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Li C, Jia WW, Yang JL, Cheng C, Olaleye OE. Multi-compound and drug-combination pharmacokinetic research on Chinese herbal medicines. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:3080-3095. [PMID: 36114271 PMCID: PMC9483253 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00983-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine has provided a basis for health care and disease treatment to Chinese people for millennia, and herbal medicines are regulated as drug products in China. Chinese herbal medicines have two features. They normally possess very complex chemical composition. This makes the identification of the constituents that are together responsible for the therapeutic action of an herbal medicine challenging, because how to select compounds from an herbal medicine for pharmacodynamic study has been a big hurdle in such identification efforts. To this end, a multi-compound pharmacokinetic approach was established to identify potentially important compounds (bioavailable at the action loci with significant exposure levels after dosing an herbal medicine) and to characterize their pharmacokinetics and disposition. Another feature of Chinese herbal medicines is their typical use as or in combination therapies. Coadministration of complex natural products and conventional synthetic drugs is prevalent worldwide, even though it remains very controversial. Natural product–drug interactions have raised wide concerns about reduced drug efficacy or safety. However, growing evidence shows that incorporating Chinese herbal medicines into synthetic drug-based therapies delivers benefits in the treatment of many multifactorial diseases. To address this issue, a drug-combination pharmacokinetic approach was established to assess drug–drug interaction potential of herbal medicines and degree of pharmacokinetic compatibility for multi-herb combination and herbal medicine–synthetic drug combination therapies. In this review we describe the methodology, techniques, requirements, and applications of multi-compound and drug-combination pharmacokinetic research on Chinese herbal medicines and to discuss further development for these two types of pharmacokinetic research.
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Bakr AF, Shao P, Farag MA. Recent advances in glycyrrhizin metabolism, health benefits, clinical effects and drug delivery systems for efficacy improvement; a comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153999. [PMID: 35220130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a major active constituent of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) that is considered one of the oldest and most frequently employed botanicals in Chinese medicine and worldwide, with most effects attributed to its rich GL content. Structurally, GL a triterpene saponin that is widely used as a flavoring agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics, and also proposed for various clinical applications with a myriad of health benefits. Pharmacological and biological activities of GL include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities (in vitro and in vivo). Currently, there is no comprehensive review on GL biological effects and its action mechanisms. PURPOSE This review summarizes GL pharmacological actions from a molecular biology perception, presented on its metabolism and side effects based on in vitro, in vitro and clinical studies. Moreover, the potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also summarized. The progress in drug delivery research using GL presented herein is expected to provide a theoretical basis for developing other novel drugs formulations. METHODS A systematic review was carried out in several electronic databases (Science Direct, SpringerLink, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and Scopus), using the following key words: glycyrrhizin "AND" bioactivity "OR" clinic "OR" therapeutic "OR" drug delivery. This search included manuscripts published between 1989 and 2021. RESULTS 126 researches were selected and summarized in this review. The analysis of these studies indicated that GL has antiviral activity against different viruses. Further, GL efficiently suppressed the respiratory manifestations associated with COVID-19 by reducing the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that employed by the virus as an entry point. Otherwise, GL was found to induce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and anticancer activity. Besides, diminution the particle size of GL to nanometer size significantly augments their action and biodistribution. CONCLUSION This article summarizes the pharmacological actions of GL. The potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also presented. Nevertheless, most studies reported provide no deep insight of GL health effects warranting for more future studies to elucidate its action mechanism and potential therapeutic benefits through preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, China.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
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Lan XF, Olaleye OE, Lu JL, Yang W, Du FF, Yang JL, Cheng C, Shi YH, Wang FQ, Zeng XS, Tian NN, Liao PW, Yu X, Xu F, Li YF, Wang HT, Zhang NX, Jia WW, Li C. Pharmacokinetics-based identification of pseudoaldosterogenic compounds originating from Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots (Gancao) after dosing LianhuaQingwen capsule. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:2155-2172. [PMID: 33931765 PMCID: PMC8086230 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
LianhuaQingwen capsule, prepared from an herbal combination, is officially recommended as treatment for COVID-19 in China. Of the serial pharmacokinetic investigations we designed to facilitate identifying LianhuaQingwen compounds that are likely to be therapeutically important, the current investigation focused on the component Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots (Gancao). Besides its function in COVID-19 treatment, Gancao is able to induce pseudoaldosteronism by inhibiting renal 11β-HSD2. Systemic and colon-luminal exposure to Gancao compounds were characterized in volunteers receiving LianhuaQingwen and by in vitro metabolism studies. Access of Gancao compounds to 11β-HSD2 was characterized using human/rat, in vitro transport, and plasma protein binding studies, while 11β-HSD2 inhibition was assessed using human kidney microsomes. LianhuaQingwen contained a total of 41 Gancao constituents (0.01-8.56 μmol/day). Although glycyrrhizin (1), licorice saponin G2 (2), and liquiritin/liquiritin apioside (21/22) were the major Gancao constituents in LianhuaQingwen, their poor intestinal absorption and access to colonic microbiota resulted in significant levels of their respective deglycosylated metabolites glycyrrhetic acid (8), 24-hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid (M2D; a new Gancao metabolite), and liquiritigenin (27) in human plasma and feces after dosing. These circulating metabolites were glucuronized/sulfated in the liver and then excreted into bile. Hepatic oxidation of 8 also yielded M2D. Circulating 8 and M2D, having good membrane permeability, could access (via passive tubular reabsorption) and inhibit renal 11β-HSD2. Collectively, 1 and 2 were metabolically activated to the pseudoaldosterogenic compounds 8 and M2D. This investigation, together with such investigations of other components, has implications for precisely defining therapeutic benefit of LianhuaQingwen and conditions for its safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Lan
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Olajide E Olaleye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jun-Lan Lu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Fei-Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jun-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xue-Shan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Nan-Nan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Pei-Wei Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying-Fei Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hong-Tao Wang
- Hebei Yiling Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Nai-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei-Wei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Chuan Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Yoshino T, Shimada S, Homma M, Makino T, Mimura M, Watanabe K. Clinical Risk Factors of Licorice-Induced Pseudoaldosteronism Based on Glycyrrhizin-Metabolite Concentrations: A Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:719197. [PMID: 34604277 PMCID: PMC8484325 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.719197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice, the dried root or stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra or G. ularensis, is commonly used worldwide as a food sweetener or crude drug. Its major ingredient is glycyrrhizin. Hypokalemia or pseudoaldosteronism (PsA) is one of the most frequent side effects of licorice intake. Glycyrrhizin metabolites inhibit type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD2), which decomposes cortisol into inactive cortisone in the distal nephron, thereby inducing mineralocorticoid receptor activity. Among the several reported glycyrrhizin-metabolites, 18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate is the major compound found in humans after licorice consumption, followed by glycyrrhetinic acid. These metabolites are highly bound to albumin in blood circulation and are predominantly excreted into bile via multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2). High dosage and long-term use of licorice are constitutional risk factors for PsA. Orally administered glycyrrhizin is effectively hydrolyzed to glycyrrhetinic acid by the intestinal bacteria in constipated patients, which enhances the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin metabolites. Under hypoalbuminemic conditions, the unbound metabolite fractions can reach 11βHSD2 at the distal nephron. Hyper direct-bilirubin could be a surrogate marker of Mrp2 dysfunction, which results in metabolite accumulation. Older age is associated with reduced 11βHSD2 function, and several concomitant medications, such as diuretics, have been reported to affect the phenotype. This review summarizes several factors related to licorice-induced PsA, including daily dosage, long-term use, constipation, hypoalbuminemia, hyper direct-bilirubin, older age, and concomitant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Yoshino
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Shimada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masato Homma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ishiuchi K, Morinaga O, Yoshino T, Mitamura M, Hirasawa A, Maki Y, Tashita Y, Kondo T, Ogawa K, Lian F, Ogawa-Ochiai K, Minamizawa K, Namiki T, Mimura M, Watanabe K, Makino T. Identification of an Alternative Glycyrrhizin Metabolite Causing Liquorice-Induced Pseudohyperaldosteronism and the Development of ELISA System to Detect the Predictive Biomarker. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:688508. [PMID: 34079468 PMCID: PMC8165744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquorice is usually used as crude drug in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Liquorice-containing glycyrrhizin (GL) can cause pseudohyperaldosteronism as a side effect. Previously, we identified 18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate (3) as a GL metabolite in Eisai hyperbilirubinuria rats (EHBRs) with the dysfunction of multidrug resistance-related protein (Mrp2). We speculated that 3 was associated with the onset of liquorice-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism, because it was mainly detected in serum of patients with suspected to have this condition. However, it is predicted that other metabolites might exist in the urine of EHBRs orally treated with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). We explored other metabolites in the urine of EHBRs, and investigated the pharmacokinetic profiles of the new metabolite in EHBRs and normal Sprague-Dawley rats. We further analyzed the serum concentrations of the new metabolite in the patients of pseudohyperaldosteronism. Finally, we developed the analyzing method of these metabolites as a preventive biomarker for the onset of pseudohyperaldosteronism using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We isolated a new GL metabolite, 18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate-30-O-glucuronide (4). Compound 4 significantly inhibited rat type-2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD2) and was a substrate of both organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 and OAT3. Compound 4 was also detected in the serum of patients with suspected pseudohyperaldosteronism at an approximately 10-fold lower concentrations than 3, and these concentrations were positively correlated. Compound 4 showed a lower serum concentration and weaker inhibitory titer on 11β-HSD2 than 3. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system using an anti-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-glucuronide (3MGA) monoclonal antibody to measure the serum concentration of 3 to facilitate the measurement of biomarkers to predict the onset of pseudohyperaldosteronism. Although we found 4 as the secondary candidate causative agent, 3 could be the main potent preventive biomarker of liquorice-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism. Compound 3 was detected in serum at a higher concentration than GA and 4, implying that 3 may be a pharmacologically active ingredient mediating not only the development of pseudohyperaldosteronism but anti-inflammatory effects in humans administered GL or other liquorice-containing preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan'ichiro Ishiuchi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Osamu Morinaga
- Department of Natural Medicines, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Yoshino
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miaki Mitamura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asuka Hirasawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Maki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuuna Tashita
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kondo
- Department of Natural Medicines, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kakuyou Ogawa
- Department of Natural Medicines, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fangyi Lian
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Ogawa-Ochiai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Clinic of Japanese Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Takao Namiki
- Department of Japanese Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan,*Correspondence: Toshiaki Makino,
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6
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Makino T. Exploration for the real causative agents of licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism. J Nat Med 2021; 75:275-283. [PMID: 33481180 PMCID: PMC7902566 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
I investigated the causative agents of licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism, which is a frequent side effect of Japanese traditional Kampo medicines. Glycyrrhizin (GL), the main ingredient of licorice, is absorbed after being metabolized to glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) by intestinal bacteria, and then metabolized in liver to 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA). In normal condition, 3MGA is excreted into bile via a multidrug resistance-related protein (Mrp) 2, therefore, 3MGA does not appear in blood circulation. However, under the dysfunction of Mrp2, 3MGA appears in the blood circulation and is excreted into the urine by not glomerular filtration but tubular secretion via organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 and 3. At this time, 3MGA inhibits type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD2) in tubular cells to cause pseudoaldosteronism. Since GA is not the substrates of these transporters, GA cannot inhibit 11βHSD2 in tubular cells. Therefore, it was considered that 3MGA was the causative agents of licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism. After that, I isolated and identified three other GL metabolites, 22α-hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate-30-glucuronide (1), 22α-hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate (2), and 18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate (3) from the urine of Mrp2-deficient rats orally treated with GA, and found that their blood and urinary concentrations were much higher than 3MGA and that their pharmacokinetic behaviors were similar to 3MGA. 3MGA was not detected in the blood of patients with pseudoaldosteronism who developed rhabdomyolysis due to licorice, and compound 3 was detected at a high concentration. In addition, a multicenter retrospective study was conducted using the serum and urine of 97 patients who took Kampo medicines containing licorice. Of a total of 97 patients, 67 detected GA in the serum (median 122 nM, 5 nM-1.8 µM) and 68 detected compound 3 (median 239 nM, 2 nM-4.2 µM), and there were no cases of detection of GL, 3MGA, compounds 1, and 2. High blood concentrations of compound 3 were associated with low plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone levels, and serum potassium levels. It is highly probable that compound 3 is the true causative agent of pseudoaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Wu SY, Wang WJ, Dou JH, Gong LK. Research progress on the protective effects of licorice-derived 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid against liver injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:18-26. [PMID: 32144337 PMCID: PMC7921636 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The first description of the medical use of licorice appeared in "Shennong Bencao Jing", one of the well-known Chinese herbal medicine classic books dated back to 220-280 AD. As one of the most commonly prescribed Chinese herbal medicine, licorice is known as "Guo Lao", meaning "a national treasure" in China. Modern pharmacological investigations have confirmed that licorice possesses a number of biological activities, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immune regulation, and liver protection. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid is one of the most extensively studied active integrants of licorice. Here, we provide an overview of the protective effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid against various acute and chronic liver diseases observed in experimental models, and summarize its pharmacological effects and potential toxic/side effects at higher doses. We also make additional comments on the important areas that may warrant further research to support appropriate clinical applications of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and avoid potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Yan Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Jie Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jin-Hui Dou
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Li-Kun Gong
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Chen R, Shen C, Xu Q, Liu Y, Li B, Huang C, Ma T, Meng X, Wu M, Li J. The permeability characteristics and interaction of main components from Si-Ni-San in a MDCK epithelial cell monolayer model. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:239-248. [PMID: 28745128 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1359433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Si-Ni-San (SNS) possesses extensive therapeutic effects, however, the extent to which main components are absorbed and the mechanisms involved are controversial. 2. In this study, MDCK cell model was used to determine the permeability characteristics and interaction between the major components of Si-Ni-San, including saikosaponin a, paeoniflorin, naringin and glycyrrhizic acid. 3. The transport of the major components was concentration-dependent in both directions. Moreover, the transport of paeoniflorin, naringin and glycyrrhizic acid was significantly reduced at 4 °C or in the presence of NaN3. Additionally, the efflux of paeoniflorin and naringin were apparently reduced in the presence of P-gp inhibitor verapamil. The transport of glycyrrhizic acid was clearly inhibited by the inhibitors of MRP2, indicating that MRP2 may be involved in the transport of glycyrrhizic acid. However, the results indicated that saikosaponin a was absorbed mainly by passive diffusion. Furthermore, the combined incubation of four major components had a powerful sorbefacient effect than a single drug used alone which may be regulated by tight junctions. 4. Taken together, our study provides useful information for pharmacological applications of Si-Ni-San and offers new insights into this ancient decoction for further researches, especially in drug synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chenlin Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Taotao Ma
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoming Meng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Maomao Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Mantani N, Oka H, Watanabe T. A Study of Factors Associated with the Development of Pseudoaldosteronism in Outpatients. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 26:329-334. [PMID: 31977240 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The development of pseudoaldosteronism is shown to be mainly associated with four factors: daily dose of glycyrrhiza (licorice), duration of glycyrrhiza use, body size, and age. Recently, direct bilirubinemia and hypoalbuminemia are newly reported as possible factors that trigger pseudoaldosteronism due to glycyrrhiza ingestion. Pseudoaldosteronism occurs in the presence of combinations of these factors; therefore, the importance of each factor on the tolerance to glycyrrhiza loading is still unclear. Methods: In seven patients (63-78 years old, six women) who developed pseudoaldosteronism due to ingestion of glycyrrhiza-containing Kampo extract in their clinic, serum albumin and direct bilirubin (D-bil) levels were investigated. In six women, the authors evaluated the correlations between daily dose of glycyrrhiza ingested and each factor: age, height, weight, body mass index, body surface area (BSA), and duration of ingestion (Pearson's correlation coefficient). Results: No patients had abnormal levels of serum albumin or D-bil around the time of the onset. In six women, the highest correlation coefficient was observed between BSA and the glycyrrhiza dose in Kampo extract at the onset of pseudoaldosteronism. Conclusions: The findings suggested that in elderly women, BSA should be considered first as a factor for predicting the development of pseudoaldosteronism.
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Meng L, Gao H, Chen B, Liu PP, Shan GS, Zhang F, Jia TZ. Simultaneous Determination of Five Chromones of Radix Saposhnikoviae Extract in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS: Application to a Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study in Normal and Febrile Rats. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:6454252. [PMID: 30937211 PMCID: PMC6413363 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6454252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive quantitative analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of five chromones (prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, 5-O-methylvisammiol, and sec-o-glucosylhamaudol) in the plasma of RS-treated rats for the first time using ultra performance liquid chromatography- (UPLC-) tandem mass spectrometry. The Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was used as the chromatographic column, 0.1% formic acid water and 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile comprised the mobile phases, and all samples were determined under positive ion mode. The results showed that all analytes had good linearity (r > 0.9902), between-day and within-day precisions less than 15%, accuracy between -5.50% and 5.53%, and extraction recovery between 88.26% and 97.65%. Both the matrix effect and stability met the requirements. This method was successfully applied for the comparative pharmacokinetics of five active components of RS in normal and febrile rats. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic behavior of RS extract significantly differed between the two types of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Peng-peng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Guo-shun Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Tian-zhu Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
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18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate would be a causative agent of licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1587. [PMID: 30733510 PMCID: PMC6367500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism is a common adverse effect in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, and 3-monoglucuronyl glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA) was considered as a causative agent of it. Previously, we found 22α-hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate-30-glucuronide (1), one of the metabolites of glycyrrhizin (GL) in the urine of Eisai hyperbilirubinuria rats (EHBRs) treated with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), and suggested that it is also a possible causative agent of pseudoaldosteronism. The discovery of 1 also suggested that there might be other metabolites of GA as causal candidates. In this study, we found 22α-hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate (2) and 18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate (3) in EHBRs’ urine. 2 and 3 more strongly inhibited rat type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase than 1 did in vitro. When EHBRs were orally treated with GA, GA and 1–3 in plasma and 1–3 in urine were detected; the levels of 3MGA were quite low. 2 and 3 were shown to be the substrates of organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 and OAT3. In the plasma of a patient suffering from pseudoaldosteronism with rhabdomyolysis due to licorice, we found 8.6 µM of 3, 1.3 µM of GA, and 87 nM of 2, but 1, GL, and 3MGA were not detected. These findings suggest that 18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate (3) is an alternative causative agent of pseudoaldosteronism, rather than 3MGA and 1.
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Komatsu A, Yoshino T, Suzuki T, Nakamura T, Kanai T, Watanabe K. Risk factors associated with pseudoaldosteronism in patients with chronic hepatitis: A retrospective cohort study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 124:607-614. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Komatsu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care Sciences Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy Tokyo Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Yoshino
- Center for Kampo Medicine Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
- Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care Sciences Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy Tokyo Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Center for Kampo Medicine Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies Keio University Kanagawa Japan
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18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid protects against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestasis through activation of the Sirt1/FXR signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1865-1873. [PMID: 30061734 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a common feature of liver injury, which manifests as bile acid excretion and/or enterohepatic circulation disorders. However, very few effective therapies exist for cholestasis. Recently, 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18b-GA), a major metabolic component of glycyrrhizin, which is the main ingredient of licorice, was reported to protect against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis. However, its protective mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that 18b-GA may stimulate the signaling pathway of bile acid (BA) transportation in hepatocytes, resulting its hepatoprotective effect. According to the results, 18b-GA markedly attenuated ANIT-induced liver injury as indicated the hepatic plasma chemistry index and histopathology examination. In addition, the expression levels of nuclear factors, including Sirt1, FXR and Nrf2, and their target efflux transporters in the liver, which mainly mediate bile acid homeostasis in hepatocytes, significantly increased. Furthermore, we first revealed that 18b-GA treatment significantly activated FXR, and which can be significantly reduced by EX-527 (a potent and selective Sirt1 inhibitor), indicating that 18b-GA activates FXR through Sirt1. Taken together, 18b-GA confers hepatoprotection against ANIT-induced cholestasis by activating FXR through Sirt1, which promotes gene expression of the efflux transporter, and consequently attenuates dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis in hepatocyte compartments.
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Kim J, Martin A, Yee J, Fojut L, Geurts AM, Oshima K, Zimmerman MA, Hong JC. Effects of Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injuries and NRF2 on Transcriptional Activities of Bile Transporters in Rats. J Surg Res 2018; 235:73-82. [PMID: 30691853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) on bile transporter (BT) gene expression is unknown. We hypothesized that abnormal expression of BTs during hepatic IRI is dependent on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which contributes to the cholestasis after reperfusion. METHODS Sham surgery and short (60 min) or long (90 min) periods of warm ischemia time (WIT) with or without reperfusion for 24 h were applied to wild-type Sprague-Dawley rats and Nrf2 knockout rats (n = 5 per group). At each stage of IRI, the serum levels of aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and bile acids were measured. In addition, hepatic tissue was sampled to determine the histologic score of IRI (Suzuki score), measure adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and identify the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions of BTs (Oatp1, Ntcp, Mrp2, Bsep, and Mrp3). RESULTS In short periods of WIT, BT expression increased during the ischemia stage and returned to the baseline after reperfusion. However, in long periods of WIT, BT expression did not increase after ischemia and decreased further after reperfusion. Short WIT did not increase BT expression in Nrf2 knockout animals. The level of BT expression was correlated with the Suzuki score, the serum levels of aminotransferase, bilirubin, and bile acids, and tissue ATP level. Stepwise multiple regression analysis derived equations to predict the Suzuki score (R2 = 76.8, P < 0.001), serum total bilirubin (R2 = 61.2, P < 0.001), and tissue ATP (R2 = 61.1, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Short WIT induces the transcriptional activities of BT, whereas long WIT depresses them, and the effect was blunted by Nrf2 knockout status. BT expression can be considered a surrogate marker for hepatic IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Kim
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alicia Martin
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jennifer Yee
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Lynn Fojut
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kiyoko Oshima
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael A Zimmerman
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Johnny C Hong
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Isolation of a novel glycyrrhizin metabolite as a causal candidate compound for pseudoaldosteronism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15568. [PMID: 30348944 PMCID: PMC6197257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoaldosteronism is a common adverse effect associated with traditional Japanese Kampo medicines. The pathogenesis is mainly caused by 3-monoglucuronyl glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA), one of the metabolites of glycyrrhizin (GL) contained in licorice. We developed an anti-3MGA monoclonal antibody (MAb) and an ELISA system to easily detect 3MGA in the plasma and urine of the patients. However, we found that some metabolites of GL cross-reacted with this MAb. Mrp2-deficient Eisai Hyperbilirubinemia rats (EHBRs) were administered glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), and we isolated 22α-hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate-30-glucuronide (1) from the pooled urine with the guidance of positive immunostaining of eastern blot as the new metabolite of GL. The IC50 of 1 for type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD2) was 2.0 µM. Similar plasma concentrations of 1 and GA were observed 12 h after oral administration of GA to EHBR. Compound 1 was eliminated via urine, whereas GA was not. In Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats orally treated with GA, compound 1 was absent from both the plasma and the urine. Compound 1 was actively transported into cells via OAT1 and OAT3, whereas GA was not. Compound 1, when produced in Mrp2-deficiency, represents a potential causative agent of pseudoaldosteronism, and might be used as a biomarker to prevent the adverse effect.
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Lin N, Liu B, Zhang J, Long Y, Dong G, Jin H, Ma B. Acute toxicity, 28-day repeated-dose toxicity and toxicokinetic study of timosaponin BII in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:244-257. [PMID: 28947379 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Timosaponin BII (TBII), a major steroidal saponin isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge., displays a variety of promising pharmacological activities, such as neuroprotection, enhancement of learning and memory, vascular protection and inhibition of platelet aggregation; therefore, it has been developed as a pharmaceutical for prevention or treatment of dementia. Given the safety concerns surrounding timosaponins and the absence of studies on the safety of TBII, the potential toxicity of TBII was evaluated in toxicity and toxicokinetic studies in rats. In the acute oral toxicity study, loose stools were observed in rats receiving 4000 mg/kg, and the symptoms recovered within 1 day. In the 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity and toxicokinetic study, rats receiving 540 mg/kg showed loose stools and a slight deceleration of body weight growth in both sexes, and the females also showed a slight decrease in food consumption. Moreover, urinalysis indicated reversible treatment-related toxicity in rats receiving 540 mg/kg. The toxicokinetic study demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in systematic exposure to TBII after 28 successive days of oral treatment with TBII. The accumulation coefficients of TBII were 4.35, 1.70 and 1.81, respectively, in rats that received 60, 180 and 540 mg/kg. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is proposed to be 180 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Lin
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China; New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Liu
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical R&D., Ltd., Shandong 251500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongpeng Long
- Beijing Hwellso Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoming Dong
- Beijing Hwellso Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baiping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China.
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Yin X, Gong X, Zhang L, Jiang R, Kuang G, Wang B, Chen X, Wan J. Glycyrrhetinic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in d -galactosamine-sensitized mice by up-regulating expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-M. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 320:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Pedersen JM, Khan EK, Bergström CAS, Palm J, Hoogstraate J, Artursson P. Substrate and method dependent inhibition of three ABC-transporters (MDR1, BCRP, and MRP2). Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 103:70-76. [PMID: 28263911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug transport and drug-drug interactions (DDI) with human ABC transporters are generally investigated in mammalian cell lines or inverted membrane vesicles from insect cells (Sf9) overexpressing the transporter of interest. In this study, we instead used membrane vesicles from human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) overexpressing wild type MDR1/Pgp (ABCB1), BCRP (ABCG2), and MRP2 (ABCC2) with the aim to study the concentration dependent inhibition of shared and prototypic probe substrates. We first investigated 15 substrates and identified estrone-17-beta-glucorinide (E17G) as shared substrate. Nine specific and general inhibitors were then studied using E17G and prototypic probe substrates. The results were compared with those previously obtained in Sf9 vesicles and cell lines of canine (MDCKII) and human (Saos-2) origin. For the majority of inhibitors, Ki values differed <10-fold between E17G and probe substrates. Significant differences in Ki values were observed for about one third of the inhibitors. The transport inhibition potencies in HEK293 vesicles were in good agreement with those obtained in Sf9 vesicles. Large differences were found in the inhibition potencies observed in the vesicular systems compared to the cellular systems. Nevertheless, the rank order correlations between the different experimental systems were generally good. Our study provides further information on substrate dependent inhibition of ABC-transporters, and suggests that simple ranking of compounds can be used as a tier one approach to bridge results obtained in different experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elin K Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Univeristy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Palm
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Janet Hoogstraate
- CNS and Pain Innovative Medicines DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Chemical Biology Consortium, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kim J, Kim T, Hong KS, Moon H, Oh IK, Lee SM, Hohenwalter MD, Zimmerman MA, Cronin DC, Hong JC. Pre-Hepatectomy Assessment of Bile Transporter Expression by Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced MRI in a Rat Model of Liver Cirrhosis. J INVEST SURG 2016; 30:265-271. [PMID: 27780379 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2016.1238983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gadoxetic acid is a liver-specific intravenous T1 magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent that is excreted via the hepatobiliary system. We hypothesize that hepatocyte expressions of bile transporters (OATP1 and MRP2) correlate with dynamic profile of Gadoxetic acid enhanced (GE)-MR imaging (MRI). METHODS Two groups of rats, control (n = 6) and cirrhosis (n = 12), received gadoxetic acid enhanced MRI followed by 70% hepatectomy. The change in MR signal intensity from the baseline before the contrast injection (ΔSI) was analyzed every minute for 30 min. Dynamic signal intensity retention ratio (DSR) was defined as the mean ΔSI of the third 10-minmin period divided by the first 10-minmin period. Real-time PCR was utilized to quantify mRNA expressions. RESULTS Compared to the control, cirrhosis group demonstrated lower mRNA levels of OATP1 (0.038 ± 0.020 vs. 0.232 ± 0.0979; p = 0.004), MRP2 (0.201 ± 0.084 vs. 0.7567 ± 0.254; p = 0.002), and OATP1/MRP2 mRNA ratio (0.193 ± 0.065 vs. 0.342 ± 0.206; p = 0.032). DSR was higher in the cirrhosis group (0.678 ± 0.554 vs -0.125 ± 0.839; p = 0.033). In the cirrhosis group, there was an inverse correlation between the ratios of OATP1/MRP2 mRNA and DSR (R = -0.709, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Bile transporters OATP1/MRP2 mRNA expression ratio in rat liver tissue decreased with DMN-induced liver injury. The expressions of bile transporters correlated with GE-MRI DSR. The GE-MRI DSR has potential utility in qualifying OATP1/MRP2 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Kim
- a Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA.,b The Transplant Center at Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin , Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and The Blood Center of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Tae Kim
- c Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- d Division of MR Research , Korea Basic Science Institute , Cheongwon , South Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Moon
- d Division of MR Research , Korea Basic Science Institute , Cheongwon , South Korea
| | - In-Kyung Oh
- e Department of Surgery , College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Sang Mok Lee
- e Department of Surgery , College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Mark D Hohenwalter
- f Department of Radiology , Medical College of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Michael A Zimmerman
- a Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA.,b The Transplant Center at Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin , Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and The Blood Center of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
| | - David C Cronin
- a Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA.,b The Transplant Center at Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin , Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and The Blood Center of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Johnny C Hong
- a Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA.,b The Transplant Center at Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin , Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and The Blood Center of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
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Yoshino T, Nakamura H, Sano M, Horiba Y, Nakamura T, Watanabe K. Elevated direct bilirubin: Possible predictors for pseudoaldosteronism: Case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/tkm2.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Yoshino
- Center for Kampo Medicine; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Haruka Nakamura
- Center for Social Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Sciences; Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy; Tokyo Japan
| | - Megumi Sano
- Center for Social Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Sciences; Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuko Horiba
- Center for Kampo Medicine; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Center for Social Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Sciences; Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Center for Kampo Medicine; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies; Keio University; Kanagawa Japan
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21
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Combination treatment with herbal medicines and Western medicines in atopic dermatitis: Benefits and considerations. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 22:323-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Qian Z, Huang C, Shen C, Meng X, Chen Z, Hu T, Li Y, Li J. The permeability characteristics and interaction of the main components from Zhizi Bopi decoction in the MDCK cell model. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:733-42. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1113575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Feng X, Ding L, Qiu F. Potential drug interactions associated with glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:229-38. [PMID: 25825801 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1029634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GZ), the main active component of licorice, is a widely used therapeutic in the clinic. Depending on the disease, the treatment may involve a long course of high dose GZ. Another component of licorice, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), is the main active metabolite of GZ and is thought to be responsible for the majority of the pharmacological properties of GZ. Therefore, GZ and GA are both used for therapeutic purposes. In addition, GZ and GA are also widely used to sweeten and flavor foods. Due to this widespread, multifaceted use of these substances, potential drug interactions with GZ and GA have recently gained attention. Along these lines, this review covers the known effects of GZ and GA on drug-metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters. We conclude that both GZ and GA may have an effect on the activity of CYPs. For example, GZ may induce CYP3A activity through activation of PXR. Also, GZ and GA may affect glucuronidation in rats and humans. Furthermore, 18β-GA is a potent inhibitor of P-gp, while GZ and GA are inhibitors of MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many medications may be altered when used concurrently with GZ or GA, which is also covered in this review. Overall, GZ, GA or related products should be taken with caution when taken with additional medications due to the possible drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchi Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin , China and
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Baiceanu E, Crisan G, Loghin F, Falson P. Modulators of the human ABCC2: hope from natural sources? Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2041-63. [PMID: 26496229 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human ABCC2 is an ATP-binding cassette transporter involved in the export of endobiotics and xenobiotics. It is involved in cisplatin resistance in cancer cells, particularly in ovarian cancer. The few known ABCC2 modulators are poorly efficient, so it is necessary to explore new ways to select and optimize efficient compounds ABCC2. Natural products offer an original scaffold for such a strategy and brings hope for this aim. This review covers basic knowledge about ABCC2, from distribution and topology aspects to physiological and pathological functions. It summarizes the effect of natural products as ABCC2 modulators. Certain plant metabolites act on different ABCC2 regulation levels and therefore are promising candidates to block the multidrug resistance mediated by ABCC2 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeta Baiceanu
- Drug Resistance Modulation & Membrane Proteins Laboratory, Molecular & Structural Basis of Infectious Systems, Mixed Research Unit between the National Centre for Scientific Research & Lyon I University n 5086, Institute of Biology & Chemistry of Proteins, 7 passage du Vercors 69367, Lyon, Cedex, France
- Pharmaceutical Botany Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine & Pharmacy 'Iuliu Haţieganu' Cluj-Napoca, 23 Marinescu Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gianina Crisan
- Pharmaceutical Botany Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine & Pharmacy 'Iuliu Haţieganu' Cluj-Napoca, 23 Marinescu Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine & Pharmacy 'Iuliu Haţieganu' Cluj-Napoca, 5-9 Louis Pasteur Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance Modulation & Membrane Proteins Laboratory, Molecular & Structural Basis of Infectious Systems, Mixed Research Unit between the National Centre for Scientific Research & Lyon I University n 5086, Institute of Biology & Chemistry of Proteins, 7 passage du Vercors 69367, Lyon, Cedex, France
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Xu R, Liu X, Yang J. A semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic model for glycyrrhizin-induced pseudoaldosteronism and prediction of the dose limit causing hypokalemia in a virtual elderly population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114049. [PMID: 25463381 PMCID: PMC4252094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a widely used food additive which can cause severe pseudoaldosteronism at high doses or after a long period of consumption. The aim of the present study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) pharmacodynamic (PD) model for GL-induced pseudoaldosteronism to improve the safe use of GL. Since the major metabolite of GL, glycyrrhetic acid (GA), is largely responsible for pseudoaldosteronism via inhibition of the kidney enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD 2), a semi-PBPK model was first developed in rat to predict the systemic pharmacokinetics of and the kidney exposure to GA. A human PBPK model was then developed using parameters either from the rat model or from in vitro studies in combination with essential scaling factors. Kidney exposure to GA was further linked to an Imax model in the 11β-HSD 2 module of the PD model to predict the urinary excretion of cortisol and cortisone. Subsequently, activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-electrolyte system was associated with an increased cortisol level. Experimental data for various scenarios were used to optimize and validate the model which was finally able to predict the plasma levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, potassium and sodium. The Monte Carlo method was applied to predict the probability distribution of the individual dose limits of GL causing pseudoaldosteronism in the elderly according to the distribution of sensitivity factors using serum potassium as an indicator. The critical value of the dose limit was found to be 101 mg with a probability of 3.07%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Sheng J, Tian X, Xu G, Wu Z, Chen C, Wang L, Pan L, Huang C, Pan G. The Hepatobiliary Disposition of Timosaponin B2 Is Highly Dependent on Influx/Efflux Transporters but Not Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:63-72. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Tai T, Huang X, Su Y, Ji J, Su Y, Jiang Z, Zhang L. Glycyrrhizin accelerates the metabolism of triptolide through induction of CYP3A in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:358-363. [PMID: 24486211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Triptolide (TP), a major active component of Tripterygium wilfordii, possesses various pharmacological activities with narrow therapeutic window and severe toxicities. Glycyrrhizin (GL), the principal bioactive ingredient of licorice root extract, has been reported to be concomitantly administered with TP in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with the aim of potentiated efficacy and reduced toxicity. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of GL on the pharmacokinetic profiles of TP and related mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: Control group and GL group (pretreated with GL at 100 mg/kg/day for seven consecutive days). After oral administration of TP at a single dose of 450 μg/kg, plasma concentrations of TP were determined using HPLC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis using Phoenix WinNonlin 6.3 software. Since CYP3A is the primary isoform of cytochrome P450s responsible for the metabolism of TP, we further determined to what extent ketoconazole (KCZ), a potent CYP3A inhibitor, could influence the effect of GL on the pharmacokinetics of TP by comparing the pharmacokinetic profiles of TP in GL group (pretreated with GL) and GL+KCZ group (pretreated with both GL and KCZ), as well as verified whether pretreatment of GL could induce the activity of hepatic CYP3A by comparing the AUC parameters after intravenous administration of midazolam (MDZ), a typical probe drug for CYP3A, in rats pretreated with vehicle or GL. RESULTS Our study revealed marked differences in pharmacokinetic profiling patterns of TP between male and female rats in the Control group; the plasma level of TP in males was far lower than that in females. After pretreatment with GL, the pharmacokinetic profiles of TP were significantly altered in both male and female rats; a remarkable decrease was found in the value of AUC∞, MRT∞ and t1/2 in the GL group, compared with the Control group. But such a decrease was reversed by KCZ; compared with the GL group, the values of AUC∞, MRT∞ and t1/2 were significantly increased in the GL+KCZ group. Pretreatment with GL notably increased the AUC∞ of 1׳-hydroxymidazolam (OH-MDZ) and the ratio of AUC∞ of OH-MDZ to MDZ, demonstrating induction of the activity of CYP3A by GL. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with GL significantly accelerates the metabolic elimination of TP from the body mainly through induction of hepatic CYP3A activity. These results may help explain why toxicity of TP may be attenuated with concomitant use of GL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tai
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Chang Le Road, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuwen Su
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jinzi Ji
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yijing Su
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Vargas RA, Zamilpa A, Aguilar FA, Herrera-Ruiz M, Tortoriello J, Jiménez-Ferrer E. Pharmacokinetic study in mice of galphimine-A, an anxiolytic compound from Galphimia glauca. Molecules 2014; 19:3120-34. [PMID: 24625685 PMCID: PMC6270976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain pharmacokinetic data for the anxiolytic compound galphimine-A (G–A) from Galphimia glauca. G–A is the most abundant anxiolytic compound in this plant, while Galphimine-E (G–E) is the most abundant galphimine, but inactive. G–E was transformed chemically into G–A. The pharmacokinetic study was carried out in ICR mice, which were orally administered a single 200 mg/kg dose of G–A. Samples of blood and brain were taken at different times after administration of G–A. Previously, we established the validation of methods for determining the concentration of G–A. The G–A was detected in plasma 5 min after oral administration, and its concentration reached 2.47 μg/mL. Data from concentration-time curves allowed us to establish the main pharmacokinetic parameters in two models: one- and/or two-compartment. Cmax values were 3.33 and 3.42 μg/mL respectively, likewise AUC0→1440 min were 1,951.58 and 1,824.95 μg/mL·min. The G–A in brain tissue was noted to cross the blood-brain barrier, reaching Cmax 2.74 μg/mL, Tmax 81.6 min, and then drop gradually to 0.32 μg/mL detected at 24 h. The presence of G–A in brain tissue, confirmed that this anxiolytic compound can access the target organ and acts directly on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Abarca Vargas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.A.V.); (A.Z.); (M.H.-R.); (J.T.)
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Actlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.A.V.); (A.Z.); (M.H.-R.); (J.T.)
| | - Francisco Alarcón Aguilar
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Actlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.A.V.); (A.Z.); (M.H.-R.); (J.T.)
| | - Jaime Tortoriello
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.A.V.); (A.Z.); (M.H.-R.); (J.T.)
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.A.V.); (A.Z.); (M.H.-R.); (J.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-777-361-2155
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Lin D, Zhong W, Li J, Zhang B, Song G, Hu T. Involvement of BID translocation in glycyrrhetinic acid and 11-deoxy glycyrrhetinic acid-induced attenuation of gastric cancer growth. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:463-73. [PMID: 24547973 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.877498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the main chemical constituents of licorice, has shown remarkable anticancer activity. However, the side effects limit its widespread use. 11-DOGA is produced through reduction of GA 11-carbonyl to 11-hydroxyl to reduce its side effects, although its anticancer activities are largely unknown. Here, we report that the functional mechanisms of GA and 11-DOGA in gastric cancers, as well as the comparison between these two drugs' pharmacological potential. Firstly, we found that GA and 11-DOGA significantly inhibits the viabilities of gastric cancer cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. Both GA and 11-DOGA induce gastric cancer cells apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G2 phase by upregulation of p21 and downregulation of cdc2 and cyclin B1. Further studies show that GA and 11-DOGA-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells is associated with BID translocation from nucleus to mitochondria. Moreover, GA and 11-DOGA could effectively inhibit tumor formation of gastric cancer cells in nude mice. Comparing with 11-DOGA, GA presents higher toxicity toward gastric cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, the elucidation of the functional mechanisms of GA and 11-DOGA-induced attenuation of gastric cancer growth suggests a possible therapeutic role of GA and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejian Lin
- a Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
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Wu YP, Meng XS, Bao YR, Wang S. Pharmacokinetic study of four flavones of Glycyrrhiza in rat plasma using HPLC-MS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:266-270. [PMID: 23643543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to develop a specific HPLC-MS method for simultaneous quantification of four flavones of Glycyrrhiza in rat plasma after oral administration and to describe the pharmacokinetics of four flavones in rat plasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A simple, sensitive and selective method for simultaneous determination of four flavones of Glycyrrhiza in rat plasma, i.e., liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin, by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) with negative electrospray ionization mode, was developed and validated. The method was applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of four flavones in rat plasma after oral administration of Glycyrrhiza flavones. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on an Agilent TC-C18 column (4.6mm×250mm, and 5μm), with gradient elution by using a mixture of methanoic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8mL/min. RESULTS The calibration curves for four flavones had good linearity higher than 0.997 in the measured range. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the intra- and inter-day precision at different levels were all less than 4.8%. The pharmacokinetic profile of four flavones in rat plasma was fitted with a two-compartment model detected by a simple, rapid and accurate HPLC-MS method. Time (h) to reach peak concentration (μg/mL) of liquiritin (2.69±0.04), isoliquiritin (10.16±0.02), liquiritigenin (2.83±0.02), and isoliquiritigenin (0.28±0.01) was 2.02±0.23, 1.97±0.20, 0.48±0.02, and 1.93±0.36, respectively. The distribution and elimination half-life (h) and area under the concentration-time curve (μg/mL-h) from t=0 to last time of liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin were 1.02±0.48/2.27±0.53/16.97±0.43, 2.04±1.01/2.38±0.80/69.20±5.24, 0.35±0.10/4.26±0.16/14.83±0.11, and 1.18±0.32/3.04±0.22/2.10±0.09, respectively. Isoliquiritin presented the phenomenon of double peaks and the others appeared together in a single and plateau absorption phase. Isoliquiritigenin had the lowest oral bioavailability because of Cmax and AUC0-∞. Liquiritigenin had the fastest absorption and distribution rate and the lowest elimination rate according to Tmax, t1/2α, and t1/2β. CONCLUSIONS This paper first reported on identification and determination of four flavones of Glycyrrhiza in rat plasma and their respective pharmacokinetic characteristics. The results provided a meaningful basis for better understanding the absorption mechanism of Glycyrrhiza and evaluating the clinical application of this medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
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Chen S, Zou L, Li L, Wu T. The protective effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver fibrosis in mice via upregulation of Nrf2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53662. [PMID: 23341968 PMCID: PMC3544925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the potentially protective effects of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and the role of transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2(NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling in the regulation of Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic liver fibrosis in mice. The potentially protective effects of GA on CCl4-induced chronic liver fibrosis in mice were depicted histologically and biochemically. Firstly, histopathological changes including regenerative nodules, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were induced by CCl4.Then, CCl4 administration caused a marked increase in the levels of serum aminotransferases (GOT, GPT), serum monoamine oxidase (MAO) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) as well as MAO in the mice liver homogenates. Also, decreased nuclear Nrf2 expression, mRNA levels of its target genes such as superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2), and activity of cellular antioxidant enzymes were found after CCl4 exposure. All of these phenotypes were markedly reversed by the treatment of the mice with GA. In addition, GA exhibited the antioxidant effects in vitro by on FeCl2-ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation in mouse liver homogenates, and on DPPH scavenging activity. Taken together, these results suggested that GA can protect the liver from oxidative stress in mice, presumably through activating the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, enhancing the expression of its target genes and increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, GA may be an effective hepatoprotective agent and viable candidate for treating liver fibrosis and other oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoru Chen
- The Pharmacy of GuangDong Medical College, DongGuan, GuangDong, China
| | - Liyi Zou
- The Pharmacy of GuangDong Medical College, DongGuan, GuangDong, China
| | - Li Li
- The Pharmacy of GuangDong Medical College, DongGuan, GuangDong, China
| | - Tie Wu
- The Pharmacy of GuangDong Medical College, DongGuan, GuangDong, China
- * E-mail:
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Herbal products: benefits, limits, and applications in chronic liver disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:837939. [PMID: 22991573 PMCID: PMC3443820 DOI: 10.1155/2012/837939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine soughts and encompasses a wide range of approaches; its use begun in ancient China at the time of Xia dynasty and in India during the Vedic period, but thanks to its long-lasting curative effect, easy availability, natural way of healing, and poor side-effects it is gaining importance throughout the world in clinical practice. We conducted a review describing the effects and the limits of using herbal products in chronic liver disease, focusing our attention on those most known, such as quercetin or curcumin. We tried to describe their pharmacokinetics, biological properties, and their beneficial effects (as antioxidant role) in metabolic, alcoholic, and viral hepatitis (considering that oxidative stress is the common pathway of chronic liver diseases of different etiology). The main limit of applicability of CAM comes from the lacking of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials giving a real proof of efficacy of those products, so that anecdotal success and personal experience are frequently the driving force for acceptance of CAM in the population.
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Makino T, Okajima K, Uebayashi R, Ohtake N, Inoue K, Mizukami H. 3-Monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhretinic acid is a substrate of organic anion transporters expressed in tubular epithelial cells and plays important roles in licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:297-304. [PMID: 22543032 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.190009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice (glycyrrhiza root) has been used as a herbal medicine worldwide with its main active constituent being glycyrrhizin (GL). Licorice sometimes causes adverse effects such as inducing pseudoaldosteronism by inhibiting type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD2) caused by glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a major metabolite of GL. In this study we compared the inhibitory effects of GA, GL, and 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA), another metabolite of GL, on 11β-HSD2 activity by using microsomes and rat kidney tissue slices. GA, 3MGA, and GL inhibited 11β-HSD2 in rat kidney microsomes, with IC(50) values of 0.32, 0.26, and 2.2 μM, respectively. However, the inhibitory activity of these compounds was reduced markedly, in the slices, in a medium containing 5% bovine serum albumin. Assays using human embryonic kidney 293 cells with transient transformation in transporter genes showed that 3MGA is a substrate of human organic anion transporter (OAT) 1, human OAT3, and human organic anion-transporting peptide 4C1, whereas GA is not. When GA (100 mg/kg/day) was administered orally for 16 days to Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats, plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of 3MGA were significantly higher, whereas the activity of 11β-HSD2 in kidney microsomes was significantly lower compared with Sprague Dawley rats. These results suggest that 3MGA is actively transported into tubules through OATs, resulting in the inhibition of 11β-HSD2. Because the plasma level of 3MGA depends on the function of hepatic transporters, monitoring 3MGA levels in plasma or urine may be useful for preventing pseudoaldosteronism when licorice or GL is prescribed to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Xiang C, Qiao X, Wang Q, Li R, Miao W, Guo D, Ye M. From Single Compounds to Herbal Extract: A Strategy to Systematically Characterize the Metabolites of Licorice in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1597-608. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.038695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Fujiwara H, Takayama S, Iwasaki K, Tabuchi M, Yamaguchi T, Sekiguchi K, Ikarashi Y, Kudo Y, Kase Y, Arai H, Yaegashi N. Yokukansan, a traditional Japanese medicine, ameliorates memory disturbance and abnormal social interaction with anti-aggregation effect of cerebral amyloid β proteins in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2011; 180:305-13. [PMID: 21303686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid β protein (Aβ) is a consistent pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Therefore, inhibition of Aβ aggregation in the brain is an attractive therapeutic and preventive strategy in the development of disease-modifying drugs for AD. An in vitro study demonstrated that yokukansan (YKS), a traditional Japanese medicine, inhibited Aβ aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. An in vivo study demonstrated that YKS and Uncaria hook (UH), a constituent of YKS, prevented the accumulation of cerebral Aβ. YKS also improved the memory disturbance and abnormal social interaction such as increased aggressive behavior and decreased social behavior in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. These results suggest that YKS is likely to be a potent and novel therapeutic agent to prevent and/or treat AD, and that this may be attributed to UH.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujiwara
- Department of Traditional Asian Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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MAKINO T. Introduction of "Clinical Pharmacognosy"-Integration between Pharmacognosy and Clinical Pharmacy-. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:375-82. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki MAKINO
- Department of Pharmaognosy, Graduate School of Nagoya City University
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Insight into glycyrrhetinic acid: The role of the hydroxyl group on liver targeting. Int J Pharm 2010; 400:153-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gu X, Manautou JE. Regulation of hepatic ABCC transporters by xenobiotics and in disease states. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:482-538. [PMID: 20233023 DOI: 10.3109/03602531003654915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The subfamily of ABCC transporters consists of 13 members in mammals, including the multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), sulfonylurea receptors (SURs), and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). These proteins play roles in chemical detoxification, disposition, and normal cell physiology. ABCC transporters are expressed differentially in the liver and are regulated at the transcription and translation level. Their expression and function are also controlled by post-translational modification and membrane-trafficking events. These processes are tightly regulated. Information about alterations in the expression of hepatobiliary ABCC transporters could provide important insights into the pathogenesis of diseases and disposition of xenobiotics. In this review, we describe the regulation of hepatic ABCC transporters in humans and rodents by a variety of xenobiotics, under disease states and in genetically modified animal models deficient in transcription factors, transporters, and cell-signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269, USA
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Kinoshita H, Okabayashi M, Kaneko M, Yasuda M, Abe K, Machida A, Ohkubo T, Kamata T, Yakushiji F. Shakuyaku-kanzo-to induces pseudoaldosteronism characterized by hypokalemia, rhabdomyolysis, metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation, and increased urinary cortisol levels. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15:439-43. [PMID: 19388868 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2008.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Licorice, the primary ingredient of the Japanese herbal medicine shakuyaku-kanzo-to, can cause pseudoaldosteronism. Thus, shakuyaku-kanzo-to can cause this condition. CASE DESCRIPTION A 79-year-old woman was brought to the emergency room. She had been experiencing general fatigue, numbness in the hands, and weakness in the lower limbs and could not stand up without assistance. She presented with hypokalemia (potassium level, 1.7 mEq/L), increased urinary excretion of potassium (fractional excretion of K, 21.2%), abnormalities on an electrocardiogram (flat T waves in II, III, AVF, and V1-6), rhabdomyolysis (creatine kinase level, 28,376 U/L), myopathy, metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation (O(2) flow rate, 2 L/min; pH, 7.473; pco(2), 61.0 mm Hg; po(2), 78.0 mm Hg; HCO(3), 44.1 mmol/L), hypertension (174/93 mm Hg), hyperglycemia (blood glucose level, 200-300 mg/dL), frequent urination, suppressed plasma renin activity (0.1 ng/mL/hour), decreased aldosterone levels (2.6 ng/dL), and increased urinary cortisol levels (600.6 microg/day; reference range, 26.0-187.0 microg/day). CONCLUSIONS In this case, the observed reduction in the urinary cortisol levels, from 600.6 to 37.8 microg/day, led to a definitive diagnosis of pseudoaldosteronism instead of the apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Discontinuing shakuyaku-kanzo-to treatment and administering spironolactone and potassium proved effective in improving the patient's condition. Medical practitioners prescribing shakuyaku-kanzo-to should take into account the association between licorice, which is its main ingredient, and pseudoaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kinoshita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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