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Li M, Yan X, Zhang L, Liu X, Liu Y, Wang Q, Li J. Improved preclinical drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics of pibothiadine (HEC121210), a novel hepatitis B virus capsid assembly modulator. Xenobiotica 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39058618 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2381223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Pibothiadine (PBD; HEC121120) is a novel hepatitis B virus capsid assembly modulator based on GLS4 (morphothiadine) and has inhibitory activities against resistant strains.To assess the overall preclinical drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) properties of PBD, in vivo pharmacokinetics studies in rats and dogs have been performed along with a series of in vitro metabolism assays.The oral bioavailability of PBD in rats and dogs might be related to its medium permeability in Caco-2 cells and largely be impacted by the pH-dependent solubility. PBD was highly distributed to the liver where the local exposure was 16.4 fold of the system exposure. PBD showed relatively low metabolic rate in recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes, whereas low to moderate in vitro clearance in liver microsomes and low (dog) to moderate (rat) in vivo clearance. Furthermore, β-oxidation and dehydrogenation were proposed as the primary metabolic pathways of PBD in rats.Compared to GLS4, the higher systemic exposure of PBD might be attributed to its improved oral absorption and metabolic stability. In addition, the enhanced liver/plasma exposure ratio could further increase the local exposure around the target. These improved DMPK properties might indicate better development of PBD in the clinical phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Anti-infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan, China
| | - Xingguo Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Anti-infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Anti-infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinchang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Anti-infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan, China
| | - Yayi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Anti-infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Anti-infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Anti-infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan, China
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Francis L, Ogungbenro K, De Bruyn T, Houston JB, Hallifax D. Exploring the Boundaries for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation: Use of Isolated Rat Hepatocytes in Co-culture and Impact of Albumin Binding Properties in the Prediction of Clearance of Various Drug Types. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1463-1473. [PMID: 37580106 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of hepatic clearance of drugs (via uptake or metabolism) from in vitro systems continues to be problematic, particularly when plasma protein binding is high. The following work explores simultaneous assessment of both clearance processes, focusing on a commercial hepatocyte-fibroblast co-culture system (HμREL) over a 24-hour period using six probe drugs (ranging in metabolic and transporter clearance and low-to-high plasma protein binding). A rat hepatocyte co-culture assay was established using drug depletion (measuring both medium and total concentrations) and cell uptake kinetic analysis, both in the presence and absence of plasma protein (1% bovine serum albumin). Secretion of endogenous albumin was monitored as a marker of viability, and this reached 0.004% in incubations (at a rate similar to in vivo synthesis). Binding to stromal cells was substantial and required appropriate correction factors. Drug concentration-time courses were analyzed both by conventional methods and a mechanistic cell model prior to in vivo extrapolation. Clearance assayed by drug depletion in conventional suspended rat hepatocytes provided a benchmark to evaluate co-culture value. Addition of albumin appeared to improve predictions for some compounds (where fraction unbound in the medium is less than 0.1); however, for high-binding drugs, albumin significantly limited quantification and thus predictions. Overall, these results highlight ongoing challenges concerning in vitro hepatocyte system complexity and limitations of practical expediency. Considering this, more reliable measurement of hepatically cleared compounds seems possible through judicious use of available hepatocyte systems, including co-culture systems, as described herein; this would include those compounds with low metabolic turnover but high active uptake clearance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Co-culture systems offer a more advanced tool than standard hepatocytes, with the ability to be cultured for longer periods of time, yet their potential as an in vitro tool has not been extensively assessed. We evaluate the strengths and limitations of the HμREL system using six drugs representing various metabolic and transporter-mediated clearance pathways with various degrees of albumin binding. Studies in the presence/absence of albumin allow in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and a framework to maximize their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Francis
- 1Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (L.F., K.O., J.B.H., D.H.) and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - Kayode Ogungbenro
- 1Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (L.F., K.O., J.B.H., D.H.) and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - Tom De Bruyn
- 1Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (L.F., K.O., J.B.H., D.H.) and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- 1Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (L.F., K.O., J.B.H., D.H.) and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - David Hallifax
- 1Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (L.F., K.O., J.B.H., D.H.) and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
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Nozaki Y, Izumi S. Preincubation Time-Dependent, Long-Lasting Inhibition of Drug Transporters and Impact on the Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1077-1088. [PMID: 36854606 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) is of clinical concern, and the quantitative prediction of DDIs is an indispensable part of drug development. Cell-based inhibition assays, in which a representative probe substrate and a potential inhibitor are coincubated, are routinely performed to assess the inhibitory potential of new molecular entities on drug transporters. However, the inhibitory effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 is substantially potentiated with CsA preincubation, and this effect is both long-lasting and dependent on the preincubation time. This phenomenon has also been reported with transporters other than OATP1Bs, but it is considered more prevalent among OATP1Bs and organic cation transporters. Regulatory agencies have also noted this preincubation effect and have recommended that pharmaceutical companies consider inhibitor preincubation when performing in vitro OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibition studies. Although the underlying mechanisms responsible for the preincubation effect are not fully understood, a trans-inhibition mechanism was recently demonstrated for OATP1B1 inhibition by CsA, in which CsA inhibited OATP1B1 not only extracellularly (cis-inhibition) but also intracellularly (trans-inhibition). Furthermore, the trans-inhibition potency of CsA was much greater than that of cis-inhibition, suggesting that trans-inhibition might be a key driver of clinical DDIs of CsA with OATP1B substrate drugs. Although confidence in transporter-mediated DDI prediction is generally considered to be low, the predictability might be further improved by incorporating the trans-inhibition mechanism into static and dynamic models for preincubation-dependent inhibitors of OATP1Bs and perhaps other transporters. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Preincubation time-dependent, long-lasting inhibition has been observed for OATP1B1 and other solute carrier transporters in vitro. Recently, a trans-inhibition mechanism for the preincubation effect of CsA on OATP1B1 inhibition was identified, with the trans-inhibition potency being greater than that of cis-inhibition. The concept of trans-inhibition may allow us to further understand the mechanism of transporter-mediated DDIs not only for OATP1B1 but also for other transporters and to improve the accuracy and confidence of DDI predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitane Nozaki
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan (Y.N., S.I.)
| | - Saki Izumi
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan (Y.N., S.I.)
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Sugiyama Y, Aoki Y. A 20-Year Research Overview: Quantitative Prediction of Hepatic Clearance Using the In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Approach Based on Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Extended Clearance Concept. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1067-1076. [PMID: 37407092 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the extended clearance concept and establishing a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model are crucial for investigating the impact of changes in transporter and metabolizing enzyme abundance/functions on drug pharmacokinetics in blood and tissues. This mini-review provides an overview of the extended clearance concept and a PBPK model that includes transporter-mediated uptake processes in the liver. In general, complete in vitro and in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) poses challenges due to missing factors that bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo systems. By considering key in vitro parameters, we can capture in vivo pharmacokinetics, a strategy known as the top-down or middle-out approach. We present the latest progress, theory, and practice of the Cluster Gauss-Newton method, which is used for middle-out analyses. As examples of poor IVIVE, we discuss "albumin-mediated hepatic uptake" and "time-dependent inhibition" of OATP1Bs. The hepatic uptake of highly plasma-bound drugs is more efficient than what can be accounted for by their unbound concentration alone. This phenomenon is referred to as "albumin-mediated" hepatic uptake. IVIVE was improved by measuring hepatic uptake clearance in vitro in the presence of physiologic albumin concentrations. Lastly, we demonstrate the application of Cluster Gauss-Newton method-based analysis to the target-mediated drug disposition of bosentan. Incorporating saturable target binding and OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake into the PBPK model enables the consideration of nonlinear kinetics across a wide dose range and the prediction of receptor occupancy over time. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There have been multiple instances where researchers' endeavors to unravel the underlying mechanism of poor in vitro-in vivo extrapolation have led to the discovery of previously undisclosed truths. These include 1) albumin-mediated hepatic uptake, 2) the target-mediated drug disposition in small molecules, and 3) the existence of a trans-inhibition mechanism by inhibitors for OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake of drugs. Consequently, poor in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and the subsequent inquisitiveness of scientists may serve as a pivotal gateway to uncover hidden mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Josai International University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Y.A., Y.S.); ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, Pudong, Shanghai, China (Y.S.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Y.A.)
| | - Yasunori Aoki
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Josai International University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Y.A., Y.S.); ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, Pudong, Shanghai, China (Y.S.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Y.A.)
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Tahir I, Alkheraije KA. A review of important heavy metals toxicity with special emphasis on nephrotoxicity and its management in cattle. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1149720. [PMID: 37065256 PMCID: PMC10090567 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1149720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicity with heavy metals has proven to be a significant hazard with several health problems linked to it. Heavy metals bioaccumulate in living organisms, pollute the food chain, and possibly threaten the health of animals. Many industries, fertilizers, traffic, automobile, paint, groundwater, and animal feed are sources of contamination of heavy metals. Few metals, such as aluminum (Al), may be eliminated by the elimination processes, but other metals like lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Ca) accumulate in the body and food chain, leading to chronic toxicity in animals. Even if these metals have no biological purpose, their toxic effects are still present in some form that is damaging to the animal body and its appropriate functioning. Cadmium (Cd) and Pb have negative impacts on a number of physiological and biochemical processes when exposed to sub-lethal doses. The nephrotoxic effects of Pb, As, and Cd are well known, and high amounts of naturally occurring environmental metals as well as occupational populations with high exposures have an adverse relationship between kidney damage and toxic metal exposure. Metal toxicity is determined by the absorbed dosage, the route of exposure, and the duration of exposure, whether acute or chronic. This can lead to numerous disorders and can also result in excessive damage due to oxidative stress generated by free radical production. Heavy metals concentration can be decreased through various procedures including bioremediation, pyrolysis, phytoremediation, rhizofiltration, biochar, and thermal process. This review discusses few heavy metals, their toxicity mechanisms, and their health impacts on cattle with special emphasis on the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Tahir
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Soliman ME, Adewumi AT, Akawa OB, Subair TI, Okunlola FO, Akinsuku OE, Khan S. Simulation Models for Prediction of Bioavailability of Medicinal Drugs-the Interface Between Experiment and Computation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:86. [PMID: 35292867 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral drug bioavailability (BA) problems have remained inevitable over the years, impairing drug efficacy and indirectly leading to eventual human morbidity and mortality. However, some conventional lab-based methods improve drug absorption leading to enhanced BA, and the recent experimental techniques are up-and-coming. Nevertheless, some have inherent drawbacks in improving the efficacy of poorly insoluble and low impermeable drugs. Drug BA and strategies to overcome these challenges were briefly highlighted. This review has significantly unravelled the different computational models for studying and predicting drug bioavailability. Several computational approaches provide mechanistic insights into the oral drug delivery system simulation of descriptors like solubility, permeability, transport protein-ligand interactions, and molecular structures. The in silico techniques have long been known still are just being applied to unravel drug bioavailability issues. Many publications have reported novel applications of the computational models towards achieving improved drug BA, including predicting gastrointestinal tract (GIT) drug absorption properties and passive intestinal membrane permeability, thus maximizing time and resources. Also, the classical molecular simulation models for free solvation energies of soluble-related processes such as solubilization, dissolutions, supersaturation, and precipitation have been used in virtual screening studies. A few of the tools are GastroPlusTM that supports biowaiver for drugs, mainly BCS class III and predicts drug compounds' absorption and pharmacokinetic process; SimCyp® simulator for mechanistic modelling and simulation of drug formulation processes; pharmacodynamics analysis on non-linear mixed-effects modelling; and mathematical models, predicting absorption potential/maximum absorption dose. This review provides in silico-experiment annexation in the drug bioavailability enhancement, possible insights that lead to critical opinion on the applications and reliability of the various in silico models as a growing tool for drug development and discovery, thus accelerating drug development processes.
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Relationship between plasma and intracellular concentrations of bedaquiline and its M2 metabolite in South African patients with rifampin-resistant TB. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0239920. [PMID: 34370588 PMCID: PMC8522761 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02399-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline is recommended for the treatment of all patients with rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB). Bedaquiline accumulates within cells, but its intracellular pharmacokinetics have not been characterized, which may have implications for dose optimization. We developed a novel assay using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to measure the intracellular concentrations of bedaquiline and its primary metabolite M2 in patients with RR-TB in South Africa. Twenty-one participants were enrolled and underwent sparse sampling of plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at months 1, 2, and 6 of treatment and at 3 and 6 months after bedaquiline treatment completion. Intensive sampling was performed at month 2. We used noncompartmental analysis to describe plasma and intracellular exposures and a population pharmacokinetic model to explore the relationship between plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics and the effects of key covariates. Bedaquiline concentrations from month 1 to month 6 of treatment ranged from 94.7 to 2,540 ng/ml in plasma and 16.2 to 5,478 ng/ml in PBMCs, and concentrations of M2 over the 6-month treatment period ranged from 34.3 to 496 ng/ml in plasma and 109.2 to 16,764 ng/ml in PBMCs. Plasma concentrations of bedaquiline were higher than those of M2, but intracellular concentrations of M2 were considerably higher than those of bedaquiline. In the pharmacokinetic modeling, we estimated a linear increase in the intracellular-plasma accumulation ratio for bedaquiline and M2, reaching maximum effect after 2 months of treatment. The typical intracellular-plasma ratios 1 and 2 months after start of treatment were 0.61 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42 to 0.92) and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.74 to 1.63) for bedaquiline and 12.4 (95% CI: 8.8 to 17.8) and 22.2 (95% CI: 15.6 to 32.3) for M2. The intracellular-plasma ratios for both bedaquiline and M2 were decreased by 54% (95% CI: 24 to 72%) in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative patients. Bedaquiline and M2 were detectable in PBMCs 6 months after treatment discontinuation. M2 accumulated at higher concentrations intracellularly than bedaquiline, supporting in vitro evidence that M2 is the main inducer of phospholipidosis.
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Di L, Riccardi K, Tess D. Evolving approaches on measurements and applications of intracellular free drug concentration and Kp uu in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:733-746. [PMID: 34058926 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1935866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Intracellular-free drug concentration (Cu,cell) and unbound partition coefficient (Kpuu) are two important parameters to develop pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships, predict drug-drug interaction potentials and estimate therapeutic indices.Area covered: Methods on measurements of Cu,cell, Kpuu, partition coefficient (Kp) and fraction unbound of cells (fuc) are discussed. Advantages and limitations of several fuc methods are reviewed. Applications highlighted here are bridging the potency gaps between biochemical and cell-based assays, in vitro hepatocyte assay to predict in vivo liver-to-plasma Kpuu, the role of Kpuu in prediction of hepatic clearance for enzyme- and transporter-mediated mechanisms using extended clearance equation, and structural attributes governing tissue Kpuu.Expert opinion: Cu,cell and Kpuu are of growing applications in drug discovery. Methods for measurements of these properties continue to evolve in order to achieve higher precision/accuracy and obtain more detailed information at the subcellular levels. Future directions of the field include the development of in vitro and in silico models to predict tissue Kpuu, direct measurement of free drug concentration in subcellular organelles, and further investigations into the critical elements governing cell and tissue Kpuu. Significant innovation is needed to advance this complex, but highly impactful and exciting area of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Keith Riccardi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.,Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - David Tess
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.,Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
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Wu W, Cheng R, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Huang X. UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of pravastatin, fexofenadine, rosuvastatin, and methotrexate in a hepatic uptake model and its application to the possible drug-drug interaction study of triptolide. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5093. [PMID: 33634891 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and specific UPLC-MS/MS method with a total run time of 3.5 min was developed for the determination of pravastatin, fexofenadine, rosuvastatin, and methotrexate in rat primary hepatocytes. After protein precipitation with 70% acetonitrile (containing 30% H2 O), these four analytes were separated under gradient conditions with a mobile phase consisting of 0.03% acetic acid (v/v) and methanol at a flow rate of 0.50 mL/min. The linearity, recovery, matrix effect, accuracy, precision, and stability of the method were well validated. We evaluated drug-drug interactions based on these four compounds in freshly suspended hepatocytes. The hepatic uptake of pravastatin, fexofenadine, rosuvastatin, and methotrexate at 4°C was significantly lower than that at 37°C, and the hepatocytes were saturable with increased substrate concentration and culture time, suggesting that the rat primary hepatocyte model was successfully established. Triptolide showed a significant inhibitory effect on the hepatic uptake of these four compounds. In conclusion, this method was successfully employed for the quantification of pravastatin, fexofenadine, rosuvastatin, and methotrexate and was used to verify the rat primary hepatocyte model for Oatp1, Oatp2, Oatp4, and Oat2 transporter studies. Then, we applied this model to explore the effect of triptolide on these four transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- New drug screening center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance of Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- New drug screening center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance of Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New drug screening center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Huang
- New drug screening center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Yadav J, El Hassani M, Sodhi J, Lauschke VM, Hartman JH, Russell LE. Recent developments in in vitro and in vivo models for improved translation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:207-233. [PMID: 33989099 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1922435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) prediction in the early stages of drug development is essential to inform lead optimization strategies and reduce attrition rates. Recently, there have been significant advancements in the development of new in vitro and in vivo strategies to better characterize pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of drug leads. Herein, we review advances in experimental and mathematical models for clearance predictions, advancements in developing novel tools to capture slowly metabolized drugs, in vivo model developments to capture human etiology for supporting drug development, limitations and gaps in these efforts, and a perspective on the future in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasleen Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Abstract
The study of enzyme kinetics in drug metabolism involves assessment of rates of metabolism and inhibitory potencies over a suitable concentration range. In all but the very simplest in vitro system, these drug concentrations can be influenced by a variety of nonspecific binding reservoirs that can reduce the available concentration to the enzyme system(s) under investigation. As a consequence, the apparent kinetic parameters, such as Km or Ki, that are derived can deviate from the true values. There are a number of sources of these nonspecific binding depots or barriers, including membrane permeation and partitioning, plasma or serum protein binding, and incubational binding. In the latter case, this includes binding to the assay apparatus as well as biological depots, depending on the characteristics of the in vitro matrix being used. Given the wide array of subcellular, cellular, and recombinant enzyme systems utilized in drug metabolism, each of these has different components which can influence the free drug concentration. The physicochemical properties of the test compound are also paramount in determining the influential factors in any deviation between true and apparent kinetic behavior. This chapter describes the underlying mechanisms determining the free drug concentration in vitro and how these factors can be accounted for in drug metabolism studies, illustrated with case studies from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Waters
- Preclinical Development, Black Diamond Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
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Sodhi JK, Halladay JS. Case Study 9: Probe-Dependent Binding Explains Lack of CYP2C9 Inactivation by 1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:765-779. [PMID: 34272716 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The potential for new chemical entities to inhibit the major cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms is routinely evaluated to minimize the risk of developing drugs with drug-drug interaction liabilities. CYP inhibition assays are routinely performed in a high-throughput format to efficiently screen large numbers of compounds. In evaluating a time-saving assay using diclofenac as the CYP2C9 probe substrate, a discrepancy was observed in which minimal inhibition was detected using diclofenac whereas using (S)-warfarin resulted in potent inhibition, supporting the presence of dual-binding sites in the relatively large CYP2C9 active site cavity.These observations provided further insights into explaining the reported ineffective inactivation of CYP2C9 for the pan-CYP inactivator 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT). Mechanistic reversible and time-dependent inhibition experiments revealed that the ineffective CYP2C9 inactivation by ABT was also probe-dependent, with utilization of (S)-warfarin as the probe substrate resulting in more potent CYP2C9 inhibition by ABT compared to diclofenac. Addition of (S)-warfarin to the reversible and time-dependent inhibition experiments between ABT and diclofenac resulted in an attenuation of the inhibitory effects of ABT on CYP2C9-mediated diclofenac metabolism. Molecular docking studies further confirmed that (S)-warfarin and diclofenac preferentially bind in different regions of the CYP2C9 active site, with (S)-warfarin occupying a distal "warfarin-binding pocket" and diclofenac occupying a binding site close to the active heme moiety. ABT preferentially binds in the distal warfarin-binding pocket, supporting that diclofenac is minimally deterred from access to the CYP2C9 active site in the presence of ABT, thus resulting in minimal inactivation. Simultaneously docking of (S)-warfarin and ABT revealed that (S)-warfarin outcompetes ABT for the distal binding site and results in the binding of ABT to the CYP2C9 active site, supporting the observations of potent inactivation of CYP2C9 when (S)-warfarin is the probe substrate.These results highlight that probe selection is crucial when evaluating CYP inhibition potential, and it is recommended that multiple probes be utilized for CYP2C9, similar to the approach routinely employed for CYP3A4. Further, utilization of ABT as a pan-inhibitor of CYP activity for investigational compounds, both in vitro and in vivo, should be accompanied with the understanding that residual CYP-mediated oxidative metabolism could potentially be observed for CYP2C9 substrates and should not necessarily be attributed to non-P450-mediated metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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Noorlander A, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IMCM. Novel testing strategy for prediction of rat biliary excretion of intravenously administered estradiol-17β glucuronide. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:91-102. [PMID: 33159584 PMCID: PMC7811516 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a generic rat physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model that includes a novel testing strategy where active biliary excretion is incorporated using estradiol-17β glucuronide (E217βG) as the model substance. A major challenge was the definition of the scaling factor for the in vitro to in vivo conversion of the PBK-model parameter Vmax. In vitro values for the Vmax and Km for transport of E217βG were found in the literature in four different studies based on experiments with primary rat hepatocytes. The required scaling factor was defined based on fitting the PBK model-based predicted values to reported experimental data on E217βG blood levels and cumulative biliary E217βG excretion. This resulted in a scaling factor of 129 mg protein/g liver. With this scaling factor the PBK model predicted the in vivo data for blood and cumulative biliary E217βG levels with on average of less than 1.8-fold deviation. The study provides a proof of principle on how biliary excretion can be included in a generic PBK model using primary hepatocytes to define the kinetic parameters that describe the biliary excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Noorlander
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Feng B, Pemberton R, Dworakowski W, Ye Z, Zetterberg C, Wang G, Morikawa Y, Kumar S. Evaluation of the Utility of PXB Chimeric Mice for Predicting Human Liver Partitioning of Hepatic Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Transporter Substrates. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:254-264. [PMID: 33376106 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict human liver-to-plasma unbound partition coefficient (Kpuu) is important to estimate unbound liver concentration for drugs that are substrates of hepatic organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP) transporters with asymmetric distribution into the liver relative to plasma. Herein, we explored the utility of PXB chimeric mice with humanized liver that are highly repopulated with human hepatocytes to predict human hepatic disposition of OATP substrates, including rosuvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, valsartan, and repaglinide. In vitro total uptake clearance and transporter-mediated active uptake clearance in C57 mouse hepatocytes were greater than in PXB chimeric mouse hepatocytes for rosuvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, and valsartan. Consistent with in vitro uptake data, enhanced hepatic uptake and resulting total systemic clearance were observed with the above four compounds in severely compromised immune-deficient (SCID) control mice compared with the PXB chimeric mice, which suggest that mouse has a stronger transporter-mediated hepatic uptake than human. In vivo liver-to-plasma Kpuu from PXB chimeric and SCID control mice were also compared, and rosuvastatin and pravastatin Kpuu in SCID mice were more than 10-fold higher than that in PXB chimeric mice, whereas pitavastatin, valsartan, and repaglinide Kpuu in SCID mice were comparable with Kpuu in PXB chimeric mice. Finally, PXB chimeric mouse liver-to-plasma Kpuu values were compared with the reported human Kpuu, and a good correlation was observed as the PXB Kpuu vales were within 3-fold of human Kpuu Our results indicate that PXB mice could be a useful tool to delineate hepatic uptake and enable prediction of human liver-to-plasma Kpuu of hepatic uptake transporter substrates. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We evaluated PXB mouse with humanized liver for its ability to predict human liver disposition of five organic anion-transporting polypeptide transporter substrates. Both in vitro and in vivo data suggest that mouse liver has a stronger transporter-mediated hepatic uptake than the humanized liver in PXB mouse. More importantly, PXB liver-to-plasma unbound partition coefficient (Kpuu) values were compared with the reported human Kpuu, and a good correlation was observed. PXB mice could be a useful tool to project human liver-to-plasma Kpuu of hepatic uptake transporter substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (B.F., R.P., W.D., Z.Y., C.Z., G.W., S.K.) and PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York City, New York (Y.M.)
| | - Rachel Pemberton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (B.F., R.P., W.D., Z.Y., C.Z., G.W., S.K.) and PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York City, New York (Y.M.)
| | - Wojciech Dworakowski
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (B.F., R.P., W.D., Z.Y., C.Z., G.W., S.K.) and PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York City, New York (Y.M.)
| | - Zhengqi Ye
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (B.F., R.P., W.D., Z.Y., C.Z., G.W., S.K.) and PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York City, New York (Y.M.)
| | - Craig Zetterberg
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (B.F., R.P., W.D., Z.Y., C.Z., G.W., S.K.) and PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York City, New York (Y.M.)
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (B.F., R.P., W.D., Z.Y., C.Z., G.W., S.K.) and PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York City, New York (Y.M.)
| | - Yoshio Morikawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (B.F., R.P., W.D., Z.Y., C.Z., G.W., S.K.) and PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York City, New York (Y.M.)
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (B.F., R.P., W.D., Z.Y., C.Z., G.W., S.K.) and PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York City, New York (Y.M.)
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15
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Francis LJ, Houston JB, Hallifax D. Impact of Plasma Protein Binding in Drug Clearance Prediction: A Data Base Analysis of Published Studies and Implications for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:188-201. [PMID: 33355201 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma protein-mediated uptake (PMU) and its effect on clearance (CL) prediction have been studied in various formats; however, a comprehensive analysis of the overall impact of PMU on CL parameters from hepatocyte assays (routinely used for IVIVE) has not previously been performed. The following work collated data reflecting the effect of PMU for 26 compounds with a wide variety of physicochemical, drug, and in vivo CL properties. PMU enhanced the unbound intrinsic clearance in vitro (CLint,u in vitro) beyond that conventionally calculated using fraction unbound and was correlated with the unbound fraction of drug in vitro and in plasma (fup) and absolute unbound intrinsic clearance in vivo (CLint,u in vivo) in both rat and human hepatocytes. PMU appeared to be more important for highly bound (fup < 0.1) and high CLint,u in vivo drugs. These trends were independent of species, assay conditions, ionization, and extended clearance classification system group, although the type of plasma protein used in in vitro assays may require further investigation. Such generalized trends (spanning fup 0.0008-0.99) may suggest a generic mechanism behind PMU; however, multiple drug-dependent mechanisms are also possible. Using the identified relationship between the impact of PMU on CLint,u in vitro and fup, PMU-enhanced predictions of CLint,u in vivo were calculated for both transporter substrates and metabolically cleared drugs. PMU was accurately predicted, and incorporation of predicted PMU improved the IVIVE of hepatic CL, with an average fold error of 1.17 and >50% of compounds predicted within a 2-fold error for both rat and human data sets (n ≥ 100). SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Current strategies for prediction of hepatic clearance from in vitro data are recognized to be inaccurate, but they do not account for PMU. The impact of PMU on CLint,u in vitro is wide ranging and can be predicted based on fraction unbound in plasma and applied to CLint,u in vitro values obtained by standard procedures in the absence of plasma protein. Such PMU-enhanced predictions improved IVIVE, and future studies may easily incorporate this PMU relationship to provide more accurate IVIVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Francis
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J B Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - D Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Li N, Badrinarayanan A, Ishida K, Li X, Roberts J, Wang S, Hayashi M, Gupta A. Albumin-Mediated Uptake Improves Human Clearance Prediction for Hepatic Uptake Transporter Substrates Aiding a Mechanistic In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation (IVIVE) Strategy in Discovery Research. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 23:1. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Meyer MJ, Tuerkova A, Römer S, Wenzel C, Seitz T, Gaedcke J, Oswald S, Brockmöller J, Zdrazil B, Tzvetkov MV. Differences in Metformin and Thiamine Uptake between Human and Mouse Organic Cation Transporter 1: Structural Determinants and Potential Consequences for Intrahepatic Concentrations. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1380-1392. [PMID: 33037045 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly used oral antidiabetic drug, metformin, is a substrate of the hepatic uptake transporter OCT1 (gene name SLC22A1). However, OCT1 deficiency leads to more pronounced reductions of metformin concentrations in mouse than in human liver. Similarly, the effects of OCT1 deficiency on the pharmacokinetics of thiamine were reported to differ between human and mouse. Here, we compared the uptake characteristics of metformin and thiamine between human and mouse OCT1 using stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The affinity for metformin was 4.9-fold lower in human than in mouse OCT1, resulting in a 6.5-fold lower intrinsic clearance. Therefore, the estimated liver-to-blood partition coefficient is only 3.34 in human compared with 14.4 in mouse and may contribute to higher intrahepatic concentrations in mice. Similarly, the affinity for thiamine was 9.5-fold lower in human than in mouse OCT1. Using human-mouse chimeric OCT1, we showed that simultaneous substitution of transmembrane helices TMH2 and TMH3 resulted in the reversal of affinity for metformin. Using homology modeling, we suggest several explanations, of which a different interaction of Leu155 (human TMH2) compared with Val156 (mouse TMH2) with residues in TMH3 had the strongest experimental support. In conclusion, the contribution of human OCT1 to the cellular uptake of thiamine and especially of metformin may be much lower than that of mouse OCT1. This may lead to an overestimation of the effects of OCT1 on hepatic concentrations in humans when using mouse as a model. In addition, comparative analyses of human and mouse orthologs may help reveal mechanisms of OCT1 transport. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: OCT1 is a major hepatic uptake transporter of metformin and thiamine, but this study reports strong differences in the affinity for both compounds between human and mouse OCT1. Consequently, intrahepatic metformin concentrations could be much higher in mice than in humans, impacting metformin actions and representing a strong limitation of using rodent animal models for predictions of OCT1-related pharmacokinetics and efficacy in humans. Furthermore, OCT1 transmembrane helices TMH2 and TMH3 were identified to confer the observed species-specific differences in metformin affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen J Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (M.J.M., S.R., C.W., S.O., M.V.T.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.T., B.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery (J.G.) and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S., J.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alzbeta Tuerkova
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (M.J.M., S.R., C.W., S.O., M.V.T.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.T., B.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery (J.G.) and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S., J.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Römer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (M.J.M., S.R., C.W., S.O., M.V.T.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.T., B.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery (J.G.) and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S., J.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wenzel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (M.J.M., S.R., C.W., S.O., M.V.T.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.T., B.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery (J.G.) and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S., J.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tina Seitz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (M.J.M., S.R., C.W., S.O., M.V.T.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.T., B.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery (J.G.) and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S., J.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Gaedcke
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (M.J.M., S.R., C.W., S.O., M.V.T.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.T., B.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery (J.G.) and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S., J.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (M.J.M., S.R., C.W., S.O., M.V.T.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.T., B.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery (J.G.) and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S., J.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (M.J.M., S.R., C.W., S.O., M.V.T.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.T., B.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery (J.G.) and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S., J.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (M.J.M., S.R., C.W., S.O., M.V.T.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.T., B.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery (J.G.) and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S., J.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mladen V Tzvetkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (M.J.M., S.R., C.W., S.O., M.V.T.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.T., B.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery (J.G.) and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S., J.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Price RJ, Scott MP, Cantrill C, Higgins LG, Moreau M, Yoon M, Clewell HJ, Creek MR, Osimitz TG, Houston JB, Lake BG. Kinetics of metabolism of deltamethrin and cis- and trans-permethrin in vitro. Studies using rat and human liver microsomes, isolated rat hepatocytes and rat liver cytosol. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:40-50. [PMID: 32757971 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1807075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of metabolism of deltamethrin (DLM) and cis- and trans-permethrin (CPM and TPM) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rat and human liver microsomes. DLM metabolism kinetics was also studied in isolated rat hepatocytes, liver microsomes and cytosol. Apparent intrinsic clearance (CLint) values for the metabolism of DLM, CPM and TPM by cytochrome P450 (CYP) and carboxylesterase (CES) enzymes in rat and human liver microsomes decreased with increasing microsomal protein concentration. However, when apparent CLint values were corrected for nonspecific binding to allow calculation of unbound (i.e., corrected) CLint values, the unbound values did not vary greatly with microsomal protein concentration. Unbound CLint values for metabolism of 0.05-1 μM DLM in rat liver microsomes (CYP and CES enzymes) and cytosol (CES enzymes) were not significantly different from rates of DLM metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. This study demonstrates that the nonspecific binding of these highly lipophilic compounds needs to be taken into account in order to obtain accurate estimates of rates of in vitro metabolism of these pyrethroids. While DLM is rapidly metabolised in vitro, the hepatocyte membrane does not appear to represent a barrier to the absorption and hence subsequent hepatic metabolism of this pyrethroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Price
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Mary P Scott
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Carina Cantrill
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Larry G Higgins
- Concept Life Sciences (formerly CXR Biosciences Ltd.), Dundee, UK
| | | | - Miyoung Yoon
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Moire R Creek
- Moire Creek Toxicology Consulting Services, Lincoln, CA, USA
| | | | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian G Lake
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
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Li N, Badrinarayanan A, Li X, Roberts J, Hayashi M, Virk M, Gupta A. Comparison of In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation Approaches for Predicting Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Clearance Using Suspended Rat Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:861-872. [PMID: 32759366 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance (CL) prediction remains a significant challenge in drug discovery, especially when complex processes such as drug transporters are involved. The present work explores various in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approaches to predict hepatic CL driven by uptake transporters in rat. Broadly, two different IVIVE methods using suspended rat hepatocytes were compared: initial uptake CL (PSu,inf) and intrinsic metabolic CL (CLint,met) corrected by unbound hepatocytes to medium partition coefficient (Kpuu). Kpuu was determined by temperature method (Temp Kpuu,ss), homogenization method (Hom Kpuu,ss), and initial rate method (Kpuu,V0). In addition, the impact of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on each of these methods was investigated. Twelve compounds, which are known substrates of organic anion-transporting polypeptides representing diverse chemical matter, were selected for these studies. As expected, CLint,met alone significantly underestimated hepatic CL for all the test compounds. Overall, predicted hepatic CL using PSu,inf with BSA, Hom Kpuu,ss with BSA, and Temp Kpuu,ss showed the most robust correlation with in vivo rat hepatic CL. Adding BSA improved hepatic CL prediction for selected compounds when using the PSu,inf and Hom Kpuu,ss methods, with minimal impact on the Temp Kpuu,ss and Kpuu,V0 methods. None of the IVIVE approaches required an empirical scaling factor. These results suggest that supplementing rat hepatocyte suspension with BSA may be essential in drug discovery research for novel chemical matters to improve CL prediction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The current investigation demonstrates that hepatocyte uptake assay supplemented with 4% bovine serum albumin is a valuable tool for estimating unbound hepatic uptake clearance (CL) and Kpuu. Based upon the extended clearance concept, direct extrapolation from these in vitro parameters significantly improved the overall hepatic CL prediction for organic anion-transporting polypeptide substrates in rat. This study provides a practical in vitro to in vivo extrapolation strategy for predicting transporter-mediated hepatic CL in early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Akshay Badrinarayanan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xingwen Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - John Roberts
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mike Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Manpreet Virk
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anshul Gupta
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Riccardi K, Ryu S, Tess D, Li R, Luo L, Johnson N, Jordan S, Patel R, Di L. Comparison of Fraction Unbound Between Liver Homogenate and Hepatocytes at 4°C. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:91. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Quantitative analysis of the effect of controlled-release formulation on nonlinear gastrointestinal absorption of P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol using physiologically based pharmacokinetic absorption model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Chang JH, Chen YC, Cheong J, Jones RS, Pang J. Investigating the Impact of Albumin on the Liver Uptake of Pitavastatin and Warfarin in Nagase Analbuminemic Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1307-1313. [PMID: 31492695 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin has been suggested to enhance the hepatic uptake of organic anion-transporting polypeptide (Oatp) substrates in various in vitro as well as liver perfusion models. However, it is not known whether the interplay between albumin and Oatp substrates is an experimental artifact or if this interaction occurs in vivo. The objective of this work was to investigate the hepatic uptake of warfarin and pitavastatin, which are both extensively bound to albumin but only pitavastatin being an Oatp substrate. Experiments were conducted in Nagase analbuminemic rats (NAR) which exhibit reduced albumin levels compared with F344 (wild type, WT). The fraction unbound (f u) was 140- and 10-fold greater in NAR plasma for warfarin and pitavastatin, respectively, whereas no meaningful differences were observed with tissue binding. In vitro, pitavastatin uptake into hepatocytes reconstituted in WT plasma was 17- and 3-fold greater than when reconstituted in buffer or NAR plasma, respectively. In vivo, the free tissue-to-free plasma ratios (K p,u,u) from brain and liver in intact WT and NAR were not significantly different for warfarin. Contrarily, liver K p,u,u of pitavastatin was 6-fold higher in WT animals, which corresponded to a 2.3-fold reduction in free plasma and 2.6-fold increase in free liver exposure. These results suggest that the enhanced hepatic uptake by albumin is not necessarily an experimental artifact but is also a relevant phenomenon in vivo. This work raises the possibility that other plasma proteins may also effect the function of additional drug transporters, and that modulating plasma protein binding may exhibit meaningful clinical relevance in the disposition of drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The interplay between albumin and Oatp substrates has been reported in hepatocytes and in liver perfusion studies, but the in vivo relevance of this interaction has yet to be elucidated. Using NAR and its corresponding WT animal, this study demonstrates that albumin may indeed enhance the hepatic uptake of pitavastatin in intact animals. In vivo demonstration of this interplay not only provides further justification for continued investigation into this particular mechanism but also raises the possibility that other plasma proteins may affect additional drug transporters and that modulating plasma protein binding may exhibit meaningful clinical relevance in the disposition of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae H Chang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Robert S Jones
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jodie Pang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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Liang RF, Ge WJ, Song XM, Zhang JP, Cui WF, Zhang SF, Li GS. Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides and organic cation transporter in the hepatic uptake of jatrorrhizine. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:479-487. [PMID: 31368836 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1651921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Jatrorrhizine possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. However, the mechanism underlying hepatic uptake of jatrorrhizine remains unclear.Rat liver slices, isolated rat hepatocytes and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells stably expressing human organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) and organic cation transporter (OCT) were used to evaluate the hepatic uptake of jatrorrhizine in this study.Uptake of jatrorrhizine in rat liver slices and isolated rat hepatocytes was significantly inhibited by glycyrrhizic acid (Oatp1b2 inhibitor) and prazosin (Oct1 inhibitor), but not by ibuprofen (Oatp1a1 inhibitor) or digoxin (Oatp1a4 inhibitor). Uptake of jatrorrhizine in OATP1B3 and OCT1-HEK293 cells indicated a saturable process with the Km of 8.20 ± 1.28 and 4.94 ± 0.55 μM, respectively. However, the transcellular transport of jatrorrhizine in OATP1B1-HEK293 cells was not observed. Rifampicin (OATP inhibitor) for OATP1B3-HEK293 cells and prazosin for OCT1-HEK293 cells could inhibit the uptake of jatrorrhizine with the IC50 of 5.49 ± 1.05 and 2.77 ± 0.72 μM, respectively.The above data indicate that hepatic uptake of jatrorrhizine is involved in both OATP and OCT, which may have important roles in jatrorrhizine liver disposition and potential drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jing Ge
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xian-Mei Song
- Department of Immunology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei-Feng Cui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - She-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Geng-Sheng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Franchetti Y, Nolin TD. Simultaneous Assessment of Hepatic Transport and Metabolism Pathways with a Single Probe Using Individualized PBPK Modeling of 14CO 2 Production Rate Data. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:151-161. [PMID: 31399494 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythromycin is a substrate of cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) and multiple drug transporters. Although clinical evidence suggests that uptake transport is likely to play a dominant role in erythromycin's disposition, the relative contributions of individual pathways are unclear. Phenotypic evaluation of multiple pathways generally requires a probe drug cocktail. This approach can result in ambiguous conclusions due to imprecision stemming from overlapping specificity of multiple drugs. We hypothesized that an individualized physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approach incorporating 14CO2 production rates (iPBPK-R) of the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT) would enable us to differentiate the contribution of metabolic and transporter pathways to erythromycin disposition. A seven-compartmental physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was built for 14C-erythromycin administered intravenously. Transporter clearance and CYP3A4 clearance were embedded in hepatic compartments. 14CO2 production rates were simulated taking the first derivative of by-product 14CO2 concentrations. Parameters related to nonrenal elimination pathways were estimated by model fitting the ERMBT data of 12 healthy subjects individually. Optimized iPBPK-R models fit the individual rate data well. Using one probe, nine PBPK parameters were simultaneously estimated per individual. Maximum velocity of uptake transport, CYP3A4 clearance, total passive diffusion, and others were found to collectively control 14CO2 production rates. The median CYP3A4 clearance was 12.2% of the input clearance. Male subjects had lower CYP3A4 activity than female subjects by 11.3%. We applied iPBPK-R to ERMBT data to distinguish and simultaneously estimate the activity of multiple nonrenal elimination pathways in healthy subjects. The iPBPK-R framework is a novel tool for delineating rate-limiting and non-rate-limiting elimination pathways using a single probe. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our developed individualized physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approach incorporating rate data (iPBPK-R) enabled us to distinguish and simultaneously estimate the activity of multiple nonrenal elimination pathways of erythromycin in healthy subjects. A new interpretation of erythromycin breath test (ERMBT) data was also obtained via iPBPK-R. We found that rate data have rich information allowing estimation of per-person PBPK parameters. This study serves as proof of principle that the iPBPK-R framework is a novel tool for delineating rate-limiting and non-rate-limiting elimination pathways using a single probe. iPBPK-R can be applied to other rate-derived data beyond ERMBT. Potential areas of application include drug-drug interaction, pathophysiological effects on drug disposition, and the role of biomarkers on hemodialysis efficiency utilizing estimated adjustment factors with correlation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Franchetti
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Y.F.) and Pharmacy and Therapeutics (T.D.N.), Center of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas D Nolin
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Y.F.) and Pharmacy and Therapeutics (T.D.N.), Center of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Wang Z, Yang H, Xu J, Zhao K, Chen Y, Liang L, Li P, Chen N, Geng D, Zhang X, Liu X, Liu L. Prediction of Atorvastatin Pharmacokinetics in High-Fat Diet and Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Using a Semiphysiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Involving Both Enzymes and Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1066-1079. [PMID: 31399507 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3a (CYP3a), organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), breast cancer-resistance protein (BCRP), and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). We aimed to develop a semiphysiologically based pharmacokinetic (semi-PBPK) model involving both enzyme and transporters for predicting the contributions of altered function and expression of CYP3a and transporters to atorvastatin transport in diabetic rats by combining high-fat diet feeding and low-dose streptozotocin injection. Atorvastatin metabolism and transport parameters comes from in situ intestinal perfusion, primary hepatocytes, and intestinal or hepatic microsomes. We estimated the expressions and functions of these proteins and their contributions. Diabetes increased the expression of hepatic CYP3a, OATP1b2, and P-gp but decreased the expression of intestinal CYP3a, OATP1a5, and P-gp. The expression and function of intestinal BCRP were significantly decreased in 10-day diabetic rats but increased in 22-day diabetic rats. Based on alterations in CYP3a and transporters by diabetes, the developed semi-PBPK model was successfully used to predict atorvastatin pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous doses to rats. Contributions to oral atorvastatin PK were intestinal OATP1a5 < intestinal P-gp < intestinal CYP3a < hepatic CYP3a < hepatic OATP1b2 < intestinal BRCP. Contributions of decreased expression and function of intestinal CYP3a and P-gp by diabetes to oral atorvastatin plasma exposure were almost attenuated by increased expression and function of hepatic CYP3a and OATP1b2. Opposite alterations in oral plasma atorvastatin exposure in 10- and 22-day diabetic rats may be explained by altered intestinal BCRP. In conclusion, the altered atorvastatin pharmacokinetics by diabetes was the synergistic effects of altered intestinal or hepatic CYP3a and transporters and could be predicted using the developed semi-PBPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiong Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaijing Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Limin Liang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Donghao Geng
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangping Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Carter SJ, Ferecskó AS, King L, Ménochet K, Parton T, Chappell MJ. A mechanistic modelling approach for the determination of the mechanisms of inhibition by cyclosporine on the uptake and metabolism of atorvastatin in rat hepatocytes using a high throughput uptake method. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:415-426. [PMID: 31389297 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1652781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Determine the inhibition mechanism through which cyclosporine inhibits the uptake and metabolism of atorvastatin in fresh rat hepatocytes using mechanistic models applied to data generated using a high throughput oil spin method.Atorvastatin was incubated in fresh rat hepatocytes (0.05-150 nmol/ml) with or without 20 min pre-incubation with 10 nmol/ml cyclosporine and sampled over 0.25-60 min using a high throughput oil spin method. Micro-rate constant and macro-rate constant mechanistic models were ranked based on goodness of fit values.The best fitting model to the data was a micro-rate constant mechanistic model including non-competitive inhibition of uptake and competitive inhibition of metabolism by cyclosporine (Model 2). The association rate constant for atorvastatin was 150-fold greater than the dissociation rate constant and 10-fold greater than the translocation into the cell. The association and dissociation rate constants for cyclosporine were 7-fold smaller and 10-fold greater, respectively, than atorvastatin. The simulated atorvastatin-transporter-cyclosporine complex derived using the micro-rate constant parameter estimates increased in line with the incubation concentration of atorvastatin.The increased amount of data generated with the high throughput oil spin method, combined with a micro-rate constant mechanistic model helps to explain the inhibition of uptake by cyclosporine following pre-incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Carter
- Biomedical and Biological Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Chappell
- Biomedical and Biological Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Tátrai P, Schweigler P, Poller B, Domange N, de Wilde R, Hanna I, Gáborik Z, Huth F. A Systematic In Vitro Investigation of the Inhibitor Preincubation Effect on Multiple Classes of Clinically Relevant Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:768-778. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Filppula AM, Parvizi R, Mateus A, Baranczewski P, Artursson P. Improved predictions of time-dependent drug-drug interactions by determination of cytosolic drug concentrations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5850. [PMID: 30971754 PMCID: PMC6458156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical impact of drug-drug interactions based on time-dependent inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 has often been overpredicted, likely due to use of improper inhibitor concentration estimates at the enzyme. Here, we investigated if use of cytosolic unbound inhibitor concentrations could improve predictions of time-dependent drug-drug interactions. First, we assessed the inhibitory effects of ten time-dependent CYP3A inhibitors on midazolam 1′-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes. Then, using a novel method, we determined the cytosolic bioavailability of the inhibitors in human hepatocytes, and used the obtained values to calculate their concentrations at the active site of the enzyme, i.e. the cytosolic unbound concentrations. Finally, we combined the data in mechanistic static predictions, by considering different combinations of inhibitor concentrations in intestine and liver, including hepatic concentrations corrected for cytosolic bioavailability. The results were then compared to clinical data. Compared to no correction, correction for cytosolic bioavailability resulted in higher accuracy and precision, generally in line with those obtained by more demanding modelling. The best predictions were obtained when the inhibition of hepatic CYP3A was based on unbound maximal inhibitor concentrations corrected for cytosolic bioavailability. Our findings suggest that cytosolic unbound inhibitor concentrations improves predictions of time-dependent drug-drug interactions for CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Filppula
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Rezvan Parvizi
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - André Mateus
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pawel Baranczewski
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacy and SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, ADME of Therapeutics facility, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Pharmacy and SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, ADME of Therapeutics facility, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Characterization of non-radiolabeled Thyroxine (T 4) uptake in cryopreserved rat hepatocyte suspensions: Pharmacokinetic implications for PFOA and PFOS chemical exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:230-238. [PMID: 30930230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The alteration of thyroxine (T4) cellular uptake by an environmental chemical can serve as a contributing factor in thyroid hormone (TH) disruption. Herein, we describe a non-radiolabeled (LC-MS/MS) oil-filtration technique designed to characterize the mechanism(s) responsible for T4 cellular uptake in cryopreserved rat hepatocyte suspensions. The environmental chemicals perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were evaluated for their effect on T4 hepatic uptake. At 37 °C, hepatic assays demonstrated saturable kinetics with increasing T4 concentrations, while a linear uptake rate consistent with passive diffusion was detected at 4 °C. Carrier-mediated (37-4 °C) transport of T4 was the predominant hepatic uptake process versus passive diffusion. Cyclosporin A (CsA) chemically inhibited T4 hepatic uptake, whereas PFOA/PFOS displayed no inhibition of T4 translocation. Increasing PFOA/PFOS concentration levels with the T4 serum carrier-protein transthyretin (TTR) present resulted in a dose-response increase in T4 hepatic uptake rates, correlating with increased T4 free fraction values. Hepatic assays conducted in the presence of PFOA/PFOS and TTR displayed an enhanced first-order T4 hepatic uptake rate consistent with carrier-mediated transport. These in vitro findings characterizing increased T4 hepatic uptake provides mechanistic insight regarding decreased T4 serum levels (hypothyroxinemia) previously observed within in vivo rodent studies following perfluorinated chemical exposure.
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Li Z, Di L, Maurer TS. Theoretical Considerations for Direct Translation of Unbound Liver-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient from In Vitro to In Vivo. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:43. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bowman CM, Okochi H, Benet LZ. The Presence of a Transporter-Induced Protein Binding Shift: A New Explanation for Protein-Facilitated Uptake and Improvement for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:358-363. [PMID: 30674616 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately predicting hepatic clearance is an integral part of the drug-development process, and yet current in vitro to in vivo (IVIVE) extrapolation methods yield poor predictions, particularly for highly protein-bound transporter substrates. Explanations for error include inaccuracies in protein-binding measurements and the lack of recognition of protein-facilitated uptake, where both unbound and bound drug may be cleared, violating the principles of the widely accepted free drug theory. A new explanation for protein-facilitated uptake is proposed here, called a transporter-induced protein binding shift High-affinity binding to cell-membrane proteins may change the equilibrium of the nonspecific binding between drugs and plasma proteins, leading to greater cellular uptake and clearance than currently predicted. The uptake of two lower protein-binding organic anion transporting polypeptide substrates (pravastatin and rosuvastatin) and two higher binding substrates (atorvastatin and pitavastatin) were measured in rat hepatocytes in incubations with protein-free buffer versus 100% plasma. Decreased unbound K m values and increased intrinsic clearance values were seen in the plasma incubations for the highly bound compounds, supporting the new hypothesis and mitigating the IVIVE underprediction previously seen for highly bound transporter substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Bowman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Hideaki Okochi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Matsunaga N, Ufuk A, Morse BL, Bedwell DW, Bao J, Mohutsky MA, Hillgren KM, Hall SD, Houston JB, Galetin A. Hepatic Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide-Mediated Clearance in the Beagle Dog: Assessing In Vitro-In Vivo Relationships and Applying Cross-Species Empirical Scaling Factors to Improve Prediction of Human Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:215-226. [PMID: 30593544 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the beagle dog was evaluated as a preclinical model to investigate organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-mediated hepatic clearance. In vitro studies were performed with nine OATP substrates in three lots of plated male dog hepatocytes ± OATP inhibitor cocktail to determine total uptake clearance (CLuptake) and total and unbound cell-to-medium concentration ratio (Kpuu). In vivo intrinsic hepatic clearances (CLint,H) were determined following intravenous drug administration (0.1 mg/kg) in male beagle dogs. The in vitro parameters were compared with those previously reported in plated human, monkey, and rat hepatocytes; the ability of cross-species scaling factors to improve prediction of human in vivo clearance was assessed. CLuptake in dog hepatocytes ranged from 9.4 to 135 µl/min/106 cells for fexofenadine and telmisartan, respectively. Active process contributed >75% to CLuptake for 5/9 drugs. Rosuvastatin and valsartan showed Kpuu > 10, whereas cerivastatin, pitavastatin, repaglinide, and telmisartan had Kpuu < 5. The extent of hepatocellular binding in dog was consistent with other preclinical species and humans. The bias (2.73-fold) obtained from comparison of predicted versus in vivo dog CLint,H was applied as an average empirical scaling factor (ESFav) for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of human CLint,H The ESFav based on dog reduced underprediction of human CLint,H for the same data set (geometric mean fold error = 2.1), highlighting its utility as a preclinical model to investigate OATP-mediated uptake. The ESFav from all preclinical species resulted in comparable improvement of human clearance prediction, in contrast to drug-specific empirical scalars, rationalized by species differences in expression and/or relative contribution of particular transporters to drug hepatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Matsunaga
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Ayşe Ufuk
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Bridget L Morse
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - David W Bedwell
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Jingqi Bao
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Michael A Mohutsky
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Kathleen M Hillgren
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Stephen D Hall
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
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Guo Y, Chu X, Parrott NJ, Brouwer KL, Hsu V, Nagar S, Matsson P, Sharma P, Snoeys J, Sugiyama Y, Tatosian D, Unadkat JD, Huang SM, Galetin A. Advancing Predictions of Tissue and Intracellular Drug Concentrations Using In Vitro, Imaging and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approaches. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:865-889. [PMID: 30059145 PMCID: PMC6197917 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This white paper examines recent progress, applications, and challenges in predicting unbound and total tissue and intra/subcellular drug concentrations using in vitro and preclinical models, imaging techniques, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Published examples, regulatory submissions, and case studies illustrate the application of different types of data in drug development to support modeling and decision making for compounds with transporter-mediated disposition, and likely disconnects between tissue and systemic drug exposure. The goals of this article are to illustrate current best practices and outline practical strategies for selecting appropriate in vitro and in vivo experimental methods to estimate or predict tissue and plasma concentrations, and to use these data in the application of PBPK modeling for human pharmacokinetic (PK), efficacy, and safety assessment in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- Investigational Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, DC0714, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; Tel: 317-277-4324
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA; 732-594-0977
| | - Neil J. Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kim L.R. Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7569 Kerr Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA; Tel: (919) 962-7030
| | - Vicky Hsu
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; 301-796-1541
| | - Swati Nagar
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia PA 19140, USA; 215-707-9110
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden +46-(0)18-471 46 30
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium; Tel: +32-14606812
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Tel: (045) 506-1814
| | - Daniel Tatosian
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA; 908-464-2375
| | - Jashvant D. Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; 206-685-2869
| | - Shiew-Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; 301-796-1541
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; + 44-161-275-6886
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Fischer FC, Abele C, Droge STJ, Henneberger L, König M, Schlichting R, Scholz S, Escher BI. Cellular Uptake Kinetics of Neutral and Charged Chemicals in in Vitro Assays Measured by Fluorescence Microscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:646-657. [PMID: 29939727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake kinetics are key for understanding time-dependent chemical exposure in in vitro cell assays. Slow cellular uptake kinetics in relation to the total exposure time can considerably reduce the biologically effective dose. In this study, fluorescence microscopy combined with automated image analysis was applied for time-resolved quantification of cellular uptake of 10 neutral, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic fluorophores in two reporter gene assays. The chemical fluorescence in the medium remained relatively constant during the 24-h assay duration, emphasizing that the proteins and lipids in the fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented to the assay medium represent a large reservoir of reversibly bound chemicals with the potential to compensate for chemical depletion by cell uptake, growth, and sorption to well materials. Hence FBS plays a role in stabilizing the cellular dose in a similar way as polymer-based passive dosing, here we term this process as serum-mediated passive dosing (SMPD). Neutral chemicals accumulated in the cells up to 12 times faster than charged chemicals. Increasing medium FBS concentrations accelerated uptake due to FBS-facilitated transport but led to lower cellular concentrations as a result of increased sorption to medium proteins and lipids. In vitro cell exposure results from the interaction of several extra- and intracellular processes, leading to variable and time-dependent exposure between different chemicals and assay setups. The medium FBS plays a crucial role for the thermodynamic equilibria as well as for the cellular uptake kinetics, hence influencing exposure. However, quantification of cellular exposure by an area under the curve (AUC) analysis illustrated that, for the evaluated bioassay setup, current in vitro exposure models that assume instantaneous equilibrium between medium and cells still reflect a realistic exposure because the AUC was typically reduced less than 20% compared to the cellular dose that would result from instantaneous equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C Fischer
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Cedric Abele
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Steven T J Droge
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Luise Henneberger
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Maria König
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Rita Schlichting
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany.,Environmental Toxicology, Centre for Applied Geoscience , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , 72074 Tübingen , Germany
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De Bruyn T, Ufuk A, Cantrill C, Kosa RE, Bi YA, Niosi M, Modi S, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM, Varma MVS, Galetin A, Houston JB. Predicting Human Clearance of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Substrates Using Cynomolgus Monkey: In Vitro–In Vivo Scaling of Hepatic Uptake Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:989-1000. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Treyer A, Mateus A, Wiśniewski JR, Boriss H, Matsson P, Artursson P. Intracellular Drug Bioavailability: Effect of Neutral Lipids and Phospholipids. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2224-2233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Treyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - André Mateus
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Jacek R Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | | | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform (SciLifelab DDD-P), Uppsala 75123, Sweden
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
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Keemink J, Deferm N, De Bruyn T, Augustijns P, Bouillon T, Annaert P. Effect of Cryopreservation on Enzyme and Transporter Activities in Suspended and Sandwich Cultured Rat Hepatocytes. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:33. [PMID: 29468289 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Freshly-isolated rat hepatocytes are commonly used as tools for hepatic drug disposition. From an ethical point of view, it is important to maximize the use of isolated hepatocytes by cryopreservation. The present study compared overall hepatocyte functionality as well as activity of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (Ugt1), in in vitro models established with cryopreserved and freshly-isolated hepatocytes. A similar culture time-dependent decline in cellular functionality, as assessed by urea production, was observed in sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) obtained from freshly-isolated and cryopreserved cells. Concentration-dependent uptake kinetics of the Oatp substrate sodium fluorescein in suspended hepatocytes (SH) or SCH were not significantly affected by cryopreservation. Mrp2-mediated biliary excretion of 5 (and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein by SCH was assessed with semi-quantitative fluorescence imaging: biliary excretion index values increased between day 3 and day 4, but did not differ significantly between cryopreserved and freshly-isolated hepatocytes. Finally, telmisartan disposition was evaluated in SCH to simultaneously explore Oatp, Ugt1, and Mrp2 activity. In order to distinguish between the susceptibilities of the individual disposition pathways to cryopreservation, a mechanistic cellular disposition model was developed. Basolateral and canalicular efflux as well as glucuronidation of telmisartan were affected by cryopreservation. In contrast, the disposition parameters of telmisartan-glucuronide were not impacted by cryopreservation. Overall, the relative contribution of the rate-determining processes (uptake, metabolism, efflux) remained unaltered between cryopreserved and freshly-isolated hepatocytes, indicating that cryopreserved hepatocytes are a suitable alternative for freshly-isolated hepatocytes when studying these cellular disposition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Keemink
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Gasthuisberg O&N2 Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neel Deferm
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Gasthuisberg O&N2 Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom De Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Gasthuisberg O&N2 Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Gasthuisberg O&N2 Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Bouillon
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Gasthuisberg O&N2 Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Gasthuisberg O&N2 Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Chen L, Yang H, Yu C, Yuan M, Li H. High hepatic exposure of furanocoumarins in Radix Angelica dahuricae is associated with transporter mediated active uptake. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 212:74-85. [PMID: 29055720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Angelica dahuricae (RAD), the roots of Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been used for centuries to treat headaches, toothaches, nose congestion, abscesses, furunculoses, and acne. This herb is also one of frequently reported TCMs showing the herb-drug interaction potential. Furanocoumarins are main bioactive components of RAD. AIM OF THE STUDY This study is designed to characterize the tissue distribution profiles of furanocoumarins after oral administration of RAD extract in rats and to explore the mechanism underlying the high hepatic exposure of the major furanocoumarins. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tissue distribution of nine furanocoumarins was determined in rats after an oral dose of 0.46g/kg RAD extract using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Unbound fractions (ƒu) of major furanocoumarins, including imperatorin (IM), isoimperatorin (IIM), bergapten (BER) and oxypeucedanin hydrate (OXYH), were measured in rat plasma and selected tissue homogenates (liver, kidney, lung and brain) with Rapid Equilibrium Dialysis (RED) method. The temperature dependent hepatic uptake of IM, IIM, BER and OXYH were evaluated in suspended rat primary hepatocytes at 4°C or 37°C by the oil-spin method. The uptake kinetics was conducted in the cells over a wide concentration range. The furanocoumarins were co-incubated with a panel of transporter inhibitors to investigate the involvement of uptake transporters in the hepatic uptake. The transcellular transport characteristics of IM, IIM, BER and OXYH were further assessed using Caco-2 cell monolayer model. RESULTS IM, IIM, BER and OXYH were found to be the major bioactive furanocoumarins in rat plasma and tissues, representing more than 90% exposure for all the detected furanocoumarins. The most concentrative organ of major furanocoumarins was the liver, with liver-to-plasma exposure ratio (Kp,AUC) of 5.1, 6.5 and 4.7 for IM, IIM and BER, and 2.3 for OXYH, respectively. IM, IIM and BER also showed higher concentrations in the kidney with Kp above 2.2. The higher protein binding of the furanocoumarins partially contributed to their higher tissue exposure. In suspended rat primary hepatocyte, the hepatic uptake of IM, IIM, BER and OXYH was temperature-dependent, with considerably higher uptake at 37°C than at 4°C. Uptake kinetics indicated that the hepatic uptake of IM, IIM, BER and OXYH involved both active transport and passive diffusion processes. For IM, IIM and BER, the contribution of the active transport was greater than the passive process, with the CLactive/CLuptake > 72%. Ritonavir (RTN) and cyclosporine A (CsA), the known inhibitors of organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) significantly inhibited the hepatic uptake of IM and BER, while the inhibitor of the organic anion transporters (Oat) probenecid (PBC) remarkably reduced IIM uptake. In the Caco-2 cell model, the furanocoumarins were highly permeable in the apical to basolateral direction without notable active efflux. CONCLUSION The furanocoumarins rapidly and widely distributed into various tissues after oral dose of the RAD extract. IM, IIM, BER and OXYH were the major components detected in both plasma and tissues. Liver was the most distributed tissue of the total and free furanocoumarins. Non-specific protein binding contributed partially to the higher tissue exposures of these bioactive components. The Oatp and Oat mediated active uptake played the primal role in the high hepatic exposure of the furanocoumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, 100850 Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850 Beijing, China.
| | - Haiying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, 100850 Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850 Beijing, China.
| | - Chenchen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, 100850 Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850 Beijing, China.
| | - Mei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, 100850 Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850 Beijing, China.
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, 100850 Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850 Beijing, China.
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Harrison J, De Bruyn T, Darwich AS, Houston JB. Simultaneous Assessment In Vitro of Transporter and Metabolic Processes in Hepatic Drug Clearance: Use of a Media Loss Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:405-414. [PMID: 29439129 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte drug depletion-time assays are well established for determination of metabolic clearance in vitro. The present study focuses on the refinement and evaluation of a "media loss" assay, an adaptation of the conventional depletion assay involving centrifugation of hepatocytes prior to sampling, allowing estimation of uptake in addition to metabolism. Using experimental procedures consistent with a high throughput, a selection of 12 compounds with a range of uptake and metabolism characteristics (atorvastatin, cerivastatin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, indinavir, pitavastatin, repaglinide, rosuvastatin, saquinavir, and valsartan, with two control compounds-midazolam and tolbutamide) were investigated in the presence and absence of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole and organic anion transporter protein inhibitor rifamycin SV in rat hepatocytes. Data were generated simultaneously for a given drug, and provided, through the use of a mechanistic cell model, clearance terms characterizing metabolism, active and passive uptake, together with intracellular binding and partitioning parameters. Results were largely consistent with the particular drug characteristics, with active uptake, passive diffusion, and metabolic clearances ranging between 0.4 and 777, 3 and 383, and 2 and 236 μl/min per milligram protein, respectively. The same experiments provided total and unbound drug cellular partition coefficients ranging between 3.8 and 254 and 2.3 and 8.3, respectively, and intracellular unbound fractions between 0.014 and 0.263. Following in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, the lowest prediction bias was noted using uptake clearance, compared with metabolic clearance or apparent clearance from the media loss assay alone. This approach allows rapid and comprehensive characterization of hepatocyte drug disposition valuable for prediction of hepatic processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harrison
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.H., T.D.B., A.S.D., J.B.H.) and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - Tom De Bruyn
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.H., T.D.B., A.S.D., J.B.H.) and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - Adam S Darwich
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.H., T.D.B., A.S.D., J.B.H.) and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.H., T.D.B., A.S.D., J.B.H.) and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
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40
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Wood FL, Houston JB, Hallifax D. Importance of the Unstirred Water Layer and Hepatocyte Membrane Integrity In Vitro for Quantification of Intrinsic Metabolic Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 46:268-278. [PMID: 29233818 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of clearance-a vital component of drug discovery-remains in need of improvement and, in particular, requires more incisive assessment of mechanistic methodology in vitro, according to a number of recent reports. Although isolated hepatocytes have become an irreplaceable standard system for the measurement of intrinsic hepatic clearance mediated by active uptake transport and metabolism, the lack of prediction reliability appears to reflect a lack of methodological validation, especially for highly cleared drugs, as we have previously shown. Here, novel approaches were employed to explore fundamental experimental processes and associated potential limitations of in vitro predictions of clearance. Rat hepatocytes deemed nonviable by trypan blue staining showed undiminished metabolic activity for probe cytochrome P450 (P450) substrates midazolam and propranolol; supplementation with NADPH enhanced these activities. Extensive permeabilization of the plasma membrane using saponin showed either full or minimal P450 activity, depending on the presence or absence of 1 mM NADPH, respectively. The shaking of incubations facilitated P450 metabolic rates up to 5-fold greater than static incubation, depending on intrinsic clearance, indicating the critical influence of the unstirred water layer (UWL). Permeabilization allowed static incubation metabolic rates to approach those of shaking for intact cells, indicating an artificially induced breakdown of the UWL. Permeabilization combined with shaking allowed an increased metabolic rate for saquinavir, resolving the membrane permeability limitation for this drug. These findings advance the interpretation of the rate-limiting processes involved in intrinsic clearance measurements and could be critical for successful in vitro prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L Wood
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Morse BL, MacGuire JG, Marino AM, Zhao Y, Fox M, Zhang Y, Shen H, Griffith Humphreys W, Marathe P, Lai Y. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Clearance and Liver Partitioning of OATP and OCT Substrates in Cynomolgus Monkeys. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1878-1889. [PMID: 29019117 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigations, we evaluate in vitro hepatocyte uptake and partitioning for the prediction of in vivo clearance and liver partitioning. Monkeys were intravenously co-dosed with rosuvastatin and bosentan, substrates of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), and metformin, a substrate of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). Serial plasma and liver samples were collected over time. Liver and plasma unbound fraction was determined using equilibrium dialysis. In vivo unbound partitioning (Kpu,u) for rosuvastatin, bosentan, and metformin, calculated from total concentrations in the liver and plasma, were 243, 553, and 15, respectively. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic monkey model that incorporates active and passive hepatic uptake was developed to fit plasma and liver concentrations. In addition, a two-compartment model was used to fit in vitro hepatic uptake curves in suspended monkey hepatocyte to determine active uptake, passive diffusion, and intracellular unbound fraction parameters. At steady-state in the model, in vitro Kpu,u was determined. The results demonstrated that in vitro values under-predicted in vivo active uptake for rosuvastatin, bosentan, and metformin by 6.7-, 28-, and 1.5-fold, respectively, while passive diffusion was over-predicted. In vivo Kpu,u values were under-predicted from in vitro data by 30-, 79-, and 3-fold. In conclusion, active uptake and liver partitioning in monkeys for OATP substrates were greatly under-predicted from in vitro hepatocyte uptake, while OCT-mediated uptake and partitioning scaled reasonably well from in vitro, demonstrating substrate- and transporter-dependent scaling factors. The combination of in vitro experimental and modeling approaches proved useful for assessing prediction of in vivo intracellular partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jamus G MacGuire
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Anthony M Marino
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Maxine Fox
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Punit Marathe
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA. .,Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, 94404, USA.
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Riede J, Camenisch G, Huwyler J, Poller B. Current In Vitro Methods to Determine Hepatic Kp uu : A Comparison of Their Usefulness and Limitations. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2805-2814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
The elevated systemic levels of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can change the expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters. Given that statins are lipid-lowering agents frequently used in RA patients with concurrent cardiovascular diseases, the objective of the present study was to investigate the impacts of RA on the pharmacokinetics of statins of different disposition properties in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters in tissues of CIA rats were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Statins were given to CIA rats and controls through different routes, respectively. Blood samples were collected and analyzed by UPLC/MS/MS. Isolated microsomes and hepatocytes were used to determine the metabolic and uptake clearance of statins. The results showed that, compared with controls, the mRNA levels of intestinal Cyp3a1 and hepatic Cyp2c6, Cyp2c7, Cyp3a1, Oatp1a1, Oatp1b2, Oatp1a4, and Mrp2 were markedly decreased in the CIA rats. The maximal metabolic activities of Cyp2c and Cyp3a were reduced in liver microsomes of CIA rats. When given orally or injected through hepatic portal vein, the systemic levels of fluvastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin, but not of rosuvastatin and pravastatin, were increased in CIA rats. The metabolic clearance of simvastatin and hepatic uptake clearance of fluvastatin and atorvastatin were decreased in CIA rats. These findings suggest that the changes in the expression of enzymes and/or transporters in CIA rats differentially affect the pharmacokinetics of statins.
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Yoshikado T, Toshimoto K, Nakada T, Ikejiri K, Kusuhara H, Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Comparison of Methods for Estimating Unbound Intracellular-to-Medium Concentration Ratios in Rat and Human Hepatocytes Using Statins. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:779-789. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Cantrill C, Houston JB. Understanding the Interplay Between Uptake and Efflux Transporters Within In Vitro Systems in Defining Hepatocellular Drug Concentrations. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2815-2825. [PMID: 28478131 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the most holistic in vitro systems for prediction of intracellular drug concentrations is sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH); however, a comprehensive evaluation of the utility of SCH to estimate uptake and biliary clearances and the need for additional kinetic parameters has yet to be carried out. Toward this end, we have selected 9 compounds (rosuvastatin, valsartan, fexofenadine, pravastatin, repaglinide, telmisartan, atorvastatin, saquinavir, and quinidine) to provide a range of physicochemical and hepatic disposition properties. Uptake clearances were determined in SCH and compared with conventional monolayer and suspension hepatocyte systems, previously reported by our laboratory. CLuptake ranged from 1 to 41 μL/min/106 cells in SCH which were significantly lower (1%-10%) compared with the other hepatocyte models. The hepatocyte-to-media unbound concentration ratio (Kpu) has been assessed and ranged 0.7-59, lower compared with other hepatocyte systems (8-280). Estimates of in vitro biliary clearance (CLbile) for 4 drugs were determined and were scaled to predict in vivo values using both intracellular concentration and media drug concentrations. These studies demonstrate that reduced uptake in rat SCH may limit drug access to canalicular efflux transport proteins and highlight the importance of elucidating the interplay between these proteins for accurate prediction of hepatic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Cantrill
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
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Ufuk A, Assmus F, Francis L, Plumb J, Damian V, Gertz M, Houston JB, Galetin A. In Vitro and in Silico Tools To Assess Extent of Cellular Uptake and Lysosomal Sequestration of Respiratory Drugs in Human Alveolar Macrophages. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1033-1046. [PMID: 28252969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of respiratory drugs in human alveolar macrophages (AMs) has not been extensively studied in vitro and in silico despite its potential impact on therapeutic efficacy and/or occurrence of phospholipidosis. The current study aims to characterize the accumulation and subcellular distribution of drugs with respiratory indication in human AMs and to develop an in silico mechanistic AM model to predict lysosomal accumulation of investigated drugs. The data set included 9 drugs previously investigated in rat AM cell line NR8383. Cell-to-unbound medium concentration ratio (Kp,cell) of all drugs (5 μM) was determined to assess the magnitude of intracellular accumulation. The extent of lysosomal sequestration in freshly isolated human AMs from multiple donors (n = 5) was investigated for clarithromycin and imipramine (positive control) using an indirect in vitro method (±20 mM ammonium chloride, NH4Cl). The AM cell parameters and drug physicochemical data were collated to develop an in silico mechanistic AM model. Three in silico models differing in their description of drug membrane partitioning were evaluated; model (1) relied on octanol-water partitioning of drugs, model (2) used in vitro data to account for this process, and model (3) predicted membrane partitioning by incorporating AM phospholipid fractions. In vitro Kp,cell ranged >200-fold for respiratory drugs, with the highest accumulation seen for clarithromycin. A good agreement in Kp,cell was observed between human AMs and NR8383 (2.45-fold bias), highlighting NR8383 as a potentially useful in vitro surrogate tool to characterize drug accumulation in AMs. The mean Kp,cell of clarithromycin (81, CV = 51%) and imipramine (963, CV = 54%) were reduced in the presence of NH4Cl by up to 67% and 81%, respectively, suggesting substantial contribution of lysosomal sequestration and intracellular binding in the accumulation of these drugs in human AMs. The in vitro data showed variability in drug accumulation between individual human AM donors due to possible differences in lysosomal abundance, volume, and phospholipid content, which may have important clinical implications. Consideration of drug-acidic phospholipid interactions significantly improved the performance of the in silico models; use of in vitro Kp,cell obtained in the presence of NH4Cl as a surrogate for membrane partitioning (model (2)) captured the variability in clarithromycin and imipramine Kp,cell observed in vitro and showed the best ability to predict correctly positive and negative lysosomotropic properties. The developed mechanistic AM model represents a useful in silico tool to predict lysosomal and cellular drug concentrations based on drug physicochemical data and system specific properties, with potential application to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Ufuk
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K
| | - Frauke Assmus
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K
| | - Laura Francis
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K
| | - Jonathan Plumb
- Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester , Manchester, U.K
| | - Valeriu Damian
- Computational Modeling Sciences, DDS, GlaxoSmithKline , Upper Merion, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Michael Gertz
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K.,Pharmaceutical Sciences, pRED, Roche Innovation Center , Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, U.K
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Riccardi K, Lin J, Li Z, Niosi M, Ryu S, Hua W, Atkinson K, Kosa RE, Litchfield J, Di L. Novel Method to Predict In Vivo Liver-to-Plasma Kpuu for OATP Substrates Using Suspension Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:576-580. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Riede J, Poller B, Huwyler J, Camenisch G. Assessing the Risk of Drug-Induced Cholestasis Using Unbound Intrahepatic Concentrations. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:523-531. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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49
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Scott D, Ghosh A, Di L, Maurer T. Passive drug permeation through membranes and cellular distribution. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Mateus A, Treyer A, Wegler C, Karlgren M, Matsson P, Artursson P. Intracellular drug bioavailability: a new predictor of system dependent drug disposition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43047. [PMID: 28225057 PMCID: PMC5320532 DOI: 10.1038/srep43047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular drug exposure is influenced by cell- and tissue-dependent expression of drug-transporting proteins and metabolizing enzymes. Here, we introduce the concept of intracellular bioavailability (Fic) as the fraction of extracellular drug available to bind intracellular targets, and we assess how Fic is affected by cellular drug disposition processes. We first investigated the impact of two essential drug transporters separately, one influx transporter (OATP1B1; SLCO1B1) and one efflux transporter (P-gp; ABCB1), in cells overexpressing these proteins. We showed that OATP1B1 increased Fic of its substrates, while P-gp decreased Fic. We then investigated the impact of the concerted action of multiple transporters and metabolizing enzymes in freshly-isolated human hepatocytes in culture configurations with different levels of expression and activity of these proteins. We observed that Fic was up to 35-fold lower in the configuration with high expression of drug-eliminating transporters and enzymes. We conclude that Fic provides a measurement of the net impact of all cellular drug disposition processes on intracellular bioavailable drug levels. Importantly, no prior knowledge of the involved drug distribution pathways is required, allowing for high-throughput determination of drug access to intracellular targets in highly defined cell systems (e.g., single-transporter transfectants) or in complex ones (including primary human cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mateus
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Andrea Treyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines, DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Maria Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.,Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development platform (SciLifelab DDD-P), Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
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