependent on the UGT or CYP isoforms involved in the metabolism of a given compound, the outcome of metabolic assays is strongly dependent on the choice of the in vitro system. The currently described UGT- and CYP- activity profiling method can be used as a standard assay in intact cells and can especially aid in reaction phenotyping of in vitro systems for which a limited number of cells are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalenie P den Braver-Sewradj
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, O
- 2 building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel W den Braver
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, O
- 2 building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Audrey Baze
- Kaly-Cell, 20A Rue du Général Leclerc, Plobsheim, France; UNISTRA, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Bachellier
- UNISTRA, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg, France; Centre de Chirurgie Viscérale et de Transplantation, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 67098 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nico P E Vermeulen
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, O
- 2 building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Commandeur
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, O
- 2 building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lysiane Richert
- Kaly-Cell, 20A Rue du Général Leclerc, Plobsheim, France; PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France.
| | - J Chris Vos
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, O
- 2 building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Sohlenius-Sternbeck AK, Meyerson G, Hagbjörk AL, Juric S, Terelius Y. A strategy for early-risk predictions of clinical drug-drug interactions involving the GastroPlus TM DDI module for time-dependent CYP inhibitors. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:348-356. [PMID: 28443803 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1323136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
1. A set of reference compounds for time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of cytochrome P450 with available literature data for kinact and KI was used to predict clinical implications using the GastroPlusTM software. Comparisons were made to in vivo literature interaction data. 2. The predicted AUC ratios (AUC+inhibitor/AUCcontrol) could be compared with the observed ratios from literature for all compounds with detailed information about in vivo administration, pharmacokinetics and in vivo interactions (N = 21). For this dataset, the difference between predicted and observed AUC ratios for interactions with midazolam was within twofold for all compounds except one (telaprevir, for which non-CYP-mediated metabolism likely plays a role after multiple dosing). 3. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the GastroPlusTM predictions using a binary classification as no-to-weak interaction versus moderate-to-strong interaction for all compounds with available in vivo interaction data, were 80%, 82% and 81%, respectively (N = 31). 4. As a result of our evaluations of the DDI module in GastroPlusTM, we have implemented an early TDI risk assessment decision tree for our drug discovery projects involving in vitro screening and early GastroPlusTM predictions. Shifted IC50 values are determined and kinact/KI estimated (by using a regression line established with in house-shifted IC50 values and literature kinact/KI ratios), followed by GastroPlusTM predictions.
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12
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Zetterberg C, Maltais F, Laitinen L, Liao S, Tsao H, Chakilam A, Hariparsad N. VX-509 (Decernotinib)-Mediated CYP3A Time-Dependent Inhibition: An Aldehyde Oxidase Metabolite as a Perpetrator of Drug-Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1286-95. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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13
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Evaluation of Time Dependent Inhibition Assays for Marketed Oncology Drugs: Comparison of Human Hepatocytes and Liver Microsomes in the Presence and Absence of Human Plasma. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1204-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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Martin P, Giardiello M, McDonald TO, Smith D, Siccardi M, Rannard SP, Owen A. Augmented Inhibition of CYP3A4 in Human Primary Hepatocytes by Ritonavir Solid Drug Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3556-68. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Martin
- Department
of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Block H, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, U.K
| | - Marco Giardiello
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - Tom O. McDonald
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - Darren Smith
- Department
of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Ellison
Building, Newcastle NE1
8ST, U.K
| | - Marco Siccardi
- Department
of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Block H, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, U.K
| | - Steven P. Rannard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department
of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Block H, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, U.K
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15
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Liu Y, Flynn TJ, Xia M, Wiesenfeld PL, Ferguson MS. Evaluation of CYP3A4 inhibition and hepatotoxicity using DMSO-treated human hepatoma HuH-7 cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2015; 31:221-30. [PMID: 26377104 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-015-9306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A human hepatoma cell line (HuH-7) was evaluated as a metabolically competent cell model to investigate cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition, induction, and hepatotoxicity. First, CYP3A4 gene expression and activity were determined in HuH-7 cells under three culture conditions: 1-week culture, 3-week culture, or 1 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment. HuH-7 cells treated with DMSO for 2 weeks after confluence expressed the highest CYP3A4 gene expression and activity compared to the other two culture conditions. Furthermore, CYP3A4 activity in DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells was compared to that in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2/C3A) and human bipotent progenitor cell line (HepaRG), which yielded the following ranking: HepaRG > DMSO-treated HuH-7 >> HepG2/C3A cells. The effects of three known CYP3A4 inhibitors were evaluated using DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells. CYP3A4 enzyme inhibition in HuH-7 cells was further compared to human recombinant CYP3A4, indicating similar potency for reversible inhibitors (IC 50 within 2.5-fold), but different potency for the irreversible inhibitor. Next, induction of CYP3A4 activity was compared between DMSO-treated HuH-7 and HepaRG cells using two known inducers. DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells yielded minimal CYP3A4 induction compared to that in the HepaRG cells after 48-h treatments. Finally, the cytotoxicity of five known hepatotoxicants was evaluated in DMSO-treated HuH-7, HepG2/C3A, and HepaRG cells, and significant differences in cytotoxic sensitivity were observed. Overall, DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells are a valuable model for medium- or high-throughput screening of chemicals for CYP3A4 inhibition and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA.
| | - Thomas J Flynn
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paddy L Wiesenfeld
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Martine S Ferguson
- Division of Public Health Informatics & Analytics, Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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16
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Li AP. Evaluation of Adverse Drug Properties with Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes and the Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture (IdMOC(TM)) System. Toxicol Res 2015; 31:137-49. [PMID: 26191380 PMCID: PMC4505344 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2015.31.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocytes, with complete hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters and cofactors, represent the gold standard for in vitro evaluation of drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and hepatotoxicity. Successful cryopreservation of human hepatocytes enables this experimental system to be used routinely. The use of human hepatocytes to evaluate two major adverse drug properties: drug-drug interactions and hepatotoxicity, are summarized in this review. The application of human hepatocytes in metabolism-based drug-drug interaction includes metabolite profiling, pathway identification, P450 inhibition, P450 induction, and uptake and efflux transporter inhibition. The application of human hepatocytes in toxicity evaluation includes in vitro hepatotoxicity and metabolism-based drug toxicity determination. A novel system, the Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture (IdMOC) which allows the evaluation of nonhepatic toxicity in the presence of hepatic metabolism, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, 9221 Rumsey Road Suite 8, Columbia, MD 21045
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17
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Riley RJ, Wilson CE. Cytochrome P450 time-dependent inhibition and induction: advances in assays, risk analysis and modelling. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:557-72. [PMID: 25659570 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1013095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is widely accepted that current practice of polypharmacy inevitably increases the incidence of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Serious DDIs are a major liability for new molecular entities entering the pharmaceutical market. Various strategies are employed to avoid problematic compounds for clinical development. Progress made with reversible CYP DDIs has prompted a switch to study and model time-dependent inhibition and induction interactions. AREAS COVERED An overview of popular experimental practices is presented with discussion of techniques and algorithms used to analyse the clinical DDI risk. Emphasis is placed on the transition from early, simple static equations, via more complex net mechanistic, static models to dynamic approaches involving multiple perpetrators and metabolites, simultaneous inhibition and induction. EXPERT OPINION Inclusion of the more conservative terms for parameters required for DDI evaluation may eliminate promising chemical space, encourages poor practice and hampers innovation. Breakthroughs have originated from understanding of 'outliers' from such analyses where CYP enzyme-transporter interplay may be involved. The role of key transporters in drug disposition is firmly established as the chemistry required to address new targets deviates from traditional 'drug-like' space. Attempts to model more complex interactions for substrates of both CYP enzymes and drug transporters are still in their infancy and will benefit from dynamic modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Riley
- Evotec (UK) Ltd , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RZ , UK +44 1235 861561 ; +44 1235 863139 ;
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18
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Ferreira A, Rodrigues M, Silvestre S, Falcão A, Alves G. HepaRG cell line as an in vitro model for screening drug–drug interactions mediated by metabolic induction: Amiodarone used as a model substance. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1531-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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19
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A cocktail approach for assessing the in vitro activity of human cytochrome P450s: An overview of current methodologies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:221-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Zang M, Zhu F, Li X, Yang A, Xing J. Auto-induction of phase I and phase II metabolism of artemisinin in healthy Chinese subjects after oral administration of a new artemisinin-piperaquine fixed combination. Malar J 2014; 13:214. [PMID: 24889062 PMCID: PMC4055232 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artequick is a relatively inexpensive artemisinin (Qing-hao-su; QHS)-based combination therapy (ACT) that contains QHS and piperaquine (PQ), which has not been widely used because of the decreased concentration level of QHS after repeated oral administrations for five to seven days as a monotherapy. This study was designed to evaluate the potential auto-induction metabolism of QHS in healthy Chinese adults after a two-day oral administration of QHS-PQ. The effect of QHS-PQ on the activity of the CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 was also investigated. Methods Fourteen healthy Chinese subjects received two-day oral doses of QHS-PQ (Artequick). A two-drug cocktail consisting of bupropion and midazolam was used to assess the activities of CYP2B6 and CYP3A, respectively. Plasma samples were analysed for QHS and its phase I/II metabolites, probe drugs and their metabolites, using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS) method. Results Four major phase I metabolites of QHS (M1-M3 and deoxy-QHS) and two subsequent phase II metabolites (M4-M5) were detected in human plasma after oral administrations of QHS-PQ. The AUC0-t of the QHS and its phase I metabolites decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increased oral clearance (CL/F) after two-day oral doses of QHS-PQ, whereas its phase II metabolites exhibited higher AUC (P < 0.01). The phase I metabolic capability, calculated by the AUC0-t ratio of all phase I metabolites to QHS, increased 1.5-fold after the repeated dose (P < 0.01), and the phase II metabolic capability increased 1.5-fold for M4 and 3.0-fold for M5. The enzyme activity of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 increased 2.1-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively, after two-day oral doses of QHS-PQ. Conclusions The auto-induction of both phase I and phase II metabolism of QHS was present in healthy Chinese subjects after a recommended two-day oral dose of QHS-PQ. The auto-induction metabolism also existed for phase I metabolites of QHS. The enzyme activity of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 was induced after the two-day oral doses of QHS-PQ. Based on these results, the alternative common three-day regimen for QHS-PQ could probably lead to lower bioavailability of QHS and higher potential of drug-drug interaction caused by the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jie Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44# West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P R China.
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Abstract
The accuracy of preclinical safety evaluation to predict human toxicity is hindered by species difference in drug metabolism and toxic mechanism between human and nonhuman animals. In vitro human-based experimental systems allowing the assessment of human-specific drug properties represent a logical and practical approach to provide human-specific information. An advantage of in vitro approaches is that they require only limited amounts of time and resources, and, most importantly, do not invoke harm to human patients. Human hepatocytes, with complete hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters and cofactors, represent a practical and useful experimental system to assess drug metabolism. The use of human hepatocytes to evaluate two major adverse drug properties, drug–drug interactions and hepatotoxicity, are reviewed. The application of human hepatocytes in metabolism-based drug–drug interactions includes metabolite profiling, pathway identification, CYP450 inhibition, CYP450 induction, and uptake and efflux transporter inhibition. The application of human hepatocytes in toxicity evaluation includes in vitro hepatotoxicity and metabolism-based drug toxicity determination. Correlation of drug toxicity with proteomics and genomics data may allow the discovery of clinical biomarkers for early detection of liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, 9221 Rumsey Road Suite 8, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
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Abstract
This chapter describes the types of irreversible inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes and the methods commonly employed to quantify the irreversible inhibition and subsequently predict the extent and time course of clinically important drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mohutsky
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Stresser DM, Mao J, Kenny JR, Jones BC, Grime K. Exploring concepts ofin vitrotime-dependent CYP inhibition assays. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 10:157-74. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.856882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Desbans C, Hilgendorf C, Lutz M, Bachellier P, Zacharias T, Weber JC, Dolgos H, Richert L, Ungell AL. Prediction of fraction metabolized via CYP3A in humans utilizing cryopreserved human hepatocytes from a set of 12 single donors. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:17-27. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.809617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Kobayashi K, Kajiwara E, Ishikawa M, Mimura H, Oka H, Ejiri Y, Hosoda M, Chiba K. Cytotoxic Effects of Benzbromarone and Its 1′-Hydroxy Metabolite in Human Hepatocarcinoma FLC4 Cells Cultured on Micro-space Cell Culture Plates. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 28:265-8. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-nt-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang D, Luo G, Ding X, Lu C. Preclinical experimental models of drug metabolism and disposition in drug discovery and development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Determination of paracetamol in mouse, rat and dog plasma samples by laser diode thermal desorption--APCI-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1327-35. [PMID: 22720651 DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laser diode thermal desorption (LDTD) is a relatively new sample introduction interface for MS. Analysis times are short as the technique does not require time-consuming separation steps, such as conventional HPLC, thus saving on the use of organic solvents, modifiers and cost, relating to their subsequent disposal. This paper compares the merits of LDTD-APCI-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS for the analysis of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in plasma from different species. RESULTS LDTD-APCI-MS/MS compared favorably with our existing high-throughput generic LC-MS/MS method giving improved data quality. LDTD-APCI-MS/MS assay performance in terms of accuracy and precision in mouse, rat and dog plasma were within our local acceptance criteria (±30%). Run times were reduced approximately tenfold, while saving approximately 200 ml of solvent per 96-well plate. CONCLUSION A rapid, sensitive and robust assay is reported. The method was successfully used for the analysis of spiked mouse, rat and dog plasma samples and the determination of oral pharmacokinetics. Reductions in electrical power and reagent consumption position LDTD as an environmentally 'green' bioanalytical method.
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Xing J, Kirby BJ, Whittington D, Wan Y, Goodlett DR. Evaluation of P450 Inhibition and Induction by Artemisinin Antimalarials in Human Liver Microsomes and Primary Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1757-64. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.045765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Albaugh DR, Fullenwider CL, Fisher MB, Hutzler JM. Time-dependent inhibition and estimation of CYP3A clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions using plated human cell systems. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1336-44. [PMID: 22490230 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.044644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current studies assessed the utility of freshly plated hepatocytes, cryopreserved plated hepatocytes, and cryopreserved plated HepaRG cells for the estimation of inactivation parameters k(inact) and K(I) for CYP3A. This was achieved using a subset of CYP3A time-dependent inhibitors (fluoxetine, verapamil, clarithromycin, troleandomycin, and mibefradil) representing a range of potencies. The estimated k(inact) and K(I) values for each time-dependent inhibitor were compared with those obtained using human liver microsomes and used to estimate the magnitude of clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI). The inactivation kinetic parameter, k(inact), was most consistent across systems tested for clarithromycin, verapamil, and troleandomycin, with a high k(inact) of 0.91 min(-1) observed for mibefradil in HepaRG cells. The apparent K(I) estimates derived from the various systems displayed a range of variability from 3-fold for clarithromycin (5.4-17.7 μM) to 6-fold for verapamil (1.9-12.6 μM). In general, the inactivation kinetic parameters derived from the cell systems tested fairly replicated what was observed in time-dependent inhibition studies using human liver microsomes. Despite some of the observed differences in inactivation kinetic parameters, the estimated DDIs derived from each of the tested systems generally agreed with the clinically reported DDI within approximately 2-fold. In addition, a plated cell approach offered the ability to conduct longer primary incubations (greater than 30 min), which afforded improved ability to identify the weak time-dependent inhibitor fluoxetine. Overall, results from these studies suggest that in vitro inactivation parameters generated from plated cell systems may be a practical approach for identifying time-dependent inhibitors and for estimating the magnitude of clinical DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Albaugh
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Medicinal Chemistry (Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics), 175 Briar Ridge Road, R&D 10574, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
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Flora DR, Tracy TS. Development of an in vitro system with human liver microsomes for phenotyping of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms with a mechanism-based inactivator. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:836-42. [PMID: 22205778 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.043372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 enzymes can significantly alter the rate of drug metabolism, as well as the extent of drug-drug interactions. Individuals who homozygotically express the CYP2C9*3 allele (I359L) of CYP2C9 exhibit ∼70 to 80% reductions in the oral clearance of drugs metabolized through this pathway; the reduction in clearance is ∼40 to 50% for heterozygotic individuals. Although these polymorphisms result in a decrease in the activity of individual enzyme molecules, we hypothesized that decreasing the total number of active enzyme molecules in an in vitro system (CYP2C9*1/*1 human liver microsomes) by an equivalent percentage could produce the same net change in overall metabolic capacity. To this end, the selective CYP2C9 mechanism-based inactivator tienilic acid was used to reduce irreversibly the total CYP2C9 activity in human liver microsomes. Tienilic acid concentrations were effectively titrated to produce microsomal preparations with 43 and 73% less activity, mimicking the CYP2C9*1/*3 and CYP2C9*3/*3 genotypes, respectively. With probe substrates specific for other major cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4), no apparent changes in the rate of metabolism were noted for these enzymes after the addition of tienilic acid, which suggests that this model is selective for CYP2C9. In lieu of using rare human liver microsomes from CYP2C9*1/*3 and CYP2C9*3/*3 individuals, a tienilic acid-created knockdown in human liver microsomes may be an appropriate in vitro model to determine CYP2C9-mediated metabolism of a given substrate, to determine whether other drug-metabolizing enzymes may compensate for reduced CYP2C9 activity, and to predict the extent of genotype-dependent drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy R Flora
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Na DH, Ji HY, Park EJ, Kim MS, Liu KH, Lee HS. Evaluation of metabolism-mediated herb-drug interactions. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1829-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schaefer O, Ohtsuki S, Kawakami H, Inoue T, Liehner S, Saito A, Sakamoto A, Ishiguro N, Matsumaru T, Terasaki T, Ebner T. Absolute Quantification and Differential Expression of Drug Transporters, Cytochrome P450 Enzymes, and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases in Cultured Primary Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:93-103. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.042275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Chen Y, Liu L, Monshouwer M, Fretland AJ. Determination of Time-Dependent Inactivation of CYP3A4 in Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes and Assessment of Human Drug-Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2085-92. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Chemical inhibitors of cytochrome P450 isoforms in human liver microsomes: a re-evaluation of P450 isoform selectivity. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 36:1-16. [PMID: 21336516 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-011-0024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The majority of marketed small-molecule drugs undergo metabolism by hepatic Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (Rendic 2002). Since these enzymes metabolize a structurally diverse number of drugs, metabolism-based drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can potentially occur when multiple drugs are coadministered to patients. Thus, a careful in vitro assessment of the contribution of various CYP isoforms to the total metabolism is important for predicting whether such DDIs might take place. One method of CYP phenotyping involves the use of potent and selective chemical inhibitors in human liver microsomal incubations in the presence of a test compound. The selectivity of such inhibitors plays a critical role in deciphering the involvement of specific CYP isoforms. Here, we review published data on the potency and selectivity of chemical inhibitors of the major human hepatic CYP isoforms. The most selective inhibitors available are furafylline (in co-incubation and pre-incubation conditions) for CYP1A2, 2-phenyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)propane (PPP) for CYP2B6, montelukast for CYP2C8, sulfaphenazole for CYP2C9, (-)-N-3-benzyl-phenobarbital for CYP2C19 and quinidine for CYP2D6. As for CYP2A6, tranylcypromine is the most widely used inhibitor, but on the basis of initial studies, either 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methanamine (PPM) and 3-(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)pyridine (MIP) can replace tranylcypromine as the most selective CYP2A6 inhibitor. For CYP3A4, ketoconazole is widely used in phenotyping studies, although azamulin is a far more selective CYP3A inhibitor. Most of the phenotyping studies do not include CYP2E1, mostly because of the limited number of new drug candidates that are metabolized by this enzyme. Among the inhibitors for this enzyme, 4-methylpyrazole appears to be selective.
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Mao J, Mohutsky MA, Harrelson JP, Wrighton SA, Hall SD. Prediction of CYP3A-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions Using Human Hepatocytes Suspended in Human Plasma. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:591-602. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.036400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hanson KL, VandenBrink BM, Babu KN, Allen KE, Nelson WL, Kunze KL. Sequential metabolism of secondary alkyl amines to metabolic-intermediate complexes: opposing roles for the secondary hydroxylamine and primary amine metabolites of desipramine, (s)-fluoxetine, and N-desmethyldiltiazem. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:963-72. [PMID: 20200233 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.032391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three secondary amines desipramine (DES), (S)-fluoxetine [(S)-FLX], and N-desmethyldiltiazem (MA) undergo N-hydroxylation to the corresponding secondary hydroxylamines [N-hydroxydesipramine, (S)-N-hydroxyfluoxetine, and N-hydroxy-N-desmethyldiltiazem] by cytochromes P450 2C11, 2C19, and 3A4, respectively. The expected primary amine products, N-desmethyldesipramine, (S)-norfluoxetine, and N,N-didesmethyldiltiazem, are also observed. The formation of metabolic-intermediate (MI) complexes from these substrates and metabolites was examined. In each example, the initial rates of MI complex accumulation followed the order secondary hydroxylamine > secondary amine >> primary amine, suggesting that the primary amine metabolites do not contribute to formation of MI complexes from these secondary amines. Furthermore, the primary amine metabolites, which accumulate in incubations of the secondary amines, inhibit MI complex formation. Mass balance studies provided estimates of the product ratios of N-dealkylation to N-hydroxylation. The ratios were 2.9 (DES-CYP2C11), 3.6 [(S)-FLX-CYP2C19], and 0.8 (MA-CYP3A4), indicating that secondary hydroxylamines are significant metabolites of the P450-mediated metabolism of secondary alkyl amines. Parallel studies with N-methyl-d(3)-desipramine and CYP2C11 demonstrated significant isotopically sensitive switching from N-demethylation to N-hydroxylation. These findings demonstrate that the major pathway to MI complex formation from these secondary amines arises from N-hydroxylation rather than N-dealkylation and that the primary amines are significant competitive inhibitors of MI complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Hanson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Sand PG, Dreiseitel A, Stang M, Schreier P, Oehme A, Locher S, Hajak G. Cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibitory activity of common berry constituents. Phytother Res 2010; 24:304-7. [PMID: 19585468 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2C19 is involved in the metabolism of many commonly prescribed drugs, including proton pump inhibitors, antiepileptics and antidepressants. CYP2C19 inhibitors from food and food supplements may augment the toxicity of these agents and lead to noncompliance with treatment. The present investigation addresses CYP2C19 inhibition by 18 berry constituents using a chemiluminescent assay. Test compounds displayed inhibitory properties in a concentration-dependent fashion, with IC(50) values ranging from 20.2 microM up to >316 microM. In the order of decreasing effect size, anthocyanidins were followed by anthocyanidin-monoglycosides and procyanidins. Anthocyanidin-diglucosides exhibited weak and biphasic effects. When compared with the CYP2C19 inhibitor fluvoxamine, the flavonoids under study were 50- to 750-fold less potent. It is concluded that the above natural substances are moderate to poor inhibitors of CYP2C19 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp G Sand
- University of Regensburg, Department of Psychiatry, Regensburg, Germany.
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Aueviriyavit S, Kobayashi K, Chiba K. Species Differences in Mechanism-Based Inactivation of CYP3A in Humans, Rats and Mice. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 25:93-100. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.25.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Parkinson A, Kazmi F, Buckley DB, Yerino P, Ogilvie BW, Paris BL. System-Dependent Outcomes during the Evaluation of Drug Candidates as Inhibitors of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Enzymes: Human Hepatocytes versus Liver Microsomes versus Recombinant Enzymes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 25:16-27. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.25.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Boobis A, Watelet JB, Whomsley R, Benedetti MS, Demoly P, Tipton K. Drug interactions. Drug Metab Rev 2009; 41:486-527. [PMID: 19601724 DOI: 10.1080/10837450902891550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drugs for allergy are often taken in combination with other drugs, either to treat allergy or other conditions. In common with many pharmaceuticals, most such drugs are subject to metabolism by P450 enzymes and to transmembrane transport. This gives rise to considerable potential for drug-drug interactions, to which must be added consideration of drug-diet interactions. The potential for metabolism-based drug interactions is increasingly being taken into account during drug development, using a variety of in silico and in vitro approaches. Prediction of transporter-based interactions is not as advanced. The clinical importance of a drug interaction will depend upon a number of factors, and it is important to address concerns quantitatively, taking into account the therapeutic index of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boobis
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London.
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Volotinen M, Korjamo T, Tolonen A, Turpeinen M, Pelkonen O, Hakkola J, Mäenpää J. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on timolol metabolism in human liver microsomes and cryo-preserved hepatocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:302-9. [PMID: 19912165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Timolol has been widely used in the treatment of glaucoma. Topically applied, timolol may cause adverse cardiovascular effects due to systemic absorption through the nasolacrimal duct. Timolol is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) in the liver. The aim of the present study was to characterize further the metabolism of timolol in vitro. Especially the effect of several drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on the metabolism of timolol was evaluated. In human liver microsomes, four timolol metabolites were identified, in cryo-preserved hepatocytes nine. In both in vitro experiments, the hydroxy metabolite M1 was the main metabolite. The in vivo half-life predicted for timolol was 3.7 hr. in cryo-preserved hepatocytes, corresponding to the half-life of timolol in humans in vivo. Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram and fluvoxamine inhibited the formation of M1 in microsomes with IC(50) values of 1.4, 2.0, 3.5, 21 and 20 microM, respectively. In human cryo-preserved hepatocytes, the IC(50) values for fluoxetine, paroxetine and fluvoxamine were 0.7, 0.5 and 5.9 microM, respectively. In conclusion, compounds known to be potent CYP2D6 inhibitors inhibited timolol metabolism in in vitro experiments. The present results strongly suggest that fluoxetine and paroxetine may significantly affect the metabolism of timolol also in vivo and may thus potentiate the adverse cardiovascular effects of topically administered timolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Volotinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Fahmi OA, Hurst S, Plowchalk D, Cook J, Guo F, Youdim K, Dickins M, Phipps A, Darekar A, Hyland R, Obach RS. Comparison of Different Algorithms for Predicting Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions, Based on the Use of CYP3A4 in Vitro Data: Predictions of Compounds as Precipitants of Interaction. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1658-66. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.026252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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McGinnity DF, Zhang G, Kenny JR, Hamilton GA, Otmani S, Stams KR, Haney S, Brassil P, Stresser DM, Riley RJ. Evaluation of Multiple in Vitro Systems for Assessment of CYP3A4 Induction in Drug Discovery: Human Hepatocytes, Pregnane X Receptor Reporter Gene, and Fa2N-4 and HepaRG Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1259-68. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.026526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Perloff ES, Mason AK, Dehal SS, Blanchard AP, Morgan L, Ho T, Dandeneau A, Crocker RM, Chandler CM, Boily N, Crespi CL, Stresser DM. Validation of cytochrome P450 time-dependent inhibition assays: a two-time point IC50shift approach facilitateskinactassay design. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:99-112. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802638155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Stresser DM, Mason AK, Perloff ES, Ho T, Crespi CL, Dandeneau AA, Morgan L, Dehal SS. Differential time- and NADPH-dependent inhibition of CYP2C19 by enantiomers of fluoxetine. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:695-8. [PMID: 19144769 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.025726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine [+/--N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[(alpha, alpha, (-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy]-propylamine)] a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is widely used in treating depression and other serotonin-dependent disease conditions. Racemic, (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine are potent reversible inhibitors of CYP2D6, and the racemate has been shown to be a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP3A4. Racemic fluoxetine also demonstrates time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of CYP2C19 catalytic activity in vitro. In this study, we compared fluoxetine, its (R)- and (S)-enantiomers, ticlopidine, and S-benzylnirvanol as potential time-dependent inhibitors of human liver microsomal CYP2C19. In a reversible inhibition protocol (30 min preincubation with liver microsomes without NADPH), we found (R)-, (S)- and racemic fluoxetine to be moderate inhibitors with IC(50) values of 21, 93, and 27 microM, respectively. However, when the preincubation was supplemented with NADPH, IC(50) values shifted to 4.0, 3.4, and 3.0 microM, respectively resulting in IC(50) shifts of 5.2-, 28-, and 9.3-fold. Ticlopidine showed a 1.8-fold shift in IC(50) value, and S-benzylnirvanol shifted right (0.41-fold shift). Follow-up K(I) and k(inact) determinations with fluoxetine confirmed time-dependent inhibition [K(I) values of 6.5, 47, and 14 microM; k(inact) values of 0.023, 0.085, 0.030 min(-1) for (R)-, (S)-, and racemate, respectively]. Although the (S)-isomer exhibits a much lower affinity for CYP2C19 inactivation relative to the (R)-enantiomer, it exhibits a more rapid rate of inactivation. Racemic norfluoxetine exhibited an 11-fold shift (18-1.5 microM) in IC(50) value, suggesting that conversion of fluoxetine to this metabolite represents a metabolic pathway leading to time-dependent inhibition. These data provide an improved understanding of the drug-interaction potential of fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Stresser
- BD Biosciences, BD Gentest Contract Research Services, 6 Henshaw Street, Woburn, MA 01801, USA.
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Kenny JR, Chen L, McGinnity DF, Grime K, Shakesheff KM, Thomson B, Riley R. Efficient assessment of the utility of immortalized Fa2N-4 cells for cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction studies using multiplex quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and substrate cassette methodologies. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:1500-17. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802495846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang X, Jones DR, Hall SD. Prediction of the Effect of Erythromycin, Diltiazem, and Their Metabolites, Alone and in Combination, on CYP3A4 Inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:150-60. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.022178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Johnson WW. Cytochrome P450 Inactivation by Pharmaceuticals and Phytochemicals: Therapeutic Relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 40:101-47. [DOI: 10.1080/03602530701836704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hutzler JM, Balogh LM, Zientek M, Kumar V, Tracy TS. Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2C9 by tienilic acid and (+/-)-suprofen: a comparison of kinetics and probe substrate selection. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:59-65. [PMID: 18838506 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro experiments were conducted to compare k(inact), K(I) and inactivation efficiency (k(inact)/K(I)) of cytochrome P450 (P450) 2C9 by tienilic acid and (+/-)-suprofen using (S)-flurbiprofen, diclofenac, and (S)-warfarin as reporter substrates. Although the inactivation of P450 2C9 by tienilic acid when (S)-flurbiprofen and diclofenac were used as substrates was similar (efficiency of approximately 9 ml/min/micromol), the inactivation kinetics were characterized by a sigmoidal profile. (+/-)-Suprofen inactivation of (S)-flurbiprofen and diclofenac hydroxylation was also described by a sigmoidal profile, although inactivation was markedly less efficient (approximately 1 ml/min/micromol). In contrast, inactivation of P450 2C9-mediated (S)-warfarin 7-hydroxylation by tienilic acid and (+/-)-suprofen was best fit to a hyperbolic equation, where inactivation efficiency was moderately higher (10 ml/min/micromol) and approximately 3-fold higher (3 ml/min/micromol), respectively, relative to that of the other probe substrates, which argues for careful consideration of reporter substrate when mechanism-based inactivation of P450 2C9 is assessed in vitro. Further investigations into the increased inactivation seen with tienilic acid relative to that with (+/-)-suprofen revealed that tienilic acid is a higher affinity substrate with a spectral binding affinity constant (K(s)) of 2 microM and an in vitro half-life of 5 min compared with a K(s) of 21 microM and a 50 min in vitro half-life for (+/-)-suprofen. Lastly, a close analog of tienilic acid with the carboxylate functionality replaced by an oxirane ring was devoid of inactivation properties, which suggests that an ionic binding interaction with a positively charged residue in the P450 2C9 active site is critical for recognition and mechanism-based inactivation by these close structural analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Hutzler
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, St. Louis Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Donato MT. An update on metabolism studies using human hepatocytes in primary culture. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:837-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.7.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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