1
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Pornnoppadol G, Bond LG, Lucas MJ, Zupancic JM, Kuo YH, Zhang B, Greineder CF, Tessier PM. Bispecific antibody shuttles targeting CD98hc mediate efficient and long-lived brain delivery of IgGs. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:361-372.e8. [PMID: 37890480 PMCID: PMC10922565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The inability of antibodies to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key limitation to their use in diverse applications. One promising strategy is to deliver IgGs using a bispecific BBB shuttle, which involves fusing an IgG to a second affinity ligand that engages a cerebrovascular endothelial target and facilitates transport across the BBB. Nearly all prior efforts have focused on shuttles that target transferrin receptor (TfR-1) despite inherent delivery and safety challenges. Here, we report bispecific antibody shuttles that engage CD98hc, the heavy chain of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1), and efficiently transport IgGs into the brain. Notably, CD98hc shuttles lead to much longer-lived brain retention of IgGs than TfR-1 shuttles while enabling more specific targeting due to limited CD98hc engagement in the brain parenchyma, which we demonstrate for IgGs that either agonize a neuronal receptor (TrkB) or target other endogenous cell-surface proteins on neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasidit Pornnoppadol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Layne G Bond
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael J Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer M Zupancic
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yun-Huai Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Boya Zhang
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Colin F Greineder
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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2
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Pardridge WM. Treatment of Parkinson's disease with biologics that penetrate the blood-brain barrier via receptor-mediated transport. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1276376. [PMID: 38035276 PMCID: PMC10682952 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1276376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by neurodegeneration of nigral-striatal neurons in parallel with the formation of intra-neuronal α-synuclein aggregates, and these processes are exacerbated by neuro-inflammation. All 3 components of PD pathology are potentially treatable with biologics. Neurotrophins, such as glial derived neurotrophic factor or erythropoietin, can promote neural repair. Therapeutic antibodies can lead to disaggregation of α-synuclein neuronal inclusions. Decoy receptors can block the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain. However, these biologic drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Biologics can be made transportable through the BBB following the re-engineering of the biologic as an IgG fusion protein, where the IgG domain targets an endogenous receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) system within the BBB, such as the insulin receptor or transferrin receptor. The receptor-specific antibody domain of the fusion protein acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the biologic into brain via the BBB RMT pathway. This review describes the re-engineering of all 3 classes of biologics (neurotrophins, decoy receptor, therapeutic antibodies) for BBB delivery and treatment of PD. Targeting the RMT pathway at the BBB also enables non-viral gene therapy of PD using lipid nanoparticles (LNP) encapsulated with plasmid DNA encoding therapeutic genes. The surface of the lipid nanoparticle is conjugated with a receptor-specific IgG that triggers RMT of the LNP across the BBB in vivo.
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3
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Pornnoppadol G, Bond LG, Lucas MJ, Zupancic JM, Kuo YH, Zhang B, Greineder CF, Tessier PM. Bispecific antibody shuttles targeting CD98hc mediate efficient and long-lived brain delivery of IgGs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.29.538811. [PMID: 37162883 PMCID: PMC10168297 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.29.538811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The inability of antibodies and other biologics to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key limitation to their use in diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic applications. One promising strategy is to deliver IgGs using a bispecific BBB shuttle, which involves fusing an IgG with a second affinity ligand that engages a cerebrovascular endothelial target and facilitates transport across the BBB. Nearly all prior efforts have focused on the transferrin receptor (TfR-1) as the prototypical endothelial target despite inherent delivery and safety challenges. Here we report bispecific antibody shuttles that engage CD98hc (also known as 4F2 and SLC3A2), the heavy chain of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1), and efficiently transport IgGs into the brain parenchyma. Notably, CD98hc shuttles lead to much longer-lived brain retention of IgGs than TfR-1 shuttles while enabling more specific brain targeting due to limited CD98hc engagement in the brain parenchyma. We demonstrate the broad utility of the CD98hc shuttles by reformatting three existing IgGs as CD98hc bispecific shuttles and delivering them to the mouse brain parenchyma that either agonize a neuronal receptor (TrkB) or target other endogenous antigens on specific types of brain cells (neurons and astrocytes).
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4
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Boado RJ. IgG Fusion Proteins for Brain Delivery of Biologics via Blood-Brain Barrier Receptor-Mediated Transport. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071476. [PMID: 35890374 PMCID: PMC9322584 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of neurological disorders with large-molecule biotherapeutics requires that the therapeutic drug be transported across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, recombinant biotherapeutics, such as neurotrophins, enzymes, decoy receptors, and monoclonal antibodies (MAb), do not cross the BBB. These biotherapeutics can be re-engineered as brain-penetrating bifunctional IgG fusion proteins. These recombinant proteins comprise two domains, the transport domain and the therapeutic domain, respectively. The transport domain is an MAb that acts as a molecular Trojan horse by targeting a BBB-specific endogenous receptor that induces receptor-mediated transcytosis into the brain, such as the human insulin receptor (HIR) or the transferrin receptor (TfR). The therapeutic domain of the IgG fusion protein exerts its pharmacological effect in the brain once across the BBB. A generation of bifunctional IgG fusion proteins has been engineered using genetically engineered MAbs directed to either the BBB HIR or TfR as the transport domain. These IgG fusion proteins were validated in animal models of lysosomal storage disorders; acute brain conditions, such as stroke; or chronic neurodegeneration, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Human phase I–III clinical trials were also completed for Hurler MPSI and Hunter MPSII using brain-penetrating IgG-iduronidase and -iduronate-2-sulfatase fusion protein, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben J Boado
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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5
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Pardridge WM. A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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6
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Kadry H, Noorani B, Cucullo L. A blood-brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:69. [PMID: 33208141 PMCID: PMC7672931 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier is playing a critical role in controlling the influx and efflux of biological substances essential for the brain’s metabolic activity as well as neuronal function. Thus, the functional and structural integrity of the BBB is pivotal to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. The different cells and structures contributing to developing this barrier are summarized along with the different functions that BBB plays at the brain–blood interface. We also explained the role of shear stress in maintaining BBB integrity. Furthermore, we elaborated on the clinical aspects that correlate between BBB disruption and different neurological and pathological conditions. Finally, we discussed several biomarkers that can help to assess the BBB permeability and integrity in-vitro or in-vivo and briefly explain their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Dept. of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Office 415, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
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7
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Zaghmi A, Drouin-Ouellet J, Brambilla D, Gauthier MA. Treating brain diseases using systemic parenterally-administered protein therapeutics: Dysfunction of the brain barriers and potential strategies. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120461. [PMID: 33218788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The parenteral administration of protein therapeutics is increasingly gaining importance for the treatment of human diseases. However, the presence of practically impermeable blood-brain barriers greatly restricts access of such pharmaceutics to the brain. Treating brain disorders with proteins thus remains a great challenge, and the slow clinical translation of these therapeutics may be largely ascribed to the lack of appropriate brain delivery system. Exploring new approaches to deliver proteins to the brain by circumventing physiological barriers is thus of great interest. Moreover, parallel advances in the molecular neurosciences are important for better characterizing blood-brain interfaces, particularly under different pathological conditions (e.g., stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease). This review presents the current state of knowledge of the structure and the function of the main physiological barriers of the brain, the mechanisms of transport across these interfaces, as well as alterations to these concomitant with brain disorders. Further, the different strategies to promote protein delivery into the brain are presented, including the use of molecular Trojan horses, the formulation of nanosystems conjugated/loaded with proteins, protein-engineering technologies, the conjugation of proteins to polymers, and the modulation of intercellular junctions. Additionally, therapeutic approaches for brain diseases that do not involve targeting to the brain are presented (i.e., sink and scavenging mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaghmi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - J Drouin-Ouellet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada.
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8
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Sidorova YA, Saarma M. Can Growth Factors Cure Parkinson's Disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:909-922. [PMID: 33198924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors (GFs) hold considerable promise for disease modification in neurodegenerative disorders because they can protect and restore degenerating neurons and also enhance their functional activity. However, extensive efforts applied to utilize their therapeutic potential in humans have achieved limited success so far. Multiple clinical trials with GFs were performed in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, in whom diagnostic symptoms of the disease are caused by advanced degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons (DNs), but the results of these trials are controversial. This review discusses recent developments in the field of therapeutic use of GFs, problems and obstacles related to this use, suggests the ways to overcome these issues, and alternative approaches that can be used to utilize the potential ofGFsin PD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Sidorova
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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9
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Aptamer-Based In Vivo Therapeutic Targeting of Glioblastoma. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184267. [PMID: 32957732 PMCID: PMC7570863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive, infiltrative, and lethal brain tumor in humans. Despite the extensive advancement in the knowledge about tumor progression and treatment over the last few years, the prognosis of GBM is still very poor due to the difficulty of targeting drugs or anticancer molecules to GBM cells. The major challenge in improving GBM treatment implicates the development of a targeted drug delivery system, capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and specifically targeting GBM cells. Aptamers possess many characteristics that make them ideal novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of GBM. They are short single-stranded nucleic acids (RNA or ssDNA) able to bind to a molecular target with high affinity and specificity. Several GBM-targeting aptamers have been developed for imaging, tumor cell isolation from biopsies, and drug/anticancer molecule delivery to the tumor cells. Due to their properties (low immunogenicity, long stability, and toxicity), a large number of aptamers have been selected against GBM biomarkers and tested in GBM cell lines, while only a few of them have also been tested in in vivo models of GBM. Herein, we specifically focus on aptamers tested in GBM in vivo models that can be considered as new diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools for GBM patients’ treatment.
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10
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Do TM, Capdevila C, Pradier L, Blanchard V, Lopez-Grancha M, Schussler N, Steinmetz A, Beninga J, Boulay D, Dugay P, Verdier P, Aubin N, Dargazanli G, Chaves C, Genet E, Lossouarn Y, Loux C, Michoux F, Moindrot N, Chanut F, Gury T, Eyquem S, Valente D, Bergis O, Rao E, Lesuisse D. Tetravalent Bispecific Tandem Antibodies Improve Brain Exposure and Efficacy in an Amyloid Transgenic Mouse Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:58-77. [PMID: 33005703 PMCID: PMC7502788 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most antibodies display very low brain exposure due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) preventing their entry into brain parenchyma. Transferrin receptor (TfR) has been used previously to ferry antibodies to the brain by using different formats of bispecific constructs. Tetravalent bispecific tandem immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) (TBTIs) containing two paratopes for both TfR and protofibrillar forms of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide were constructed and shown to display higher brain penetration than the parent anti-Aβ antibody. Additional structure-based mutations on the TfR paratopes further increased brain exposure, with maximal enhancement up to 13-fold in wild-type mice and an additional 4–5-fold in transgenic (Tg) mice harboring amyloid plaques, the main target of our amyloid antibody. Parenchymal target engagement of extracellular amyloid plaques was demonstrated using in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging as well as histological methods. The best candidates were selected for a chronic study in an amyloid precursor protein (APP) Tg mouse model showing efficacy at reducing brain amyloid load at a lower dose than the corresponding monospecific antibody. TBTIs represent a promising format for enhancing IgG brain penetration using a symmetrical construct and keeping bivalency of the payload antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Minh Do
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Laurent Pradier
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | - Anke Steinmetz
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Denis Boulay
- Translational In vivo Models, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Philippe Dugay
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Patrick Verdier
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi, Alfortville, France
| | - Nadine Aubin
- Translational In vivo Models, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Catarina Chaves
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Elisabeth Genet
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Yves Lossouarn
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Alfortville, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Moindrot
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Franck Chanut
- Pathology Department, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Thierry Gury
- Pathology Department, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Stéphanie Eyquem
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Delphine Valente
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Alfortville, France
| | - Olivier Bergis
- Translational In vivo Models, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Ercole Rao
- Biologics Research, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Lesuisse
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
- Corresponding author:
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11
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Non-Invasive Delivery of Therapeutics into the Brain: The Potential of Aptamers for Targeted Delivery. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050120. [PMID: 32422973 PMCID: PMC7277349 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialised network of blood vessels that effectively separates the brain environment from the circulatory system. While there are benefits, in terms of keeping pathogens from entering the brain, the BBB also complicates treatments of brain pathologies by preventing efficient delivery of macromolecular drugs to diseased brain tissue. Although current non-invasive strategies of therapeutics delivery into the brain, such as focused ultrasound and nanoparticle-mediated delivery have shown various levels of successes, they still come with risks and limitations. This review discusses the current approaches of therapeutic delivery into the brain, with a specific focus on non-invasive methods. It also discusses the potential for aptamers as alternative delivery systems and several reported aptamers with promising preliminary results.
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12
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Johnsen KB, Burkhart A, Thomsen LB, Andresen TL, Moos T. Targeting the transferrin receptor for brain drug delivery. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 181:101665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Kumar NN, Pizzo ME, Nehra G, Wilken-Resman B, Boroumand S, Thorne RG. Passive Immunotherapies for Central Nervous System Disorders: Current Delivery Challenges and New Approaches. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3937-3966. [PMID: 30265523 PMCID: PMC7234797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Passive immunotherapy, i.e., the administration of exogenous antibodies that recognize a specific target antigen, has gained significant momentum as a potential treatment strategy for several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and brain cancer, among others. Advances in antibody engineering to create therapeutic antibody fragments or antibody conjugates have introduced new strategies that may also be applied to treat CNS disorders. However, drug delivery to the CNS for antibodies and other macromolecules has thus far proven challenging, due in large part to the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers that greatly restrict transport of peripherally administered molecules from the systemic circulation into the CNS. Here, we summarize the various passive immunotherapy approaches under study for the treatment of CNS disorders, with a primary focus on disease-specific and target site-specific challenges to drug delivery and new, cutting edge methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyanta N. Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Michelle E. Pizzo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Geetika Nehra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Brynna Wilken-Resman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Sam Boroumand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Robert G. Thorne
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Neuroscience Training Program & Center for
Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United
States
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Training Program,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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14
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Zheng M, Tao W, Zou Y, Farokhzad OC, Shi B. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for siRNA Brain Delivery for Disease Therapy. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:562-575. [PMID: 29422412 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based gene silencing technology has demonstrated significant potential for treating brain-associated diseases. However, effective and safe systemic delivery of siRNA into the brain remains challenging because of biological barriers such as enzymatic degradation, short circulation lifetime, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), insufficient tissue penetration, cell endocytosis, and cytosolic transport. Nanotechnology offers intriguing potential for addressing these challenges in siRNA brain delivery in conjunction with chemical and biological modification strategies. In this review, we outline the challenges of systemic delivery of siRNA-based therapy for brain diseases, highlight recent advances in the development and engineering of siRNA nanomedicines for various brain diseases, and discuss our perspectives on this exciting research field for siRNA-based therapy towards more effective brain disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zheng
- International Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yan Zou
- International Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bingyang Shi
- International Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
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15
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Carter PJ, Lazar GA. Next generation antibody drugs: pursuit of the 'high-hanging fruit'. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:197-223. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Pardridge WM. Delivery of Biologics Across the Blood–Brain Barrier with Molecular Trojan Horse Technology. BioDrugs 2017; 31:503-519. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-017-0248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Neves V, Aires-da-Silva F, Corte-Real S, Castanho MA. Antibody Approaches To Treat Brain Diseases. Trends Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pardridge WM. Targeted delivery of protein and gene medicines through the blood-brain barrier. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 97:347-61. [PMID: 25669455 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of biologic drugs (recombinant proteins, therapeutic antibodies, peptides, nucleic acid therapeutics) as new treatments of brain disorders has been difficult, and a major reason is the lack of transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of these large molecule pharmaceuticals. Biologic drugs can be re-engineered as brain-penetrating neuropharmaceuticals using BBB molecular Trojan horse technology. Certain peptidomimetic monoclonal antibodies that target endogenous receptors on the BBB, such as the insulin or transferrin receptor, enable the re-engineering of biologic drugs that cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Pardridge
- ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Calabasas, California, USA
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Pardridge WM. Blood-brain barrier drug delivery of IgG fusion proteins with a transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:207-22. [PMID: 25138991 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.952627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biologic drugs are large molecules that do not cross the blood- brain barrier (BBB). Brain penetration is possible following the re-engineering of the biologic drug as an IgG fusion protein. The IgG domain is a MAb against an endogenous BBB receptor such as the transferrin receptor (TfR). The TfRMAb acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the fused biologic drug into the brain via receptor-mediated transport on the endogenous BBB TfR. AREAS COVERED This review discusses TfR isoforms, models of BBB transport of transferrin and TfRMAbs, and the genetic engineering of TfRMAb fusion proteins, including BBB penetrating IgG-neurotrophins, IgG-decoy receptors, IgG-lysosomal enzyme therapeutics and IgG-avidin fusion proteins, as well as BBB transport of bispecific antibodies formed by fusion of a therapeutic antibody to a TfRMAb targeting antibody. Also discussed are quantitative aspects of the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain uptake of TfRMAb fusion proteins, as compared to the brain uptake of small molecules, and therapeutic applications of TfRMAb fusion proteins in mouse models of neural disease, including Parkinson's disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease and lysosomal storage disorders. The review covers the engineering of TfRMAb-avidin fusion proteins for BBB targeted delivery of biotinylated peptide radiopharmaceuticals, low-affinity TfRMAb Trojan horses and the safety pharmacology of chronic administration of TfRMAb fusion proteins. EXPERT OPINION The BBB delivery of biologic drugs is possible following re-engineering as a fusion protein with a molecular Trojan horse such as a TfRMAb. The efficacy of this technology will be determined by the outcome of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- ArmaGen Technologies, Inc. , 26679 Agoura Road, Calabasas, CA 91302 , USA +1 818 252 8202 ; +1 818 252 8214 ;
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Agile delivery of protein therapeutics to CNS. J Control Release 2014; 190:637-63. [PMID: 24956489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A variety of therapeutic proteins have shown potential to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Challenge to deliver these protein molecules to the brain is well known. Proteins administered through parenteral routes are often excluded from the brain because of their poor bioavailability and the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Barriers also exist to proteins administered through non-parenteral routes that bypass the BBB. Several strategies have shown promise in delivering proteins to the brain. This review, first, describes the physiology and pathology of the BBB that underscore the rationale and needs of each strategy to be applied. Second, major classes of protein therapeutics along with some key factors that affect their delivery outcomes are presented. Third, different routes of protein administration (parenteral, central intracerebroventricular and intraparenchymal, intranasal and intrathecal) are discussed along with key barriers to CNS delivery associated with each route. Finally, current delivery strategies involving chemical modification of proteins and use of particle-based carriers are overviewed using examples from literature and our own work. Whereas most of these studies are in the early stage, some provide proof of mechanism of increased protein delivery to the brain in relevant models of CNS diseases, while in few cases proof of concept had been attained in clinical studies. This review will be useful to broad audience of students, academicians and industry professionals who consider critical issues of protein delivery to the brain and aim developing and studying effective brain delivery systems for protein therapeutics.
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Gao H, Pang Z, Jiang X. Targeted Delivery of Nano-Therapeutics for Major Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2485-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Orme RP, Bhangal MS, Fricker RA. Calcitriol imparts neuroprotection in vitro to midbrain dopaminergic neurons by upregulating GDNF expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62040. [PMID: 23626767 PMCID: PMC3633905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During development a tightly controlled signaling cascade dictates the differentiation, maturation and survival of developing neurons. Understanding this signaling mechanism is important for developing therapies for neurodegenerative illnesses. In previous work we have sought to understand the complex signaling pathways responsible for the development of midbrain dopamine neurons using a proteomic approach. One protein we have identified as being expressed in developing midbrain tissue is the vitamin D receptor. Therefore we investigated the effect of the biologically active vitamin D3 metabolite, calcitriol, on primary fetal ventral mesencephalic cultures of dopamine neurons. We observed a dose responsive increase in numbers of rat primary dopamine neurons when calcitriol was added to culture media. Western blot data showed that calcitriol upregulated the expression of glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Blocking GDNF signaling could prevent calcitriol's ability to increase numbers of dopamine neurons. An apoptosis assay and cell birth dating experiment revealed that calcitriol increases the number of dopamine neurons through neuroprotection and not increased differentiation. This could have implications for future neuroprotective PD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan P. Orme
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England
| | | | - Rosemary A. Fricker
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England
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Sumbria RK, Boado RJ, Pardridge WM. Combination stroke therapy in the mouse with blood-brain barrier penetrating IgG-GDNF and IgG-TNF decoy receptor fusion proteins. Brain Res 2013; 1507:91-6. [PMID: 23428543 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stroke therapy may be optimized by combination therapy with both a neuroprotective neurotrophin and an anti-inflammatory agent. In the present work, the model neurotrophin is glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and the model anti-inflammatory agent is the type II tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) decoy receptor. Both the GDNF and the TNFR are large molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is intact in the early hours after stroke when neural rescue is still possible. The GDNF and the TNFR decoy receptor were re-engineered for BBB transport as IgG fusion proteins, wherein the GDNF or the TNFR are fused to the heavy chain of a chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR), and these fusion proteins are designated cTfRMAb-GDNF and cTfRMAb-TNFR, respectively. Mice were treated intravenously with (a) saline, (b) GDNF alone, (c) the cTfRMAb-GDNF fusion protein alone, or (d) the combined cTfRMAb-GDNF and cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion proteins, following a 1-h reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The cTfRMAb-GDNF fusion protein alone caused a significant 25% and 30% reduction in hemispheric and cortical stroke volumes. Combined treatment with the cTfRMAb-GDNF and cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion proteins caused a significant 54%, 69% and 30% reduction in hemispheric, cortical and subcortical stroke volumes. Conversely, intravenous GDNF had no therapeutic effect. In conclusion, combination treatment with BBB penetrating IgG-GDNF and IgG-TNFR fusion proteins enhances the therapeutic effect of single treatment with the IgG-GDNF fusion protein following delayed intravenous administration in acute stroke.
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents the brain uptake of most pharmaceuticals. This property arises from the epithelial-like tight junctions within the brain capillary endothelium. The BBB is anatomically and functionally distinct from the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier at the choroid plexus. Certain small molecule drugs may cross the BBB via lipid-mediated free diffusion, providing the drug has a molecular weight <400 Da and forms <8 hydrogen bonds. These chemical properties are lacking in the majority of small molecule drugs, and all large molecule drugs. Nevertheless, drugs can be reengineered for BBB transport, based on the knowledge of the endogenous transport systems within the BBB. Small molecule drugs can be synthesized that access carrier-mediated transport (CMT) systems within the BBB. Large molecule drugs can be reengineered with molecular Trojan horse delivery systems to access receptor-mediated transport (RMT) systems within the BBB. Peptide and antisense radiopharmaceuticals are made brain-penetrating with the combined use of RMT-based delivery systems and avidin-biotin technology. Knowledge on the endogenous CMT and RMT systems expressed at the BBB enable new solutions to the problem of BBB drug transport.
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Chen X, Zaro JL, Shen WC. Pharmacokinetics of recombinant bifunctional fusion proteins. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:581-95. [PMID: 22428984 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.673585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of biotechnology has enabled the creation of various recombinant fusion proteins as a new class of biotherapeutics. The uniqueness of fusion proteins lies in their ability to fuse two or more protein domains, providing vast opportunities to generate novel combinations of functions. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, which are critical components in preclinical and clinical drug development, have not been fully explored for fusion proteins. The lack of general PK models and study guidelines has become a bottleneck for translation of fusion proteins from basic research to the clinic. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the current status of PK studies for fusion proteins, covering the processes that affect PK. According to their PK properties, a classification of fusion proteins is suggested along with examples from the clinic or under development. Current limitations and future perspectives for PK of fusion proteins are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION A PK model for bifunctional fusion proteins is presented to highlight the importance of mechanistic studies for a thorough understanding of the PK properties of fusion proteins. The model suggests investigating the receptor binding and subsequent intracellular disposition of individual domains, which can have dramatic impact on the PK of fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Chen
- University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CA 90089-9121, USA
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Zhou QH, Lu JZ, Hui EKW, Boado RJ, Pardridge WM. Delivery of a peptide radiopharmaceutical to brain with an IgG-avidin fusion protein. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1611-8. [PMID: 21707084 DOI: 10.1021/bc200174x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The genetic engineering, host cell expression, purity, identity, and in vivo brain drug targeting properties are described for a new IgG-fusion protein, designated the cTfRMAb-AV fusion protein. Avidin (AV) is fused to the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain of the genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR). The TfRMAb binds the endogenous TfR on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which triggers transport into brain from blood. The cTfRMAb-AV fusion protein is produced in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, which are grown in serum free medium under conditions of biotin starvation. Following affinity purification, the purity and identity of the cTfRMAb-AV fusion protein were verified by electrophoresis and Western blotting. The affinity of the cTfRMAb for the murine TfR is high, K(I) = 4.6 ± 0.5 nM, despite fusion of avidin to the antibody heavy chain. The model peptide radiopharmaceutical used in this study is the Aβ(1-40) amyloid peptide of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which in a brain-penetrating form could be used to image the amyloid plaque in brain in AD. The BBB transport and brain uptake of the [(125)I]-Aβ(1-40) peptide was measured in mice injected intravenously (IV) with the peptide either free or conjugated to the cTfRMAb-AV fusion protein. The brain uptake of the free Aβ(1-40) peptide was very low, 0.1% of injected dose (ID)/gram brain following i.v. injection, and is comparable to the brain uptake of a brain blood volume marker. However, the brain uptake of the Aβ(1-40) peptide was high, 2.1 ± 0.2% ID/gram brain, following attachment of the biotinylated peptide to the cTfRMAb-AV fusion protein. Capillary depletion analysis showed the peptide penetrated the brain parenchyma from blood. The cTfRMAb-AV fusion protein is a new drug delivery system that can target to mouse brain monobiotinylated peptide or antisense radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
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Malakoutikhah M, Teixidó M, Giralt E. Schleuservermittelter Transport von Wirkstoffen ins Gehirn. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Malakoutikhah M, Teixidó M, Giralt E. Shuttle-Mediated Drug Delivery to the Brain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7998-8014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhou QH, Boado RJ, Hui EKW, Lu JZ, Pardridge WM. Chronic dosing of mice with a transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody-glial-derived neurotrophic factor fusion protein. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1149-54. [PMID: 21502195 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.038349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potential neurotrophic factor treatment of brain disorders, including Parkinson's disease. However, GDNF does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A brain-penetrating form of GDNF, which is a fusion protein of human GDNF and a chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR), has been engineered for the mouse and is designated the cTfRMAb-GDNF fusion protein. The present study examined the potential toxic side effects and immune response after treatment of mice with twice-weekly cTfRMAb-GDNF fusion protein at a dose of 2 mg/kg i.v. for 12 consecutive weeks. Chronic treatment with the fusion protein caused no change in body weight, no change in 23 serum chemistry measurements, and no histologic changes in brain and cerebellum, kidney, liver, spleen, heart, or pancreas. Chronic treatment caused a low-titer immune response against the fusion protein, which was directed against the variable region of the antibody part of the fusion protein, with no immune response directed against either the constant region of the antibody or against GDNF. A pharmacokinetics and brain uptake study was performed at the end of the 12 weeks of treatment. There was no change in clearance of the fusion protein mediated by the TfR in peripheral organs, and there was no change in BBB permeability to the fusion protein mediated by the TfR at the BBB. The study shows no toxic side effects from chronic cTfRMAb-GDNF systemic treatment and the absence of neutralizing antibodies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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Boado RJ, Hui EKW, Lu JZ, Pardridge WM. CHO cell expression, long-term stability, and primate pharmacokinetics and brain uptake of an IgG-paroxonase-1 fusion protein. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:186-96. [PMID: 20803562 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON)-1 is the most potent human organophosphatase known, but recombinant forms of human PON1 have been difficult to produce owing to poor secretion by host cells. In the present investigation, human PON1 is re-engineered as an IgG-PON1 fusion protein. The 355 amino acid human PON1 is fused to the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain of a chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the human insulin receptor (HIR), and this fusion protein is designated HIRMAb-PON1. The HIRMAb part of the fusion protein enables brain penetration of the PON1, which was considered important, because organophosphate toxicity causes death via a central nervous system site of action. A high producing line of stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells secreting the HIRMAb-PON1 fusion protein in the absence of serum or lipid acceptors was cloned. The bioreactor generated fusion protein was purified to homogeneity with low impurities by protein A affinity chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. The HIRMAb-PON1 fusion protein was stable as a sterile liquid formulation stored at 4°C for at least 1 year. The plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) of the HIRMAb-PON1 fusion protein was evaluated in Rhesus monkeys, which is the first PK evaluation of a recombinant PON1 protein. The fusion protein was rapidly removed from blood, primarily by the liver. The blood-brain barrier permeation of the HIRMAb-PON1 fusion protein was high and comparable to other HIRMAb fusion proteins. Re-engineering human PON1 as the HIRMAb fusion protein allows for production of a stable, field-deployable formulation of the enzyme that is brain-penetrating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben J Boado
- ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California, USA
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Zhou QH, Boado RJ, Lu JZ, Hui EKW, Pardridge WM. Re-Engineering Erythropoietin as an IgG Fusion Protein That Penetrates the Blood−Brain Barrier in the Mouse. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2148-55. [DOI: 10.1021/mp1001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States, and ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90401, United States
| | - Ruben J. Boado
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States, and ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90401, United States
| | - Jeff Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States, and ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90401, United States
| | - Eric Ka-Wai Hui
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States, and ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90401, United States
| | - William M. Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States, and ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90401, United States
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Zhou QH, Boado RJ, Hui EKW, Lu JZ, Pardridge WM. Brain-penetrating tumor necrosis factor decoy receptor in the mouse. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:71-6. [PMID: 20884844 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.036012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologic tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFIs) include TNF decoy receptors (TNFRs). TNFα plays a pathologic role in both acute and chronic brain disease. However, biologic TNFIs cannot be developed as brain therapeutics because these large molecule drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To enable penetration of the brain via receptor-mediated transport, the human TNFR type II was re-engineered as an IgG fusion protein, where the IgG part is a chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR), and this fusion protein is designated cTfRMAb-TNFR. The cTfRMAb part of the fusion protein acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the TNFR across the BBB via transport on the endogenous BBB TfR. cTfRMAb-TNFR was expressed by stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells and purified by affinity chromatography to homogeneity on electrophoretic gels. The fusion protein reacted with antibodies to both mouse IgG and the human TNFR and bound TNFα with high affinity (K(d) = 96 ± 34 pM). cTfRMAb-TNFR was rapidly transported into mouse brain in vivo after intravenous administration, and the brain uptake of the fusion protein was 2.8 ± 0.5% of injected dose per gram of brain, which is >45-fold higher than the brain uptake of an IgG that does not recognize the mouse TfR. This new IgG-TNFR fusion protein can be tested in mouse models of brain diseases in which TNFα plays a pathologic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Intravenous treatment of experimental Parkinson's disease in the mouse with an IgG-GDNF fusion protein that penetrates the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res 2010; 1352:208-13. [PMID: 20599807 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a trophic factor for the nigra-striatal tract in experimental Parkinson's disease (PD). The neurotrophin must be administered by intra-cerebral injection, because GDNF does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the present study, GDNF was re-engineered to enable receptor-mediated transport across the BBB following fusion of GDNF to the heavy chain of a chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR), and this fusion protein is designated cTfRMAb-GDNF. This fusion protein had been previously shown to retain low nM binding constants for both the GDNF receptor and the mouse TfR, and to rapidly enter the mouse brain in vivo following intravenous administration. Experimental PD in mice was induced by the intra-striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, and mice were treated with either saline or the cTfRMAb-GDNF fusion protein every other day for 3 weeks, starting 1 h after toxin injection. Fusion protein treatment caused a 44% decrease in apomorphine-induced rotation, a 45% reduction in amphetamine-induced rotation, a 121% increase in the vibrissae-elicited forelimb placing test, and a 272% increase in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme activity at 3 weeks after toxin injection. Fusion protein treatment caused no change in TH enzyme activity in either the contralateral striatum or the frontal cortex. In conclusion, following fusion of GDNF to a BBB molecular Trojan horse, GDNF trophic effects in brain in experimental PD are observed following intravenous administration.
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