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Shete V, Mahajan NM, Shivhare R, Akkewar A, Gupta A, Gurav S. Genistein: A promising phytoconstituent with reference to its bioactivities. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 38831683 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Genistein, a potent phytoconstituent, has garnered significant attention for its diverse bioactivities, making it a subject of extensive research and exploration. This review delves into the multifaceted properties of genistein, encompassing its antioxidant and anticancer potential. Its ability to modulate various cellular pathways and interact with diverse molecular targets has positioned it as a promising candidate in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. This review provides a comprehensive examination of Genistein, covering its chemical properties, methods of isolation, synthesis, therapeutic attributes with regard to cancer management, and the proposed mechanisms of action as put forth by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Shete
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Datta Meghe College of Pharmacy, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh M Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruchi Shivhare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashish Akkewar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amisha Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shailendra Gurav
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Panaji, Goa, India
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2
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Duffel MW. Cytosolic sulfotransferases in endocrine disruption. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230101. [PMID: 38699885 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfation of endocrine hormones as well as a broad array of drugs, environmental chemicals, and other xenobiotics. Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interact with these SULTs as substrates and inhibitors, and thereby alter sulfation reactions responsible for metabolism and regulation of endocrine hormones such as estrogens and thyroid hormones. EDCs or their metabolites may also regulate expression of SULTs through direct interaction with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. Moreover, some sulfate esters derived from EDCs (EDC-sulfates) may serve as ligands for endocrine hormone receptors. While the sulfation of an EDC can lead to its excretion in the urine or bile, it may also result in retention of the EDC-sulfate through its reversible binding to serum proteins and thereby enable transport to other tissues for intracellular hydrolysis and subsequent endocrine disruption. This mini-review outlines the potential roles of SULTs and sulfation in the effects of EDCs and our evolving understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
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3
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Uno Y, Yamato O, Yamazaki H. Transcript abundance of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in two dog breeds compared with 14 species including humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 55:101002. [PMID: 38452615 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2024.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes are important in drug development and therapy, but have not been fully identified and characterized in many species, lines, and breeds. Liver transcriptomic data were analyzed for phase I cytochromes P450, flavin-containing monooxygenases, and carboxylesterases and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and glutathione S-transferases. Comparisons with a variety of species (humans, rhesus macaques, African green monkeys, baboons, common marmosets, cattle, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, rabbits, tree shrews, rats, mice, and chickens) revealed both general similarities and differences in the transcript abundances of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Similarly, Beagle and Shiba dogs were examined by next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq). Consequently, no substantial differences in transcript abundance were noted in different breeds of pigs and dogs and in different lines of mice and rats. Therefore, the expression profiles of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme transcripts appear to be similar in Shiba and Beagle dogs and pig breeds and the rat and mouse lines analyzed, although some differences were found in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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Glatt H, Weißenberg SY, Ehlers A, Lampen A, Seidel A, Schumacher F, Engst W, Meinl W. Formation of DNA Adducts by 1-Methoxy-3-indolylmethylalcohol, a Breakdown Product of a Glucosinolate, in the Mouse: Impact of the SULT1A1 Status-Wild-Type, Knockout or Humanised. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3824. [PMID: 38612635 PMCID: PMC11012018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously found that feeding rats with broccoli or cauliflower leads to the formation of characteristic DNA adducts in the liver, intestine and various other tissues. We identified the critical substances in the plants as 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl (1-MIM) glucosinolate and its degradation product 1-MIM-OH. DNA adduct formation and the mutagenicity of 1-MIM-OH in cell models were drastically enhanced when human sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 was expressed. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of SULT1A1 in DNA adduct formation by 1-MIM-OH in mouse tissues in vivo. Furthermore, we compared the endogenous mouse Sult1a1 and transgenic human SULT1A1 in the activation of 1-MIM-OH using genetically modified mouse strains. We orally treated male wild-type (wt) and Sult1a1-knockout (ko) mice, as well as corresponding lines carrying the human SULT1A1-SULT1A2 gene cluster (tg and ko-tg), with 1-MIM-OH. N2-(1-MIM)-dG and N6-(1-MIM)-dA adducts in DNA were analysed using isotope-dilution UPLC-MS/MS. In the liver, caecum and colon adducts were abundant in mice expressing mouse and/or human SULT1A1, but were drastically reduced in ko mice (1.2-10.6% of wt). In the kidney and small intestine, adduct levels were high in mice carrying human SULT1A1-SULT1A2 genes, but low in wt and ko mice (1.8-6.3% of tg-ko). In bone marrow, adduct levels were very low, independently of the SULT1A1 status. In the stomach, they were high in all four lines. Thus, adduct formation was primarily controlled by SULT1A1 in five out of seven tissues studied, with a strong impact of differences in the tissue distribution of mouse and human SULT1A1. The behaviour of 1-MIM-OH in these models (levels and tissue distribution of DNA adducts; impact of SULTs) was similar to that of methyleugenol, classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans". Thus, there is a need to test 1-MIM-OH for carcinogenicity in animal models and to study its adduct formation in humans consuming brassicaceous foodstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansruedi Glatt
- Department Food Safety, Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.Y.W.); (A.E.); (A.L.)
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (W.E.); (W.M.)
| | - Sarah Yasmin Weißenberg
- Department Food Safety, Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.Y.W.); (A.E.); (A.L.)
| | - Anke Ehlers
- Department Food Safety, Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.Y.W.); (A.E.); (A.L.)
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department Food Safety, Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.Y.W.); (A.E.); (A.L.)
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens (BIU), Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, Lurup 4, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany;
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (W.E.); (W.M.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2–4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Engst
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (W.E.); (W.M.)
| | - Walter Meinl
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (W.E.); (W.M.)
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Kurogi K, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. Evolution and multiple functions of sulfonation and cytosolic sulfotransferases across species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:368-380. [PMID: 38271594 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Organisms have conversion systems for sulfate ion to take advantage of the chemical features. The use of biologically converted sulfonucleotides varies in an evolutionary manner, with the universal use being that of sulfonate donors. Sulfotransferases have the ability to transfer the sulfonate group of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to a variety of molecules. Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) play a role in the metabolism of low-molecular-weight compounds in response to the host organism's living environment. This review will address the diverse functions of the SULT in evolution, including recent findings. In addition to the diversity of vertebrate sulfotransferases, the molecular aspects and recent studies on bacterial and plant sulfotransferases are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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7
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Cao Y, Bairam A, Liu MC, Uetrecht J. Potential Involvement of Sulfotransferase in the Mechanism of Lamotrigine-induced Skin Rash. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1711-1716. [PMID: 37922508 PMCID: PMC10664754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of drug-induced skin rash is not well understood. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the covalent binding of a reactive metabolite is involved in the mechanism of most idiosyncratic drug reactions. However, there is a limited quantity of drug metabolizing enzymes in the skin, except for sulfotransferases. It is possible that some drugs are metabolized to reactive sulfate metabolites that are responsible for skin rashes. For example, nevirapine-induced skin rash involves metabolism of nevirapine to 12-hydroxy-nevirapine, which is further metabolized by sulfotransferase in the skin to a reactive benzylic sulfate that covalently binds to proteins. The working hypothesis is that lamotrigine, valdecoxib, and sertraline skin rashes involve the formation of reactive sulfate in the skin. Lamotrigine-N-oxide, hydroxy-valdecoxib, and hydroxy-sertraline were tested as substrates with known human sulfotransferases. Hydroxy-valdecoxib and the benzylic alcohol metabolite of sertraline were not substrates for human sulfotransferases. Therefore, this pathway is presumably not involved in the mechanism by which they cause skin rashes. In contrast, lamotrigine-N-oxide is a substrate for several human sulfotransferases and the sulfate is chemically reactive. Furthermore, lamotrigine-N-sulfate not only alkylates proteins as we described previously but also forms the sulfate of tyrosine, suggesting another possible mechanism for protein modification. This study has further added to the understanding of the potential of the sulfotransferase pathways and protein sulfation to play a role in drug-induced skin rash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Cao
- Leslie
Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Ahsan Bairam
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Leslie
Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3M2
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8
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Dou Y, Pei S, Li Y, Wang M, Liu Z, Li J, Cao J, Qin J, Zhang M, Hou L, Sun H. Farnesoid X receptor represses human sulfotransferase 1A3 expression through direct binding to the promoter. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1014-1023. [PMID: 37487659 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Human sulfotransferases 1A3 (SULT1A3) has received particular interest, due to their functions of catalyzing the sulfonation of numerous phenolic substrates, including bioactive endogenous molecules and therapeutic agents. However, the regulation of SULT1A3 expression and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the regulation effects of bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on SULT1A3 expression, and to shed light on the mechanism thereof. Our results demonstrated that FXR agonists (CDCA and GW4064) significantly inhibit the expression of SULT1A3 at mRNA and protein levels. In addition, overexpression of FXR led to decrease in SULT1A3 expression and knockdown of FXR significantly induced the expression of SULT1A3 in protein and mRNA levels, confirming that FXR expression manifestly showed negative regulatory effect on basal SULT1A3 expression. Furthermore, a combination of luciferase reporter gene and CHIP assays showed that FXR repressed SULT1A3 transcription through direct binding to the region at base pair positions -664 to -654. In conclusion, this study for the first time confirmed FXR was a negative transcriptional regulator of human SULT1A3 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuhua Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | | | - Jiqin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinlan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jia Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lili Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hua Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Academy for advanced interdisciplinary studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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9
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Sato K, Yamauchi K, Ishihara A. Analysis of evolutionary and functional features of the bullfrog SULT1 family. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 342:114349. [PMID: 37495023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
We identified the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana sulfotransferase 1 (SULT1) family from the BLAST search tool of the public databases based on the SULT1 families of Nanorana parkeri, Xenopus laevis, and Xenopus tropicalis as queries, revealing the characteristics of the anuran SULT1 family. The results showed that the anuran SULT1 family comprises six subfamilies, four of which were related to the mammalian SULT1 subfamily. Additionally, the bullfrog has two SULT1Cc subfamily members that are consistent with the characteristics of the expanded Xenopus SULT1C subfamily. Several members of the bullfrog SULT1 family were suggested to play important roles in sulfation during metamorphosis. Among these, cDNAs encoding SULT1Cc1 and SULT1Y1 were cloned, and the sulfation activity was analyzed using recombinant proteins. The affinity for 2-naphthol and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) and the enzymatic reaction rate were higher in SULT1Cc1 than in SULT1Y1. Both the enzymes showed inhibitory effect of many thyroid hormones (THs) analogs on the sulfation of 2-naphthol. The potency of sulfation activities of SULT1Cc1 and SULT1Y1 against T4 indicated their possible role in the intracellular T4 clearance during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Sato
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Akinori Ishihara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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10
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Zhang J, Qiu Z, Zhang Y, Wang G, Hao H. Intracellular spatiotemporal metabolism in connection to target engagement. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115024. [PMID: 37516411 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism in eukaryotic cells is a highly ordered system involving various cellular compartments, which fluctuates based on physiological rhythms. Organelles, as the smallest independent sub-cell unit, are important contributors to cell metabolism and drug metabolism, collectively designated intracellular metabolism. However, disruption of intracellular spatiotemporal metabolism can lead to disease development and progression, as well as drug treatment interference. In this review, we systematically discuss spatiotemporal metabolism in cells and cell subpopulations. In particular, we focused on metabolism compartmentalization and physiological rhythms, including the variation and regulation of metabolic enzymes, metabolic pathways, and metabolites. Additionally, the intricate relationship among intracellular spatiotemporal metabolism, metabolism-related diseases, and drug therapy/toxicity has been discussed. Finally, approaches and strategies for intracellular spatiotemporal metabolism analysis and potential target identification are introduced, along with examples of potential new drug design based on this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixia Qiu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research Unit of PK-PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Ishii Y, Shi L, Takasu S, Ogawa K, Umemura T. A 13-week comprehensive toxicity study with adductome analysis demonstrates the toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of the natural flavoring agent elemicin. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113965. [PMID: 37495168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Elemicin, an alkenylbenzene flavoring, exists naturally in foods, herbs, and spices. Some alkenylbenzenes are hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in rodents. However, few studies have examined the toxicology of elemicin. In the current study, we comprehensively evaluated the general toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of elemicin using gpt delta rats and DNA adductome analysis. Groups of 10 male F344 gpt delta rats were treated with elemicin by gavage at a dose of 0, 25, 100, or 400 mg/kg bw/day for 13 weeks. Liver weights were significantly increased with histopathological changes in groups receiving 100 mg/kg bw/day or more. Significant increases in serum hepatotoxic parameters were observed in the 400 mg/kg bw/day group. Based on the observed changes in liver weights, 18.6 mg/kg bw was identified as the low benchmark dose. Significant increases in the number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci and gpt mutant frequencies were apparent only in the 400 mg/kg/day group, although elemicin-specific DNA adducts were detected from the lowest dose, suggesting that elemicin exhibited hepatocarcinogenicity in rats only at higher doses. Because elemicin showed no mutagenicity at lower doses, there was an adequate safety margin between the acceptable daily intake and the estimated daily intake of elemicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Liang Shi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan; Graduate School of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hansen AW, Venkatachalam KV. Sulfur-Element containing metabolic pathways in human health and crosstalk with the microbiome. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 35:101529. [PMID: 37601447 PMCID: PMC10439400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, methionine derived from dietary proteins is necessary for cellular homeostasis and regeneration of sulfur containing pathways, which produce inorganic sulfur species (ISS) along with essential organic sulfur compounds (OSC). In recent years, inorganic sulfur species have gained attention as key players in the crosstalk of human health and the gut microbiome. Endogenously, ISS includes hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfite (SO32-), thiosulfate (S2O32-), and sulfate (SO42-), which are produced by enzymes in the transsulfuration and sulfur oxidation pathways. Additionally, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the gut lumen are notable H2S producers which can contribute to the ISS pools of the human host. In this review, we will focus on the systemic effects of sulfur in biological pathways, describe the contrasting mechanisms of sulfurylation versus phosphorylation on the hydroxyl of serine/threonine and tyrosine residues of proteins in post-translational modifications, and the role of the gut microbiome in human sulfur metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W. Hansen
- College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
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Messana I, Manconi B, Cabras T, Boroumand M, Sanna MT, Iavarone F, Olianas A, Desiderio C, Rossetti DV, Vincenzoni F, Contini C, Guadalupi G, Fiorita A, Faa G, Castagnola M. The Post-Translational Modifications of Human Salivary Peptides and Proteins Evidenced by Top-Down Platforms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12776. [PMID: 37628956 PMCID: PMC10454625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we extensively describe the main post-translational modifications that give rise to the multiple proteoforms characterized to date in the human salivary proteome and their potential role. Most of the data reported were obtained by our group in over twenty-five years of research carried out on human saliva mainly by applying a top-down strategy. In the beginning, we describe the products generated by proteolytic cleavages, which can occur before and after secretion. In this section, the most relevant families of salivary proteins are also described. Next, we report the current information concerning the human salivary phospho-proteome and the limited news available on sulfo-proteomes. Three sections are dedicated to the description of glycation and enzymatic glycosylation. Citrullination and N- and C-terminal post-translational modifications (PTMs) and miscellaneous other modifications are described in the last two sections. Results highlighting the variation in the level of some proteoforms in local or systemic pathologies are also reviewed throughout the sections of the manuscript to underline the impact and relevance of this information for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers useful in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | | | - Maria Teresa Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Diana Valeria Rossetti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Contini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonella Fiorita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa e del Collo, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Proteomics Laboratory, European Center for Brain Research, (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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14
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Öeren M, Kaempf SC, Ponting DJ, Hunt PA, Segall MD. Predicting Regioselectivity of Cytosolic Sulfotransferase Metabolism for Drugs. J Chem Inf Model 2023. [PMID: 37229540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are a family of enzymes responsible for the sulfation of small endogenous and exogenous compounds. SULTs contribute to the conjugation phase of metabolism and share substrates with the uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family of enzymes. UGTs are considered to be the most important enzymes in the conjugation phase, and SULTs are an auxiliary enzyme system to them. Understanding how the regioselectivity of SULTs differs from that of UGTs is essential from the perspective of developing novel drug candidates. We present a general ligand-based SULT model trained and tested using high-quality experimental regioselectivity data. The current study suggests that, unlike other metabolic enzymes in the modification and conjugation phases, the SULT regioselectivity is not strongly influenced by the activation energy of the rate-limiting step of the catalysis. Instead, the prominent role is played by the substrate binding site of SULT. Thus, the model is trained only on steric and orientation descriptors, which mimic the binding pocket of SULT. The resulting classification model, which predicts whether a site is metabolized, achieved a Cohen's kappa of 0.71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Öeren
- Cambridge Innovation Park, Optibrium Limited, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
| | - Sylvia C Kaempf
- Cambridge Innovation Park, Optibrium Limited, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
- School of Chemistry, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - David J Ponting
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, U.K
| | - Peter A Hunt
- Cambridge Innovation Park, Optibrium Limited, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
| | - Matthew D Segall
- Cambridge Innovation Park, Optibrium Limited, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
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15
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Cook I, Leyh TS. Sulfotransferase 2B1b, Sterol Sulfonation, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:521-531. [PMID: 36549865 PMCID: PMC10158503 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of human sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) is to sulfonate cholesterol and closely related sterols. SULT2B1b sterols perform a number of essential cellular functions. Many are signaling molecules whose activities are redefined by sulfonation-allosteric properties are switched "on" or "off," agonists are transformed into antagonists, and vice versa. Sterol sulfonation is tightly coupled to cholesterol homeostasis, and sulfonation imbalances are causally linked to cholesterol-related diseases including certain cancers, Alzheimer disease, and recessive X-linked ichthyosis-an orphan skin disease. Numerous studies link SULT2B1b activity to disease-relevant molecular processes. Here, these multifaceted processes are integrated into metabolic maps that highlight their interdependence and how their actions are regulated and coordinated by SULT2B1b oxysterol sulfonation. The maps help explain why SULT2B1b inhibition arrests the growth of certain cancers and make the novel prediction that SULT2B1b inhibition will suppress production of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau fibrils while simultaneously stimulating Aβ plaque phagocytosis. SULT2B1b harbors a sterol-selective allosteric site whose structure is discussed as a template for creating inhibitors to regulate SULT2B1b and its associated biology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) produces sterol-sulfate signaling molecules that maintain the homeostasis of otherwise pro-disease processes in cancer, Alzheimer disease, and X-linked ichthyosis-an orphan skin disease. The functions of sterol sulfates in each disease are considered and codified into metabolic maps that explain the interdependencies of the sterol-regulated networks and their coordinate regulation by SULT2B1b. The structure of the SULT2B1b sterol-sensing allosteric site is discussed as a means of controlling sterol sulfate biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Thomas S Leyh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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16
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Wheeler AM, Eberhard CD, Mosher EP, Yuan Y, Wilkins HN, Seneviratne HK, Orsburn BC, Bumpus NN. Achieving a Deeper Understanding of Drug Metabolism and Responses Using Single-Cell Technologies. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:350-359. [PMID: 36627162 PMCID: PMC10029823 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in single-cell technologies have enabled detection of RNA, proteins, metabolites, and xenobiotics in individual cells, and the application of these technologies has the potential to transform pharmacological research. Single-cell data has already resulted in the development of human and model species cell atlases, identifying different cell types within a tissue, further facilitating the characterization of tumor heterogeneity, and providing insight into treatment resistance. Research discussed in this review demonstrates that distinct cell populations express drug metabolizing enzymes to different extents, indicating there may be variability in drug metabolism not only between organs, but within tissue types. Additionally, we put forth the concept that single-cell analyses can be used to expose underlying variability in cellular response to drugs, providing a unique examination of drug efficacy, toxicity, and metabolism. We will outline several of these techniques: single-cell RNA-sequencing and mass cytometry to characterize and distinguish different cell types, single-cell proteomics to quantify drug metabolizing enzymes and characterize cellular responses to drug, capillary electrophoresis-ultrasensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection and single-probe single-cell mass spectrometry for detection of drugs, and others. Emerging single-cell technologies such as these can comprehensively characterize heterogeneity in both cell-type-specific drug metabolism and response to treatment, enhancing progress toward personalized and precision medicine. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Recent technological advances have enabled the analysis of gene expression and protein levels in single cells. These types of analyses are important to investigating mechanisms that cannot be elucidated on a bulk level, primarily due to the variability of cell populations within biological systems. Here, we summarize cell-type-specific drug metabolism and how pharmacologists can utilize single-cell approaches to obtain a comprehensive understanding of drug metabolism and cellular heterogeneity in response to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Wheeler
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Colten D Eberhard
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Eric P Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Yuting Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Hannah N Wilkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Benjamin C Orsburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
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17
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Chen L, Chen L, Li X, Qin L, Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Tan D, He Y, Wang YH. Transcriptomic profiling of hepatic tissues for drug metabolism genes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A study of human and animals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1034494. [PMID: 36686439 PMCID: PMC9845619 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1034494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug metabolism genes are involved in the in vivo metabolic processing of drugs. In previous research, we found that a high-fat diet affected the transcript levels of mouse hepatic genes responsible for drug metabolism. Aims Our research intends to discover the drug metabolism genes that are dysregulated at the transcriptome level in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods We analyzed the transcriptome for drug metabolism genes of 35 human liver tissues obtained during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Additionally, we imported transcriptome data from mice fed a high-fat diet in previous research and two open-access Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE63067 and GSE89632). Then, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we cross-linked the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in clinical and animal samples and validated the common genes. Results In this study, we identified 35 DEGs, of which 33 were up-regulated and two were down-regulated. Moreover, we found 71 DEGs (39 up- and 32 down-regulated), 276 DEGs (157 up- and 119 down-regulated), and 158 DEGs (117 up- and 41 down-regulated) in the GSE63067, GSE89632, and high-fat diet mice, respectively. Of the 35 DEGs, nine co-regulated DEGs were found in the Venn diagram (CYP20A1, CYP2U1, SLC9A6, SLC26A6, SLC31A1, SLC46A1, SLC46A3, SULT1B1, and UGT2A3). Conclusion Nine significant drug metabolism genes were identified in NAFLD. Future research should investigate the impacts of these genes on drug dose adjustment in patients with NAFLD. Clinical Trial Registration http://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2100041714.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of the Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of the Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xu Li
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of the Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lin Qin
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of the Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of the Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Daopeng Tan
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of the Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuqi He
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of the Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yu-He Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of the Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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18
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Kondo M, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SMM, Kawai YK, Mizukawa H, Mitani Y, Nomyama K, Tanabe S, Ishizuka M. Sulfotransferases (SULTs), enzymatic and genetic variation in Carnivora: Limited sulfation capacity in pinnipeds. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109476. [PMID: 36182081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Wild carnivorans are one of the most important species due to their high positions in the food chain. They are also highly affected by numerous environmental contaminants through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Xenobiotic metabolism is a significant chemical defense system from xenobiotics because it degrades the activity of a wide range of chemicals, generally into less active forms, resulting in their deactivation. Sulfotransferases (SULTs) are one of the most important xenobiotic metabolic enzymes, which catalyze the sulfonation of a variety of endogenous and exogenous chemicals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and a wide range of xenobiotic compounds. Although SULTs are of such high importance, little research has focused on these enzymes in wild carnivorans. In this study, we clarified the genetic properties of SULTs in a wide range of mammals, focusing on carnivorans, using in silico genetic analyses. We found genetic deficiencies of SULT1E1 and SULT1D1 isoforms in all pinnipeds analyzed and nonsense mutations in SULT1Cs in several carnivorans including pinnipeds. We further investigated the enzymatic activity of SULT1E1 in vitro using liver cytosols from pinnipeds. Using a SULT1E1 probe substrate, we found highly limited estradiol sulfonation in pinnipeds, whereas other mammals had relatively high sulfation. These results suggest that pinnipeds have severely or completely absent SULT1E1 activity, which importantly catalyzes the metabolism of estrogens, drugs, and environmental toxins. This further implies a high susceptibility to a wide range of xenobiotics in these carnivorans, which are constantly exposed to environmental chemicals throughout their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Kondo
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan(1)
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan(1); Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan(1); Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Yusuke K Kawai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan(2)
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Yoko Mitani
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N11, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan(3)
| | - Kei Nomyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan(4)
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan(4)
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan(1).
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19
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Isvoran A, Peng Y, Ceauranu S, Schmidt L, Nicot AB, Miteva MA. Pharmacogenetics of human sulfotransferases and impact of amino acid exchange on Phase II drug metabolism. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103349. [PMID: 36096358 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfotransferases (SULTs) are Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) catalyzing the sulfation of a variety of endogenous compounds, natural products, and drugs. Various drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) can inhibit SULTs, affecting drug-drug interactions. Several polymorphisms have been identified for SULTs that might be crucial for interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity or for increased disease risk. Here, we review current knowledge on non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of human SULTs, focusing on the coded SULT allozymes and molecular mechanisms explaining their variable activity, which is essential for personalized medicine. We discuss the structural and dynamic bases of key amino acid (AA) variants implicated in the impacts on drug metabolism in the case of SULT1A1, as revealed by molecular modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Isvoran
- Department of Biology-Chemistry and Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Yunhui Peng
- INSERM U1268 Medicinal Chemistry and Translational Research, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS - Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Silvana Ceauranu
- Department of Biology-Chemistry and Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Leon Schmidt
- Department of Biology-Chemistry and Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Arnaud B Nicot
- INSERM, Nantes Université, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Maria A Miteva
- INSERM U1268 Medicinal Chemistry and Translational Research, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS - Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.
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20
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Xie C, Hu W, Gan L, Fu B, Zhao X, Tang D, Liao R, Ye L. Sulfation and Its Effect on the Bioactivity of Magnolol, the Main Active Ingredient of Magnolia Officinalis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090870. [PMID: 36144273 PMCID: PMC9505486 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol, the main active ingredient of Magnolia officinalis, has been reported to display anti-inflammatory activity. Sulfation plays an important role in the metabolism of magnolol. The magnolol sulfated metabolite was identified by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The magnolol sulfation activity of seven major recombinant sulfotransferases (SULTs) isoforms (SULT1A1*1, SULT1A1*2, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1B1, SULT1E1, and SULT2A1) was analyzed. The metabolic profile of magnolol was investigated in liver S9 fractions from human (HLS9), rat (RLS9), and mouse (MLS9). The anti-inflammatory effects of magnolol and its sulfated metabolite were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Magnolol was metabolized into a mono-sulfated metabolite by SULTs. Of the seven recombinant SULT isoforms examined, SULT1B1 exhibited the highest magnolol sulfation activity. In liver S9 fractions from different species, the CLint value of magnolol sulfation in HLS9 (0.96 µL/min/mg) was similar to that in RLS9 (0.99 µL/min/mg) but significantly higher than that in MLS9 (0.30 µL/min/mg). Magnolol and its sulfated metabolite both significantly downregulated the production of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) stimulated by LPS (p < 0.001). These results indicated that SULT1B1 was the major enzyme responsible for the sulfation of magnolol and that the magnolol sulfated metabolite exhibited potential anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wanyu Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lili Gan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bingxuan Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dafu Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rongxin Liao
- TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Ling Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (L.Y.)
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21
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Nasimi Doost Azgomi R, Moini Jazani A, Karimi A, Pourreza S. Potential roles of genistein in polycystic ovary syndrome: A comprehensive systematic review. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175275. [PMID: 36108737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent polygenic endocrine disorders in reproductive-age women. Genistein is a soy-isolated phytoestrogen and isoflavone with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, estrogenic, and antineoplastic activity. This systematic review aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of actions of genistein in PCOS. The present study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases up to February 2022 using relative keywords. Studies published in English evaluated genistein's effects on PCOS, and its related symptoms were considered. Out of 298 records screened, only 13 articles met the inclusion criteria: Nine animal and 4 human studies. The results of the current study indicated that genistein supplementation may effectively improve PCOS-related symptoms by decreasing insulin resistance and anthropometric indices, improving ovarian morphology and regulating reproductive hormones, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation by influencing biological pathways. According to the current literature, genistein may diminish the dues of PCOS. Therefore, this study shows that genistein can be considered an effective agent. in reducing the complications of PCOS. However, further studies are recommended for a broad conclusion on the exact mechanism of genistein in PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Arezoo Moini Jazani
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Arash Karimi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sanaz Pourreza
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Fraga LN, Milenkovic D, Lajolo FM, Hassimotto NMA. Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of SULT1A1, SULT1C4, ABCC2 and Phase II Flavanone Metabolites Excretion after Orange Juice Intake. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183770. [PMID: 36145145 PMCID: PMC9502135 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits and juices are a major source of dietary flavanones, and the regular consumption of these foods is inversely associated with the development of cardiometabolic diseases. However, the biological benefits depend on the bioavailability of these compounds, and previous studies have reported a large interindividual variability in the absorption and excretion of these compounds. Different factors, such as age, gender or genetic polymorphism of genes coding enzymes involved in the metabolism and transport of the flavanones, may explain this heterogeneity. This study aimed to assess the impact of single nucleotide polymorphism of sulfotransferases SULT1A1 and SULT1C4, and ABCC2 transporter genes on excretion of phase II flavanone metabolites in volunteers after 24 h of orange juice intake. Forty-six volunteers ingested a single dose of 500 mL of orange juice and 24-h urine was collected. The hesperetin and naringenin phase II metabolites were quantified in urine, and SNPs in SULT1A1, SULT1C4 and ABCC2 genes were genotyped. A significant (p < 0.05) relationship between the SNPs in these genes and the high excretion of phase II flavanone metabolites were observed. These results identified novel polymorphisms associated with higher absorption of flavanones, which may provide bases for future personalized nutritional guidelines for consuming flavanone-rich foods rich in these nutrients for better benefit from their health properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layanne Nascimento Fraga
- Food Research Center (FoRC) and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (N.M.A.H.)
| | - Franco Maria Lajolo
- Food Research Center (FoRC) and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Neuza Mariko Aymoto Hassimotto
- Food Research Center (FoRC) and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (N.M.A.H.)
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23
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Terasaka S, Hayashi A, Nukada Y, Yamane M. Investigating the uncertainty of prediction accuracy for the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to animal-free risk assessment of cosmetic ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 135:105262. [PMID: 36103952 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are considered useful tools in animal-free risk assessment. To utilize PBPK models for risk assessment, it is necessary to compare their reliability with in vivo data. However, obtaining in vivo pharmacokinetics data for cosmetic ingredients is difficult, complicating the utilization of PBPK models for risk assessment. In this study, to utilize PBPK models for risk assessment without accuracy evaluation, we proposed a novel concept-the modeling uncertainty factor (MUF). By calculating the prediction accuracy for 150 compounds, we established that using in vitro data for metabolism-related parameters and limiting the applicability domain increase the prediction accuracy of a PBPK model. Based on the 97.5th percentile of prediction accuracy, MUF was defined at 10 for the area under the plasma concentration curve and 6 for Cmax. A case study on animal-free risk assessment was conducted for bisphenol A using these MUFs. As this study was conducted mainly on pharmaceuticals, further investigation using cosmetic ingredients is pivotal. However, since internal exposure is essential in realizing animal-free risk assessment, our concept will serve as a useful tool to predict plasma concentrations without using in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Terasaka
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-Ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan.
| | - Akane Hayashi
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-Ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Nukada
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-Ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamane
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-Ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
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24
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Kurogi K, Cao Y, Segawa K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Uetrecht J, Liu MC. Sulfation of 12-hydroxy-nevirapine by human SULTs and the effects of genetic polymorphisms of SULT1A1 and SULT2A1. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115243. [PMID: 36084709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nevirapine (NVP) is an effective drug for the treatment of HIV infections, but its use is limited by a high incidence of severe skin rash and liver injury. 12-Hydroxynevirapine (12-OH-NVP) is the major metabolite of nevirapine. There is strong evidence that the sulfate of 12-OH-NVP is responsible for the skin rash. While several cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) have been shown to be capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP, the exact mechanism of sulfation in vivo is unclear. The current study aimed to clarify human SULT(s) and human organs that are capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP and investigate the metabolic sulfation of 12-OH-NVP using cultured HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Enzymatic assays revealed that of the thirteen human SULTs, SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 displayed strong 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity. 1-Phenyl-1-hexanol (PHHX), which applied topically prevents the skin rash in rats, inhibited 12-OH-NVP sulfation by SULT1A1 and SULT2A1, implying the involvement of these two enzymes in the sulfation of 12-OH-NVP in vivo. Among five human organ cytosols analyzed, liver cytosol displayed the strongest 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity, while a low but significant activity was detected with skin cytosol. Cultured HepG2 cells were shown to be capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP. The effects of genetic polymorphisms of SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 genes on the sulfation of 12-OH-NVP by SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 allozymes were investigated. Two SULT1A1 allozymes, Arg37Asp and Met223Val, showed no detectable 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity, while a SULT2A1 allozyme, Met57Thr, displayed significantly higher 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity compared with the wild-type enzyme. Collectively, these results contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of sulfation in NVP-induced skin rash and provide clues to the possible role of SULT genetic polymorphisms in the risk of this adverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yanshan Cao
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S3M2, Canada
| | - Koshi Segawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S3M2, Canada
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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25
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Chik MW, Hazalin NAMN, Singh GKS. Regulation of phase I and phase II neurosteroid enzymes in the hippocampus of an Alzheimer's disease rat model: A focus on sulphotransferases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Steroids 2022; 184:109035. [PMID: 35405201 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases because they are involved in the modulation of neurotransmitter, neurotropic and neuroprotective actions. Emerging evidence suggests that the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of neurosteroids change during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study aimed to assess the changes in phase I and II enzymes involved in the metabolism of neurosteroids of the progestogen, androgenic and estrogenic steroidogenic pathways and the possibility that the neurosteroids are actively converted into the most abundant metabolites (i.e. glucuronides and sulphates). The gene expression for the phase I and II neurosteroid biosynthetic enzymes were studied in the hippocampus of streptozotocin AD rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, sham (saline injected into the hippocampus) and 3 and 12 weeks post-STZ administration (STZ-G3w and STZ-G12w, respectively) groups. Behavioral assessments showed memory impairment in both STZ-injected groups, whereas the formation of amyloid-beta was more pronounced in the STZ-12w group. Gene expression of the hippocampus revealed that glucuronidation and sulphation enzymes transcript of the phase I metabolites were upregulated at the late stage of the disease progression (Hsd17b10, Hsd3b1, Akr1c3 and Cyp19a1) except for Sts. The phase II Sult and Ugt enzymes were mostly upregulated in the STZ-G12w rats (Sult1a1, Sult1e1, Ugt1a1, Ugt1a7c, Ugt1a6, Ugt2b35 and Ugt2b17) and normally expressed in the STZ-G3w group (Sult2a2, Sult2a6, Sult2b1, Ugt2b7, Sult4a1 and Ugt1a7c). In conclusion, changes occur in the phase I and II enzymes transcript of the progestogen, androgenic and estrogenic steroidogenic pathways during the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazzura Wan Chik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Aqmar Mohd Nor Hazalin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMiSE), Level 7, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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26
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Nenadov DS, Pogrmic-Majkic K, Tesic B, Kokai D, Fa Nedeljkovic S, Stanic B, Andric N. Impact of In Vitro Long-Term Low-Level DEHP Exposure on Gene Expression Profile in Human Granulosa Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152304. [PMID: 35892601 PMCID: PMC9332775 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we applied a model of long-term exposure of human granulosa cells to low environmentally relevant levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). This approach provides more relevant data regarding the impact of DEHP on the function of human granulosa cells. The immortalized human granulosa cells HGrC1 were exposed to 50 nM and 250 nM DEHP for four weeks. The cells were collected every week to analyze the basal granulosa cells’ functions. A portion of the DEHP-exposed cells was stimulated with forskolin (FOR) for 48 h. Steroidogenesis was investigated using ELISA, whereas DNBQ sequencing and RT-qPCR were used to analyze gene expression. The results show that steroidogenesis was not affected by DEHP exposure. RNAsequencing shows that DEHP caused week- and concentration-specific changes in various genes and functions in HGrC1. Sulfotransferase family 1A member 3 (SULT1A3) and 4 (SULT1A4), which are involved in catecholamine metabolism, were the most prominent genes affected by DEHP under both the basal and FOR-stimulated conditions in all four weeks of exposure. This study showed, for the first time, that SULT1A3 and SULT1A4 are expressed in human granulosa cells, are regulated by FOR, and are affected by low-level DEHP exposure. These data provide new insight into the relationship between DEHP, SULT1A3, and SULT1A4 in human granulosa cells.
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27
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Hayashi A, Terasaka S, Nukada Y, Kameyama A, Yamane M, Shioi R, Iwashita M, Hashizume K, Morita O. 4″-Sulfation Is the Major Metabolic Pathway of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Humans: Characterization of Metabolites, Enzymatic Analysis, and Pharmacokinetic Profiling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8264-8273. [PMID: 35786898 PMCID: PMC9284555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major green tea polyphenol, has beneficial effects on human health. This study aimed to elucidate the detailed EGCG sulfation process to better understand its phase II metabolism, a process required to maximize its health benefits. Results show that kinetic activity of sulfation in the human liver and intestinal cytosol is 2-fold and 60- to 300-fold higher than that of methylation and glucuronidation, respectively, suggesting sulfation as the key metabolic pathway. Moreover, SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 are responsible for sulfation in the liver and intestine, respectively. Additionally, our human ingestion study revealed that the concentration of EGCG-4″-sulfate in human plasma (Cmax: 177.9 nmol·L-1, AUC: 715.2 nmol·h·L-1) is equivalent to free EGCG (Cmax: 233.5 nmol·L-1, AUC: 664.1 nmol·h·L-1), suggesting that EGCG-4″-sulfate is the key metabolite. These findings indicate that sulfation is a crucial factor for improving EGCG bioavailability, while also advancing the understanding of the bioactivity and toxicity of EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Hayashi
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
- . Tel.: +81-285-68-7214
| | - Shimpei Terasaka
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yuko Nukada
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Akiyo Kameyama
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamane
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Ryuta Shioi
- Biological
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masazumi Iwashita
- Biological
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Hashizume
- Biological
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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28
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Zhao M, Shi J, Li W, Guan C, Sun C, Peng Y, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation of Gemfibrozil Mediated by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Sulfotransferases. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1257-1266. [PMID: 35763595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gemfibrozil (GEM), a lipid regulator, is a fibric acid derivative widely used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. It has been reported that GEM can induce acute liver injury in the course of therapy in clinical practice, so it is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of toxic action. The present study focused on metabolic activation of GEM, possibly participating in GEM-mediated liver injury. A benzylic alcohol metabolite (M1), along with a phenol metabolite (M2), was detected in microsomal incubations, rat primary hepatocyte culturing, and rats given GEM. A GSH conjugate (M3) was detected in cultured rat hepatocytes after exposure to GEM. Formation of M1 was found to be NADPH dependent, and generation of M3 required M1 and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. It is most likely that GEM was biotransformed to M1, which was further metabolized to a sulfate. The resulting sulfate was reactive to bio-thiols. Cytochrome P450 and sulfotransferases participated in the phase I and phase II reactions, respectively. M1 and M3 were chemically synthesized, and their structures were characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR. The present study has particular value for elucidating the mechanism of liver injury caused by GEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Junzu Shi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Chunjing Guan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Chen Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
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29
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Lu C, Zhang L, Cui Y, Jin G, Bao Y, Shi W. Proteome and transcriptome explore the mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides to relieve florfenicol-induced kidney injury in broilers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45872-45884. [PMID: 35150422 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This experiment explored the mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) on florfenicol (FFC)-induced kidney injury in broilers. Ninety healthy 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 5 chickens in each replicate. The three groups included control group, model group (0.15 g/L FFC), and SMPs group (0.15 g/L FFC + 5.00 g/L SMPs). After 5 days of experimental period, blood was collected, and kidney tissues were extracted. Renal injury was evaluated by serum biochemical indicators and pathological sections. Renal oxidative stress indexes were detected; transcriptomics and proteomics were used to comprehensively analyze the effects of SMPs on broiler kidney injury. The results showed that the model group inhibited average day gain (P < 0.01) and significantly adjusted blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), and creatinine (Cr) (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The histological observation of the kidneys in the model group showed abnormal morphology, and the oxidative stress parameters showed that FFC induced oxidative stress in the kidneys. Comprehensive transcriptome proteomic analysis data showed phosphoribose pyrophosphate synthase 2 (PRPS2), cytochrome 2AC1 (CYP2AC1), cytochrome 2D6 (CYP2D6), glutathione transferase (GST), and sulfotransferase 1B (SULT1B) expression levels changed. It is worth noting that our data showed that supplementation of 5.00 g/L SMPs in drinking water reversed the changes in BUN, Cr, and daily weight gain (P < 0.05) and relieved the abnormal kidney morphology caused by FFC. After SMPs processing, it improved the detoxification process of drug-metabolizing enzymes and improved the oxidative stress state induced by FFC. Therefore, SMPs reduced the nephrotoxicity caused by FFC by promoting drug-metabolizing enzymes and alleviating oxidative stress in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Lu
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yuqing Cui
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guozhong Jin
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yongzhan Bao
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Wanyu Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, 071000, China
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30
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Lai Y, Chu X, Di L, Gao W, Guo Y, Liu X, Lu C, Mao J, Shen H, Tang H, Xia CQ, Zhang L, Ding X. Recent advances in the translation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics science for drug discovery and development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2751-2777. [PMID: 35755285 PMCID: PMC9214059 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences. The nature of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and PK (pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery and development has evolved in recent years from being largely descriptive to seeking a more quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the fate of drug candidates in biological systems. Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade, not only in the characterization of physiochemical properties of drugs that influence their ADME, target organ exposure, and toxicity, but also in the identification of design principles that can minimize drug-drug interaction (DDI) potentials and reduce the attritions. The importance of membrane transporters in drug disposition, efficacy, and safety, as well as the interplay with metabolic processes, has been increasingly recognized. Dramatic increases in investments on new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs, such as peptides, oligonucleotides, and antibody-drug conjugates, necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME properties. In this review, we highlight some of the most notable advances in the last decade, and provide future perspectives on potential major breakthroughs and innovations in the translation of DMPK science in various stages of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yingying Guo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chuang Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Accent Therapeutics, Inc. Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Huaping Tang
- Bioanalysis and Biomarkers, Glaxo Smith Kline, King of the Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Cindy Q. Xia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Lelou E, Corlu A, Nesseler N, Rauch C, Mallédant Y, Seguin P, Aninat C. The Role of Catecholamines in Pathophysiological Liver Processes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061021. [PMID: 35326472 PMCID: PMC8947265 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, the number of research publications about the role of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the development of liver diseases such as liver fibrosis, fatty liver diseases, or liver cancers is constantly increasing. However, the mechanisms involved in these effects are not well understood. In this review, we first recapitulate the way the liver is in contact with catecholamines and consider liver implications in their metabolism. A focus on the expression of the adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors by the liver cells is also discussed. Involvement of catecholamines in physiological (glucose metabolism, lipids metabolism, and liver regeneration) and pathophysiological (impact on drug-metabolizing enzymes expression, liver dysfunction during sepsis, fibrosis development, or liver fatty diseases and liver cancers) processes are then discussed. This review highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms through which catecholamines influence liver functions in order to draw benefit from the adrenergic and dopaminergic antagonists currently marketed. Indeed, as these molecules are well-known drugs, their use as therapies or adjuvant treatments in several liver diseases could be facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lelou
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Anne Corlu
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Nicolas Nesseler
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
- CHU Rennes, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Claudine Rauch
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Yannick Mallédant
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
- CHU Rennes, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Seguin
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
- CHU Rennes, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Caroline Aninat
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-23-23-48-68
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Vitku J, Hill M, Kolatorova L, Kubala Havrdova E, Kancheva R. Steroid Sulfation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:839887. [PMID: 35281259 PMCID: PMC8904904 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.839887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid sulfation and desulfation participates in the regulation of steroid bioactivity, metabolism and transport. The authors focused on sulfation and desulfation balance in three neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer´s disease (AD), Parkinson´s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Circulating steroid conjugates dominate their unconjugated counterparts, but unconjugated steroids outweigh their conjugated counterparts in the brain. Apart from the neurosteroid synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS), most brain steroids cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from the periphery and then may be further metabolized. Therefore, steroid levels in the periphery partly reflect the situation in the brain. The CNS steroids subsequently influence the neuronal excitability and have neuroprotective, neuroexcitatory, antidepressant and memory enhancing effects. They also exert anti-inflammatory and immunoprotective actions. Like the unconjugated steroids, the sulfated ones modulate various ligand-gated ion channels. Conjugation by sulfotransferases increases steroid water solubility and facilitates steroid transport. Steroid sulfates, having greater half-lives than their unconjugated counterparts, also serve as a steroid stock pool. Sulfotransferases are ubiquitous enzymes providing massive steroid sulfation in adrenal zona reticularis and zona fasciculata.. Steroid sulfatase hydrolyzing the steroid conjugates is exceedingly expressed in placenta but is ubiquitous in low amounts including brain capillaries of BBB which can rapidly hydrolyze the steroid sulfates coming across the BBB from the periphery. Lower dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) plasma levels and reduced sulfotransferase activity are considered as risk factors in AD patients. The shifted balance towards unconjugated steroids can participate in the pathophysiology of PD and anti-inflammatory effects of DHEAS may counteract the MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vitku
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jana Vitku,
| | - Martin Hill
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Kolatorova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radmila Kancheva
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
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Pearson D, Jin Y, Romeo A, Birlinger BL, Schiller H, Ji Y, Gunduz M, Baldoni D, Walles M. Species-dependent hepatic and intestinal metabolism of selective estrogen receptor degrader LSZ102 by sulfation and glucuronidation. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:26-37. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2037027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pearson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yi Jin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Romeo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Hilmar Schiller
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yan Ji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, USA
| | - Mithat Gunduz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, USA
| | - Daniela Baldoni
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Walles
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Järvinen E, Deng F, Kiander W, Sinokki A, Kidron H, Sjöstedt N. The Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters in the Disposition of Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:802539. [PMID: 35095509 PMCID: PMC8793843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.802539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe. They may, however, be the most prominent drug-related material in the circulation and excreta of humans. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs typically have limited cell membrane permeability and subsequently, their distribution and excretion from the human body requires transport proteins. Uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporters (OATs and OATPs), mediate the uptake of conjugates into the liver and kidney, while efflux transporters, such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mediate expulsion of conjugates into bile, urine and the intestinal lumen. Understanding the active transport of conjugated drug metabolites is important for predicting the fate of a drug in the body and its safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to compile the understanding of transporter-mediated disposition of phase II conjugates. We review the literature on hepatic, intestinal and renal uptake transporters participating in the transport of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs, other xenobiotics and endobiotics. In addition, we provide an update on the involvement of efflux transporters in the disposition of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, we discuss the interplay between uptake and efflux transport in the intestine, liver and kidneys as well as the role of transporters in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Sinokki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Huang H, Lan BD, Zhang YJ, Fan XJ, Hu MC, Qin GQ, Wang FG, Wu Y, Zheng T, Liu JH. Inhibition of Human Sulfotransferases by Phthalate Monoesters. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:868105. [PMID: 35528018 PMCID: PMC9072656 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.868105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the inhibition of human important phase II metabolic enzyme sulfotransferases (SULTs) by phthalate monoesters, which are important metabolites of phthalate esters (PAEs). METHOD Recombinant SULT-catalyzed metabolism of p-nitrophenol (PNP) was employed as the probe reactions of SULTs to investigate the inhibition of 8 kinds of phthalate monoesters towards SULT isoforms. An in vitro incubation system was utilized for preliminary screening, and 100 μM of phthalate monoesters was used. Inhibition kinetics were carried out to determine the inhibition of SULTs by phthalate monoesters. RESULT Multiple phthalate monoesters have been demonstrated to exert strong inhibition potential towards SULT1A1, SULT1B1, and SULT1E1, and no significant inhibition of phthalate monoesters towards SULT1A3 was found. The activity of SULT1A1 was strongly inhibited by mono-hexyl phthalate (MHP), mono-octyl phthalate (MOP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBZP), and mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). Monobutyl phthalate (MBP), MHP, MOP, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), and MEHP significantly inhibited the activity of SULT1B1. MHP, MOP, and MEHP significantly inhibited the activity of SULT1E1. MOP was chosen as the representative phthalate monoester to determine the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) towards SULT1B1 and SULT1E1. The inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) were calculated to be 2.23 μM for MOP-SULT1B1 and 5.54 μM for MOP-SULT1E1. In silico docking method was utilized to understand the inhibition mechanism of SULT1B1 by phthalate monoesters. CONCLUSIONS All these information will be beneficial for understanding the risk of phthalate monoester exposure from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Bei-Di Lan
- Department of CardioMetabolic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Fan
- Department of CardioMetabolic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min-Cui Hu
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Qin
- Human Resources Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Fei-Ge Wang
- Human Resources Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of CardioMetabolic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of CardioMetabolic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Zheng, ; Jun-Hui Liu,
| | - Jun-Hui Liu
- Department of CardioMetabolic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Zheng, ; Jun-Hui Liu,
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Ahsan T, Shoily SS, Fatema K, Sajib AA. Impacts of 119 missense variants at functionally important sites of drug-metabolizing human cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT1A1: An in silico study. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kronfol MM, Abudahab S, Dozmorov MG, Jahr FM, Halquist MS, McRae M, Wijesinghe DS, Price ET, Slattum PW, McClay JL. Histone acetylation at the sulfotransferase 1a1 gene is associated with its hepatic expression in normal aging. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2021; 31:207-214. [PMID: 34320608 PMCID: PMC8490294 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phase II drug metabolism is poorly studied in advanced age and older adults may exhibit significant variability in their expression of phase II enzymes. We hypothesized that age-related changes to epigenetic regulation of genes involved in phase II drug metabolism may contribute to these effects. METHODS We examined published epigenome-wide studies of human blood and identified the SULT1A1 and UGT1A6 genes as the top loci showing epigenetic changes with age. To assess possible functional alterations with age in the liver, we assayed DNA methylation (5mC) and histone acetylation changes around the mouse homologs Sult1a1 and Ugt1a6 in liver tissue from mice aged 4-32 months. RESULTS Our sample shows a significant loss of 5mC at Sult1a1 (β = -1.08, 95% CI [-1.8, -0.2], SE = 0.38, P = 0.011), mirroring the loss of 5mC with age observed in human blood DNA at the same locus. We also detected increased histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) with age at Sult1a1 (β = 0.11, 95% CI [0.002, 0.22], SE = 0.05, P = 0.04), but no change to histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). Sult1a1 gene expression is significantly positively associated with H3K9ac levels, accounting for 23% of the variation in expression. We did not detect any significant effects at Ugt1a6. CONCLUSIONS Sult1a1 expression is under epigenetic influence in normal aging and this influence is more pronounced for H3K9ac than DNA methylation or H3K27ac in this study. More generally, our findings support the relevance of epigenetics in regulating key drug-metabolizing pathways. In the future, epigenetic biomarkers could prove useful to inform dosing in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad M. Kronfol
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sara Abudahab
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mikhail G. Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Fay M. Jahr
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Matthew S. Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Dayanjan S. Wijesinghe
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Elvin T. Price
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Geriatric Pharmacotherapy Program, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Institute for Inclusion, Inquiry and Innovation: Health and Wellness in Aging Populations Core, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Patricia W. Slattum
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Geriatric Pharmacotherapy Program, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Institute for Inclusion, Inquiry and Innovation: Health and Wellness in Aging Populations Core, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Joseph L. McClay
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Mueller JW, Vogg N, Lightning TA, Weigand I, Ronchi CL, Foster PA, Kroiss M. Steroid Sulfation in Adrenal Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3385-3397. [PMID: 33739426 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The adrenal cortex produces specific steroid hormones including steroid sulfates such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), the most abundant steroid hormone in the human circulation. Steroid sulfation involves a multistep enzyme machinery that may be impaired by inborn errors of steroid metabolism. Emerging data suggest a role of steroid sulfates in the pathophysiology of adrenal tumors and as potential biomarkers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Selective literature search using "steroid," "sulfat*," "adrenal," "transport," "mass spectrometry" and related terms in different combinations. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A recent study highlighted the tissue abundance of estrogen sulfates to be of prognostic impact in adrenocortical carcinoma tissue samples using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging. General mechanisms of sulfate uptake, activation, and transfer to substrate steroids are reasonably well understood. Key aspects of this pathway, however, have not been investigated in detail in the adrenal; these include the regulation of substrate specificity and the secretion of sulfated steroids. Both for the adrenal and targeted peripheral tissues, steroid sulfates may have relevant biological actions beyond their cognate nuclear receptors after desulfation. Impaired steroid sulfation such as low DHEAS in Cushing adenomas is of diagnostic utility, but more comprehensive studies are lacking. In bioanalytics, the requirement of deconjugation for gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry has precluded the study of steroid sulfates for a long time. This limitation may be overcome by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS A role of steroid sulfation in the pathophysiology of adrenal tumors has been suggested and a diagnostic utility of steroid sulfates as biomarkers is likely. Recent analytical developments may target sulfated steroids specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nora Vogg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
| | - Thomas Alec Lightning
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isabel Weigand
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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Tremmel M, Paetz C, Heilmann J. In Vitro Liver Metabolism of Six Flavonoid C-Glycosides. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216632. [PMID: 34771041 PMCID: PMC8587677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several medical plants belonging to the genera Passiflora, Viola, and Crataegus accumulate flavonoid C-glycosides, which likely contribute to their efficacy. Information regarding their phase I and II metabolism in the liver are lacking. Thus, in vitro liver metabolism of orientin, isoorientin, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, vitexin, and isovitexin, all of which accumulated in Passiflora incarnata L., was investigated by incubation in subcellular systems with human liver microsomes and human liver S9 fraction. All metabolite profiles were comprehensively characterized using HPLC-DAD and UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. Mono-glycosylic flavones of the luteolin-type orientin and isoorientin showed a broad range of mono-glucuronidated and mono-sulfated metabolites, whereas for mono-glycosylic flavones of the apigenin-type vitexin and isovitexin, only mono-glucuronidates could be detected. For di-glycosylic flavones of the apigenin-type schaftosid and isoschaftosid, no phase I or II metabolites were identified. The main metabolite of isoorientin was isolated using solid-phase extraction and prep. HPLC-DAD and identified as isoorientin-3′-O-α-glucuronide by NMR analysis. A second isolated glucuronide was assigned as isoorientin 4′-O-α-glucuronide. These findings indicate that vitexin and isovitexin are metabolized preferentially by uridine 5′-diphospho glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in the liver. As only orientin and isoorientin showed mono-sulfated and mono-glucuronidated metabolites, the dihydroxy group in 3′,4′-position may be essential for additional sulfation by sulfotransferases (SULTs) in the liver. The diglycosylic flavones schaftoside and isoschaftoside are likely not accepted as substrates of the used liver enzymes under the chosen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tremmel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-943-4759
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40
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Schmitz D, Ek WE, Berggren E, Höglund J, Karlsson T, Johansson Å. Genome-wide Association Study of Estradiol Levels and the Causal Effect of Estradiol on Bone Mineral Density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4471-e4486. [PMID: 34255042 PMCID: PMC8530739 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Estradiol is the primary female sex hormone and plays an important role for skeletal health in both sexes. Several enzymes are involved in estradiol metabolism, but few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed to characterize the genetic contribution to variation in estrogen levels. OBJECTIVE Identify genetic loci affecting estradiol levels and estimate causal effect of estradiol on bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN We performed GWAS for estradiol in males (n = 147 690) and females (n = 163 985) from UK Biobank. Estradiol was analyzed as a binary phenotype above/below detection limit (175 pmol/L). We further estimated the causal effect of estradiol on BMD using Mendelian randomization. RESULTS We identified 14 independent loci associated (P < 5 × 10-8) with estradiol levels in males, of which 1 (CYP3A7) was genome-wide and 7 nominally (P < 0.05) significant in females. In addition, 1 female-specific locus was identified. Most loci contain functionally relevant genes that have not been discussed in relation to estradiol levels in previous GWAS (eg, SRD5A2, which encodes a steroid 5-alpha reductase that is involved in processing androgens, and UGT3A1 and UGT2B7, which encode enzymes likely to be involved in estradiol elimination). The allele that tags the O blood group at the ABO locus was associated with higher estradiol levels. We identified a causal effect of high estradiol levels on increased BMD in both males (P = 1.58 × 10-11) and females (P = 7.48 × 10-6). CONCLUSION Our findings further support the importance of the body's own estrogen to maintain skeletal health in males and in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schmitz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: Daniel Schmitz, MS, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Weronica E Ek
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elin Berggren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Höglund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torgny Karlsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Åsa Johansson, PhD, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail:
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Yu L, Rios E, Castro L, Liu J, Yan Y, Dixon D. Genistein: Dual Role in Women's Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:3048. [PMID: 34578926 PMCID: PMC8472782 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced research in recent years has revealed the important role of nutrients in the protection of women's health and in the prevention of women's diseases. Genistein is a phytoestrogen that belongs to a class of compounds known as isoflavones, which structurally resemble endogenous estrogen. Genistein is most often consumed by humans via soybeans or soya products and is, as an auxiliary medicinal, used to treat women's diseases. In this review, we focused on analyzing the geographic distribution of soybean and soya product consumption, global serum concentrations of genistein, and its metabolism and bioactivity. We also explored genistein's dual effects in women's health through gathering, evaluating, and summarizing evidence from current in vivo and in vitro studies, clinical observations, and epidemiological surveys. The dose-dependent effects of genistein, especially when considering its metabolites and factors that vary by individuals, indicate that consumption of genistein may contribute to beneficial effects in women's health and disease prevention and treatment. However, consumption and exposure levels are nuanced because adverse effects have been observed at lower concentrations in in vitro models. Therefore, this points to the duplicity of genistein as a possible therapeutic agent in some instances and as an endocrine disruptor in others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch (MTB), Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (L.Y.); (E.R.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
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Omura K, Motoki K, Kobashi S, Miyata K, Yamano K, Iwanaga T. Identification of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase as responsible for the metabolism of dotinurad, a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:1016-1024. [PMID: 34380635 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dotinurad, a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, is used to treat hyperuricemia. In humans, orally administered dotinurad is excreted mainly as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in urine. To identify the isoforms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT) involved in dotinurad glucuronidation and sulfation, microsome and cytosol fractions of liver, intestine, kidney, and lung tissues (cytosol only) were analyzed along with recombinant human UGT and SULT isoforms. Dotinurad was mainly metabolized to its glucuronide conjugate by human liver microsomes (HLMs), and the glucuronidation followed the two-enzyme Michaelis-Menten equation. Among the recombinant human UGT isoforms expressed in the liver, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 catalyzed dotinurad glucuronidation. Based on inhibition analysis using HLMs, bilirubin, imipramine, and diflunisal decreased glucuronosyltransferase activities by 45.5, 22.3, and 22.2%, respectively. Diflunisal and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, in the presence of 1% BSA, decreased glucuronosyltransferase activities by 21.1 and 13.4%, respectively. Dotinurad was metabolized to its sulfate conjugate by human liver cytosol (HLC) and human intestinal cytosol (HIC) samples, with the sulfation reaction in HLC samples following the two-enzyme Michaelis-Menten equation and that in HIC samples following the Michaelis-Menten equation. All eight recombinant human SULT isoforms used herein catalyzed dotinurad sulfation. Gavestinel decreased sulfotransferase activity by 15.3% in HLC samples, and salbutamol decreased sulfotransferase activity by 68.4% in HIC samples. These results suggest that dotinurad glucuronidation is catalyzed mainly by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7, whereas its sulfation is catalyzed by many SULT isoforms, including SULT1B1 and SULT1A3. Significance Statement The identification of enzymes involved in drug metabolism is important to predicting drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and interindividual variability for safe drug use. The present study revealed that dotinurad glucuronidation is catalyzed mainly by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 and that its sulfation is catalyzed by many SULT isoforms, including SULT1B1 and SULT1A3. Therefore, dotinurad, a selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, is considered safe for use with a small risk of DDIs and low interindividual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Omura
- Research Institute, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Japan
| | | | | | - Kengo Miyata
- Research Institute, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Japan
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43
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Schuler G. Steroid sulfates in domestic mammals and laboratory rodents. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 76:106622. [PMID: 33765496 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Historically steroid sulfates have been considered predominantly as inactive metabolites. It was later discovered that by cleavage of the sulfate residue by steroid sulfatase (STS), they can be (re-)converted into active forms or into precursors for the local production of active steroids. This sulfatase pathway is now a very active field of research, which has gained considerable interest particularly in connection with the steroid metabolism of human steroid hormone-dependent cancer tissue. In comparison, there is much less information available on the occurrence of the sulfatase pathway in physiological settings, where the targeted uptake of steroid sulfates by specific transporters and their hydrolysis could serve to limit steroid effects to a subgroup of potentially steroid responsive cells. In humans, steroid sulfates of adrenal origin circulate in intriguingly high concentrations throughout most of life. Thus, ample substrate is available for the sulfatase pathway regardless of sex. However, the abundant adrenal output of steroid sulfates is a specific feature of select primates. Compared to humans, in our domestic mammals (dogs, cats, domestic ungulates) and laboratory rodents (mouse, rat) research into the biology of steroid sulfates is still in its infancy and information on the subject has so far been largely limited to punctual observations, which indicate considerable species-specific peculiarities. The aim of this overview is to provide a summary of the relevant information available in the above-mentioned species, predominantly taking into account data on concentrations of steroid sulfates in blood as well as the expression patterns and activities of relevant sulfotransferases and STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Kurogi K, Rasool MI, Alherz FA, El Daibani AA, Bairam AF, Abunnaja MS, Yasuda S, Wilson LJ, Hui Y, Liu MC. SULT genetic polymorphisms: physiological, pharmacological and clinical implications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:767-784. [PMID: 34107842 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1940952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs)-mediated sulfation is critically involved in the metabolism of key endogenous compounds, such as catecholamines and thyroid/steroid hormones, as well as a variety of drugs and other xenobiotics. Studies performed in the past three decades have yielded a good understanding about the enzymology of the SULTs and their structural biology, phylogenetic relationships, tissue/organ-specific/developmental expression, as well as the regulation of the SULT gene expression. An emerging area is related to the functional impact of the SULT genetic polymorphisms. AREAS COVERED The current review aims to summarize our current knowledge about the above-mentioned aspects of the SULT research. An emphasis is on the information concerning the effects of the polymorphisms of the SULT genes on the functional activity of the SULT allozymes and the associated physiological, pharmacological, and clinical implications. EXPERT OPINION Elucidation of how SULT SNPs may influence the drug-sulfating activity of SULT allozymes will help understand the differential drug metabolism and eventually aid in formulating personalized drug regimens. Moreover, the information concerning the differential sulfating activities of SULT allozymes toward endogenous compounds may allow for the development of strategies for mitigating anomalies in the metabolism of these endogenous compounds in individuals with certain SULT genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Shin Yasuda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Lauren J Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ying Hui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
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Metabolism of 2,3-Dehydrosilybin A and 2,3-Dehydrosilybin B: A Study with Human Hepatocytes and Recombinant UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases and Sulfotransferases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060954. [PMID: 34198653 PMCID: PMC8232340 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3-Dehydrosilybin A and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B are a pair of enantiomers formed by the oxidation of the natural flavonolignans silybin A and silybin B, respectively. However, the antioxidant activity of 2,3-dehydrosilybin molecules is much stronger than that of their precursors. Here, we investigated the biotransformation of pure 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B in isolated human hepatocytes, and we also aimed to identify human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs) with activity toward their respective enantiomers. After incubation with hepatocytes, both 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B were converted to hydroxyl derivatives, methylated hydroxyl derivatives, methyl derivatives, sulfates, and glucuronides. The products of direct conjugations predominated over those of oxidative metabolism, and glucuronides were the most abundant metabolites. Furthermore, we found that recombinant human UGTs 1A1, 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, and 1A10 were capable of catalyzing the glucuronidation of both 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B. UGTs 1A1 and 1A7 showed the highest activity toward 2,3-dehydrosilybin A, and UGT1A9 showed the highest activity toward 2,3-dehydrosilybin B. The sulfation of 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and B was catalyzed by SULTs 1A1*1, 1A1*2, 1A2, 1A3, 1B1, 1C2, 1C4, and 1E1, of which SULT1A3 exhibited the highest activity toward both enantiomers. We conclude that 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and B are preferentially metabolized by conjugation reactions, and that several human UGT and SULT enzymes may play a role in these conjugations.
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Transit and Metabolic Pathways of Quercetin in Tubular Cells: Involvement of Its Antioxidant Properties in the Kidney. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060909. [PMID: 34205156 PMCID: PMC8228652 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it has been postulated as a molecule with great therapeutic potential. The renoprotective capacity of quercetin against various toxins that produce oxidative stress, in both in vivo and in vitro models, has been shown. However, it is not clear whether quercetin itself or any of its metabolites are responsible for the protective effects on the kidney. Although the pharmacokinetics of quercetin have been widely studied and the complexity of its transit throughout the body is well known, the metabolic processes that occur in the kidney are less known. Because of that, the objective of this review was to delve into the molecular and cellular events triggered by quercetin and/or its metabolites in the tubular cells, which could explain some of the protective properties of this flavonoid against oxidative stress produced by toxin administration. Thus, the following are analyzed: (1) the transit of quercetin to the kidney; (2) the uptake mechanisms of quercetin and its metabolites from plasma to the tubular cells; (3) the metabolic processes triggered in those cells, which affect the accumulation of metabolites in the intracellular space; and (4) the efflux mechanisms of these compounds and their subsequent elimination through urine. Finally, it is discussed whether those processes that are mediated in the tubular cells and that give rise to different metabolites are related to the antioxidant and renoprotective properties observed after the administration of quercetin.
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Dhuria NV, Haro B, Kapadia A, Lobo KA, Matusow B, Schleiff MA, Tantoy C, Sodhi JK. Recent developments in predicting CYP-independent metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:188-206. [PMID: 33941024 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1923728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As lead optimization efforts have successfully reduced metabolic liabilities due to cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism, there has been an increase in the frequency of involvement of non-CYP enzymes in the metabolism of investigational compounds. Although there have been numerous notable advancements in the characterization of non-CYP enzymes with respect to their localization, reaction mechanisms, species differences and identification of typical substrates, accurate prediction of non-CYP-mediated clearance, with a particular emphasis with the difficulties in accounting for any extrahepatic contributions, remains a challenge. The current manuscript comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements in the prediction of drug metabolism and the in vitro to in vitro extrapolation of clearance for substrates of non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhilesh V Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bianka Haro
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amit Kapadia
- California Poison Control Center, University of California San Francisco, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernice Matusow
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary A Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Christina Tantoy
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Yang C, Chen SJ, Chen BW, Zhang KW, Zhang JJ, Xiao R, Li PG. Gene Expression Profile of the Human Colorectal Carcinoma LoVo Cells Treated With Sporamin and Thapsigargin. Front Oncol 2021; 11:621462. [PMID: 34113558 PMCID: PMC8185278 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.621462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporamin, a proteinase inhibitor isolated from the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), has shown promising anticancer effect against colorectal cancer (CRC) in vitro and in vivo but its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. In the present study, high throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was applied to explore the transcriptomic changes induced by sporamin in the presence of thapsigargin (TG), a non-12-O-tetradecanolphorbol-13-acetate type cancer promoter, in the LoVo human CRC cells. Cellular total RNA was extracted from the cells after they were treated with vehicle (CTL), 1 μM of thapsigargin (TG), or 1 μM of TG plus 30 μM of sporamin (TGSP) for 24 h. The migratory capacity of the cells was determined by wound healing assay. The gene expression profiles of the cells were determined by RNA-seq on an Illumina platform. GO enrichment analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and transcription factors (TF) prediction were all performed based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across groups with a series of bioinformatics tools. Finally, the effect and potential molecular targets of the sporamin at the transcriptome level were evaluated. Sporamin significantly inhibited the migration of cells induced by TG. Among the 17915 genes detected in RNA-seq, 46 DEGs were attributable to the effect of sporamin. RT-PCR experiment validated that the expression of RGPD2, SULT1A3, and BIVM-ERCC5 were up-regulated while NYP4R, FOXN1, PAK6, and CEACAM20 were down-regulated. Sporamin enhanced the mineral absorption pathway, worm longevity regulating pathway, and pyrimidine metabolism pathway. Two TFs (SMIM11A and ATOH8) were down-regulated by sporamin. HMOX1 (up-regulated) and NME1-NME2 (down-regulated) were the main nodes in a PPI network consisting of 16 DEGs that were modulated by sporamin in the presence of TG. Sporamin could favorably alter the gene expression profile of CRC cells, up-regulating the genes that contribute to the homeostasis of intracellular metal ions and the activities of essential enzymes and DNA damage repairment. More studies are warranted to verify its effect on specific genes and delineate the mechanism of action implicated in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University (CMU), Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, CMU, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, CMU, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Jia Chen
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University (CMU), Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, CMU, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, CMU, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Wen Chen
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University (CMU), Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, CMU, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, CMU, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Wen Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University (CMU), Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, CMU, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, CMU, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University (CMU), Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, CMU, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, CMU, Beijing, China.,National Center for Child Nutriment Quality Supervision and Testing, China National Children's Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University (CMU), Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, CMU, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, CMU, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Gao Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University (CMU), Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, CMU, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, CMU, Beijing, China
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A simple method to measure sulfonation in man using paracetamol as probe drug. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9036. [PMID: 33907224 PMCID: PMC8079418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferase enzymes (SULT) catalyse sulfoconjugation of drugs, as well as endogenous mediators, gut microbiota metabolites and environmental xenobiotics. To address the limited evidence on sulfonation activity from clinical research, we developed a clinical metabolic phenotyping method using paracetamol as a probe substrate. Our aim was to estimate sulfonation capability of phenolic compounds and study its intraindividual variability in man. A total of 36 healthy adult volunteers (12 men, 12 women and 12 women on oral contraceptives) received paracetamol in a 1 g-tablet formulation on three separate occasions. Paracetamol and its metabolites were measured in plasma and spot urine samples using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. A metabolic ratio (Paracetamol Sulfonation Index—PSI) was used to estimate phenol SULT activity. PSI showed low intraindividual variability, with a good correlation between values in plasma and spot urine samples. Urinary PSI was independent of factors not related to SULT activity, such as urine pH or eGFR. Gender and oral contraceptive intake had no impact on PSI. Our SULT phenotyping method is a simple non-invasive procedure requiring urine spot samples, using the safe and convenient drug paracetamol as a probe substrate, and with low intraindividual coefficient of variation. Although it will not give us mechanistic information, it will provide us an empirical measure of an individual’s sulfonator status. To the best of our knowledge, our method provides the first standardised in vivo empirical measure of an individual’s phenol sulfonation capability and of its intraindividual variability. EUDRA-CT 2016-001395-29, NCT03182595 June 9, 2017.
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Rong Y, Kiang TKL. Characterization of human sulfotransferases catalyzing the formation of p-cresol sulfate and identification of mefenamic acid as a potent metabolism inhibitor and potential therapeutic agent for detoxification. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 425:115553. [PMID: 33915121 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
p-Cresol sulfate, the primary metabolite of p-cresol, is a uremic toxin that has been associated with toxicities and mortalities. The study objectives were to i) characterize the contributions of human sulfotransferases (SULT) catalyzing p-cresol sulfate formation using multiple recombinant SULT enzymes (including the polymorphic variant SULT1A1*2), pooled human liver cytosols, and pooled human kidney cytosols; and ii) determine the potencies and mechanisms of therapeutic inhibitors capable of attenuating the production of p-cresol sulfate. Human recombinant SULT1A1 was the primary enzyme responsible for the formation of p-cresol sulfate (Km = 0.19 ± 0.02 μM [with atypical kinetic behavior at lower substrate concentrations; see text discussion], Vmax = 789.5 ± 101.7 nmol/mg/min, Ksi = 2458.0 ± 332.8 μM, mean ± standard deviation, n = 3), while SULT1A3, SULT1B1, SULT1E1, and SULT2A1 contributed negligible or minor roles at toxic p-cresol concentrations. Moreover, human recombinant SULT1A1*2 exhibited reduced enzyme activities (Km = 81.5 ± 31.4 μM, Vmax = 230.6 ± 17.7 nmol/mg/min, Ksi = 986.0 ± 434.4 μM) compared to the wild type. The sulfonation of p-cresol was characterized by Michaelis-Menten kinetics in liver cytosols (Km = 14.8 ± 3.4 μM, Vmax = 1.5 ± 0.2 nmol/mg/min) and substrate inhibition in kidney cytosols (Km = 0.29 ± 0.02 μM, Vmax = 0.19 ± 0.05 nmol/mg/min, Ksi = 911.7 ± 278.4 μM). Of the 14 investigated therapeutic inhibitors, mefenamic acid (Ki = 2.4 ± 0.1 nM [liver], Ki = 1.2 ± 0.3 nM [kidney]) was the most potent in reducing the formation of p-cresol sulfate, exhibiting noncompetitive inhibition in human liver cytosols and recombinant SULT1A1, and mixed inhibition in human kidney cytosols. Our novel findings indicated that SULT1A1 contributed an important role in p-cresol sulfonation (hence it can be considered a probe reaction) in liver and kidneys, and mefenamic acid may be utilized as a potential therapeutic agent to attenuate the generation of p-cresol sulfate as an approach to detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rong
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Tony K L Kiang
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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