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Wahab Mubarak MA, Mohammad MAA, El-Bagary RI, Elkady E, Abo-Talib NF. A Simple Validated LC-UV Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Brimonidine and Brinzolamide in the Presence of Brinzolamide's Degradation Product (Major Metabolite) in Rabbit Aqueous Humor. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae040. [PMID: 38862397 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
A sensitive, specific, reliable and low-cost LC-UV method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of brimonidine tartrate (BM) and brinzolamide (BZ) in rabbit aqueous humor (AH) in the presence of N-desethyl-brinzolamide (NDBZ); BZ is a major degradation product, and it is also considered to be its major metabolite. Dorzolamide hydrochloride (DZ) was used as an internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted from rabbit AH samples by a simple pre-treatment utilizing ZnSO4.7H2O as a deproteinizing agent. The analytes were separated on a cyanopropyl Waters column (4.6 × 200 mm, 5 μm) with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 25 mM ammonium acetate pH 4.5 (adjusted with 85% phosphoric acid):methanol:acetonitrile (94:4.5:1.5, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. The detection was done at 254 nm. The lower limit of quantification in rabbit AH was 100.0 ng mL-1. The method was validated according to EMA guidelines. The method was confirmed to be accurate, precise and linear over a range of 100.0-1000.0 ng mL-1 for BM and BZ. The method developed herein is simple, safe, eco-friendly, rapid and accurately applied for the quantification of BM and BZ, along with the successful separation of NDBZ, which is considered as a potential irritant degradation product of BZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Wahab Mubarak
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Wezzart Elzeraa Street, Giza 35521, Egypt
| | - M Abdul-Azim Mohammad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ramzia I El-Bagary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ehab Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Nisreen F Abo-Talib
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Wezzart Elzeraa Street, Giza 35521, Egypt
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2
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Samoilă L, Voștinaru O, Dinte E, Bodoki AE, Iacob BC, Bodoki E, Samoilă O. Topical Treatment for Retinal Degenerative Pathologies: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098045. [PMID: 37175752 PMCID: PMC10178888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The topical administration of medicines is the preferred route in ocular therapy, at least for the anterior segment of the eye. However, the eye's inherent functional and biological barriers all work against the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to efficiently reach the targeted retinal structures. The main objective of this article is to offer a systematic review of the scientific literature in recent years, focusing on the latest developments of topical treatment intended for retinal degenerative diseases. Database search returned 102 clinical studies, focused on topical treatment for age macular degeneration, macular edemas (in diabetic retinopathy, surgery related or in retinal dystrophies) or glaucoma. After the exclusion of low-powered studies and those combining vitreo-retinal surgery, 35 articles remained for analysis. Currently, the topical treatment of retinal degenerative diseases is limited by the difficulty to deliver effective drug concentrations to the posterior eye structures. However, in the case of drug classes like NSAIDs, the presence of certain molecular and metabolic features for specific representatives makes the topical administration currently feasible in several clinical contexts. For other drug classes, either a fine-tuning of the API's pharmacokinetic profile or the use of more advanced formulation strategies, such as rationally designed nanostructured drugs and vehicles, crystalline polymorphs or supramolecular complexes, could bring the much awaited breakthrough for a more predictable and controlled delivery towards the retinal structures and could eventually be employed in the future for the development of more effective ways of delivering drugs to the posterior eye, with the ultimate goal of improving their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lăcrămioara Samoilă
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oliviu Voștinaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Physiopathology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elena Dinte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Elena Bodoki
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Cezar Iacob
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Samoilă
- Department of Ophthalmology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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3
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Ozturk MR(B, Popa M, Rata DM, Cadinoiu AN, Parfait F, Delaite C, Atanase LI, Solcan C, Daraba OM. Drug-Loaded Polymeric Micelles Based on Smart Biocompatible Graft Copolymers with Potential Applications for the Treatment of Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169382. [PMID: 36012646 PMCID: PMC9409108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world. Despite the fact that many treatments are currently available for eye diseases, the key issue that arises is the administration of drugs for long periods of time and the increased risk of inflammation, but also the high cost of eye surgery. Consequently, numerous daily administrations are required, which reduce patient compliance, and even in these conditions, the treatment of eye disease is too ineffective. Micellar polymers are core–shell nanoparticles formed by the self-assembly of block or graft copolymers in selective solvents. In the present study, polymeric micelles (PMs) were obtained by dialysis from smart biocompatible poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) [PCL-g-P(NVCL-co-NVP)] graft copolymers. Two copolymers with different molar masses were studied, and a good correlation was noted between the micellar sizes and the total degree of polymerisation (DPn) of the copolymers. The micelles formed by Cop A [PCL120-g-P(NVCL507-co-NVP128)], with the lowest total DPn, have a Z-average value of 39 nm, whereas the micellar sizes for Cop B [PCL120-g-P(NVCL1253-co-NVP139)] are around 47 nm. These PMs were further used for the encapsulation of two drugs with applications for the treatment of eye diseases. After the encapsulation of Dorzolamide, a slight increase in micellar sizes was noted, whereas the encapsulation of Indomethacin led to a decrease in these sizes. Using dynamic light scattering, it was proved that both free and drug-loaded PMs are stable for 30 days of storage at 4 °C. Moreover, in vitro biological tests demonstrated that the obtained PMs are both haemo- and cytocompatible and thus can be used for further in vivo tests. The designed micellar system proved its ability to release the encapsulated drugs in vitro, and the results obtained were validated by in vivo tests carried out on experimental animals, which proved its high effectiveness in reducing intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Popa
- “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (L.I.A.)
| | - Delia Mihaela Rata
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Leonard Ionut Atanase
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (L.I.A.)
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Oana Maria Daraba
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
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4
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Pokrywka A, Skrzypiec-Spring M, Krzywański J, Rynkowski M, Saugy M, Faiss R. Cases reports: Unintended anti-doping rule violation after dorzolamide use several months prior to a doping control. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1803-1806. [PMID: 34463045 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of specific medicine up to several months before a doping control is not be reported on the doping control form, while the drug could then still be detectable in urine in case of a very slow elimination. It may lead to a positive test result. For example, dorzolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for topical ophthalmic application, has a very slow elimination rate via the renal route (half-life > 4 months). This substance can be a source of unintended anti-doping rule violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Pokrywka
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Martial Saugy
- REDs, Research & Expertise in antiDoping sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Faiss
- REDs, Research & Expertise in antiDoping sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Beeson C, Peterson YK, Perron N, Bandyopadhyay M, Nasarre C, Beeson G, Comer RF, Lindsey CC, Schnellmann RG, Rohrer B. Newly Identified Chemicals Preserve Mitochondrial Capacity and Decelerate Loss of Photoreceptor Cells in Murine Retinal Degeneration Models. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:367-378. [PMID: 33945330 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Metabolic stress and associated mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in retinal degeneration irrespective of the underlying cause. We identified seven unique chemicals from a Chembridge DiverSET screen and tested their protection against photoreceptor cell death in cell- and animal-based approaches. Methods: Calcium overload (A23187) was triggered in 661W murine photoreceptor-derived cells, and changes in redox potential and real-time changes in cellular metabolism were assessed using the MTT and Seahorse Biosciences XF assay, respectively. Cheminformatics to compare structures, and biodistribution in the living pig eye aided in selection of the lead compound. In-situ, retinal organ cultures of rd1 mouse and S334ter-line-3 rat were tested, in-vivo the light-induced retinal degeneration in albino Balb/c mice was used, assessing photoreceptor cell numbers histologically. Results: Of the seven chemicals, six were protective against A23187- and IBMX-induced loss of mitochondrial capacity, as measured by viability and respirometry in 661W cells. Cheminformatic analyses identified a unique pharmacophore with 6 physico-chemical features based on two compounds (CB11 and CB12). The protective efficacy of CB11 was further shown by reducing photoreceptor cell loss in retinal explants from two retinitis pigmentosa rodent models. Using eye drops, CB11 targeting to the pig retina was confirmed. The same eye drops decreased photoreceptor cell loss in light-stressed Balb/c mice. Conclusions: New chemicals were identified that protect from mitochondrial damage and lead to improved mitochondrial function. Using ex-vivo and in-vivo models, CB11 decreased the loss of photoreceptor cells in murine models of retinal degeneration and may be effective as treatment for different retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yuri K Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nathan Perron
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mausumi Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Cecile Nasarre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gyda Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Richard F Comer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher C Lindsey
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Research Service, Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Research Service, Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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da Silva PHR, Cunha Júnior ADS, Pianetti GA, Fernandes C. Chromatographic bioanalysis of antiglaucoma drugs in ocular tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1166:122388. [PMID: 33578274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of multifactorial optic neuropathies and the leading cause of irreversible blindness and visual impairment. Epidemiological data has estimated that in 2020 there will be more than 80 million individuals affected by the disease worldwide. Nowadays, intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering is carried out mainly by pharmacotherapy, with different drugs. The study of ocular pharmacokinetics of antiglaucoma drugs, crucial for better understanding of ocular distribution, bioavailability, and pharmacodynamic parameters, can benefit the development of antiglaucoma drugs or formulations. Bioanalysis of drugs in ocular matrices is still underestimated, since it is challenging and rarely performed. Therefore, this review summarized the chromatographic methods employed for the quantification of several antiglaucoma drugs in different ocular matrices, discussing bioanalytical steps, such as sample preparation, separation, and detection. Animals and matrices as well as the challenges faced in ocular bioanalysis were also discussed. Ocular bioanalysis has been performed mainly in rabbits, the most adequate animal model for ocular studies. The matrix most used is aqueous humor, because it is cleaner and easier to sample. Sample preparation was carried out primarily employing classic techniques, such as liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, and solid-phase extraction, with conventional solvents and sorbents. Chromatographic separation was achieved predominantly by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry and tandem mass spectrometry prevailed for detection, although other techniques, such as fluorimetry, have also been used. It was evidenced that more efforts must be directed towards miniaturized, eco-friendly, and non-terminal sampling for sample preparation. In its turn, ultra high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry should gain prominence in ocular bioanalysis for separation and detection, respectively, since it combines high separation capacity with selectivity and sensitivity, in addition to being an environmental friendly approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Reis da Silva
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Armando da Silva Cunha Júnior
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gerson Antônio Pianetti
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Tabak S, Schreiber-Avissar S, Beit-Yannai E. Influence of Anti-Glaucoma Drugs on Uptake of Extracellular Vesicles by Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1067-1081. [PMID: 33603369 PMCID: PMC7886088 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s283164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are capable of manipulating cellular functions for the maintenance of biological homeostasis and disease progression, such as in glaucoma disease. These nano-particles carry a net negative surface charge under physiological conditions that can contribute to EVs:EVs interaction and their uptake by target cells. Purpose To investigate the effect of glaucoma drugs on EVs physicochemical characters and the implications for their uptake by trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. Methods TM or non-pigmented ciliary epithelium (NPCE) cells derived EVs were incubated with commercial anti-glaucoma formulation, Timolol maleate, Brinzolamide or Benzalkonium Cl and their size and zeta potential (ZP) and physical interactions of EVs derived from NPCE cells and TM cells were evaluated. The contribution of EVs interactions to up-take by TM cells was examined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Results EVs size and ZP were affected by the ionic strength of the buffer rather than EVs type. Commercial glaucoma eye drops, including β-blocker, α-2-agonist and prostaglandin analogs, reduced NPCE EVs ZP, whereas exposure of EVs to carbonic anhydrase inhibitor caused an increase in the ZP. A correlation was found between increased ZP values and increased NPCE EVs uptake by TM cells. We were able to show that Benzalkonium chloride stands behind this ZP effect and not Timolol or Brinzolamide. Conclusion Altogether, our findings demonstrate that EVs size, surface membrane charge, and ionic strength of the surrounding have an impact on EVs:EVs interactions, which affect the uptake of NPCE EVs by TM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Tabak
- Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sofia Schreiber-Avissar
- Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Elie Beit-Yannai
- Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Smith SM, Salmon JH, Abbaraju S, Amin R, Gilger BC. Tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a brinzolamide episcleral sustained release implant in normotensive New Zealand white rabbits. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Konstas AG, Schmetterer L, Katsanos A, Hutnik CML, Holló G, Quaranta L, Teus MA, Uusitalo H, Pfeiffer N, Katz LJ. Dorzolamide/Timolol Fixed Combination: Learning from the Past and Looking Toward the Future. Adv Ther 2021; 38:24-51. [PMID: 33108623 PMCID: PMC7854404 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The key clinical attributes of preserved dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination (DTFC) and the emerging potential of preservative-free (PF) DTFC are reviewed with published evidence and clinical experience. The indications and role of DTFC in current glaucoma management are critically discussed. Preserved DTFC became the first intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering fixed combination (FC) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and remains one of most commonly used medications worldwide. The pharmacological properties of DTFC reflect those of its two time-tested constituents, i.e., the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor dorzolamide and the non-selective beta-blocker timolol. In regulatory studies DTFC lowers IOP on average by 9 mmHg (32.7%) at peak and by 7.7 mmHg (27%) at trough. In trials DTFC shows equivalence to unfixed concomitant therapy, but in real-life practice it may prove superior owing to enhanced convenience, elimination of the washout effect from the second drop, improved tolerability, and better adherence. PF DTFC became the first PF FC approved, first in unit-dose pipettes, and more recently in a multidose format. Cumulative evidence has confirmed that PF DTFC is at least equivalent in efficacy to preserved DTFC and provides a tangible clinical benefit to patients with glaucoma suffering from ocular surface disease by improving tolerability and adherence. Finally, we identify areas that warrant further investigation with preserved and PF DTFC
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Han X, Yang S, Kam WR, Sullivan DA, Liu Y. The Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Dorzolamide Stimulates the Differentiation of Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1604-1610. [PMID: 32434386 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1772832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical studies have indicated that the long-term use of topical antiglaucoma drugs, such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs), may lead to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). We hypothesize that these adverse effects involve a direct influence on human MG epithelial cells (HMGECs). The purpose our present investigation was to test our hypothesis and determine whether exposure to dorzolamide, a CAI, impacts the proliferation, intracellular signaling and differentiation of HMGECs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We cultured immortalized (i) HMGECs with vehicle or various concentrations of dorzolamide for 6 days. Cells were enumerated with a hemocytometer, and examined for their morphology, Akt signaling activity, accumulation of neutral lipids, phospholipids and lysosomes, and the expression of protein biomarkers for lipogenesis regulation, lysosomes and autophagosomes. RESULTS Our results show that a high, 500 µg/ml concentration of dorzolamide causes a significant decrease in Akt signaling and the proliferation of iHMGECs. However, the high dose of dorzolamide also promotes the differentiation of iHMGECs. This response features increases in the number of lysosomes, the accumulation of phospholipids, and the expression of the light chain 3A biomarker for autophagosomes. In contrast, the therapeutic amount (50 µg/ml) of dorzolamide has no impact on the proliferative or differentiative abilities of iHMGECs. CONCLUSIONS Our results support our hypothesis and demonstrate that the CAI dorzolamide does exert a direct influence on the proliferation and differentiation of iHMGECs. However, this effect is elicited only by a high, and not a therapeutic, amount of dorzolamide. Abbreviations: AKT: phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B; BPE: bovine pituitary extract; CAD: cationic amphiphilic drug; DED: dry eye disease; DMEM/F12: 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F-12; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FBS: fetal bovine serum; iHMGECs: immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells; KSFM: keratinocyte serum-free medium; LAMP-1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3A: light chain 3A; MGD: meibomian gland dysfunction; SREBP-1: sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Han
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China
| | - Wendy R Kam
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Even though significant advances have been made in its management, currently available antiglaucoma therapies suffer from considerable drawbacks. Typically, the success and efficacy of glaucoma medications are undermined by their limited bioavailability to target tissues and the inadequate adherence demonstrated by patients with glaucoma. The latter is due to a gradual decrease in tolerability of lifelong topical therapies and the significant burden to patients of prescribed stepwise antiglaucoma regimens with frequent dosing which impact quality of life. On the other hand, glaucoma surgery is restricted by the inability of antifibrotic agents to efficiently control the wound healing process without causing severe collateral damage and long-term complications. Evolution of the treatment paradigm for patients with glaucoma will ideally include prevention of retinal ganglion cell degeneration by the successful delivery of neurotrophic factors, anti-inflammatory drugs, and gene therapies. Nanotechnology-based treatments may surpass the limitations of currently available glaucoma therapies through optimized targeted drug delivery, increased bioavailability, and controlled release. This review addresses the recent advances in glaucoma treatment strategies employing nanotechnology, including medical and surgical management, neuroregeneration, and neuroprotection.
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12
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Okutucu M, Fındık H, Arslan MG. Direct and crossover effects of brinzolamide, betaxolol, and latanoprost on choroidal thickness. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2019; 38:196-200. [PMID: 30719935 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2019.1575390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the acute effects of brinzolamide, betaxolol, and latanoprost (drugs commonly used in the medical management of glaucoma) on choroidal thickness using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). METHODS Ninety healthy volunteers were evaluated in this prospective study. Participants were randomly divided into 3 groups. Brinzolamide, betaxolol, and latanoprost were administered into the left eyes of the first group (n = 30), second group (n = 30), and third group (n = 30), respectively, and artificial tear (Sodium hyaluronate) was instilled into the right eyes of all participants. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was measured using EDI-OCT before and 45 minutes after administration of the antiglaucomatous drops. RESULTS SFCT revealed a significant increase in the left eye (administered antiglaucomatous drop) in the brinzolamide (p = 0.001) and betaxolol groups (p = 0.049) and a significant increase also in the right eye (administered artificial drop) in the brinzolamide (p = 0.001) and betaxolol groups (p = 0.001). However, SFCT did not reveal a significant increase in the left eye (p = 0.213) or in the right eye (p = 0.062) in the latanoprost group. CONCLUSION Brinzolamide and betaxolol caused an increase in SFCT, while latanoprost had no significant effect on SFCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Okutucu
- a Department of Opthalmology , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Zihni Derin Yerleşkesi , Rize , Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Fındık
- a Department of Opthalmology , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Zihni Derin Yerleşkesi , Rize , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gökhan Arslan
- a Department of Opthalmology , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Zihni Derin Yerleşkesi , Rize , Turkey
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13
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Mahboobian MM, Seyfoddin A, Aboofazeli R, Foroutan SM, Rupenthal ID. Brinzolamide–loaded nanoemulsions: ex vivo transcorneal permeation, cell viability and ocular irritation tests. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:600-606. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1547748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Seyfoddin
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Reza Aboofazeli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Foroutan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ilva Dana Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Vishnuvardhan C, Swain D, Borkar R, Gananadhamu S, Srinivas R, Satheeshkumar N. Study of Forced Degradation Behaviour of Brinzolamide Using LC–ESI–Q-TOF and In Silico Toxicity Prediction. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Chandra S, Muir ER, Deo K, Kiel JW, Duong TQ. Effects of Dorzolamide on Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flow in the DBA/2J Mouse Model of Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:826-31. [PMID: 26934140 PMCID: PMC4777278 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that acute topical dorzolamide (DZ) decreases intraocular pressure (IOP) and increases retinal and choroidal blood flow in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. METHODS Retinal and choroidal blood flow were measured in 4- and 9-month-old DBA/2J mice, and 4-month C57BL/6 (control) mice under isoflurane anesthesia using magnetic resonance imaging. Ocular blood flow was measured at baseline, and 1 and 2 hours after topical dorzolamide. Intraocular pressure was measured using a rebound tonometer in a subset of animals at the same time points. RESULTS Baseline IOP in the 4-month-old DBA/2J mice and C57BL/6 mice was not significantly different (P > 0.05), and IOP in both groups was less than in the 9-month-old DBA/2J mice (P < 0.05 for both). Compared to baseline, dorzolamide reduced IOP at 1 and 2 hours after dorzolamide in the 4- (P < 0.05) and 9-month-old (P < 0.01) DBA/2J mice, but not in the C57BL/6J mice (P > 0.05). Baseline retinal blood flow was lower in the 4-month and 9-month-old DBA/2J mice compared with the 4-month-old C57BL/6J mice (P < 0.05). Baseline choroidal blood flow in the 9-month-old DBA/2J mice was less than in the C57BL/6J mice (P < 0.05). Compared with baseline, both retinal and choroidal blood flow increased at 1-hour post-dorzolamide and remained elevated 2 hours later in the 9-month-old DBA/2J mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dorzolamide lowers IOP and raises retinal and choroidal blood flow in older DBA/2J mice, consistent with the study hypothesis.
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Simultaneous determination of timolol maleate in combination with some other anti-glaucoma drugs in rabbit aqueous humor by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:109-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Foivas A, Malenović A, Kostić N, Božić M, Knežević M, Loukas YL, Dotsikas Y. Quantitation of brinzolamide in dried blood spots by a novel LC-QTOF-MS/MS method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 119:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Mohamed AMI, Abdel-Wadood HM, Mousa HS. Dual design spaces for micro-extraction together with the core–shell chromatographic determination of dorzolamide and timolol in rabbit plasma: an example of quality by design method development. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03719k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An innovative quality by design-integrated VA-SALLME-core–shell chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of DOR and TIM in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heba Salah Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- South Valley University
- Egypt
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19
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Shikamura Y, Yamazaki Y, Matsunaga T, Sato T, Ohtori A, Tojo K. Hydrogel Ring for Topical Drug Delivery to the Ocular Posterior Segment. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:653-61. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Lima-Gómez V, Bermúdez-Zapata DA, Blanco-Hernández DMR. [Efficacy of dorzolamide in reducing retinal thickness after photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema]. CIR CIR 2015; 83:3-8. [PMID: 25982601 DOI: 10.1016/j.circir.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal photocoagulation interrupts vascular leakage in diabetic macular edema, and allows the retinal pigment epithelium to withdraw fluid that thickens the retina; this mechanism could be enhanced by dorzolamida, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of dorzolamida compared against placebo, in reducing retinal thickness after focal photocoagulation, in eyes with diabetic macular oedema. MATERIAL AND METHODS Experimental, comparative, prospective, longitudinal, double blind study in diabetics with focal macular oedema treated with photocoagulation. Treated eyes were randomly assigned three weeks after the procedure to receive dorzolamide (group 1) or placebo (group 2), three times daily during three weeks. Means of visual acuity, center point thickness and macular volume were compared 3 and 6 weeks after photocoagulation within groups (Wilcoxon's t) and between groups (Mann-Whitneys's U). RESULTS Sixty-nine eyes form patients aged 58.3 ± 8.3 years; 37 were assigned to group 1 and 42 to group 2. Mean center point thickness changed from 178.4 ± 34μm to 170 ± 29.1μm in group 1 (p = 0.04), and from 179.2 ± 22.4μm to 178.6 ± 20.8μm in group 2 (p = 0.7); mean macular volume changed from 7.63 ± 0.52mm(3) to 7.50 ± 0.50mm(3) in group 1 (p = 0.02) and from 7.82 ± 0.43mm(3) to 7.76 ± 0.42mm(3) in group 2 (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of dorzolamide was higher than that of placebo, to reduce retinal thickness after focal photocoagulation in diabetics with macular oedema.
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Mohamed AMI, Abdel-Wadood HM, Mousa HS. Simultaneous determination of dorzolomide and timolol in aqueous humor: a novel salting out liquid-liquid microextraction combined with HPLC. Talanta 2014; 130:495-505. [PMID: 25159439 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A Snovel method for the simultaneous separation and determination of two antiglaucoma drugs namely, dorzolamide hydrochloride (DOR) and timolol maleate (TIM) in aqueous humor samples (AH) was developed by using salting-out assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (SALLME) combined with HPLC-UV method. Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology were employed to assist the optimization of SALLME conditions, including salt concentration, the pH of sample solution and vortex time as variable factors. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: to 50 µL of AH sample, 100 µL of phosphate buffer (100 mmol L(-1), pH 11.9), 90 µL of acetonitrile (ACN) and 0.11 g of (NH4)2SO4 salt were added into an Eppendorf vial (1 mL) then vortexed for 1.1 min. As an effort to miniaturize SALLE system, a 1 mL syringe adapted with a capillary tube was employed as the phase separation device. Once the phase separation occurred, the upper layer could be narrowed into the capillary tube by pushing the plunger; thus, the collection of the upper layer solvent was simple and convenient. By miniaturization, the consumption of the organic solvent was decreased as low as possible. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Gemini C18 column using a mobile phase of ACN: 30 mmol L(-1) potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer containing 0.1% triethylamine, pH 3.5 (20:80, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL min(-1) and UV detection at 254 and 295 nm for DOR and TIM, respectively. Mepivacaine hydrochloride was used as an internal standard. The described method showed better separation with enhanced sensitivities than the previously reported methods with limits of quantitation of 8.75 and 10.32 ng mL(-1) in aqueous solution and 15.97 and 23.53 ng mL(-1) in AH for DOR and TIM, respectively. The simple, rapid and eco-friendly SALLME-HPLC method has been successfully applied for the simultaneous pharmacokinetic studies of DOR and TIM in rabbit AH.
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22
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Swaminathan S, Li H, Palamoor M, de Obarrio WTL, Madhura D, Meibohm B, Jablonski MM. Novel endogenous glycan therapy for retinal diseases: safety, in vitro stability, ocular pharmacokinetic modeling, and biodistribution. AAPS J 2014; 16:311-23. [PMID: 24470212 PMCID: PMC3933590 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asialo, tri-antennary oligosaccharide (NA3 glycan) is an endogenous compound, which supports proper folding of outer segment membranes, promotes normal ultrastructure, and maintains protein expression patterns of photoreceptors and Müller cells in the absence of retinal pigment epithelium support. It is a potential new therapeutic for atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other retinal degenerative disorders. Herein, we evaluate the safety, in vitro stability, ocular pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of NA3. NA3 was injected into the vitreous of New Zealand white rabbits at two concentrations viz. 1 nM (minimum effective concentration (MEC)) and 100 nM (100XMEC) at three time points. Safety was evaluated using routine clinical and laboratory tests. Ocular pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of [(3)H]NA3 were estimated using scintillation counting in various parts of the eye, multiple peripheral organs, and plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental modeling. A 2-aminobenzamide labeling and hydrophilic interaction liquid interaction chromatography were used to assess plasma and vitreous stability. NA3 was well tolerated by the eye. The concentration of NA3 in eye tissues was in the order: vitreous > retina > sclera/choroid > aqueous humor > cornea > lens. Area under the curve (0 to infinity) (AUC∞) was the highest in the vitreous thereby providing a positive concentration gradient for NA3 to reach the retina. Half-lives in critical eye tissues ranged between 40 and 60 h. NA3 concentrations were negligible in peripheral organs. Radioactivity from [(3)H]NA3 was excreted via urine and feces. NA3 was stable at 37°C in vitreous over a minimum of 6 days, while it degraded rapidly in plasma. Collectively, these results document that NA3 shows a good safety profile and favorable ocular pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Swaminathan
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 USA
| | - Huiling Li
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 USA
| | - Mallika Palamoor
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 USA
| | - Walter T. Luchsinger de Obarrio
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 USA
| | - Dorababu Madhura
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee USA
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee USA
| | - Monica M. Jablonski
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 USA
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Feke GT, Rhee DJ, Turalba AV, Pasquale LR. Effects of dorzolamide-timolol and brimonidine-timolol on retinal vascular autoregulation and ocular perfusion pressure in primary open angle glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29:639-45. [PMID: 23530946 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2012.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether dorzolamide 2%-timolol 0.5% (D/T) and/or brimonidine 0.2%-timolol 0.5% (B/T) alters retinal vascular autoregulation (RVA) and seated ocular perfusion pressure (sOPP) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients who demonstrate retinal vascular dysregulation (RVD) on timolol 0.5% alone. METHODS In this prospective, observer-masked, crossover study, 21 POAG patients with untreated intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mmHg were treated for 6 weeks with timolol 0.5%. Subsequently, we measured inferior temporal retinal artery blood flow in the left eye with subjects seated and then while reclined for 30 min using the Canon Laser Blood Flowmeter. Subjects with a change in retinal blood flow in response to posture change outside of the range previously found in healthy subjects were designated as having RVD and randomized to either D/T or B/T for 6 weeks and re-tested. This was followed by treatment with the opposite medication. RESULTS Seven of the 21 subjects demonstrated RVD in response to posture change following timolol 0.5%. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that lower sOPP was the main determinant of RVD (P=0.033). After treatment with D/T, all 7 converted from RVD to normal RVA status (P=0.001). Four of 6 subjects showed a similar return to normal RVA following B/T (P=0.066). Mid-morning sOPP was 41.1±5.5 mmHg post-timolol, 46.3±6.5 mmHg post-D/T, and 38.6±6.0 mmHg post-B/T (D/T vs. B/T, P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS D/T significantly improved RVA in POAG patients exhibiting RVD while on timolol 0.5% alone. D/T also increased sOPP compared to B/T. There was no significant difference (P=0.37) between D/T and B/T in improving RVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert T Feke
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Malik P, Kadam RS, Cheruvu NP, Kompella UB. Hydrophilic prodrug approach for reduced pigment binding and enhanced transscleral retinal delivery of celecoxib. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:605-14. [PMID: 22256989 PMCID: PMC3311925 DOI: 10.1021/mp2005164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transscleral retinal delivery of celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory and anti-VEGF agent, is restricted by its poor solubility and binding to the melanin pigment in choroid-RPE. The purpose of this study was to develop soluble prodrugs of celecoxib with reduced pigment binding and enhanced retinal delivery. Three hydrophilic amide prodrugs of celecoxib, celecoxib succinamidic acid (CSA), celecoxib maleamidic acid (CMA), and celecoxib acetamide (CAA) were synthesized and characterized for solubility and lipophilicity. In vitro melanin binding to natural melanin (Sepia officinalis) was estimated for all three prodrugs. In vitro transport studies across isolated bovine sclera and sclera-choroid-RPE (SCRPE) were performed. Prodrug with the highest permeability across SCRPE was characterized for metabolism and cytotoxicity and its in vivo transscleral delivery in pigmented rats. Aqueous solubilities of CSA, CMA, and CAA were 300-, 182-, and 76-fold higher, respectively, than celecoxib. Melanin binding affinity and capacity were significantly lower than for celecoxib for all three prodrugs. Rank order for the % in vitro transport across bovine sclera and SCRPE was CSA > CMA ~ CAA ~ celecoxib, with the transport being 8-fold higher for CSA than celecoxib. CSA was further assessed for its metabolic stability and in vivo delivery. CSA showed optimum metabolic stability in all eye tissues with only 10-20% conversion to parent celecoxib in 30 min. Metabolic enzymes responsible for bioconversion included amidases, esterase, and cytochrome P-450. In vivo delivery in pigmented BN rats showed that CSA had 4.7-, 1.4-, 3.3-, 6.0-, and 4.5-fold higher delivery to sclera, choroid-RPE, retina, vitreous, and lens than celecoxib. CSA has no cytotoxicity in ARPE-19 cells in the concentration range of 0.1 to 1000 μM. Celecoxib succinamidic acid, a soluble prodrug of celecoxib with reduced melanin binding, enhances transscleral retinal delivery of celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Malik
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Rajendra S. Kadam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Narayan P.S. Cheruvu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Uday B. Kompella
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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