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Patton GN, Lee HJ. Chemical Insights into Topical Agents in Intraocular Pressure Management: From Glaucoma Etiopathology to Therapeutic Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:274. [PMID: 38399328 PMCID: PMC10891530 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma encompasses a group of optic neuropathies characterized by complex and often elusive etiopathology, involvihttng neurodegeneration of the optic nerve in conjunction with abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP). Currently, there is no cure for glaucoma, and treatment strategies primarily aim to halt disease progression by managing IOP. This review delves into the etiopathology, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches for glaucoma, with a special focus on IOP management. We discuss a range of active pharmaceutical ingredients used in glaucoma therapy, emphasizing their chemical structure, pharmacological action, therapeutic effectiveness, and safety/tolerability profiles. Notably, most of these therapeutic agents are administered as topical formulations, a critical aspect considering patient compliance and drug delivery efficiency. The classes of glaucoma therapeutics covered in this review include prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, Rho kinase inhibitors, and miotic (cholinergic) agents. This comprehensive overview highlights the importance of topical administration in glaucoma treatment, offering insights into the current state and future directions of pharmacological management in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Abd-AlGhafar WN, Aly FA, Sheribah ZA, Saad S. Green, Validated HPLC Method Coupled With Fluorescence Detection for the Analysis of Tafluprost in its Pure Form and Ophthalmic Formulation: Application to Aqueous Humor and Content Uniformity Testing. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:151-159. [PMID: 35834929 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A green, simple and sensitive HPLC method coupled with fluorescence detection was implemented for the quantitative determination of the anti-glaucoma drug tafluprost (TFL). Liquid chromatography was performed on HyperClone™ ODS (C18) column of dimensions; 150 × 4.6 mm i.d. and 5 μm particle size using a green eluent; ethanol:0.01 M phosphate buffer (60:40 v/v, pH 4.5) delivered at 1 mL min-1. Fluorescence detection was accomplished at 220 nm (excitation) and 292 nm (emission). Bimatoprost (BIM) was used as an internal standard (I.S.). In this method, TFL was eluted after 6.70 minutes. The method satisfied International Council for Harmonization (ICH) validation guidelines, as proved by good linearity (r = 0.9999, over the range 0.05-2 μg mL-1), accuracy (recovery average 100.13 ± 1.27%), precision, robustness and specificity. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.016 and 0.048 μg mL-1, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the estimation of TFL in eye drops and aqueous humor. For the first time, the approach was applied with acceptable results for the evaluation of the uniformity of TFL eye drops content. Furthermore, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and analytical Eco-scale were used to prove that the proposed HPLC method is environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Nabil Abd-AlGhafar
- Mansoura University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Fatma Ahmed Aly
- Mansoura University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Awad Sheribah
- Mansoura University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar Saad
- Mansoura University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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3
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Strickland RG, Garner MA, Gross AK, Girkin CA. Remodeling of the Lamina Cribrosa: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Approaches for Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158068. [PMID: 35897642 PMCID: PMC9329908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The chronic disease is characterized by optic nerve degeneration and vision field loss. The reduction of intraocular pressure remains the only proven glaucoma treatment, but it does not prevent further neurodegeneration. There are three major classes of cells in the human optic nerve head (ONH): lamina cribrosa (LC) cells, glial cells, and scleral fibroblasts. These cells provide support for the LC which is essential to maintain healthy retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. All these cells demonstrate responses to glaucomatous conditions through extracellular matrix remodeling. Therefore, investigations into alternative therapies that alter the characteristic remodeling response of the ONH to enhance the survival of RGC axons are prevalent. Understanding major remodeling pathways in the ONH may be key to developing targeted therapies that reduce deleterious remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G. Strickland
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.S.); (M.A.G.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Mary Anne Garner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.S.); (M.A.G.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Alecia K. Gross
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.S.); (M.A.G.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Christopher A. Girkin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-205-325-8620
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Abd-AlGhafar WN, Aly FA, Sheribah ZA, Saad S. Green HPLC method with time programming for the determination of the co-formulated eye drops of tafluprost and timolol in their challengeable ratio. BMC Chem 2022; 16:28. [PMID: 35440055 PMCID: PMC9019973 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A new, simple and selective HPLC method was implemented for the simultaneous estimation of tafluprost (TFL) and timolol (TIM) in their new anti-glaucoma combination in the challengeable ratio of 3 and 1000 for TFL and TIM, respectively. Separation was achieved using a BDS Hypersil phenyl column and a mobile phase made up of acetonitrile: 0.015 M phosphate buffer (50:50 v/v, pH 3.5) delivered at 1 mL min−1 and the separation was completed in less than 6 min. UV detection was time programmed at 220 nm for the first 4.5 min and later at 254 nm. Mebeverine (MEB) was used as an internal standard (I.S.). The linearity was observed in the ranges of 0.6–45 and 50–2000 µg mL−1 with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.18, 16.48 µg mL−1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.55, 49.94 µg mL−1 for TFL and TIM, respectively. The method satisfied International Council for Harmonization (ICH) validation guidelines. The study was extended to the estimation of the studied drugs in their co-formulated eye drops as well as in their single dosage forms with acceptable percentage recoveries. Moreover, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and analytical Eco-scale were investigated to confirm the greenness of the proposed HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Nabil Abd-AlGhafar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Ahmed Aly
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Awad Sheribah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar Saad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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5
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Miyashita T, Senshu M, Ibi K, Yamanaka H, Nejishima H, Fukami T, Nakajima M. Evaluation of lens opacity due to inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis using rat lens explant cultures. Toxicology 2022; 465:153064. [PMID: 34890705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced lens opacity has the potential to cause blindness and is of concern in drug development. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis is one of the causes of lens opacity. Lens opacity is only observed after chronic administration in in vivo nonclinical studies in drug development. Thus, to save resources (e.g., time and cost) and to reduce burden on animals, it is required to develop in vitro evaluation systems that can predict and avoid the risk of lens opacity earlier and easier. In this study, we investigated whether rat lens explant cultures could be useful for the evaluation of drug-induced lens opacity via inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. Nineteen drugs, including statins, allylamine, thiocarbamate, azole, and morpholine, which inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, as well as a negative control (acetaminophen, rosiglitazone and troglitazone), were used. Rat lens explants were treated with drugs for 13 days at concentrations close to IC50 values or higher against cholesterol biosynthesis, and lens opacity (severity and region) was evaluated. In most cases, region-specific lens opacity limited in the equator to posterior pole, as observed in vivo was observed at IC50 values or higher concentrations. The severity of opacity was likely to be related to the inhibitory potency toward cholesterol biosynthesis, concentration of drugs distributed in the lens, or time of exposure. Furthermore, GSH levels were also involved in the deterioration of lens opacity. In conclusion, we demonstrated that rat lens explant cultures can be useful to assess the potential drug-induced lens opacity associated with inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and to elucidate the mechanisms of lens opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Miyashita
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 301, Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Masanori Senshu
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 301, Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan
| | - Kanata Ibi
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 301, Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamanaka
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 301, Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nejishima
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 301, Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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6
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Han S, Mei L, Quach T, Porter C, Trevaskis N. Lipophilic Conjugates of Drugs: A Tool to Improve Drug Pharmacokinetic and Therapeutic Profiles. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1497-1518. [PMID: 34463935 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic conjugates (LCs) of small molecule drugs have been used widely in clinical and pre-clinical studies to achieve a number of pharmacokinetic and therapeutic benefits. For example, lipophilic derivatives of drugs are employed in several long acting injectable products to provide sustained drug exposure for hormone replacement therapy and to treat conditions such as neuropsychiatric diseases. LCs can also be used to modulate drug metabolism, and to enhance drug permeation across membranes, either by increasing lipophilicity to enhance passive diffusion or by increasing protein-mediated active transport. Furthermore, such conjugation strategies have been employed to promote drug association with endogenous macromolecular carriers (e.g. albumin and lipoproteins), and this in turn results in altered drug distribution and pharmacokinetic profiles, where the changes can be 'general' (e.g. prolonged plasma half-life) or 'specific' (e.g. enhanced delivery to specific tissues in parallel with the macromolecular carriers). Another utility of LCs is to enhance the encapsulation of drugs within engineered nanoscale drug delivery systems, in order to best take advantage of the targeting and pharmacokinetic benefits of nanomedicines. The current review provides a summary of the mechanisms by which lipophilic conjugates, including in combination with delivery vehicles, can be used to control drug delivery, distribution and therapeutic profiles. The article is structured into sections which highlight a specific benefit of LCs and then demonstrate this benefit with case studies. The review attempts to provide a toolbox to assist researchers to design and optimise drug candidates, including consideration of drug-formulation compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Lianghe Mei
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Tim Quach
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Chris Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Chen KJ, Plaunt AJ, Leifer FG, Kang JY, Cipolla D. Recent advances in prodrug-based nanoparticle therapeutics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:219-243. [PMID: 33979661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research into prodrug modification of active pharmaceutical ingredients and nanoparticle drug delivery systems has led to unprecedented levels of control over the pharmacological properties of drugs and resulted in the approval of many prodrug or nanoparticle-based therapies. In recent years, the combination of these two strategies into prodrug-based nanoparticle drug delivery systems (PNDDS) has been explored as a way to further advance nanomedicine and identify novel therapies for difficult-to-treat indications. Many of the PNDDS currently in the clinical development pipeline are expected to enter the market in the coming years, making the rapidly evolving field of PNDDS highly relevant to pharmaceutical scientists. This review paper is intended to introduce PNDDS to the novice reader while also updating those working in the field with a comprehensive summary of recent efforts. To that end, first, an overview of FDA-approved prodrugs is provided to familiarize the reader with their advantages over traditional small molecule drugs and to describe the chemistries that can be used to create them. Because this article is part of a themed issue on nanoparticles, only a brief introduction to nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems is provided summarizing their successful application and unfulfilled opportunities. Finally, the review's centerpiece is a detailed discussion of rationally designed PNDDS formulations in development that successfully leverage the strengths of prodrug and nanoparticle approaches to yield highly effective therapeutic options for the treatment of many diseases.
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8
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da Silva PHR, Cunha Júnior ADS, Pianetti GA, Fernandes C. Chromatographic bioanalysis of antiglaucoma drugs in ocular tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1166:122388. [PMID: 33578274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of multifactorial optic neuropathies and the leading cause of irreversible blindness and visual impairment. Epidemiological data has estimated that in 2020 there will be more than 80 million individuals affected by the disease worldwide. Nowadays, intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering is carried out mainly by pharmacotherapy, with different drugs. The study of ocular pharmacokinetics of antiglaucoma drugs, crucial for better understanding of ocular distribution, bioavailability, and pharmacodynamic parameters, can benefit the development of antiglaucoma drugs or formulations. Bioanalysis of drugs in ocular matrices is still underestimated, since it is challenging and rarely performed. Therefore, this review summarized the chromatographic methods employed for the quantification of several antiglaucoma drugs in different ocular matrices, discussing bioanalytical steps, such as sample preparation, separation, and detection. Animals and matrices as well as the challenges faced in ocular bioanalysis were also discussed. Ocular bioanalysis has been performed mainly in rabbits, the most adequate animal model for ocular studies. The matrix most used is aqueous humor, because it is cleaner and easier to sample. Sample preparation was carried out primarily employing classic techniques, such as liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, and solid-phase extraction, with conventional solvents and sorbents. Chromatographic separation was achieved predominantly by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry and tandem mass spectrometry prevailed for detection, although other techniques, such as fluorimetry, have also been used. It was evidenced that more efforts must be directed towards miniaturized, eco-friendly, and non-terminal sampling for sample preparation. In its turn, ultra high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry should gain prominence in ocular bioanalysis for separation and detection, respectively, since it combines high separation capacity with selectivity and sensitivity, in addition to being an environmental friendly approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Reis da Silva
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Armando da Silva Cunha Júnior
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gerson Antônio Pianetti
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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9
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Abd-AlGhafar WN, Saad S, Sheribah Z, Aly F. Green highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for rapid determination of tafluprost in its pure form and ophthalmic formulation. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:1264-1268. [PMID: 32519438 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A green, simple and easy spectrofluorimetric method was studied for rapid estimation of tafluprost (TFL). The native fluorescence of TFL was measured at 292 nm after excitation at 220 nm. The results were linear in water over the concentration range 50-600 ng ml-1 with a correlation coefficient r = 0.9999 and intercept 1.1555. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 7.87 and 23.86 ng ml-1 , respectively. Neither different pH nor surfactants enhanced the fluorescence intensity. The high sensitivity of this spectrofluorimetric method makes it suitable for analysis of low concentrations of tafluprost in commercially available ophthalmic formulations. This procedure was validated according to International Council for Harmonisation Guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Nabil Abd-AlGhafar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samar Saad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Zainab Sheribah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Fatma Aly
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Heikkinen EM, del Amo EM, Ranta VP, Urtti A, Vellonen KS, Ruponen M. Esterase activity in porcine and albino rabbit ocular tissues. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:106-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Dumouchel JL, Chemuturi N, Milton MN, Camenisch G, Chastain J, Walles M, Sasseville V, Gunduz M, Iyer GR, Argikar UA. Models and Approaches Describing the Metabolism, Transport, and Toxicity of Drugs Administered by the Ocular Route. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1670-1683. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Rautio J, Meanwell NA, Di L, Hageman MJ. The expanding role of prodrugs in contemporary drug design and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:559-587. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Sreenivasulu J, Venkata Ramana P, Sampath Kumar Reddy G, Rakesh M, Nagaraju CVS, Thirumalai Rajan S, Eswaraiah S, Kishore M, Ramakrishna M. Development of Novel RP-HPLC Method for Separation and Estimation of Critical Geometric Isomer and Other Related Impurities of Tafluprost Drug Substance and Identification of Major Degradation Compounds by Using LC-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1397-407. [PMID: 27226462 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel, simple, sensitive and stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of the geometric isomer (Trans) and other related substances in the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of Tafluprost (TFL), with their determination by an assay. A chromatographic separation of TFL and its impurities was achieved with a C18 analytical column, using gradient elution with mobile phase A consisting of a mixture of water, methanol and orthophosphoric acid (900:100:1, v/v) and mobile phase B consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile and water (900:100, v/v). The instrumental settings included a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min for related substances and 1.2 mL/min for the assay, a column temperature of 50°C and a detector wavelength of 210 nm, using a photodiode array detector. TFL was exposed to thermal, photolytic, hydrolytic and oxidative stress conditions and the stressed samples were analyzed by the proposed method. Peak homogeneity data of TFL were obtained by using a photodiode array detector in the stressed sample chromatograms, which demonstrated the specificity of the method for estimation in the presence of degradants. The developed method was validated for parameters such as precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, ruggedness and robustness as per ICH guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sreenivasulu
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515 003, India MSN Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., R&D Center, Analytical Research and Development, Pashamylaram, Patancheru, Medak, Telangana 502 307, India
| | - P Venkata Ramana
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515 003, India
| | - G Sampath Kumar Reddy
- MSN Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., R&D Center, Analytical Research and Development, Pashamylaram, Patancheru, Medak, Telangana 502 307, India
| | - M Rakesh
- MSN Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., R&D Center, Analytical Research and Development, Pashamylaram, Patancheru, Medak, Telangana 502 307, India
| | - Ch V S Nagaraju
- MSN Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., R&D Center, Analytical Research and Development, Pashamylaram, Patancheru, Medak, Telangana 502 307, India
| | - S Thirumalai Rajan
- MSN Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., R&D Center, Analytical Research and Development, Pashamylaram, Patancheru, Medak, Telangana 502 307, India
| | - S Eswaraiah
- MSN Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., R&D Center, Analytical Research and Development, Pashamylaram, Patancheru, Medak, Telangana 502 307, India
| | - M Kishore
- MSN Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., R&D Center, Analytical Research and Development, Pashamylaram, Patancheru, Medak, Telangana 502 307, India
| | - M Ramakrishna
- MSN Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., R&D Center, Analytical Research and Development, Pashamylaram, Patancheru, Medak, Telangana 502 307, India
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A Facile and Efficient Synthesis of (15R)-Latanoprost from Chiral Precursor Corey Lactone Diol. J CHEM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-015-0963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Bushee JL, Dunne CE, Argikar UA. Anin vitroapproach to investigate ocular metabolism of a topical, selectiveβ1-adrenergic blocking agent, betaxolol. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:396-405. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.987191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Chang C, Zhang AQ, Kagan DB, Liu H, Hutnik CML. Mechanisms of benzalkonium chloride toxicity in a human trabecular meshwork cell line and the protective role of preservative-free tafluprost. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 43:164-72. [PMID: 25041649 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a controversial ophthalmic preservative because of its prominent side-effect profile. In this study, we examined the mechanism of BAK toxicity in human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMC) and compared the effects of BAK with tafluprost free acid, which is an active form of tafluprost commercially available in a preservative-free formulation. METHODS Primary HTMC were treated with different BAK concentrations over various exposure times. Cell viability was quantified using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenol tetrazolium bromide assay, and apoptosis was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cell viability of primary HTMC exposed to various concentrations and times of tafluprost free acid was also determined. Cells were treated with BAK and tafluprost free acid for 30 min at 37°C, and cell viability was again assessed. The effect of BAK on the gap junction protein Connexin-43 (Cx43) expression was subsequently examined. RESULTS BAK treatment resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decline in cell viability. Apoptosis increased following BAK treatment. Tafluprost-free acid treatment did not significantly affect cell viability. Tafluprost co-treatment with BAK resulted in an increase in cell viability as compared with BAK treatment alone. BAK treatment upregulated Cx43 expression in HTMC. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that BAK is harmful to the health of cultured HTMC. Tafluprost is both safe and cytoprotective against BAK for these HTMC. The effect of tafluprost on the gap junctions of the HTM should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Clas SD, Sanchez RI, Nofsinger R. Chemistry-enabled drug delivery (prodrugs): recent progress and challenges. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Liu Y, Mao W. Tafluprost once daily for treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 7:7-14. [PMID: 23293509 PMCID: PMC3533683 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s30951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of visual loss worldwide. Current antiglaucoma therapy focuses on lowering intraocular pressure to a safe level. In recent years, prostaglandin analogs have become the first-line agents for treating open angle glaucoma. Tafluprost, which was first reported in 2003, is a novel prostaglandin analog, and has been shown to be a potent ocular hypotensive agent in a number of preclinical and clinical studies. Also, its unique preservative-free formulation helps to decrease preservative-associated ocular disorders and improve patient compliance. In this review, studies from 2003 to 2012 focusing on the structure, metabolism, efficacy, and safety of tafluprost are summarized. These studies suggested that application of tafluprost once daily is a safe and effective treatment for patients with open angle glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
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Barot M, Bagui M, Gokulgandhi MR, Mitra AK. Prodrug strategies in ocular drug delivery. Med Chem 2012; 8:753-68. [PMID: 22530907 DOI: 10.2174/157340612801216283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor bioavailability of topically instilled drug is the major concern in the field of ocular drug delivery. Efflux transporters, static and dynamic ocular barriers often possess rate limiting factors for ocular drug therapy. Different formulation strategies like suspension, ointment, gels, nanoparticles, implants, dendrimers and liposomes have been employed in order to improve drug permeation and retention by evading rate limiting factors at the site of absorption. Chemical modification such as prodrug targeting various nutrient transporters (amino acids, peptide and vitamin) has evolved a great deal of interest to improve ocular drug delivery. In this review, we have discussed various prodrug strategies which have been widely applied for enhancing therapeutic efficacy of ophthalmic drugs. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the utilization of prodrug concept in ocular drug delivery. In addition, this review will highlight ongoing academic and industrial research and development in terms of ocular prodrug design and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Barot
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Fukano Y, Tsuyama N, Mizuno H, Date S, Takano M, Masujima T. Drug metabolite heterogeneity in cultured single cells profiled by pico-trapping direct mass spectrometry. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1365-74. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the heterogeneity of tafluprost metabolism in primary human hepatocytes at a single-cell level by live single-cell mass spectrometry (MS). Materials & methods: Picoliter volumes of cytoplasm were analyzed by nano-electrospray ionization MS in order to obtain single-cell metabolite profiles. The subcellular components of a single tafluprost-treated human hepatocyte were isolated and the single-cell metabolite profile was compared with those of traditional bulk hepatocyte analysis. Results: In the bulk hepatocyte analysis, liquid chromatography–MS showed the averaged metabolism of tafluprost to tafluprost acid (TA) and β-oxidized metabolites. However, live single-cell MS showed that tafluprost metabolism varied among individual cells. In addition, there was significant variation in the quantities of TA and a major metabolite, dinor-TA, among cells, whereas there was no significant variation in 7-ethoxycoumarin metabolism. Conclusion: Thus, live single-cell MS successfully detected the heterogeneity of drug metabolism in individual living hepatocytes. Original submitted 12 May 2011; Revised submitted 6 February 2012; Published online 14 May 2012
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Fukano
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
- Ophthalmic Research & Development Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 8916–16 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Naohiro Tsuyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hajime Mizuno
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Sachiko Date
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikihisa Takano
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masujima
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Ermiş SS. Differential pharmacology and clinical utility of preservative-free tafluprost in the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6:673-8. [PMID: 22654492 PMCID: PMC3363306 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s24248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic disease requiring lifelong treatment. Discomfort due to medications may affect patients’ quality of life and may cause poor compliance, which leads to poor intraocular pressure control. To minimize the side effects of long-term treatment, preparations with lower benzalkonium chloride concentrations, preservative-free preparations and alternative preservatives have been developed and reported to have a lower rate of side effects. Tafluprost, launched on the ophthalmic market in 2008, is a new 16-phenoxy analogue of prostaglandin F2α, clinically used as an ocular hypotensive agent for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The safety and intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy of tafluprost has been demonstrated in various preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sıtkı Samet Ermiş
- Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir University, Tıp Fakültesi, Čagış Kampüsü, Balıkesir, Turkey
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Matsumura Y, Mori N, Morizawa Y, Kageyama M. Development of a Novel Anti-glaucoma Agent, Tafluprost: Synthetic Study of the Difluoroprostaglandin Derivatives. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Toris CB, Gulati V. The biology, pathology and therapeutic use of prostaglandins in the eye. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pantcheva MB, Seibold LK, Awadallah NS, Kahook MY. Tafluprost: a novel prostaglandin analog for treatment of glaucoma. Adv Ther 2011; 28:707-15. [PMID: 21858491 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-011-0055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tafluprost, a fluoroprostaglandin receptor analog, for reduction of intraocular pressure in open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. METHODS A search of published literature was performed on the PubMed database using the search term "tafluprost." The literature search identified 48 publications, including clinical and preclinical studies, from 2003 to 2011. From these ressults, articles available in the English language and in full text were selected and systematically reviewed by the authors. RESULTS Recent studies have shown that tafluprost is an effective IOP-lowering medication. Evidence based medicine also reveals that tafluprost is safe and well-tolerated. Preservative-free tafluprost is as potent as the preserved formulation, but with fewer and milder ocular surface side effects. CONCLUSION Since its introduction in 2008, initial studies have demonstrated that preserved and preservative-free tafluprost formulations have proven efficacy and safety in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Larger studies with longer follow-up are needed to assess long-term safety, efficacy, and tolerability compared with other prostaglandin analogs used for treating glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina B Pantcheva
- Ophthalmology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1675 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Fukano Y, Kawazu K, Akaishi T, Bezwada P, Pellinen P. Metabolism and Ocular Tissue Distribution of an Antiglaucoma Prostanoid, Tafluprost, After Ocular Instillation to Monkeys. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011; 27:251-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Fukano
- Research and Development Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ikoma-shi, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kawazu
- Research and Development Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ikoma-shi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akaishi
- Research and Development Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ikoma-shi, Japan
| | - Padma Bezwada
- Pharmaceutical and Preclinical Department, Santen Inc., Napa, California
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Schultz C. Tafluprost for the reduction of interocular pressure in open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. OPHTHALMOLOGY AND EYE DISEASES 2011; 3:13-9. [PMID: 23861619 PMCID: PMC3661433 DOI: 10.4137/oed.s4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tafluprost is an FP receptor antagonist that has been shown in clinical studies in Europe and Japan to be extremely useful in treating elevated intraocular pressure and glaucoma. The drug is well tolerated and appears to be at least equal in effectiveness and perhaps superior to other protanoids for routine use comparison to be superior to other treatments for the elevated IOP as the side effects and other related symptomology appear to be less, while maintaining a level of pressure control for prolonged periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde Schultz
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4 and Biogram Inc., Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 32004, USA
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Kurashima H, Watabe H, Sato N, Abe S, Ishida N, Yoshitomi T. Effects of prostaglandin F(2α) analogues on endothelin-1-induced impairment of rabbit ocular blood flow: comparison among tafluprost, travoprost, and latanoprost. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:853-9. [PMID: 20868682 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF(2α)) analogues on the endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced impairment of optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow and on ET-1-induced contraction in isolated ciliary artery segments. In male rabbits, one of four PGF(2α) analogues [0.0015% tafluprost, 0.0015% 15-hydroxyl tafluprost (15-OH tafluprost), 0.005% latanoprost, or 0.004% travoprost] was topically administered at various pretreatment times before intravitreal ET-1 injection. ONH blood flow was estimated by the laser speckle method, which expresses blood velocity as a quantitative index, the squared blur rate (SBR). SBR was measured just before (baseline value) and at 30, 60, and 120 min after ET-1 injection. SBR was significantly decreased from 4.47 ± 0.20 to 3.50 ± 0.10 (78.6 ± 2.4% of baseline) at 120 min after intravitreal ET-1 injection (5 pmol/eye). The ET-1-induced decrease was almost completely prevented by tafluprost and significantly inhibited by the other three analogues. The inhibitory effect lasted longest with tafluprost, as indicated by the effective pretreatment times (tafluprost: 90, 120, or 240 min; 15-OH tafluprost: 90, but not 120 or 240 min; latanoprost and travoprost: 120, but not 240 min). In vitro, the effects of PGF(2α) analogues on ET-1-induced contractions in male rabbit ciliary arteries were evaluated using an isometric tension recording system. Tafluprost, latanoprost, travoprost, and 15-OH tafluprost concentration-dependently relaxed the 10 nM ET-1-induced ciliary artery contraction. Improvement of the ocular circulation may be superior with tafluprost than with the other PGF(2α) analogues. The underlying mechanism may involve relaxation of ocular resistance vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kurashima
- Research and Development Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nara, Japan.
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Aihara M. Clinical appraisal of tafluprost in the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4:163-70. [PMID: 20390038 PMCID: PMC2850830 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s6368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the most important risk factors for the development of glaucoma, which causes progressive optic neuropathy. Lowering IOP is currently the only therapeutic approach to the treatment of glaucoma. Tafluprost, a novel prostaglandin analogue, was recently launched onto the market as an ocular hypotensive agent. Tafluprost is potent in its affinity for the prostanoid FP receptor and in its intraocular lowering efficacy. Moreover, it enhances the ocular hemodynamics and has neuroprotective effects. Clinical studies have demonstrated its efficacy at decreasing intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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