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Liao S, Wu G, Xie Z, Lei X, Yang X, Huang S, Deng X, Wang Z, Tang G. pH regulators and their inhibitors in tumor microenvironment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116170. [PMID: 38308950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
As an important characteristic of tumor, acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely related to immune escape, invasion, migration and drug resistance of tumor. The acidity of the TME mainly comes from the acidic products produced by the high level of tumor metabolism, such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide. pH regulators such as monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), and Na+/H+ exchange 1 (NHE1) expel protons directly or indirectly from the tumor to maintain the pH balance of tumor cells and create an acidic TME. We review the functions of several pH regulators involved in the construction of acidic TME, the structure and structure-activity relationship of pH regulator inhibitors, and provide strategies for the development of small-molecule antitumor inhibitors based on these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyi Liao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Guang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Xiangping Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Manisha DS, Ratheesh AK, Benny S, Presanna AT. Heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic arena of monocarboxylate transporter inhibitors to battle tumorigenesis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1604-1617. [PMID: 37688395 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) have gained significant attention in cancer research due to their critical role in tumour metabolism. MCTs are legends for transporting lactate molecules in cancer cells, an oncometabolite and waste product of glycolysis, acting as an indispensable factor of tumour proliferation. Targeting MCTs with inhibitors has emerged as a promising strategy to combat tumorigenesis. This article summarizes the most recent research on MCT inhibitors in preventing carcinogenesis, covering both heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic compounds. Heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic compounds such as pteridine, pyrazole, indole, flavonoids, coumarin derivatives and cyanoacetic acid derivatives have been reported as potent MCT inhibitors. We examine the molecular underpinnings of MCTs in cancer metabolism, the design and synthesis of heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic MCT inhibitors, their impact on tumour cells and the microenvironment and their potential as therapeutic agents. Moreover, we explore the challenges associated with MCT inhibitor development and propose future directions for advancing this field. This write-up aims to provide researchers, scientists and clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of the heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic MCT inhibitors and their potential in combating tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi S Manisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anandu Kizhakkedath Ratheesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sonu Benny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Aneesh Thankappan Presanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Wei H, Cao J, Fallert T, Yeo S, Felmlee MA. GHB toxicokinetics and renal monocarboxylate transporter expression are influenced by the estrus cycle in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 24:58. [PMID: 37919807 PMCID: PMC10623699 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-023-00700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The illicit use and abuse of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) occurs due to its sedative/hypnotic and euphoric effects. Currently, there are no clinically available therapies to treat GHB overdose, and care focuses on symptom treatment until the drug is eliminated from the body. Proton- and sodium-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs (SLC16A) and SMCTs (SLC5A)) transport and mediate the renal clearance and distribution of GHB. Previously, it has been shown that MCT expression is regulated by sex hormones in the liver, skeletal muscle and Sertoli cells. The focus of the current study is to evaluate GHB toxicokinetics and renal monocarboxylate transporter expression over the estrus cycle in females, and in the absence of male and female sex hormones. METHODS GHB toxicokinetics and renal transporter expression of MCT1, SMCT1 and CD147 were evaluated in females over the estrus cycle, and in ovariectomized (OVX) female, male and castrated (CST) male rats. GHB was administered iv bolus (600 and 1000 mg/kg) and plasma and urine samples were collected for six hours post-dose. GHB concentrations were quantified using a validated LC/MS/MS assay. Transporter mRNA and protein expression was quantified by qPCR and Western Blot. RESULTS GHB renal clearance and AUC varied between sexes and over the estrus cycle in females with higher renal clearance and a lower AUC in proestrus females as compared to males (intact and CST), and OVX females. We demonstrated that renal MCT1 membrane expression varies over the estrus cycle, with the lowest expression observed in proestrus females, which is consistent with the observed changes in GHB renal clearance. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that females may be less susceptible to GHB-induced toxicity due to decreased exposure resulting from increased renal clearance, as a result of decreased renal MCT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Jieyun Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
- AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler Fallert
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
- Clovis Community Medical Center, Clovis, CA, USA
| | - Su Yeo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
- Kaiser Permanente, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA.
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Xing W, Li X, Zhou Y, Li M, Zhu M. Lactate metabolic pathway regulates tumor cell metastasis and its use as a new therapeutic target. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2023:541-559. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal energy metabolism is one of the ten hallmarks of tumors, and tumor cell metabolism provides energy and a suitable microenvironment for tumorigenesis and metastasis. Tumor cells can consume large amounts of glucose and produce large amounts of lactate through glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen, a process called aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect. Lactate is the end product of the aerobic glycolysis. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), which is highly expressed in cancer cells, promotes lactate production and transports lactate to the tumor microenvironment and is taken up by surrounding stromal cells under the action of monocarboxylate transporter 1/4 (MCT1/4), which in turn influences the immune response and enhances the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Therapeutic strategies targeting lactate metabolism have been intensively investigated, focusing on its metastasis-promoting properties and various target inhibitors; AZD3965, an MCT1 inhibitor, has entered phase I clinical trials, and the LDHA inhibitor N-hydroxyindole (NHI) has shown cancer therapeutic activity in pre-clinical studies. Interventions targeting lactate metabolism are emerging as a promising option for cancer therapy, with chemotherapy or radiotherapy combined with lactate-metabolism-targeted drugs adding to the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Based on current research, this article outlines the role of lactate metabolism in tumor metastasis and the potential value of inhibitors targeting lactate metabolism in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Xing
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Yuli Zhou
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Mengsen Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China; Institution of Tumour, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan, China
| | - Mingyue Zhu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
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Teng H, Deng H, He Y, Lv Q, Chen L. The role of dietary flavonoids for modulation of ATP binding cassette transporter mediated multidrug resistance. EFOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.53365/efood.k/144604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely existing compounds with enormous pharmacological effects from food and medicine. However, the low bioavailability in intestinal absorption and metabolism limits their clinical application. Intestinal efflux ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporters, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), act as "pumping doors" to regulate the efflux of flavonoids from intestinal epithelial cells into the intestinal cavity or the systemic circulation. The present review describes the critical effect of ABC transporters involved in the efflux of flavonoids which depend on its efflux direction. And the role of flavonoids for modulation of intestinal ABC transporters was emphasized and several examples were given. We summarized that the resistance effect of flavonoid-mediated multidrug on ABC transporters may influence the bioavailability of drugs, bioactive ingredients and/or toxic compounds upon dietary uptake. Meanwhile, flavonoids functionalized as reversing agents of the ABC transporter may be an important mechanism for unexpected food-drug, food-toxin or food-food interactions. The overview also indicates that elucidation of the action and mechanism of the intestinal metabolic enzymes-efflux transporters coupling will lay a foundation for improving the bioavailability of flavonoids <i>in vivo</i> and increasing their clinical efficacy.
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Zhang Y, Abe C, Ochiai K, Matsui T. Tissue Distribution of Orally Administered Prenylated Isoflavones, Glyceollins, in Sprague-Dawley Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15165-15174. [PMID: 34875172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apart from the physiological effects of glyceollins, information regarding their tissue distribution is scarce in the literature. Thus, the aim of this study is to clarify the distribution of glyceollins in rat organs. Glyceollins I and III were orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats (1.0 mg/kg) with daidzein as control, and their accumulations in organs were investigated by liquid chromatography-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). Glyceollins accumulated in intact and conjugated forms in circulatory organs with a Tmax of 0.5 h, in the following order of descending preference: liver, kidney, heart, lung, soleus muscle, and abdominal aorta. The accumulation of hydrophobic glyceollin I was more than 1.5 times higher than that of III. In contrast, daidzein and hydroxy equol were detected only in the liver and kidneys at lower concentrations (1/100 times) than those of glyceollins. In conclusion, prenylated isoflavones, glyceollins, were preferentially distributed in circulatory organs as intact, sulfated, or glucuronidated forms up to 6 h after the intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chizumi Abe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koji Ochiai
- DAIZ Inc., 3-14-3 Minami-kumamoto, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0812, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Wang Y, Qin L, Chen W, Chen Q, Sun J, Wang G. Novel strategies to improve tumour therapy by targeting the proteins MCT1, MCT4 and LAT1. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113806. [PMID: 34517305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor selectivity, potential systemic toxicity and drug resistance are the main challenges associated with chemotherapeutic drugs. MCT1 and MCT4 and LAT1 play vital roles in tumour metabolism and growth by taking up nutrients and are thus potential targets for tumour therapy. An increasing number of studies have shown the feasibility of including these transporters as components of tumour-targeting therapy. Here, we summarize the recent progress in MCT1-, MCT4-and LAT1-based therapeutic strategies. First, protein structures, expression, relationships with cancer, and substrate characteristics are introduced. Then, different drug targeting and delivery strategies using these proteins have been reviewed, including designing protein inhibitors, prodrugs and nanoparticles. Finally, a dual targeted strategy is discussed because these proteins exert a synergistic effect on tumour proliferation. This article concentrates on tumour treatments targeting MCT1, MCT4 and LAT1 and delivery techniques for improving the antitumour effect. These innovative tactics represent current state-of-the-art developments in transporter-based antitumour drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Personnel Department, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Liuxin Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Qing Chen
- Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China.
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Felmlee MA, Morse BL, Morris ME. γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicology. AAPS J 2021; 23:22. [PMID: 33417072 PMCID: PMC8098080 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a short-chain fatty acid present endogenously in the brain and used therapeutically for the treatment of narcolepsy, as sodium oxybate, and for alcohol abuse/withdrawal. GHB is better known however as a drug of abuse and is commonly referred to as the "date-rape drug"; current use in popular culture includes recreational "chemsex," due to its properties of euphoria, loss of inhibition, amnesia, and drowsiness. Due to the steep concentration-effect curve for GHB, overdoses occur commonly and symptoms include sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. GHB binds to both GHB and GABAB receptors in the brain, with pharmacological/toxicological effects mainly due to GABAB agonist effects. The pharmacokinetics of GHB are complex and include nonlinear absorption, metabolism, tissue uptake, and renal elimination processes. GHB is a substrate for monocarboxylate transporters, including both sodium-dependent transporters (SMCT1, 2; SLC5A8; SLC5A12) and proton-dependent transporters (MCT1-4; SLC16A1, 7, 8, and 3), which represent significant determinants of absorption, renal reabsorption, and brain and tissue uptake. This review will provide current information of the pharmacology, therapeutic effects, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of GHB, as well as therapeutic strategies for the treatment of overdoses. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Bridget L Morse
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 304 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA.
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Puri S, Juvale K. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 and 4 inhibitors as potential therapeutics for treating solid tumours: A review with structure-activity relationship insights. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112393. [PMID: 32388280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major causes leading to failure of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) MCT1 and MCT4, which are overexpressed in solid tumours, play a very important role in cancer cell survival and proliferation. These lactate transporters work complimentarily to drive lactate shuttle in tumour cells, which results in maintenance of H+ ion (pH) balance necessary for their survival. Inhibition of these transmembrane proteins has been demonstrated as a novel strategy to treat drug resistant solid cancers. Presently, only a few small molecule MCT1 inhibitors such as AZD3965 and AR-C155858 are known with clinical potential. Even lesser mention of MCT4 inhibitors, which include molecules having scaffolds such as pyrazole and indazole, is available in the literature. Current overview presents the status of recent developments undertaken in identification of efficacious MCT1 and/or MCT4 inhibitors as a potential anticancer therapy overcoming MDR. Further, detailed structure-activity relationships for different classes of compounds has been proposed to streamline the understandings learnt from ongoing research work. Through this review, we aim to highlight the importance of these excellent targets and facilitate future development of selective, potent and safe MCT1 and/or MCT4 inhibitors as promising chemotherapy for drug resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Puri
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Kapil Juvale
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
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10
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Wang QQ, Li MX, Li C, Gu XX, Zheng MZ, Chen LX, Li H. Natural Products and Derivatives Targeting at Cancer Energy Metabolism: A Potential Treatment Strategy. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:205-217. [PMID: 32337682 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the 1920s, Dr Otto Warburg first suggested the significant difference in energy metabolism between malignant cancer cells and adjacent normal cells. Tumor cells mainly adopt the glycolysis as energy source to maintain tumor cell growth and biosynthesis under aerobic conditions. Investigation on energy metabolism pathway in cancer cells has aroused the interest of cancer researchers all around the world. In recent years, plentiful studies suggest that targeting the peculiar cancer energy metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation may be an effective strategy to starve cancer cells by blocking essential nutrients. Natural products (NPs) are considered as the "treasure trove of small molecules drugs" and have played an extremely remarkable role in the discovery and development of anticancer drugs. And numerous NPs have been reported to act on cancer energy metabolism targets. Herein, a comprehensive overview about cancer energy metabolism targets and their natural-occurring inhibitors is prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ming-Xue Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chen Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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11
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Sun Y, Zhao D, Wang G, Jiang Q, Guo M, Kan Q, He Z, Sun J. A novel oral prodrug-targeting transporter MCT 1: 5-fluorouracil-dicarboxylate monoester conjugates. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 14:631-639. [PMID: 32104489 PMCID: PMC7032090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) is responsible for oral absorption of short-chain monocarboxylic acids from small intestine, hence, it's likely to serve as an ideal design target for the development of oral prodrugs. However, potential application of MCT1 to facilitate the oral delivery is still unclear. Irregular oral absorption, poor permeability and bioavailability greatly limit the oral delivery efficiency of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Herein, we design three 5-FU-fatty acid conjugates targeting intestinal MCT1 with different lipophilic linkages. Interestingly, due to high MCT1 affinity and good gastrointestinal stability, 5-FU-octanedioic acid monoester prodrug exhibited significant improvement in membrane permeability (13.1-fold) and oral bioavailability (4.1-fold) compared to 5-FU. More surprisingly, stability experiment in intestinal homogenates showed that 5-FU prodrugs could be properly activated to release 5-FU within intestinal cells, which provides an ideal foundation for the improvement of oral bioavailability. In summary, good gastrointestinal stability, high membrane permeability and appropriate intestinal cell bioactivation are the important factors for high-efficiency 5-FU oral prodrugs, and such work provides a good platform for the development of novel oral prodrugs targeting intestinal transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongyang Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nangning 530200, China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengran Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiming Kan
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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12
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Ahn-Jarvis JH, Parihar A, Doseff AI. Dietary Flavonoids for Immunoregulation and Cancer: Food Design for Targeting Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E202. [PMID: 31261915 PMCID: PMC6680729 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, one of the most abundant phytochemicals in a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, have been recognized as possessing anti-proliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic activities. Numerous cellular and animal-based studies show that flavonoids can function as antioxidants by preventing DNA damage and scavenging reactive oxygen radicals, inhibiting formation of DNA adducts, enhancing DNA repair, interfering with chemical damage by induction of Phase II enzymes, and modifying signaling pathways. Recent evidence also shows their ability to regulate the immune system. However, findings from clinical trials have been mixed with no clear consensus on dose, frequency, or type of flavonoids best suited to elicit many of the beneficial effects. Delivery of these bioactive compounds to their biological targets through "targeted designed" food processing strategies is critical to reach effective concentration in vivo. Thus, the identification of novel approaches that optimize flavonoid bioavailability is essential for their successful clinical application. In this review, we discuss the relevance of increasing flavonoid bioavailability, by agricultural engineering and "targeted food design" in the context of the immune system and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arti Parihar
- Department of Science, Bellingham Technical College, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Physiology and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, MI, 48864, USA.
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Fortunato S, Bononi G, Granchi C, Minutolo F. An Update on Patents Covering Agents That Interfere with the Cancer Glycolytic Cascade. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2251-2265. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fortunato
- Dipartimento di FarmaciaUniversità di Pisa Via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Giulia Bononi
- Dipartimento di FarmaciaUniversità di Pisa Via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di FarmaciaUniversità di Pisa Via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di FarmaciaUniversità di Pisa Via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy
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14
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Xiao L, Luo G, Tang Y, Yao P. Quercetin and iron metabolism: What we know and what we need to know. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:190-203. [PMID: 29432835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a life-supporting micronutrient that is required in the human diet, and is essential for maintaining physiological homeostasis. Properly harnessing a redox-active metal such as iron is a great challenge for cells and organisms because an excess of highly reactive iron catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species and can lead to cell and tissue damage. Quercetin is a typical flavonoid that is commonly found in fruits and vegetables and has versatile biological effects. From a classical viewpoint, owing to its unique chemical characteristics, quercetin has long been associated with iron metabolism only in the context of its iron-chelating and ROS-scavenging activities. However, within the field of human iron biology, expanding concepts of the roles of quercetin are flourishing, and great strides are being made in understanding the interactions between quercetin and iron. This progress highlights the varied roles of quercetin in iron metabolism, which involve much more than iron chelation alone. A review of these studies provides an ideal context to summarize recent progress and discuss compelling evidence for therapeutic opportunities that could arise from a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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15
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Morse BL, Chadha GS, Felmlee MA, Follman KE, Morris ME. Effect of chronic γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) administration on GHB toxicokinetics and GHB-induced respiratory depression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 43:686-693. [PMID: 28662343 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1339055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has a high potential for illicit use; overdose of this compound results in sedation, respiratory depression and death. Tolerance to the hypnotic/sedative and electroencephalogram effects of GHB occurs with chronic GHB administration; however, tolerance to respiratory depression has not been evaluated. GHB toxicodynamic effects are mediated predominantly by GABAB receptors. Chronic treatment may affect monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and alter the absorption, renal clearance and brain uptake of GHB. OBJECTIVES To determine effects of chronic GHB dosing on GHB toxicokinetics, GHB-induced respiratory depression, and MCT expression. METHODS Rats were administered GHB 600 mg/kg intravenously daily for 5 days. Plasma, urine and tissue samples and respiratory measurements were obtained on days 1 and 5. Plasma and urine were analyzed for GHB by LC/MS/MS and tissue samples for expression of MCT1, 2 and 4 and their accessory proteins by QRT-PCR. RESULTS No differences in GHB pharmacokinetics or respiratory depression were observed between days 1 and 5. Opposing changes in MCT1 and MCT4 mRNA expression were observed in kidney samples on day 5 compared to GHB-naïve animals, and MCT4 expression was increased in the intestine. CONCLUSIONS The lack of tolerance observed with GHB-induced respiratory depression, in contrast to the tolerance reported for the sedative/hypnotic and electroencephalogram effects, suggests that different GABAB receptor subtypes may be involved in different GABAB-mediated toxicodynamic effects of GHB. Chronic or binge users of GHB may be at no less risk for fatality from respiratory arrest with a GHB overdose than with a single dose of GHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.,b Investigative Drug Disposition, Transporters & Pharmacogenomics , Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Gurkishan S Chadha
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.,c School of Pharmacy , University of New England , Biddeford , ME , USA
| | - Melanie A Felmlee
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.,d Department of Pharmaceutics & Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , CA , USA
| | - Kristin E Follman
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
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16
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Jones RS, Parker MD, Morris ME. Quercetin, Morin, Luteolin, and Phloretin Are Dietary Flavonoid Inhibitors of Monocarboxylate Transporter 6. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2930-2936. [PMID: 28513167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6; SLC16A5) has been recognized for its role as a xenobiotic transporter, with characterized substrates probenecid, bumetanide, and nateglinide. To date, the impact of commonly ingested dietary compounds on MCT6 function has not been investigated, and therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate a variety of flavonoids for their potential MCT6-specific interactions. Flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic phytochemicals found in commonly consumed plant-based products that have been recognized for their dietary health benefits. The uptake of bumetanide in human MCT6 gene-transfected Xenopus laevis oocytes was significantly decreased in the presence of a variety of flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, luteolin, phloretin, and morin), but was not significantly affected by flavonoid glycosides (e.g., naringin, rutin, phlorizin). The IC50 values of quercetin, phloretin, and morin were determined to be 25.3 ± 3.36, 17.3 ± 2.37, and 33.1 ± 3.29 μM, respectively. The mechanism of inhibition of phloretin was reversible and competitive, with a Ki value of 22.8 μM. Furthermore, typical MCT substrates were also investigated for their potential interactions with MCT6. Substrates of MCTs 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 did not cause any significant decrease in MCT6-mediated bumetanide uptake, suggesting that MCT6 has distinct compound selectivity. In summary, these results suggest that dietary aglycon flavonoids may significantly alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bumetanide and other MCT6-specific substrates, and may represent potential substrates for MCT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ‡Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Mark D Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ‡Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ‡Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
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17
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Chen KL, Jung P, Kulkoyluoglu-Cotul E, Liguori C, Lumibao J, Mazewski C, Ranard K, Rowles JL, Wang Y, Xue L, Madak-Erdogan Z. Impact of Diet and Nutrition on Cancer Hallmarks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7. [PMID: 30581989 DOI: 10.15406/jcpcr.2017.07.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diet and nutrition are undeniably two factors that have a major impact on the prevention, progression, and treatment of various cancers. In this review, we will discuss how bioactives from diet and nutritional status affect each of the hallmarks of cancer. We will present recent research and discuss using diet and nutrition as a means to prevent and treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Chen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Paul Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | | | - Carli Liguori
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Jan Lumibao
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Candice Mazewski
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | | | - Joe L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Louisa Xue
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
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18
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Koltai T. Triple-edged therapy targeting intracellular alkalosis and extracellular acidosis in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:139-146. [PMID: 28122261 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular acidity and intracellular alkalinity are two of the characteristics hallmarks of malignant cells and their environment. This involves an inversion of the extracellular/intracellular pH gradient when compared with normal cells and it gives malignant cells proliferative and invasive advantages. Thus, the reversal of the pH gradient is a legitimate objective in the treatment of cancer and may be accomplished with drugs already used for other purposes and/or with specific new drugs that are currently being studied. The aim of this review is to describe a triple approach for reversing this gradient inversion using the concerted utilization of proton extrusion inhibitors, mitochondrial poisons and lysosomal poisons that should act synergistically through different mechanisms. The scheme presented here is compatible with almost all the chemotherapeutic protocols currently being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Obra Social del Personal de la Industria de la Alimentación, Departamento de Oncología Estados Unidos 1532, Buenos Aires, C1101ABF, Argentina.
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19
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Abstract
The highly regulated pH of cells and the less-regulated pH of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) is the result of a delicate balance between metabolic processes and proton production, proton transportation, chemical buffering, and vascular removal of waste products. Malignant cells show a pronounced increase in metabolic processes where the 10- to 15-fold rise in glucose consumption is only the tip of the iceberg. Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) is one of the hallmarks of cancer metabolism that implies excessive production of protons, which if stayed inside the cells would result in fatal intracellular acidosis (maintaining a strict acid-base balance is essential for the survival of eukaryotic cells). Malignant cells solve this problem by increasing mechanisms of proton transportation which expel the excess acidity. This allows cancer cells to keep a normal intracellular pH, or even overshooting this mechanism permits a slightly alkaline intracellular tendency. The proton excess expelled from malignant cells accumulates in the ECM, where chronic hypoxia and relative lack of enough blood vessels impede adequate proton clearance, thus creating an acidic microenvironment. This microenvironment is quite heterogeneous due to the tumor's metabolic heterogeneity and variable degrees of hypoxia inside the tumor mass. The acidic environment (plus other necessary cellular modifications) stimulates migration and invasion and finally intravasation of malignant cells which eventually may result in metastasis. Targeting tumor pH may go in two directions: 1) increasing extracellular pH which should result in less migration, invasion, and metastasis; and 2) decreasing intracellular pH which may result in acidic stress and apoptosis. Both objectives seem achievable at the present state of the art with repurposed drugs. This hypothesis analyzes the altered pH of tumors and its implications for progression and metastasis and also possible repurposed drug combinations targeting this vulnerable side of cancer development. It also analyzes the double-edged approach, which consists in pharmacologically increasing intracellular proton production and simultaneously decreasing proton extrusion creating intracellular acidity, acid stress, and eventual apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Obra Social del Personal de la, Industria Alimenticia, Filial Capital Federal, Republic of Argentina
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20
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Amino Acid Promoieties Alter Valproic Acid Pharmacokinetics and Enable Extended Brain Exposure. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2797-2809. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Huttunen KM, Gynther M, Huttunen J, Puris E, Spicer JA, Denny WA. A Selective and Slowly Reversible Inhibitor of l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) Potentiates Antiproliferative Drug Efficacy in Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5740-51. [PMID: 27253989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a transmembrane protein carrying bulky and neutral amino acids into cells. LAT1 is overexpressed in several types of tumors, and its inhibition can result in reduced cancer cell growth. However, known LAT1 inhibitors lack selectivity over other transporters. In the present study, we designed and synthesized a novel selective LAT1 inhibitor (1), which inhibited the uptake of LAT1 substrate, l-leucin as well as cell growth. It also significantly potentiated the efficacy of bestatin and cisplatin even at low concentrations (25 μM). Inhibition was slowly reversible, as the inhibitor was able to be detached from the cell surface and blood-brain barrier. Moreover, the inhibitor was metabolically stable and selective toward LAT1. Since the inhibitor was readily accumulated into the prostate after intraperitoneal injection to the healthy mice, this compound may be a promising agent or adjuvant especially for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elena Puris
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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22
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Kimura O, Fujii Y, Haraguchi K, Ohta C, Koga N, Kato Y, Endo T. Effect of quercetin on the uptake and efflux of aristolochic acid I from Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:883-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine whether quercetin decreases the uptake of aristolochic acid I (AAI) from the apical membranes of Caco-2 cells via H+-linked MCTs at neutral pH as well as to confirm the secretion of AAI through the Caco-2 cell monolayers via ABC transporters.
Methods
Caco-2 cells cultured on the dishes or permeable membranes were incubated with AAI in the absence or presence of quercetin or transporter inhibitors.
Key findings
Coincubation with quercetin decreased the uptake of AAI by Caco-2 cells cultured on the dishes at pH 7.4, and a similar decrease in AAI uptake was found when the cells were coincubated with acetic acid or benzoic acid. In contrast, the basolateral-to-apical transport of AAI was higher than the apical-to-basolateral transport of AAI at pH 7.4, and the former transport was decreased by quercetin and the BCRP inhibitors of Ko-143 and mitoxantrone, but not by P-gp or MRP2 inhibitors.
Conclusions
AAI appears to be secreted from the apical membranes of Caco-2 cells via BCRP at neutral pH, although a small amount of AAI is taken up from the apical membranes via H+-linked MCTs, and quercetin may decrease both the BCRP-mediated efflux and the MCT-mediated influx of AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Minami-Ku, Fukouka, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Minami-Ku, Fukouka, Japan
| | - Chiho Ohta
- Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-Ku, Fukouka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Koga
- Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-Ku, Fukouka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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23
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Martel F, Guedes M, Keating E. Effect of polyphenols on glucose and lactate transport by breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 157:1-11. [PMID: 27097608 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the cancer molecular hallmarks is a deviant energetic metabolism, known as the Warburg effect, whereby the rate of glucose uptake is significantly increased and a high rate of glycolysis and lactic acid production occurs even when oxygen is present-"aerobic lactatogenesis". Accordingly, GLUT1 and MCT1, which are the main glucose and lactate transporters in cancer cells, respectively, have been proposed as oncogenes and are currently seen as potential therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. Polyphenols, commonly contained in fruits and vegetables, have long been associated with a protective role against cancer. Generally considered as nontoxic, dietary polyphenols are considered ideal chemopreventive and possibly chemotherapeutic agents. Several mechanisms of action of polyphenols in breast cancer cells have been proposed including modulation of intracellular signaling, induction of apoptosis through redox regulation or modulation of epigenetic alterations. Additionally, in vitro studies have shown that several polyphenols act as specific inhibitors of glucose transport in breast cancer cell lines and an association between their anticarcinogenic effect and inhibition of glucose cellular uptake has been described. Also, some polyphenols were found to inhibit lactate transport. Importantly, some polyphenols behave as inhibitors of both glucose and lactate cellular uptake by breast cancer cells and these compounds are thus very interesting in the context of a chemopreventive effect, because they deplete breast cancer cells of their two most important energy suppliers. So, the antimetabolic effect of polyphenols should be regarded as a mechanism of action contributing to their chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic potential in relation to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - M Guedes
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Keating
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS, Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
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25
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Taneja I, Raju KSR, Wahajuddin M. Dietary Isoflavones as Modulators of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters: Effect on Prescription Medicines. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56 Suppl 1:S95-S109. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1045968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Amorim R, Pinheiro C, Miranda-Gonçalves V, Pereira H, Moyer MP, Preto A, Baltazar F. Monocarboxylate transport inhibition potentiates the cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:68-78. [PMID: 26021766 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells rely mostly on glycolysis to meet their energetic demands, producing large amounts of lactate that are extruded to the tumour microenvironment by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). The role of MCTs in the survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells is scarce and poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to better understand this issue and exploit these transporters as novel therapeutic targets alone or in combination with the CRC classical chemotherapeutic drug 5-Fluorouracil. For that purpose, we characterized the effects of MCT activity inhibition in normal and CRC derived cell lines and assessed the effect of MCT inhibition in combination with 5-FU. Here, we demonstrated that MCT inhibition using CHC (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid) and quercetin decreased cell viability, disrupted the glycolytic phenotype, inhibited proliferation and enhanced cell death in CRC cells. These results were confirmed by specific inhibition of MCT1/4 by RNA interference. Notably, we showed that 5-FU cytotoxicity was potentiated by lactate transport inhibition in CRC cells, either by activity inhibition or expression silencing. These findings provide novel evidence for the pivotal role of MCTs in CRC maintenance and survival, as well as for the use of these transporters as potential new therapeutic targets in combination with CRC conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Céline Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Barretos School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Miranda-Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA)/Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Preto
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA)/Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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27
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McKay TB, Lyon D, Sarker-Nag A, Priyadarsini S, Asara JM, Karamichos D. Quercetin attenuates lactate production and extracellular matrix secretion in keratoconus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9003. [PMID: 25758533 PMCID: PMC4355637 DOI: 10.1038/srep09003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus(KC) is an ecstatic corneal disease leading to corneal-thinning and the formation of a cone-like cornea. Elevated lactate levels, increased oxidative stress, and myofibroblast formation have all been previously reported. In the current study, we assess the role of Quercetin on collagen secretion and myofibroblast formation in KC in vitro. Human corneal fibroblasts(HCFs) and human keratoconus cells(HKCs) were treated with a stable Vitamin C derivative and cultured for 4 weeks, stimulating formation of a self-assembled extracellular matrix. All samples were analyzed using Western blots and targeted tandem mass spectrometry. Our data showed that Quercetin significantly down regulates myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic markers, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and Collagen III (Col III), in both HCFs and HKCs. Collagen III secretion was reduced 80% in both HCFs and HKCs following Quercetin treatment. Furthermore, Quercetin reduced lactate production by HKCs to normal HCF levels. Quercetin down regulated TGF-βR2 and TGF-β2 expression in HKCs suggesting a significant link to the TGF-β pathway. These results assert that Quercetin is a key regulator of fibrotic markers and ECM assembly by modulating cellular metabolism and TGF-β signaling. Our study suggests that Quercetin is a potential therapeutic for treatment of corneal dystrophies, such as KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. B. McKay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - D. Lyon
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - A. Sarker-Nag
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - S. Priyadarsini
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - J. M. Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Karamichos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Roggenbeck BA, Carew MW, Charrois GJ, Douglas DN, Kneteman NM, Lu X, Le XC, Leslie EM. Characterization of arsenic hepatobiliary transport using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:307-20. [PMID: 25752797 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a proven human carcinogen and is associated with a myriad of other adverse health effects. This metalloid is methylated in human liver to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)), and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) and eliminated predominantly in urine. Hepatic basolateral transport of arsenic species is ultimately critical for urinary elimination; however, these pathways are not fully elucidated in humans. A potentially important human hepatic basolateral transporter is the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) that in vitro is a high-affinity transporter of DMA(V) and the diglutathione conjugate of MMA(III) [MMA(GS)(2)]. In rats, the related canalicular transporter Mrp2/Abcc2 is required for biliary excretion of arsenic as As(GS)(3) and MMA(GS)(2). The current study used sandwich cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) as a physiological model of human arsenic hepatobiliary transport. Arsenic efflux was detected only across the basolateral membrane for 9 out of 14 SCHH preparations, 5 had both basolateral and canalicular efflux. Basolateral transport of arsenic was temperature- and GSH-dependent and inhibited by the MRP inhibitor MK-571. Canalicular efflux was completely lost after GSH depletion suggesting MRP2-dependence. Treatment of SCHH with As(III) (0.1-1 µM) dose-dependently increased MRP2 and MRP4 levels, but not MRP1, MRP6, or aquaglyceroporin 9. Treatment of SCHH with oltipraz (Nrf2 activator) increased MRP4 levels and basolateral efflux of arsenic. In contrast, oltipraz increased MRP2 levels without increasing biliary excretion. These results suggest arsenic basolateral transport prevails over biliary excretion and is mediated at least in part by MRPs, most likely including MRP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Roggenbeck
- *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7 *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Michael W Carew
- *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7 *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Gregory J Charrois
- *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Donna N Douglas
- *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Norman M Kneteman
- *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Xiufen Lu
- *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - X Chris Le
- *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7 *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7 *Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
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Azevedo C, Correia-Branco A, Araújo JR, Guimarães JT, Keating E, Martel F. The chemopreventive effect of the dietary compound kaempferol on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line is dependent on inhibition of glucose cellular uptake. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:504-13. [PMID: 25719685 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1002625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the effect of several dietary polyphenols on glucose uptake by breast cancer cells. Uptake of (3)H-deoxy-D-glucose ((3)H-DG) by MCF-7 cells was time-dependent, saturable, and inhibited by cytochalasin B plus phloridzin. In the short-term (26 min), myricetin, chrysin, genistein, resveratrol, kaempferol, and xanthohumol (10-100 µM) inhibited (3)H-DG uptake. Kaempferol was found to be the most potent inhibitor of (3)H-DG uptake [IC50 of 4 µM (1.6-9.8)], behaving as a mixed-type inhibitor. In the long-term (24 h), kaempferol (30 µM) was also able to inhibit (3)H-DG uptake, associated with a 40% decrease in GLUT1 mRNA levels. Interestingly enough, kaempferol (100 µM) revealed antiproliferative (sulforhodamine B and (3)H-thymidine incorporation assays) and cytotoxic (extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity determination) properties, which were mimicked by low extracellular (1 mM) glucose conditions and reversed by high extracellular (20 mM) glucose conditions. Finally, exposure of cells to kaempferol (30 µM) induced an increase in extracellular lactate levels over time (to 731 ± 32% of control after a 24 h exposure), due to inhibition of MCT1-mediated lactate cellular uptake. In conclusion, kaempferol potently inhibits glucose uptake by MCF-7 cells, apparently by decreasing GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake. The antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect of kaempferol in these cells appears to be dependent on this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Azevedo
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Vijay N, Morse BL, Morris ME. A Novel Monocarboxylate Transporter Inhibitor as a Potential Treatment Strategy for γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid Overdose. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1894-906. [PMID: 25480120 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) inhibition represents a potential treatment strategy for γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) overdose by blocking its renal reabsorption in the kidney. This study further evaluated the effects of a novel, highly potent MCT inhibitor, AR-C155858, on GHB toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics (TK/TD). METHODS Rats were administered GHB (200, 600 or 1500 mg/kg i.v. or 1500 mg/kg po) with and without AR-C155858. Breathing frequency was continuously monitored using whole-body plethysmography. Plasma and urine samples were collected up to 8 h. The effect of AR-C155858 on GHB brain/plasma partitioning was also assessed. RESULTS AR-C155858 treatment significantly increased GHB renal and total clearance after intravenous GHB administration at all the GHB doses used in this study. GHB-induced respiratory depression was significantly improved by AR-C155858 as demonstrated by an improvement in the respiratory rate. AR-C155858 treatment also resulted in a significant reduction in brain/plasma partitioning of GHB (0.1 ± 0.03) when compared to GHB alone (0.25 ± 0.02). GHB CLR and CLoral (CL/F) following oral administration were also significantly increased following AR-C155858 treatment (from 1.82 ± 0.63 to 5.74 ± 0.86 and 6.52 ± 0.88 to 10.2 ± 0.75 ml/min/kg, respectively). CONCLUSION The novel and highly potent MCT inhibitor represents a potential treatment option for GHB overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Vijay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 352 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
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Wang H, Yang C, Doherty JR, Roush WR, Cleveland JL, Bannister TD. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pteridine dione and trione monocarboxylate transporter 1 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7317-24. [PMID: 25068893 PMCID: PMC4161152 DOI: 10.1021/jm500640x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Novel
substituted pteridine-derived inhibitors of monocarboxylate
transporter 1 (MCT1), an emerging target for cancer therapy, are reported.
The activity of these compounds as inhibitors of lactate transport
was confirmed using a 14C-lactate transport assay, and
their potency against MCT1-expressing human tumor cells was established
using MTT assays. The four most potent compounds showed substantial
anticancer activity (EC50 37–150 nM) vs MCT1-expressing
human Raji lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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An G, Wang X, Morris ME. Flavonoids are inhibitors of human organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1)-mediated transport. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1357-66. [PMID: 25002746 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) has been reported to be involved in the nephrotoxicity of many anionic xenobiotics. As current clinically used OAT1 inhibitors are often associated with safety issues, identifying potent OAT1 inhibitors with little toxicity is of great value in reducing OAT1-mediated drug nephrotoxicity. Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds with exceptional safety records. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 18 naturally occurring flavonoids, and some of their glycosides, on the uptake of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) in both OAT1-expressing and OAT1-negative LLC-PK1 cells. Most flavonoid aglycones produced substantial decreases in PAH uptake in OAT1-expressing cells. Among the flavonoids screened, fisetin, luteolin, morin, and quercetin exhibited the strongest effect and produced complete inhibition of OAT1-mediated PAH uptake at a concentration of 50 μM. Further concentration-dependent studies revealed that both morin and luteolin are potent OAT1 inhibitors, with IC50 values of <0.3 and 0.47 μM, respectively. In contrast to the tested flavonoid aglycones, all flavonoid glycosides had negligible or small effects on OAT1. In addition, the role of OAT1 in the uptake of fisetin, luteolin, morin, and quercetin was investigated and fisetin was found to be a substrate of OAT1. Taken together, our results indicate that flavonoids are a novel class of OAT1 modulators. Considering the high consumption of flavonoids in the diet and in herbal products, OAT1-mediated flavonoid-drug interactions may be clinically relevant. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate the nephroprotective role of flavonoids in relation to drug-induced nephrotoxicity mediated by the OAT1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Morais-Santos F, Miranda-Gonçalves V, Pinheiro S, Vieira AF, Paredes J, Schmitt FC, Baltazar F, Pinheiro C. Differential sensitivities to lactate transport inhibitors of breast cancer cell lines. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:27-38. [PMID: 24174370 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment is known to be acidic due to high glycolytic rates of tumour cells. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) play a role in extracellular acidification, which is widely known to be involved in tumour progression. Recently, we have described the upregulation of MCT1 in breast carcinomas and its association with poor prognostic variables. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of lactate transport inhibition in human breast cancer cell lines. The effects of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, quercetin and lonidamine on cell viability, metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were assessed in a panel of different breast cancer cell lines. MCT1, MCT4 and CD147 were differently expressed among the breast cancer cell lines and, as expected, different sensitivities were observed for the three inhibitors. Interestingly, in the most sensitive cell lines, lactate transport inhibition induced a decrease in cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as an increase in cell death. Results were validated by silencing MCT1 expression using siRNA. The results obtained here support targeting of lactate transport as a strategy to treat breast cancer, with a special emphasis on the basal-like subtype, which so far does not have a specific molecular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Morais-Santos
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Sánchez-Tena S, Vizán P, Dudeja P, Centelles J, Cascante M. Green tea phenolics inhibit butyrate-induced differentiation of colon cancer cells by interacting with monocarboxylate transporter 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1832:2264-70. [PMID: 23994611 PMCID: PMC4889458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diet has a significant impact on colorectal cancer and both dietary fiber and plant-derived compounds have been independently shown to be inversely related to colon cancer risk. Butyrate (NaB), one of the principal products of dietary fiber fermentation, induces differentiation of colon cancer cell lines by inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs). On the other hand, (-)-epicatechin (EC) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), two abundant phenolic compounds of green tea, have been shown to exhibit antitumoral properties. In this study we used colon cancer cell lines to study the cellular and molecular events that take place during co-treatment with NaB, EC and EGCG. We found that (i) polyphenols EC and EGCG fail to induce differentiation of colon adenocarcinoma cell lines; (ii) polyphenols EC and EGCG reduce NaB-induced differentiation; (iii) the effect of the polyphenols is specific for NaB, since differentiation induced by other agents, such as trichostatin A (TSA), was unaltered upon EC and EGCG treatment, and (iv) is independent of the HDAC inhibitory activity of NaB. Also, (v) polyphenols partially reduce cellular NaB; and (vi) on a molecular level, reduction of cellular NaB uptake by polyphenols is achieved by impairing the capacity of NaB to relocalize its own transporter (monocarboxylate transporter 1, MCT1) in the plasma membrane. Our findings suggest that beneficial effects of NaB on colorectal cancer may be reduced by green tea phenolic supplementation. This valuable information should be of assistance in choosing a rational design for more effective diet-driven therapeutic interventions in the prevention or treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sánchez-Tena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IBUB, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona and Unit Associated with CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P. Vizán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IBUB, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona and Unit Associated with CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P.K. Dudeja
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - J.J. Centelles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IBUB, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona and Unit Associated with CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IBUB, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona and Unit Associated with CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Valença I, Morais-Santos F, Miranda-Gonçalves V, Ferreira AM, Almeida-Aguiar C, Baltazar F. Portuguese propolis disturbs glycolytic metabolism of human colorectal cancer in vitro. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:184. [PMID: 23870175 PMCID: PMC3725165 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propolis is a resin collected by bees from plant buds and exudates, which is further processed through the activity of bee enzymes. Propolis has been shown to possess many biological and pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunostimulant and antitumor activities. Due to this bioactivity profile, this resin can become an alternative, economic and safe source of natural bioactive compounds.Antitumor action has been reported in vitro and in vivo for propolis extracts or its isolated compounds; however, Portuguese propolis has been little explored. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro antitumor activity of Portuguese propolis on the human colon carcinoma cell line HCT-15, assessing the effect of different fractions (hexane, chloroform and ethanol residual) of a propolis ethanol extract on cell viability, proliferation, metabolism and death. METHODS Propolis from Angra do Heroísmo (Azores) was extracted with ethanol and sequentially fractionated in solvents with increasing polarity, n-hexane and chloroform. To assess cell viability, cell proliferation and cell death, Sulforhodamine B, BrDU incorporation assay and Anexin V/Propidium iodide were used, respectively. Glycolytic metabolism was estimated using specific kits. RESULTS All propolis samples exhibited a cytotoxic effect against tumor cells, in a dose- and time-dependent way. Chloroform fraction, the most enriched in phenolic compounds, appears to be the most active, both in terms of inhibition of viability and cell death. Data also show that this cytotoxicity involves disturbance in tumor cell glycolytic metabolism, seen by a decrease in glucose consumption and lactate production. CONCLUSION Our results show that Portuguese propolis from Angra do Heroísmo (Azores) can be a potential therapeutic agent against human colorectal cancer.
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Morse BL, Morris ME. Effects of monocarboxylate transporter inhibition on the oral toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics of γ-hydroxybutyrate and γ-butyrolactone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:102-10. [PMID: 23392755 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory depression and death secondary to respiratory arrest have occurred after oral overdoses of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its precursor γ-butyrolactone (GBL). GHB is a substrate for monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), and increasing GHB renal clearance or decreasing GHB absorption via MCT inhibition represents a potential treatment strategy for GHB/GBL overdose. In these studies, GHB and GBL were administered in doses of 1.92, 5.77, and 14.4 mmol/kg orally with and without MCT inhibition to determine effects of this treatment strategy on the oral toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of GHB and GBL. The competitive MCT inhibitor l-lactate was administered by intravenous infusion starting 1 hour after GHB and GBL administration. Oral administration of l-lactate and the MCT inhibitor luteolin was also evaluated. Respiratory depression was measured using plethysmography. Intravenous l-lactate, but not oral treatments, significantly increased GHB renal and/or oral clearances. At the low dose of GHB and GBL, i.v. l-lactate increased GHB renal clearance. Due to the increased contribution of renal clearance to total clearance at the moderate dose, increased renal clearance translated to an increase in oral clearance. At the highest GHB dose, oral clearance was increased without a significant change in renal clearance. The lack of effect of i.v. l-lactate on renal clearance after a high oral GHB dose suggests possible effects of i.v. l-lactate on MCT-mediated absorption. The resulting increases in oral clearance improved respiratory depression. Intravenous l-lactate also reduced mortality with the high GBL dose. These data indicate i.v. l-lactate represents a potential treatment strategy in oral overdose of GHB and GBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Qiu J, Kitamura Y, Miyata Y, Tamaru S, Tanaka K, Tanaka T, Matsui T. Transepithelial transport of theasinensins through Caco-2 cell monolayers and their absorption in Sprague-Dawley rats after oral administration. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8036-8043. [PMID: 22831633 DOI: 10.1021/jf302242n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to illustrate the in vivo and in vitro absorption of theasinensins B and A that are (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)-(-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) dimer and EGCG dimer, respectively, and their transport pathway across the intestinal membrane. Our animal study by a single oral administration to rats demonstrated the intact absorption of theasinensins into the blood system, which was estimated to be a >10-fold lower absorption amount than EGCG. The in vitro absorption study indicated that theasinensins can be transported across Caco-2 cell monolayers, while their permeability coefficients were also >10-fold lower than those of EGCG and EGC. Transport experiments using cytochalasin D or quercetin as a tight junction (TJ) modulator and a non-saturable permeation revealed that theasinensins were transported across Caco-2 cells in a TJ paracellular diffusion route. In conclusion, the dimers of condensed catechins, theasinensins B and A, can be absorbed intact into rat blood and transported across Caco-2 cell monolayers probably through a TJ paracellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Qiu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Division of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduated School of Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, Japan
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Pinheiro C, Longatto-Filho A, Azevedo-Silva J, Casal M, Schmitt FC, Baltazar F. Role of monocarboxylate transporters in human cancers: state of the art. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:127-39. [PMID: 22407107 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) belong to the SLC16 gene family, presently composed by 14 members. MCT1-MCT4 are proton symporters, which mediate the transmembrane transport of pyruvate, lactate and ketone bodies. The role of MCTs in cell homeostasis has been characterized in detail in normal tissues, however, their role in cancer is still far from understood. Most solid tumors are known to rely on glycolysis for energy production and this activity leads to production of important amounts of lactate, which are exported into the extracellular milieu, contributing to the acidic microenvironment. In this context, MCTs will play a dual role in the maintenance of the hyper-glycolytic acid-resistant phenotype of cancer, allowing the maintenance of the high glycolytic rates by performing lactate efflux, and pH regulation by the co-transport of protons. Thus, they constitute attractive targets for cancer therapy, which have been little explored. Here we review the literature on the role of MCTs in solid tumors in different locations, such as colon, central nervous system, breast, lung, gynecologic tract, prostate, stomach, however, there are many conflicting results and in most cases there are no functional studies showing the dependence of the tumors on MCT expression and activity. Additional studies on MCT expression in other tumor types, confirmation of the results already published as well as additional functional studies are needed to deeply understand the role of MCTs in cancer maintenance and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Elian AA, Hackett J. Anion exchange SPE and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in GHB analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3752-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vlachodimitropoulou E, Sharp PA, Naftalin RJ. Quercetin-iron chelates are transported via glucose transporters. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:934-44. [PMID: 21238582 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are well-known antioxidants and free radical scavengers. Their metal-binding activity suggests that they could be effective protective agents in pathological conditions caused by both extracellular and intracellular oxidative stress linked to metal overload. Quercetin is both a permeant ligand via glucose transport proteins (GLUTs) and a high-affinity inhibitor of GLUT-mediated glucose transport. Chelatable "free iron" at micromolar concentrations in body fluids is a catalyst of hydroxyl radical (OH(•)) production from hydrogen peroxide. A number of flavonoids, e.g., quercetin, luteolin, chrysin, and 3,6-dihydroxyflavone, have been demonstrated to chelate intracellular iron and suppress OH(•) radical production in Madin Darby canine kidney cells. The most effective chelation comes from the flavonone B ring catechol found in both quercetin and luteolin. We show here that quercetin concentrations of <1μM can facilitate chelatable iron shuttling via GLUT1 in either direction across the cell membrane. These siderophoric effects are inhibited by raised quercetin concentrations (>1μM) or GLUT inhibitors, e.g., phloretin or cytochalasin B, and iron efflux is enhanced by impermeant extracellular iron chelators, either desferrioxamine or rutin. This iron shuttling property of quercetin might be usefully harnessed in chelotherapy of iron-overload conditions.
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Felmlee MA, Wang Q, Cui D, Roiko SA, Morris ME. Mechanistic toxicokinetic model for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: inhibition of active renal reabsorption as a potential therapeutic strategy. AAPS JOURNAL 2010; 12:407-16. [PMID: 20461486 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a drug of abuse, exhibits saturable renal clearance and capacity-limited metabolism. The objectives of this study were to construct a mechanistic toxicokinetic (TK) model describing saturable renal reabsorption and capacity-limited metabolism of GHB and to predict the effects of inhibition of renal reabsorption on GHB TK in the plasma and urine. GHB was administered by iv bolus (200-1,000 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats and plasma and urine samples were collected for up to 6 h post-dose. GHB concentrations were determined by LC/MS/MS. GHB plasma concentration and urinary excretion were well-described by a TK model incorporating plasma and kidney compartments, along with two tissue and two ultrafiltrate compartments. The estimate of the Michaelis-Menten constant for renal reabsorption (K (m,R)) was 0.46 mg/ml which is consistent with in vitro estimates of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)-mediated uptake of GHB (0.48 mg/ml). Simulation studies assessing inhibition of renal reabsorption of GHB demonstrated increased time-averaged renal clearance and GHB plasma AUC, independent of the inhibition mechanism assessed. Co-administration of GHB (600 mg/kg iv) and L: -lactate (330 mg/kg iv bolus plus 121 mg/kg/h iv infusion), a known inhibitor of MCTs, resulted in a significant decrease in GHB plasma AUC and an increase in time-averaged renal clearance, consistent with the model simulations. These results suggest that inhibition of renal reabsorption of GHB is a viable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GHB overdoses. Furthermore, the mechanistic TK model provides a useful in silico tool for the evaluation of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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Kinetics of hyperpolarized 13C1-pyruvate transport and metabolism in living human breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:18131-6. [PMID: 19826085 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909049106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic fluxes can serve as specific biomarkers for detecting malignant transformations, tumor progression, and response to microenvironmental changes and treatment procedures. We present noninvasive hyperpolarized (13)C NMR investigations on the metabolic flux of pyruvate to lactate, in a well-controlled injection/perfusion system using T47D human breast cancer cells. Initial rates of pyruvate-to-lactate conversion were obtained by fitting the hyperpolarized (13)C and ancillary (31)P NMR data to a model, yielding both kinetic parameters and mechanistic insight into this conversion. Transport was found to be the rate-limiting process for the conversion of extracellular pyruvate to lactate with K(m) = 2.14 +/- 0.03 mM, typical of the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), and a V(max) = 27.6 +/- 1.1 fmolxmin(-1).cell(-1), in agreement with the high expression level of this transporter. Modulation of the environment to hypoxic conditions as well as suppression of cells' perfusion enhanced the rate of pyruvate-to-lactate conversion, presumably by up-regulation of the MCT1. Conversely, the addition of quercetin, a flavonoidal MCT1 inhibitor, markedly reduces the apparent rate of pyruvate-to-lactate conversion. These results suggest that hyperpolarized (13)C(1)-pyruvate may be a useful magnetic resonance biomarker of MCT regulation and malignant transformations in breast cancer.
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Cui D, Morris ME. The drug of abuse gamma-hydroxybutyrate is a substrate for sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter (SMCT) 1 (SLC5A8): characterization of SMCT-mediated uptake and inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1404-10. [PMID: 19389857 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a drug of abuse, is a substrate of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 (SMCT1; SLC5A8) is expressed in kidney, thyroid gland, neurons, and intestinal tract and exhibits substrate specificity similar to that of the proton-dependent MCT (SLC16A) family. The role of SMCT1 in GHB disposition has not been determined. In this study we characterized the driving force, transport kinetics, and inhibitors of GHB uptake, as well as expression of SMCT and MCT isoforms, in rat thyroid follicular (FRTL-5) cells. GHB, as well as the monocarboxylates butyrate and d-lactate, exhibited sodium-dependent uptake at pH 7.4, which could be described with a simple Michaelis-Menten equation plus a diffusional component [K(m) 0.68 +/- 0.30 mM, V(max) 3.50 +/- 1.58 nmol . mg(-1) . min(-1), and diffusional clearance (P) 0.25 +/- 0.08 microl . mg(-1) . min(-1)]. In the absence of sodium, GHB uptake was significantly increased at lower pH, suggesting proton-gradient dependent transport. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western analyses demonstrated the expression of SMCT1, MCT1, and MCT2 in FRTL-5 cells, supporting the activity results. Sodium-dependent GHB uptake in FRTL-5 cells was inhibited by MCT substrates (d-lactate, l-lactate, pyruvate, and butyrate), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen), and probenecid. IC(50) values for l-lactate, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and probenecid were 101, 31.6, 64.4, and 380 muM, respectively. All four inhibitors also significantly inhibited GHB uptake in rat MCT1 gene-transfected MDA/MB231 cells, suggesting they are not specific for SMCT1. Luteolin and alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnimate represent specific proton-dependent MCT inhibitors. Our findings indicate that GHB is a substrate for both sodium- and proton-dependent MCTs and identified specific inhibitors of MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
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Morris ME, Felmlee MA. Overview of the proton-coupled MCT (SLC16A) family of transporters: characterization, function and role in the transport of the drug of abuse gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:311-21. [PMID: 18523892 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transport of monocarboxylates, such as lactate and pyruvate, is mediated by the SLC16A family of proton-linked membrane transport proteins known as monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). Fourteen MCT-related genes have been identified in mammals and of these seven MCTs have been functionally characterized. Despite their sequence homology, only MCT1-4 have been demonstrated to be proton-dependent transporters of monocarboxylic acids. MCT6, MCT8 and MCT10 have been demonstrated to transport diuretics, thyroid hormones and aromatic amino acids, respectively. MCT1-4 vary in their regulation, tissue distribution and substrate/inhibitor specificity with MCT1 being the most extensively characterized isoform. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to endogenous substrates, MCTs are involved in the transport of pharmaceutical agents, including gamma-hydroxybuytrate (GHB), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), salicylic acid, and bumetanide. MCTs are expressed in a wide range of tissues including the liver, intestine, kidney and brain, and as such they have the potential to impact a number of processes contributing to the disposition of xenobiotic substrates. GHB has been extensively studied as a pharmaceutical substrate of MCTs; the renal clearance of GHB is dose-dependent with saturation of MCT-mediated reabsorption at high doses. Concomitant administration of GHB and L: -lactate to rats results in an approximately two-fold increase in GHB renal clearance suggesting that inhibition of MCT1-mediated reabsorption of GHB may be an effective strategy for increasing renal and total GHB elimination in overdose situations. Further studies are required to more clearly define the role of MCTs on drug disposition and the potential for MCT-mediated detoxification strategies in GHB overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, USA.
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Wang X, Wang Q, Morris ME. Pharmacokinetic interaction between the flavonoid luteolin and gamma-hydroxybutyrate in rats: potential involvement of monocarboxylate transporters. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:47-55. [PMID: 18446505 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-007-9001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) has been previously reported as an important determinant of the renal reabsorption of the drug of abuse, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Luteolin is a potent MCT1 inhibitor, inhibiting the uptake of GHB with an IC(50) of 0.41 microM in MCT1-transfected MDA-MB231 cells. The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of luteolin on GHB pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rats, and to investigate the mechanism of the interaction using model-fitting methods. GHB (400 and 1,000 mg/kg) and luteolin (0, 4 and 10 mg/kg) were administered to rats via iv bolus doses. The plasma or urine concentrations of luteolin and GHB were determined by HPLC and LC/MS/MS, respectively. The pharmacodynamic parameter sleep time in rats after GHB administration was recorded. A pharmacokinetic model containing capacity-limited renal reabsorption and metabolic clearance was constructed to characterize the in vivo interaction. Luteolin significantly decreased the plasma concentration and AUC, and increased the total and renal clearances of GHB. Moreover, luteolin significantly shortened the duration of GHB (1,000 mg/kg)-induced sleep in rats (161 +/- 16, 131 +/- 14 and 121 +/- 5 min for control, luteolin 4 and 10 mg/kg groups, respectively, p < 0.01). An uncompetitive inhibition model, with an inhibition constant of 1.1 microM, best described the in vivo pharmacokinetic interaction. The results of this study indicated that luteolin significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of GHB by inhibiting its MCT1-mediated transport. The interaction between luteolin and GHB may offer a potential clinical detoxification strategy to treat GHB overdoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 517 Hochstetter Hall, Amherst, New York 14260, USA
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Shim CK, Cheon EP, Kang KW, Seo KS, Han HK. Inhibition effect of flavonoids on monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in Caco-2 cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 59:1515-9. [PMID: 17976262 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.11.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the inhibition effect of flavonoids on monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in Caco-2 cells. The cellular uptake of benzoic acid was examined in the presence and the absence of naringin, naringenin, morin, silybin and quercetin in Caco-2 cells. All the tested flavonoids except naringin significantly inhibited (P<0.05) the cellular uptake of [(14)C]-benzoic acid. Particularly, naringenin and silybin exhibited strong inhibition effects with IC50 values of 23.4 and 30.2 microM, respectively. Kinetic analysis indicated that the inhibition mode of naringenin and silybin on MCT1 activity was competitive with a Ki of 15-20 microM. The effect of flavonoids on the gene expression of MCT1 was also examined by using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Results indicated that the expression level of MCT1 was not affected by the treatment with naringenin or silybin. The cellular accumulation of naringenin in Caco-2 cells was not changed in the presence of benzoic acid or L-lactic acid, implying that naringenin might not be a substrate of MCT1. In conclusion, some flavonoids appeared to be competitive inhibitors of MCT1, suggesting the potential for diet-drug interactions between flavonoids and MCT1 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Koo Shim
- National Research Laboratory of Transporters Targeted Drug Design, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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Hong SS, Jin MJ, Han HK. Enhanced systemic availability of methotrexate in the presence of morin in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2008; 29:189-93. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
A major challenge associated with the development of chemopreventive polyphenols is the lack of bioavailability in vivo, which are primarily the result of coupled metabolic activities of conjugating enzymes and efflux transporters. These coupling processes are present in disposition tissues and organs in mammals and are efficient for the purposes of drug metabolism, elimination and detoxification. Therefore, it was expected that these coupling processes represent a significant barrier to the oral bioavailabilities of polyphenols. In various studies of this coupling process, it was identified that various conjugating enzymes such as uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase are capable of producing very hydrophilic metabolites of polyphenols, which cannot diffuse out of the cells and needs the action of efflux transporters to pump them out of the cells. Additional studies have shown that efflux transporters, such as multi-drug resistance-associated protein 2, breast cancer-resistant protein and the organic anion transporters, appear to serve as the gate keeper when there is an excess capacity to metabolise the compounds. These efflux transporters may also act as the facilitator of metabolism when there is a product/metabolite inhibition. For polyphenols, these coupled processes enable a duo recycling scheme of enteric and enterohepatic recycling, which allows the polyphenols to be reabsorbed and results in longer than expected apparent plasma half-lifes for these compounds and their conjugates. Because the vast majority of polyphenols in plasma are hydrophilic conjugates, more research is needed to determine if the metabolites are active or reactive, which will help explain their mechanism of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Liu
- Hong Kong Baptist University, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong, China
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