1
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Tsuchitani T, Tomaru A, Aoki Y, Ishiguro N, Tsuda Y, Sugiyama Y. Elucidating nonlinear pharmacokinetics of telmisartan: Integration of target-mediated drug disposition and OATP1B3-mediated hepatic uptake in a physiologically based model. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024; 13:1224-1237. [PMID: 38745377 PMCID: PMC11247111 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Telmisartan, a selective inhibitor of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), demonstrates nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK) when orally administered in ascending doses to healthy volunteers, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study presents a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model integrated with target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD-PBPK model) to explore the mechanism of its nonlinear PK. We employed the Cluster-Gauss Newton method for top-down analysis, estimating the in vivo Km,OATP1B3 (Michaelis-Menten constant for telmisartan hepatic uptake via Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B3) to be 2.0-5.7 nM. This range is significantly lower than the reported in vitro value of 810 nM, obtained in 0.3% human serum albumin (HSA) conditions. Further validation was achieved through in vitro assessment in plated human hepatocytes with 4.5% HSA, showing a Km of 4.5 nM. These results underscore the importance of albumin-mediated uptake effect for the hepatic uptake of telmisartan. Our TMDD-PBPK model, developed through a "middle-out" approach, underwent sensitivity analysis to identify key factors in the nonlinear PK of telmisartan. We found that the nonlinearity in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and/or maximum concentration (Cmax) of telmisartan is sensitive to Km,OATP1B3 across all dosages. Additionally, the dissociation constant (Kd) for telmisartan binding to the AT1 receptor, along with its receptor abundance, notably influences PK at lower doses (below 20 mg). In conclusion, the nonlinear PK of telmisartan appears primarily driven by hepatic uptake saturation across all dose ranges and by AT1-receptor binding saturation, notably at lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Tsuchitani
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, Josai International University (JIU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Tomaru
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, Josai International University (JIU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Aoki
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, Josai International University (JIU), Tokyo, Japan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsuda
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, Josai International University (JIU), Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Miners JO, Polasek TM, Hulin JA, Rowland A, Meech R. Drug-drug interactions that alter the exposure of glucuronidated drugs: Scope, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme selectivity, mechanisms (inhibition and induction), and clinical significance. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108459. [PMID: 37263383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) arising from the perturbation of drug metabolising enzyme activities represent both a clinical problem and a potential economic loss for the pharmaceutical industry. DDIs involving glucuronidated drugs have historically attracted little attention and there is a perception that interactions are of minor clinical relevance. This review critically examines the scope and aetiology of DDIs that result in altered exposure of glucuronidated drugs. Interaction mechanisms, namely inhibition and induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes and the potential interplay with drug transporters, are reviewed in detail, as is the clinical significance of known DDIs. Altered victim drug exposure arising from modulation of UGT enzyme activities is relatively common and, notably, the incidence and importance of UGT induction as a DDI mechanism is greater than generally believed. Numerous DDIs are clinically relevant, resulting in either loss of efficacy or an increased risk of adverse effects, necessitating dose individualisation. Several generalisations relating to the likelihood of DDIs can be drawn from the known substrate and inhibitor selectivities of UGT enzymes, highlighting the importance of comprehensive reaction phenotyping studies at an early stage of drug development. Further, rigorous assessment of the DDI liability of new chemical entities that undergo glucuronidation to a significant extent has been recommended recently by regulatory guidance. Although evidence-based approaches exist for the in vitro characterisation of UGT enzyme inhibition and induction, the availability of drugs considered appropriate for use as 'probe' substrates in clinical DDI studies is limited and this should be research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Thomas M Polasek
- Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA; Centre for Medicines Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie-Ann Hulin
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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3
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Milani N, Parrott N, Ortiz Franyuti D, Godoy P, Galetin A, Gertz M, Fowler S. Application of a gut-liver-on-a-chip device and mechanistic modelling to the quantitative in vitro pharmacokinetic study of mycophenolate mofetil. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2853-2868. [PMID: 35833849 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00276k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) consisting of multiple linked organ-on-a-chip (OoC) components are highly promising tools with potential to provide more relevant in vitro to in vivo translation of drug disposition, efficacy and toxicity. A gut-liver OoC system was employed with Caco2 cells in co-culture with HT29 cells in the intestinal compartment and single donor primary hepatocytes in the hepatic compartment for the investigation of intestinal permeability, metabolism (intestinal and hepatic) and potential interplay of those processes. The prodrug mycophenolate mofetil was tested for quantitative evaluation of the gut-liver OoC due to the contribution of both gut and liver in its metabolism. Conversion of mycophenolate mofetil to active drug mycophenolic acid and further metabolism to a glucuronide metabolite was assessed over time in the gut apical, gut basolateral and liver compartments. Mechanistic modelling of experimental data was performed to estimate clearance and permeability parameters for the prodrug, active drug and glucuronide metabolite. Integration of gut-liver OoC data with in silico modelling allowed investigation of the complex combination of intestinal and hepatic processes, which is not possible with standard single tissue in vitro systems. A comprehensive evaluation of the mechanistic model, including structural model and parameter identifiability and global sensitivity analysis, enabled a robust experimental design and estimation of in vitro pharmacokinetic parameters. We propose that similar methodologies may be applied to other multi-organ microphysiological systems used for drug metabolism studies or wherever quantitative knowledge of changing drug concentration with time enables better understanding of biological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoló Milani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Ortiz Franyuti
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Patricio Godoy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Gertz
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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4
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Ahmed AN, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Barber J, Al-Majdoub ZM. Examining Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model Assumptions for Cross-Tissue Similarity of Kcat: The Case Example of Uridine 5'-diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1119-1125. [PMID: 35636771 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The default assumption during in vitro in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) to predict metabolic clearance in physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) is that protein expression and activity have the same relationship in various tissues. This assumption is examined for uridine 5'-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), a case example where expression and, hence, metabolic activity are distributed across various tissues. Our literature analysis presents overwhelming evidence of a greater UGT activity per unit of enzyme (higher kcat) in kidney and intestinal tissues relative to liver (greater than 200-fold for UGT2B7). This analysis is based on application of abundance values reported using similar proteomic techniques and within the same laboratory. Our findings call into question the practice of assuming similar kcat during IVIVE estimations as part of PBPK, and call for a systematic assessment of the kcat of various enzymes across different organs. The analysis focused on compiling data for probe substrates that were common for two or more of the studied tissues, to allow for reliable comparison of cross-tissue enzyme kinetics; this meant that UGT enzymes included in the study were limited to UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A6, 1A9 and 2B7. Significantly, UGT1A9 (n=24) and the liver (n=27) were each found to account for around half of the total dataset; these were found to correlate, with hepatic UGT1A9 data found in 15 of the studies, highlighting the need for more research into extrahepatic tissues and other UGT isoforms. Significance Statement During PBPK modelling (in vitro in vivo extrapolation) of drug clearance, the default assumption is that the activity per unit of enzyme (kcat) is the same in all tissues. The analysis provides preliminary evidence that this may not be the case, and that renal and intestinal tissues may have almost 250-fold greater UGT activity per unit of enzyme than liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika N Ahmed
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research,, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Systems Pharmacology, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Barber
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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5
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Kameyama T, Sodhi JK, Benet LZ. Does Addition of Protein to Hepatocyte or Microsomal In Vitro Incubations Provide a Useful Improvement in In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Predictability? Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:401-412. [PMID: 35086847 PMCID: PMC11022888 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance is an essential part of successful and efficient drug development; however, many investigators have recognized that there are significant limitations in the predictability of clearance with a tendency for underprediction for primarily metabolized drugs. Here, we examine the impact of adding serum or albumin into hepatocyte and microsomal incubations on the predictability of in vivo hepatic clearance. The addition of protein into hepatocyte incubations has been reported to improve the predictability for high clearance (extraction ratio) drugs and highly protein-bound drugs. Analyzing published data for 60 different drugs and 97 experimental comparisons (with 17 drugs being investigated from two to seven) we confirmed the marked underprediction of clearance. However, we could not validate any relevant improved predictability within twofold by the addition of serum to hepatocyte incubations or albumin to microsomal incubations. This was the case when investigating all measurements, or when subdividing analyses by extraction ratio, degree of protein binding, Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System class, examining Extended Clearance Classification System class 1B drugs only, or drug charge. Manipulating characteristics of small data sets of like compounds and adding scaling factors can appear to yield good predictability, but the carryover of these methods to alternate drug classes and different laboratories is not evident. Improvement in predictability of poorly soluble compounds is greater than that for soluble compounds, but not to a meaningful extent. Overall, we cannot confirm that protein addition improves in vitro-in vivo extrapolation predictability to any clinically meaningful degree when considering all drugs and different subsets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The addition of protein into microsomal or hepatocyte incubations has been widely proposed to improve hepatic clearance predictions. To date, studies examining this phenomenon have not included appropriate negative controls where predictability is achieved without protein addition and have been conducted with small data sets of similar compounds that don't apply to alternate drug classes. Here, an extensive analysis of published data for 60 drugs and 97 experimental comparisons couldn't validate any relevant clinically improved clearance predictability with protein addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kameyama
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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6
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Jarrar Y, Lee SJ. The Functionality of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Genetic Variants and their Association with Drug Responses and Human Diseases. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060554. [PMID: 34198586 PMCID: PMC8231948 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes that metabolize endogenous fatty acids such as arachidonic acid metabolites, as well as many prescription drugs, such as opioids, antiepileptics, and antiviral drugs. The UGT1A and 2B genes are highly polymorphic, and their genetic variants may affect the pharmacokinetics and hence the responses of many drugs and fatty acids. This study collected data and updated the current view of the molecular functionality of genetic variants on UGT genes that impact drug responses and the susceptibility to human diseases. The functional information of UGT genetic variants with clinical associations are essential to understand the inter-individual variation in drug responses and susceptibility to toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazun Jarrar
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Alzaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan;
| | - Su-Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 50834, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-051-890-5911; Fax: +82-050-4290-5739
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7
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Sonker AK, Bhateria M, Karsauliya K, Singh SP. Investigating the glucuronidation and sulfation pathways contribution and disposition kinetics of Bisphenol S and its metabolites using LC-MS/MS-based nonenzymatic hydrolysis method. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129624. [PMID: 33515962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite showing serious health consequences and widespread exposure, the toxicokinetic information required to evaluate the health risks of BPS is insufficient. Thus, we aim to describe the comprehensive toxicokinetics of BPS and its glucuronide (BPS-G) and sulfate (BPS-S) metabolites in rats. Simultaneous quantification of BPS and its metabolites (authentic standards) was accomplished using UPLC-MS/MS method. BPS displayed rapid absorption, extensive metabolism and fast elimination after oral administration. Following intravenous administration, BPS exhibited CL (8.8 L/h/kg) higher than the rat hepatic blood flow rate suggesting the likelihood of extrahepatic clearance. The CL value differed from those reported previously (sheep and piglets) and the probable reason could be attributed to dose- and/or interspecies differences. BPS was extensively metabolized and excreted primarily through urine as BPS-G (∼56%). BPS and BPS-S exhibited a high protein binding capacity in comparison to BPS-G. In in vitro metabolic stability study, BPS was predominantly metabolized through glucuronidation. The predicted in vivo hepatic clearance of BPS suggested it to be a high and intermediate clearance chemical in rats and humans, respectively. The significant interspecies difference observed in the clearance of BPS between rats and humans indicated that toxicokinetics of BPS should be considered for health risk assessment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Sonker
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Manisha Bhateria
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Kajal Karsauliya
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India.
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8
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Yadav J, El Hassani M, Sodhi J, Lauschke VM, Hartman JH, Russell LE. Recent developments in in vitro and in vivo models for improved translation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:207-233. [PMID: 33989099 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1922435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) prediction in the early stages of drug development is essential to inform lead optimization strategies and reduce attrition rates. Recently, there have been significant advancements in the development of new in vitro and in vivo strategies to better characterize pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of drug leads. Herein, we review advances in experimental and mathematical models for clearance predictions, advancements in developing novel tools to capture slowly metabolized drugs, in vivo model developments to capture human etiology for supporting drug development, limitations and gaps in these efforts, and a perspective on the future in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasleen Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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9
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Kong R, Ma J, Hwang S, Moon YC, Welch EM, Weetall M, Colacino JM, Almstead N, Babiak J, Goodwin E. In vitro metabolism, reaction phenotyping, enzyme kinetics, CYP inhibition and induction potential of ataluren. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 8:e00576. [PMID: 32196986 PMCID: PMC7083565 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataluren promotes ribosomal readthrough of premature termination codons in mRNA which result from nonsense mutations. In vitro studies were performed to characterize the metabolism and enzyme kinetics of ataluren and its interaction potential with CYP enzymes. Incubation of [14C]‐ataluren with human liver microsomes indicated that the major metabolic pathway for ataluren is via direct glucuronidation and that the drug is not metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP). Glucuronidation was also observed in the incubation in human intestinal and kidney microsomes, but not in human pulmonary microsomes. UGT1A9 was found to be the major uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) responsible for ataluren glucuronidation in the liver and kidney microsomes. Enzyme kinetic analysis of the formation of ataluren acyl glucuronide, performed in human liver, kidney, and intestinal microsomes and recombinant human UGT1A9, found that increasing bovine serum albumin (BSA) levels enhanced the glucuronidation Michaelis‐Menten constant (Km) and ataluren protein binding but had a minimal effect on maximum velocity (Vmax) of glucuronidation. Due to the decreased unbound Michaelis‐Menten constant (Km,u), the ataluren unbound intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) increased for all experimental systems and BSA concentrations. Human kidney microsomes were about 3.7‐fold more active than human liver microsomes, in terms of CLint,u/mg protein, indicating that the kidney is also a key organ for the metabolism and disposition of ataluren in humans. Ataluren showed no or little potential to inhibit or induce most of the CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Kong
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, USA
| | - Jiyuan Ma
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Babiak
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, USA
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10
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Chavan A, Burke L, Sawant R, Navarro-Gonzales P, Vargo D, Paulson SK. Effect of Moderate Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Vadadustat, an Oral Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 10:950-958. [PMID: 33661566 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vadadustat is a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor in development for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease. This phase 1, open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of 450-mg vadadustat in adults with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class B) vs those with normal hepatic function. Primary end points were area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from dosing to last concentration and to infinity, as well as maximum concentration (Cmax ); additional pharmacokinetic parameters included time to Cmax (Tmax ) and half-life. Safety and tolerability were also assessed. All enrolled participants (n = 16) completed the study. Demographics were similar in both groups (overall, 100% White; 62.5% female; mean age, 59.2 years). Vadadustat plasma exposure was higher in the moderate hepatic impairment group, whereas maximum concentration was similar between groups. Point estimates of the hepatic impairment : normal geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) for AUC from dosing to last concentration, AUC from dosing to infinity, and Cmax were 1.05 (0.82-1.35), 1.06 (0.82-1.36), and 1.02 (0.79-1.32), respectively. Mean elimination half-life was 5.8 and 7.8 hours in the normal and hepatic impairment groups, respectively. Treatment-emergent adverse events were mostly mild in severity, and vadadustat was generally well tolerated. In conclusion, moderate hepatic impairment did not significantly impact vadadustat systemic exposure, and mild hepatic impairment is unlikely to alter vadadustat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Chavan
- Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leontia Burke
- Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Dennis Vargo
- Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Seneviratne HK, Hamlin AN, Li S, Grinsztejn B, Dawood H, Liu AY, Kuo I, Hosseinipour MC, Panchia R, Cottle L, Chau G, Adeyeye A, Rinehart AR, McCauley M, Eron JS, Cohen MS, Landovitz RJ, Hendrix CW, Bumpus NN. Identification of Novel UGT1A1 Variants Including UGT1A1 454C>A through the Genotyping of Healthy Participants of the HPTN 077 Study. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:226-239. [PMID: 33615175 PMCID: PMC7888308 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Cabotegravir (CAB) is an integrase strand-transfer inhibitor of HIV that has proven
effective for HIV treatment and prevention in a long-acting injectable formulation,
typically preceded by an oral formulation lead-in phase. Previous in
vitro studies have demonstrated that CAB is primarily metabolized via
glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 and 1A9. In
this study, we performed next-generation sequencing of genomic DNA isolated from the
HPTN 077 participants to explore the variants within UGT1A1 and
UGT1A9. Additionally, to enable correlation of
UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 genotypes with plasma
CAB-glucuronide levels, we quantified glucuronidated CAB following both oral
administration of CAB and intramuscular injection of long-acting CAB. From these
studies, 48 previously unreported variants of UGT1A1 and
UGT1A9 were detected. Notably, 5/68 individuals carried a
UGT1A1 454C>A variant that resulted in amino acid substitution
P152T, and the use of in silico tools predicted a deleterious effect of
the P152T substitution. Thus, the impact of this mutant on a range of UGT1A1 substrates
was tested using a COS-7 cell-based assay. The glucuronide conjugates of CAB,
dolutegravir, and raltegravir, were not formed in the COS-7 cells expressing the UGT1A1
P152T mutant. Further, formation of glucuronides of raloxifene and
7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin were reduced in the cells expressing the UGT1A1 P152T
mutant. Using the same approach, we tested the activities of two UGT1A9 mutants, UGT1A9
H217Y and UGT1A9 R464G, and found that these mutations were tolerated and decreased
function, respectively. These data provide insight into previously unreported genetic
variants of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Allyson N Hamlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Sue Li
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Halima Dawood
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Albert Y Liu
- Bridge HIV, Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Health, San Francisco, California 94102, United States
| | - Irene Kuo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | | | - Ravindre Panchia
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto 1864, South Africa
| | - Leslie Cottle
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Gordon Chau
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Adeola Adeyeye
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Alex R Rinehart
- ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Joseph S Eron
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Myron S Cohen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Raphael J Landovitz
- UCLA Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, Los Angeles, California 90035, United States
| | - Craig W Hendrix
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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12
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Abstract
Accurate estimation of in vivo clearance in human is pivotal to determine the dose and dosing regimen for drug development. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) has been performed to predict drug clearance using empirical and physiological scalars. Multiple in vitro systems and mathematical modeling techniques have been employed to estimate in vivo clearance. The models for predicting clearance have significantly improved and have evolved to become more complex by integrating multiple processes such as drug metabolism and transport as well as passive diffusion. This chapter covers the use of conventional as well as recently developed methods to predict metabolic and transporter-mediated clearance along with the advantages and disadvantages of using these methods and the associated experimental considerations. The general approaches to improve IVIVE by use of appropriate scalars, incorporation of extrahepatic metabolism and transport and application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models with proteomics data are also discussed. The chapter also provides an overview of the advantages of using such dynamic mechanistic models over static models for clearance predictions to improve IVIVE.
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13
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Zhou J, Argikar UA, Miners JO. Enzyme Kinetics of Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:301-338. [PMID: 34272700 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, catalyzed by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), is an important process for the metabolism and clearance of many lipophilic chemicals, including drugs, environmental chemicals, and endogenous compounds. Glucuronidation is a bisubstrate reaction that requires the aglycone and the cofactor, UDP-GlcUA. Accumulating evidence suggests that the bisubstrate reaction follows a compulsory-order ternary mechanism. To simplify the kinetic modeling of glucuronidation reactions in vitro, UDP-GlcUA is usually added to incubations in large excess. Many factors have been shown to influence UGT activity and kinetics in vitro, and these must be accounted for during experimental design and data interpretation. While the assessment of drug-drug interactions resulting from UGT inhibition has been challenging in the past, the increasing availability of UGT enzyme-selective substrate and inhibitor "probes" provides the prospect for more reliable reaction phenotyping and assessment of drug-drug interaction potential. Although extrapolation of the in vitro intrinsic clearance of a glucuronidated drug often underpredicts in vivo clearance, careful selection of in vitro experimental conditions and inclusion of extrahepatic glucuronidation may improve the predictivity of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has also shown to be of value for predicting PK of drugs eliminated by glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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14
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Docci L, Klammers F, Ekiciler A, Molitor B, Umehara K, Walter I, Krähenbühl S, Parrott N, Fowler S. In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation of Metabolic Clearance for UGT Substrates Using Short-Term Suspension and Long-Term Co-cultured Human Hepatocytes. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:131. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Lapham K, Callegari E, Cianfrogna J, Lin J, Niosi M, Orozco CC, Sharma R, Goosen TC. In Vitro Characterization of Ertugliflozin Metabolism by UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase and Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1350-1363. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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16
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Miners JO, Rowland A, Novak JJ, Lapham K, Goosen TC. Evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of human drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase reaction phenotyping. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107689. [PMID: 32980440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily contribute to the elimination of drugs from almost all therapeutic classes. Awareness of the importance of glucuronidation as a drug clearance mechanism along with increased knowledge of the enzymology of drug and chemical metabolism has stimulated interest in the development and application of approaches for the characterisation of human drug glucuronidation in vitro, in particular reaction phenotyping (the fractional contribution of the individual UGT enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of a given drug), assessment of metabolic stability, and UGT enzyme inhibition by drugs and other xenobiotics. In turn, this has permitted the implementation of in vitro - in vivo extrapolation approaches for the prediction of drug metabolic clearance, intestinal availability, and drug-drug interaction liability, all of which are of considerable importance in pre-clinical drug development. Indeed, regulatory agencies (FDA and EMA) require UGT reaction phenotyping for new chemical entities if glucuronidation accounts for ≥25% of total metabolism. In vitro studies are most commonly performed with recombinant UGT enzymes and human liver microsomes (HLM) as the enzyme sources. Despite the widespread use of in vitro approaches for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation by HLM and recombinant enzymes, evidence-based guidelines relating to experimental approaches are lacking. Here we present evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro, and for UGT reaction phenotyping. We anticipate that the strategies will inform practice, encourage development of standardised experimental procedures where feasible, and guide ongoing research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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17
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Nirogi R, Bhyrapuneni G, Muddana NR, Manoharan A, Shinde AK, Mohammed AR, Padala NP, Ajjala DR, Subramanian R, Palacharla VRC. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), drug-drug interaction potential and prediction of human pharmacokinetics of SUVN-G3031, a novel histamine 3 receptor (H3R) inverse agonist in clinical development for the treatment of narcolepsy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Yamane M, Igarashi F, Yamauchi T, Nakagawa T. Main contribution of UGT1A1 and CYP2C9 in the metabolism of UR-1102, a novel agent for the treatment of gout. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:61-71. [PMID: 32813611 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1812012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UR-1102, a novel uricosuric agent for treating gout, has been confirmed to exhibit a pharmacological effect in patients. We clarified its metabolic pathway, estimated the contribution of each metabolic enzyme, and assessed the impact of genetic polymorphisms using human in vitro materials. Glucuronide, sulfate and oxidative metabolites of UR-1102 were detected in human hepatocytes. The intrinsic clearance by glucuronidation or oxidation in human liver microsomes was comparable, but sulfation in the cytosol was much lower, indicating that the rank order of contribution was glucuronidation ≥ oxidation > sulfation. Recombinant UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 showed high glucuronidation of UR-1102. We took advantage of a difference in the inhibitory sensitivity of atazanavir to the UGT isoforms and estimated the fraction metabolised (fm) with UGT1A1 to be 70%. Studies using recombinant CYPs and CYP isoform-specific inhibitors showed that oxidation was mediated exclusively by CYP2C9. The effect of UGT1A1 and CYP2C9 inhibitors on UR-1102 metabolism in hepatocytes did not differ markedly between the wild type and variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Yamane
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan
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19
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Davies M, Peramuhendige P, King L, Golding M, Kotian A, Penney M, Shah S, Manevski N. Evaluation of In Vitro Models for Assessment of Human Intestinal Metabolism in Drug Discovery. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1169-1182. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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20
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Industrial Approach to Determine the Relative Contribution of Seven Major UGT Isoforms to Hepatic Glucuronidation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2309-2320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Scotcher D, Arya V, Yang X, Zhao P, Zhang L, Huang S, Rostami‐Hodjegan A, Galetin A. A Novel Physiologically Based Model of Creatinine Renal Disposition to Integrate Current Knowledge of Systems Parameters and Clinical Observations. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 9:310-321. [PMID: 32441889 PMCID: PMC7306622 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Creatinine is the most common clinical biomarker of renal function. As a substrate for renal transporters, its secretion is susceptible to inhibition by drugs, resulting in transient increase in serum creatinine and false impression of damage to kidney. Novel physiologically based models for creatinine were developed here and (dis)qualified in a stepwise manner until consistency with clinical data. Data from a matrix of studies were integrated, including systems data (common to all models), proteomics-informed in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of all relevant transporter clearances, exogenous administration of creatinine (to estimate endogenous synthesis rate), and inhibition of different renal transporters (11 perpetrator drugs considered for qualification during creatinine model development and verification on independent data sets). The proteomics-informed bottom-up approach resulted in the underprediction of creatinine renal secretion. Subsequently, creatinine-trimethoprim clinical data were used to inform key model parameters in a reverse translation manner, highlighting best practices and challenges for middle-out optimization of mechanistic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic ResearchUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Vikram Arya
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCentre for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Xinning Yang
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCentre for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Ping Zhao
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCentre for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Present address:
Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and StandardsOffice of Generic DrugsCentre for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Shiew‐Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCentre for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Amin Rostami‐Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic ResearchUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- CertaraSheffieldUK
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic ResearchUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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22
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Badée J, Fowler S, de Wildt SN, Collier AC, Schmidt S, Parrott N. The Ontogeny of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes, Recommendations for Future Profiling Studies and Application Through Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 58:189-211. [PMID: 29862468 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Limited understanding of drug pharmacokinetics in children is one of the major challenges in paediatric drug development. This is most critical in neonates and infants owing to rapid changes in physiological functions, especially in the activity of drug-metabolising enzymes. Paediatric physiologically based pharmacokinetic models that integrate ontogeny functions for cytochrome P450 enzymes have aided our understanding of drug exposure in children, including those under the age of 2 years. Paediatric physiologically based pharmacokinetic models have consequently been recognised by the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration as innovative tools in paediatric drug development and regulatory decision making. However, little is currently known about age-related changes in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-mediated metabolism, which represents the most important conjugation reaction for xenobiotics. Therefore, the objective of the review was to conduct a thorough literature survey to summarise our current understanding of age-related changes in UDP-glucuronosyltransferases as well as associated clinical and experimental sources of variance. Our findings indicate that there are distinct differences in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase expression and activity between isoforms for different age groups. In addition, there is substantial variability between individuals and laboratories reported for human liver microsomes, which results in part from a lack of standardised experimental conditions. Therefore, we provide a number of best practice recommendations for experimental conditions, which ultimately may help improve the quality of data used for quantitative clinical pharmacology approaches, and thus for safe and effective pharmacotherapy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Badée
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Intensive Care and Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abby C Collier
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Liang RJ, Shih YN, Chen YL, Liu WY, Yang WL, Lee SY, Wang HJ. A dual system platform for drug metabolism: Nalbuphine as a model compound. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 141:105093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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24
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Rong Y, Kiang TKL. Mechanisms of Metabolism Interaction Between p-Cresol and Mycophenolic Acid. Toxicol Sci 2019; 173:267-279. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycophenolic acid (MPA) is commonly prescribed for preventing graft rejection after kidney transplantation. The primary metabolic pathways of MPA are hepatic glucuronidation through UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in the formation of MPA-glucuronide (MPAG, major pathway) and MPA-acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG). p-Cresol, a potent uremic toxin known to accumulate in patients with renal dysfunction, can potentially interact with MPA via the inhibition of glucuronidation. We hypothesized that the interaction between MPA and p-cresol is clinically relevant and that the estimated exposure changes in the clinic are of toxicological significance. Using in vitro approaches (ie, human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes), the potency and mechanisms of inhibition by p-cresol towards MPA glucuronidation were characterized. Inter-individual variabilities, effects of clinical co-variates, in vitro-in vivo prediction of likely changes in MPA exposure, and comparison to other toxins were determined for clinical relevance. p-Cresol inhibited MPAG formation in a potent and competitive manner (Ki=5.2 µM in pooled human liver microsomes) and the interaction was primarily mediated by UGT1A9. This interaction was estimated to increase plasma MPA exposure in patients by approximately 1.8-fold, which may result in MPA toxicity. The mechanism of inhibition for AcMPAG formation was noncompetitive (Ki=127.5 µM) and less likely to be clinically significant. p-Cresol was the most potent inhibitor of MPA-glucuronidation compared with other commonly studied uremic toxins (eg, indole-3-acetic acid, indoxyl sulfate, hippuric acid, kynurenic acid, and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid) and its metabolites (ie, p-cresol sulfate and p-cresol glucuronide). Our findings indicate that the interaction between p-cresol and MPA is of toxicological significance and warrants clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rong
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Tony K L Kiang
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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25
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Li Z, Fisher C, Gardner I, Ghosh A, Litchfield J, Maurer TS. Modeling Exposure to Understand and Predict Kidney Injury. Semin Nephrol 2019; 39:176-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Liu SN, Lu JBL, Watson CJW, Lazarus P, Desta Z, Gufford BT. Mechanistic Assessment of Extrahepatic Contributions to Glucuronidation of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:535-544. [PMID: 30804050 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimens dominate initial human immunodeficiency virus treatment. Most INSTIs are metabolized predominantly via UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). For drugs predominantly metabolized by UGTs, including INSTIs, in vitro data recovered from human liver microsomes (HLMs) alone often underpredict human oral clearance. While several factors may contribute, extrahepatic glucuronidation may contribute to this underprediction. Thus, we comprehensively characterized the kinetics for the glucuronidation of INSTIs (cabotegravir, dolutegravir, and raltegravir) using pooled human microsomal preparations from liver (HLMs), intestine (HIMs), and kidney (HKMs) tissues; human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing individual UGTs; and recombinant UGTs. In vitro glucuronidation of cabotegravir (HLMs≈HKMs>>>HIMs), dolutegravir (HLMs>HIMs>>HKMs), and raltegravir (HLMs>HKMs>> HIMs) occurred in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. The kinetic data from expression systems suggested the major enzymes in each tissue: hepatic UGT1A9 > UGT1A1 (dolutegravir and raltegravir) and UGT1A1 (cabotegravir), intestinal UGT1A3 > UGT1A8 > UGT1A1 (dolutegravir) and UGT1A8 > UGT1A1 (raltegravir), and renal UGT1A9 (dolutegravir and raltegravir). Enzymes catalyzing cabotegravir glucuronidation in the kidney and intestine could not be identified unequivocally. Using data from dolutegravir glucuronidation as a prototype, a "bottom-up" physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed in a stepwise approach and predicted dolutegravir oral clearance within 4.5-fold (hepatic data only), 2-fold (hepatic and intestinal data), and 32% (hepatic, intestinal, and renal data). These results suggest clinically meaningful glucuronidation of dolutegravir in tissues other than the liver. Incorporation of additional novel mechanistic and physiologic underpinnings of dolutegravir metabolism along with in silico approaches appears to be a powerful tool to accurately predict the clearance of dolutegravir from in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
| | - Jessica Bo Li Lu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
| | - Christy J W Watson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
| | - Zeruesenay Desta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
| | - Brandon T Gufford
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
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27
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Nishimuta H, Watanabe T, Bando K. Quantitative Prediction of Human Hepatic Clearance for P450 and Non-P450 Substrates from In Vivo Monkey Pharmacokinetics Study and In Vitro Metabolic Stability Tests Using Hepatocytes. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:20. [PMID: 30673906 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of human pharmacokinetics for drugs remains challenging, especially for non-cytochrome P450 (P450) substrates. Hepatocytes might be suitable for predicting hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint) of new chemical entities, because they can be applied to various compounds regardless of the metabolic enzymes. However, it was reported that hepatic CLint is underestimated in hepatocytes. The purpose of the present study was to confirm the predictability of human hepatic clearance for P450 and non-P450 substrates in hepatocytes and the utility of animal scaling factors for the prediction using hepatocytes. CLint values for 30 substrates of P450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, esterases, reductases, and aldehyde oxidase in human microsomes, human S9 and human, rat, and monkey hepatocytes were estimated. Hepatocytes were incubated in serum of each species. Furthermore, CLint values in human hepatocytes were corrected with empirical, monkey, and rat scaling factors. CLint values in hepatocytes for most compounds were underestimated compared to observed values regardless of the metabolic enzyme, and the predictability was improved by using the scaling factors. The prediction using human hepatocytes corrected with monkey scaling factor showed the highest predictability for both P450 and non-P450 substrates among the predictions using liver microsomes, liver S9, and hepatocytes with or without scaling factors. CLint values by this method for 80% and 90% of all compounds were within 2- and 3-fold of observed values, respectively. This method is accurate and useful for estimating new chemical entities, with no need to care about cofactors, localization of metabolic enzymes, or protein binding in plasma and incubation mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Nishimuta
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-0022, Japan.
| | - Takao Watanabe
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-0022, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Bando
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-0022, Japan
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28
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High-dose naloxone, an experimental tool uncovering latent sensitisation: pharmacokinetics in humans. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:e204-e214. [PMID: 30915992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, is used as a pharmacological tool to detect tonic endogenous activation of opioid receptors in experimental pain models. We describe a pharmacokinetic model linking naloxone pharmacokinetics to its main metabolite after high-dose naloxone infusion. METHODS Eight healthy volunteers received a three-stage stepwise high-dose i.v. naloxone infusion (total dose 3.25 mg kg-1). Naloxone and naloxone-3-glucuronide (N3G) plasma concentrations were sampled from infusion onset to 334 min after infusion discontinuation. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using non-linear mixed effect models (NONMEM). The predictive performances of Dowling's and Yassen's models were evaluated, and target-controlled infusion simulations were performed. RESULTS Three- and two-compartment disposition models with linear elimination kinetics described the naloxone and N3G concentration time-courses, respectively. Two covariate models were developed: simple (weight proportional) and complex (with the shallow peripheral volume of distribution linearly increasing with body weight). The median prediction error (MDPE) and wobble for Dowling's model were -32.5% and 33.4%, respectively. For Yassen's model, the MDPE and wobble were 1.2% and 19.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model was developed for naloxone and N3G after high-dose naloxone infusion. No saturable pharmacokinetics were observed. Whereas Dowling's model was inaccurate and over-predicted naloxone concentrations, Yassen's model accurately predicted naloxone pharmacokinetics. The newly developed covariate models may be used for high-dose TCI-naloxone for experimental and clinical practice. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01992146.
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Matsunaga N, Ufuk A, Morse BL, Bedwell DW, Bao J, Mohutsky MA, Hillgren KM, Hall SD, Houston JB, Galetin A. Hepatic Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide-Mediated Clearance in the Beagle Dog: Assessing In Vitro-In Vivo Relationships and Applying Cross-Species Empirical Scaling Factors to Improve Prediction of Human Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:215-226. [PMID: 30593544 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the beagle dog was evaluated as a preclinical model to investigate organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-mediated hepatic clearance. In vitro studies were performed with nine OATP substrates in three lots of plated male dog hepatocytes ± OATP inhibitor cocktail to determine total uptake clearance (CLuptake) and total and unbound cell-to-medium concentration ratio (Kpuu). In vivo intrinsic hepatic clearances (CLint,H) were determined following intravenous drug administration (0.1 mg/kg) in male beagle dogs. The in vitro parameters were compared with those previously reported in plated human, monkey, and rat hepatocytes; the ability of cross-species scaling factors to improve prediction of human in vivo clearance was assessed. CLuptake in dog hepatocytes ranged from 9.4 to 135 µl/min/106 cells for fexofenadine and telmisartan, respectively. Active process contributed >75% to CLuptake for 5/9 drugs. Rosuvastatin and valsartan showed Kpuu > 10, whereas cerivastatin, pitavastatin, repaglinide, and telmisartan had Kpuu < 5. The extent of hepatocellular binding in dog was consistent with other preclinical species and humans. The bias (2.73-fold) obtained from comparison of predicted versus in vivo dog CLint,H was applied as an average empirical scaling factor (ESFav) for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of human CLint,H The ESFav based on dog reduced underprediction of human CLint,H for the same data set (geometric mean fold error = 2.1), highlighting its utility as a preclinical model to investigate OATP-mediated uptake. The ESFav from all preclinical species resulted in comparable improvement of human clearance prediction, in contrast to drug-specific empirical scalars, rationalized by species differences in expression and/or relative contribution of particular transporters to drug hepatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Matsunaga
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Ayşe Ufuk
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Bridget L Morse
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - David W Bedwell
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Jingqi Bao
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Michael A Mohutsky
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Kathleen M Hillgren
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Stephen D Hall
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
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Allen DC, Carlson TL, Xiong Y, Jin J, Grant KA, Cuzon Carlson VC. A Comparative Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Clozapine N-Oxide and Clozapine N-Oxide Hydrochloride Salt in Rhesus Macaques. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:199-207. [PMID: 30523062 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Translating chemogenetic techniques from nonhuman primates to potential clinical applications has been complicated in part due to in vivo conversion of the chemogenetic actuator, clozapine N-oxide (CNO), to its pharmacologically active parent compound, clozapine, a ligand with known side effects, including five boxed warnings from the Food and Drug Administration. Additionally, the limited solubility of CNO requires high concentrations of potentially toxic detergents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). To address these concerns, pharmacokinetic profiling of commercially available CNO in DMSO (CNO-DMSO, 10% v/v DMSO in saline) and a water-soluble salt preparation (CNO-HCl, saline) was conducted in rhesus macaques. A time course of blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of CNO and clozapine was conducted (30-240 minutes post-administration) following a range of doses (3-10 mg/kg, i.m. and/or i.v.) of CNO-DMSO or CNO-HCl. CNO-HCl resulted in 6- to 7-fold higher plasma concentrations of CNO compared to CNO-DMSO, and relatively less clozapine (3%-5% clozapine/CNO in the CNO-DMSO group and 0.5%-1.5% clozapine/CNO in the CNO-HCl group). Both groups had large between-subjects variability, pointing to the necessity of performing individual CNO pharmacokinetic studies prior to further experimentation. The ratio of CNO measured in the CSF was between 2% and 6% of that measured in the plasma and did not differ across drug preparation, indicating that CSF concentrations may be approximated from plasma samples. In conclusion, CNO-HCl demonstrated improved bioavailability compared with CNO-DMSO with less conversion to clozapine. Further investigation is needed to determine if brain concentrations of clozapine following CNO-HCl administration are pharmacologically active at off-target monoaminergic receptor systems in the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daicia C Allen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (D.C.A., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon (T.L.C., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); and Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Y.X., J.J.)
| | - Timothy L Carlson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (D.C.A., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon (T.L.C., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); and Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Y.X., J.J.)
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (D.C.A., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon (T.L.C., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); and Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Y.X., J.J.)
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (D.C.A., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon (T.L.C., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); and Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Y.X., J.J.)
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (D.C.A., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon (T.L.C., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); and Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Y.X., J.J.)
| | - Verginia C Cuzon Carlson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (D.C.A., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon (T.L.C., K.A.G., V.C.C.C.); and Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Y.X., J.J.)
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Badée J, Qiu N, Parrott N, Collier AC, Schmidt S, Fowler S. Optimization of Experimental Conditions of Automated Glucuronidation Assays in Human Liver Microsomes Using a Cocktail Approach and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:124-134. [PMID: 30478159 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-mediated metabolism is possibly the most important conjugation reaction for marketed drugs. However, there are currently no generally accepted standard incubation conditions for UGT microsomal assays, and substantial differences in experimental design and methodology between laboratories hinder cross-study comparison of in vitro activities. This study aimed to define optimal experimental conditions to determine glucuronidation activity of multiple UGT isoforms simultaneously using human liver microsomes. Hepatic glucuronidation activities of UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT2B10, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17 were determined using cocktail incubations of 10 UGT probe substrates. Buffer components and cosubstrates were assessed over a range of concentrations including magnesium chloride (MgCl2; 0-10 mM) and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA; 1-25 mM) with either Tris-HCl or potassium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4). Greater microsomal glucuronidation activity by different hepatic UGT isoforms was obtained using 10 mM MgCl2 and 5 mM UDPGA with 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer. The influence of bovine serum albumin (BSA; 0.1%-2% w/v) on glucuronidation activity was also assessed. Enzyme- and substrate-dependent effects of BSA were observed, resulting in decreased total activity of UGT1A1, UGT1A3, and UGT2B17 and increased total UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 activity. The inclusion of BSA did not significantly reduce the between-subject variability of UGT activity. Future in vitro UGT profiling studies under the proposed optimized experimental conditions would allow high-quality positive control data to be generated across laboratories, with effective control of a high degree of between-donor variability for UGT activity and for chemical optimization toward lower-clearance drug molecules in a pharmaceutical drug discovery setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Badée
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.C.C.)
| | - Nahong Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.C.C.)
| | - Neil Parrott
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.C.C.)
| | - Abby C Collier
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.C.C.)
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.C.C.)
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.C.C.)
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Teitelbaum AM, McDonald MG, Kowalski JP, Parkinson OT, Scian M, Whittington D, Roellecke K, Hanenberg H, Wiek C, Rettie AE. Influence of Stereochemistry on the Bioactivation and Glucuronidation of 4-Ipomeanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:308-316. [PMID: 30409834 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential CYP4B1 suicide gene application in engineered T-cell treatment of blood cancers has revived interest in the use of 4-ipomeanol (IPO) in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, in which disposition of the administered compound may be critical. IPO contains one chiral center at the carbon bearing a secondary alcohol group; it was of interest to determine the effect of stereochemistry on 1) CYP4B1-mediated bioactivation and 2) (UGT)-mediated glucuronidation. First, (R)-IPO and (S)-IPO were synthesized and used to assess cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells expressing rabbit CYP4B1 and re-engineered human CYP4B1, where the enantiomers were found to be equipotent. Next, a sensitive UPLC-MS/MS assay was developed to measure the IPO-glucuronide diastereomers and product stereoselectivity in human tissue microsomes. Human liver and kidney microsomes generated (R)- and (S)-IPO-glucuronide diastereomers in ratios of 57:43 and 79:21, respectively. In a panel of 13 recombinantly expressed UGTs, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 were the major isoforms responsible for IPO glucuronidation. (R)-IPO-glucuronide diastereoselectivity was apparent with each recombinant UGT, except UGT2B15 and UGT2B17, which favored the formation of (S)-IPO-glucuronide. Incubations with IPO and the UGT1A9-specific chemical inhibitor niflumic acid significantly decreased glucuronidation in human kidney, but only marginally in human liver microsomes, consistent with known tissue expression patterns of UGTs. We conclude that IPO glucuronidation in human kidney is mediated by UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. In human liver, it is mediated primarily by UGT2B7 and, to a lesser extent, UGT1A9 and UGT2B15. Overall, the lack of pronounced stereoselectivity for IPO's bioactivation in CYP4B1-transfected HepG2 cells, or for hepatic glucuronidation, suggests the racemate is an appropriate choice for use in suicide gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Teitelbaum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.M.T., M.G.M., J.P.K., O.T.P., M.S., D.W., A.E.R.); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (K.R., H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University, Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Matthew G McDonald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.M.T., M.G.M., J.P.K., O.T.P., M.S., D.W., A.E.R.); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (K.R., H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University, Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - John P Kowalski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.M.T., M.G.M., J.P.K., O.T.P., M.S., D.W., A.E.R.); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (K.R., H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University, Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Oliver T Parkinson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.M.T., M.G.M., J.P.K., O.T.P., M.S., D.W., A.E.R.); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (K.R., H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University, Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Michele Scian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.M.T., M.G.M., J.P.K., O.T.P., M.S., D.W., A.E.R.); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (K.R., H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University, Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.M.T., M.G.M., J.P.K., O.T.P., M.S., D.W., A.E.R.); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (K.R., H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University, Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Katharina Roellecke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.M.T., M.G.M., J.P.K., O.T.P., M.S., D.W., A.E.R.); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (K.R., H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University, Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.M.T., M.G.M., J.P.K., O.T.P., M.S., D.W., A.E.R.); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (K.R., H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University, Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.M.T., M.G.M., J.P.K., O.T.P., M.S., D.W., A.E.R.); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (K.R., H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University, Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.M.T., M.G.M., J.P.K., O.T.P., M.S., D.W., A.E.R.); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (K.R., H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University, Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
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Michelet R, Van Bocxlaer J, Allegaert K, Vermeulen A. The use of PBPK modeling across the pediatric age range using propofol as a case. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2018; 45:765-785. [PMID: 30298439 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-018-9607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The project SAFEPEDRUG aims to provide guidelines for drug research in children, based on bottom-up and top-down approaches. Propofol, one of the studied model compounds, was selected because it is extensively metabolized in liver and kidney, with an important role for the glucuronidation pathway. Besides, being a lipophilic molecule, it is distributed into fat tissues, from where it redistributes into the systemic circulation. In the past, both bottom-up (Physiologically based pharmacokinetic, PBPK) and top-down approaches (population pharmacokinetic, popPK) were applied to describe its pharmacokinetics (PK). In this work, a combination of the two was used to check their performance to describe PK in children and neonates (both term and preterm) using propofol as a case compound. First, in vitro data was generated in human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes and used to develop an adult PBPK model in Simcyp®. Activity adjustment factors (AAFs) were calculated to account for differences between in vitro and in vivo enzyme activity. Clinical data were analyzed using a 3-compartment model in NONMEM. These data were used to construct a retrograde PBPK model and for qualification of the PBPK models. Once an accurate in vivo clearance was obtained accounting for the contribution of the different metabolic pathways, the resulting PBPK models were challenged with new data for qualification. After that, the constructed adult PPBK model for propofol was extrapolated to the pediatric population. Both the default built-in and in vivo derived ontogeny functions were used to do so. The models were qualified by comparing their predicted PK parameters to published values, and by comparison of predicted concentration-time profiles to available clinical data. Clearance values were predicted well, especially when compared with values obtained from trials where long-term sampling was applied, whereas volume of distribution was lower compared to the most common popPK model predictions. Concentration-time profiles were predicted well up until and including the preterm neonatal population. In this work, it was thus shown that PBPK can be used to predict the PK up to and including the preterm neonatal population without the use of pediatric in vivo data. This work adds weight to the need for further development of PBPK models, especially regarding distribution modeling and the use of in vivo derived ontogeny functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Michelet
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jan Van Bocxlaer
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development & Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - An Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ngeacharernkul P, Stamatis SD, Kirsch LE. Particle Size Distribution Equivalency as Novel Predictors for Bioequivalence. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2787-2800. [PMID: 30117041 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of particle size distribution (PSD) similarity metrics and the development and incorporation of drug release predictions based on PSD properties into PBPK models for various drug administration routes may provide a holistic approach for evaluating the effect of PSD differences on in vitro drug release and bioavailability of disperse systems. The objectives of this study were to provide a rational approach for evaluating the utility of in vitro PSD comparators for predicting bioequivalence for subcutaneously administered test and reference drug emulsions. Two types of in vitro comparators for test and reference emulsion products were evaluated: PSD characterization comparators (overlap metrics, median, and span ratios) and release profile comparators (f2 and various fractional time ratios). A subcutaneous-input PBPK disposition model was developed to simulate blood concentration-time profiles of reference and test emulsion products and pharmacokinetic responses (e.g., AUC, Cmax, and Tmax) were used to determine bioequivalence. A pool of 10,440 pairs of test and reference products was simulated using Monte Carlo experiments. The PSD and release profile comparators were correlated to pass/fail bioequivalence metrics using logistical regression. Based on the use of single in vitro comparators, the f2 method was the best predictor of bioequivalence prediction. The use of combinations of f2 and PSD overlap comparators (e.g., OVL or PROB) improved bioequivalence prediction to about 90%. Simulation procedures used in this study demonstrated a process for developing reliable in vitro BE predictors.
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Bowman CM, Benet LZ. An examination of protein binding and protein-facilitated uptake relating to in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:502-514. [PMID: 30098391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As explained by the free drug theory, the unbound fraction of drug has long been thought to drive the efficacy of a molecule. Thus, the fraction unbound term, or fu, appears in equations for fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance, and is used when attempting in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). In recent years though, it has been noted that IVIVE does not always yield accurate predictions, and that some highly protein bound ligands have more efficient uptake than can be explained by their unbound fractions. This review explores the evolution of fu terms included when implementing IVIVE, the concept of protein-facilitated uptake, and the mechanisms that have been proposed to account for facilitated uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Bowman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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36
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Bae SH, Park WS, Han S, Park GJ, Lee J, Hong T, Jeon S, Yim DS. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic predictions of intestinal BCRP-mediated drug interactions of rosuvastatin in Koreans. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:321-329. [PMID: 29719454 PMCID: PMC5928345 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.3.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It was recently reported that the Cmax and AUC of rosuvastatin increases when it is coadministered with telmisartan and cyclosporine. Rosuvastatin is known to be a substrate of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, NTCP, and BCRP transporters. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of the interactions between rosuvastatin and two perpetrators, telmisartan and cyclosporine. Published (cyclosporine) or newly developed (telmisartan) PBPK models were used to this end. The rosuvastatin model in Simcyp (version 15)'s drug library was modified to reflect racial differences in rosuvastatin exposure. In the telmisartan–rosuvastatin case, simulated rosuvastatin CmaxI/Cmax and AUCI/AUC (with/without telmisartan) ratios were 1.92 and 1.14, respectively, and the Tmax changed from 3.35 h to 1.40 h with coadministration of telmisartan, which were consistent with the aforementioned report (CmaxI/Cmax: 2.01, AUCI/AUC:1.18, Tmax: 5 h → 0.75 h). In the next case of cyclosporine–rosuvastatin, the simulated rosuvastatin CmaxI/Cmax and AUCI/AUC (with/without cyclosporine) ratios were 3.29 and 1.30, respectively. The decrease in the CLint,BCRP,intestine of rosuvastatin by telmisartan and cyclosporine in the PBPK model was pivotal to reproducing this finding in Simcyp. Our PBPK model demonstrated that the major causes of increase in rosuvastatin exposure are mediated by intestinal BCRP (rosuvastatin–telmisartan interaction) or by both of BCRP and OATP1B1/3 (rosuvastatin–cyclosporine interaction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyeon Bae
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea.,PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Wan-Su Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea.,PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Han
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea.,PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Gab-Jin Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea.,PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jongtae Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea.,PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Taegon Hong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | | | - Dong-Seok Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea.,PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of intestinal CYP and UGT activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 155:194-201. [PMID: 29649788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many orally administered drugs are subject to first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT). While their hepatic activity is well characterized, respective information about the intestine are very scare due to limited availability of tissue, very low microsomal protein content and the heterogeneity of the individual segments. As a consequence, determination of enzyme kinetic parameters is challenging. It was therefore the aim of this study to develop a sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of CYP and UGT metabolites formed by clinically relevant intestinal biotransformation enzymes: 4-hydroxydiclofenac (CYP2C9), 5-hydroxyomeprazole (CYP2C19), dextrorphan (CYP2D6), 1-hydroxymidazolam (CYP3A), ezetimibe glucuronide (UGT1A) and naloxone glucuronide (UGT2B7). After precipitation of microsomal protein with acetonitrile, analytes were chromatographically separated on a C18 column with gradient elution using acetonitrile and water, both containing 0.1% formic acid and detected with a tandem mass spectrometer operating in positive mode with electron spray ionization. The assay was validated according to current bioanalytical guidelines regarding linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, recovery and matrix effects spanning an analytical range from 1 to 200 nmol/L for each analyte. The developed method was successfully applied to a proof of concept experiment using pooled human jejunal microsomes (50 μg protein/mL) in order to determine enzyme kinetic parameters. Formation of all monitored metabolites followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and allowed calculation of KM and Vmax values. The developed method may be useful for characterization of enzymatic activity in the human intestine which may allow more precise insights into the intestinal contribution to first pass metabolism of drugs.
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Matsunaga N, Fukuchi Y, Imawaka H, Tamai I. Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes for Mechanistic Understanding of Hepatic Disposition of Parent Drugs and Metabolites by Transporter-Enzyme Interplay. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:680-691. [PMID: 29352067 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional interplay between transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes is currently one of the hottest topics in the field of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Uptake transporter-enzyme interplay is important to determine intrinsic hepatic clearance based on the extended clearance concept. Enzyme and efflux transporter interplay, which includes both sinusoidal (basolateral) and canalicular efflux transporters, determines the fate of metabolites formed in the liver. As sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCHs) maintain metabolic activities and form a canalicular network, the whole interplay between uptake and efflux transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes can be investigated simultaneously. In this article, we review the utility and applicability of SCHs for mechanistic understanding of hepatic disposition of both parent drugs and metabolites. In addition, the utility of SCHs for mimicking species-specific disposition of parent drugs and metabolites in vivo is described. We also review application of SCHs for clinically relevant prediction of drug-drug interactions caused by drugs and metabolites. The usefulness of mathematical modeling of hepatic disposition of parent drugs and metabolites in SCHs is described to allow a quantitative understanding of an event in vitro and to develop a more advanced model to predict in vivo disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Matsunaga
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
| | - Yukina Fukuchi
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
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39
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Assessing Herb–Drug Interactions of Herbal Products With Therapeutic Agents for Metabolic Diseases: Analytical and Regulatory Perspectives. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64179-3.00009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Hatley OJD, Jones CR, Galetin A, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Optimization of intestinal microsomal preparation in the rat: A systematic approach to assess the influence of various methodologies on metabolic activity and scaling factors. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:187-208. [PMID: 28207929 PMCID: PMC5413848 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic capacity of the intestine and its importance as the initial barrier to systemic exposure can lead to underestimation of first‐pass, and thus overestimation of oral bioavailability. However, the in vitro tools informing estimates of in vivo intestinal metabolism are limited by the complexity of the in vitro matrix preparation and uncertainty with the scaling factors for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. A number of methods currently exist in the literature for the preparation of intestinal microsomes; however, the impact of key steps in the preparation procedure has not been critically assessed. In the current study, changes in enterocyte isolation, the impact of buffer constituents heparin and glycerol, as well as sonication as a direct method of homogenization were assessed systematically. Furthermore, fresh vs. frozen tissue samples and the impact of microsome freeze thawing was assessed. The rat intestinal microsomes were characterized for CYP content as well as metabolic activity using testosterone and 4‐nitropheonol as probes for CYP and UGT activity, respectively. Comparisons in metabolic activity and scaled unbound intestinal intrinsic clearance (CLintu,gut) were made to commercially available microsomes using 25 drugs with a diverse range of metabolic pathways and intestinal metabolic stabilities. An optimal, robust and reproducible microsomal preparation method for investigation of intestinal metabolism is proposed. The importance of characterization of the in vitro matrix and the potential impact of intestinal scaling factors on the in vitro–in vivo extrapolation of FG needs to be investigated further. © 2017 The Authors Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J D Hatley
- Certara, Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, S2 4SU, UK.,Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Certara, Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, S2 4SU, UK.,Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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41
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Liu Y, Coughtrie MWH. Revisiting the Latency of Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)-How Does the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Influence Their Function? Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:E32. [PMID: 28867809 PMCID: PMC5620573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase 2 conjugation enzymes mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the liver and many other tissues, and can be recovered in artificial ER membrane preparations (microsomes). They catalyze glucuronidation reactions in various aglycone substrates, contributing significantly to the body's chemical defense mechanism. There has been controversy over the last 50 years in the UGT field with respect to the explanation for the phenomenon of latency: full UGT activity revealed by chemical or physical disruption of the microsomal membrane. Because latency can lead to inaccurate measurements of UGT activity in vitro, and subsequent underprediction of drug clearance in vivo, it is important to understand the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Three major hypotheses have been advanced to explain UGT latency: compartmentation, conformation, and adenine nucleotide inhibition. In this review, we discuss the evidence behind each hypothesis in depth, and suggest some additional studies that may reveal more information on this intriguing phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejian Liu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Michael W H Coughtrie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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42
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Miners JO, Yang X, Knights KM, Zhang L. The Role of the Kidney in Drug Elimination: Transport, Metabolism, and the Impact of Kidney Disease on Drug Clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:436-449. [PMID: 28599065 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the identification and characterization of renal drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes has led to greater understanding of their roles in drug and chemical elimination and in modulation of the intrarenal exposure and response to drugs, nephrotoxic compounds, and physiological mediators. Furthermore, there is increasing awareness of the potential importance of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) arising from inhibition of renal transporters, and regulatory agencies now provide recommendations for the evaluation of transporter-mediated DDIs. Apart from the well-recognized effects of kidney disease on renal drug clearance, there is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that the nonrenal clearances of drugs eliminated by certain transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes are decreased in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Based on these observations, renal impairment guidance documents of regulatory agencies recommend pharmacokinetic characterization of both renally cleared and nonrenally cleared drugs in CKD patients to inform possible dosage adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - X Yang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - K M Knights
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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43
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Bae SH, Park WS, Han S, Park GJ, Lee J, Hong T, Jeon S, Yim DS. Retracted: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic predictions of intestinal BCRP-mediated effect of telmisartan on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in humans. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:363. [PMID: 28027398 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
'Physiologically based pharmacokinetic predictions of intestinal BCRP-mediated effect of telmisartan on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in humans' by Soo Hyeon Bae, Wan-Su Park, Seunghoon Han, Gab-jin Park, Jongtae Lee, Taegon Hong, Sangil Jeon and Dong-Seok Yim The above article, published online on 06 February 2017 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, K. Sandy Pang, and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The authors retracted the paper due to errors associated with use of log D vs. log P of telmisartan as inputs of the PBPK model. The authors concluded that there are too many changes in the article to be resolved by an Erratum, and had requested a retraction. Reference Bae, S. H., Park, W.-S., Han, S., Park, G., Lee, J., Hong, T., Jeon, S., and Yim, D.-S. (2016) Physiologically based pharmacokinetic predictions of intestinal BCRP-mediated effect of telmisartan on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in humans. Biopharm. Drug Dispos., doi: 10.1002/bdd.2060.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyeon Bae
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan-Su Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Han
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gab-Jin Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongtae Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taegon Hong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Dong-Seok Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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44
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Salleh NM, Ismail S, Ibrahim MNM. The Inhibition of Hepatic and Renal Glucuronidation of p-Nitrophenol and 4-Methylumbelliferone by Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Lignin and Its Main Oxidation Compounds. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S102-S114. [PMID: 28479734 PMCID: PMC5407101 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.203990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In order to develop oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) lignin as a nutraceutical and health supplement, the investigation of its potential in interacting with other drugs via inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) would ensure product safety. Objective: The study was aimed to investigate the in vitro effect of oil palm EFB lignin and its main oxidation compounds on phase II DME UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in rat liver and kidney microsomes. Materials and Methods: The p-nitrophenol (p-NP) and 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) were employed as probe substrates in glucuronidation assays. The effect of soda oil palm EFB lignin on Vmax, Km, CLint, Ki, and mode of inhibition of 4-MU glucuronidation in RLM was also determined. Results: The inhibitory potency of oil palm EFB lignin for both p-NP and 4-MU glucuronidation in rat liver microsome (RLM) and rat kidneys microsomes (RKM) was found to be in the rank order of soda > kraft > organosolv. However, the inhibitory potency of its main oxidation compounds were in the rank order of vanillin > syringaldehyde > p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Soda oil palm EFB lignin exhibited mixed-type inhibition against 4-MU glucuronidation in RLM, showing the change in apparent Vmax and with only a minor effect on Km compared with control. Conclusions: The findings showed that effect of oil palm EFB lignin on both p-NP and 4-MU glucuronidation in RLM and RKM was enhanced by the presence of vanillin as well as flavonoids. Kinetic study showed that soda oil palm EFB lignin exhibited strong inhibition on UGT activity in RLM with mixed-type inhibition mode. SUMMARY The inhibitory potential of oil palm EFB lignin extracts for p-NP and 4-MU glucuronidation in RLM and RKM can be listed in the following rank order: soda > kraft > organosolv The inhibitory potential of oil palm EFB lignin main oxidation compounds for p-NP and 4-MU glucuronidation in RLM and RKM can be listed in the following rank order: vanillin > syringaldehyde > p-hydroxybenzaldehyde Results suggested that the effect of oil palm EFB lignin on p-NP and 4-MU glucuronidation activity in both RLM and RKM was enhanced by the presence of vanillin as well as total flavonoid content Results also suggested that oil palm EFB lignin may inhibit glucuronidation of substrate by UGT enzymes, especially UGT1A6, particularly in rat liver
Abbreviations used:p-NP: p-Nitrophenol, 4-MU: 4-Methylumbelliferone, EFB: Empty fruit bunch, DME: Drug-metabolizing enzymes, UGT: UDPglucuronosyltransferase, Vmax: Maximal reaction velocity, Km: Michaelis-Menten constant, CLint: Intrinsic clearance, Ki: Dissociation constant of an inhibitor enzyme complex, 4-MUG: 4-Methylumbelliferone glucuronide, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, IC50: Half maximal inhibitory concentration, p-NPG: p-Nitrophenol glucuronide, RKM: Rat kidneys microsomes, RLM: Rat liver microsome, UDPGA: UDPglucuronic acid, TCA: trichloroacetic acid, MPA: mycophenolic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Norliyana Mohamad Salleh
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Centre for Herbal Standardization, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sabariah Ismail
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Centre for Herbal Standardization, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
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45
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Scotcher D, Billington S, Brown J, Jones CR, Brown CDA, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Galetin A. Microsomal and Cytosolic Scaling Factors in Dog and Human Kidney Cortex and Application for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation of Renal Metabolic Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:556-568. [PMID: 28270564 PMCID: PMC5399648 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of drug metabolism data obtained in enriched preparations of subcellular fractions rely on robust estimates of physiologically relevant scaling factors for the prediction of clearance in vivo. The purpose of the current study was to measure the microsomal and cytosolic protein per gram of kidney (MPPGK and CPPGK) in dog and human kidney cortex using appropriate protein recovery marker and evaluate functional activity of human cortex microsomes. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) content and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity were used as microsomal protein markers, whereas glutathione-S-transferase activity was a cytosolic marker. Functional activity of human microsomal samples was assessed by measuring mycophenolic acid glucuronidation. MPPGK was 33.9 and 44.0 mg/g in dog kidney cortex, and 41.1 and 63.6 mg/g in dog liver (n = 17), using P450 content and G6Pase activity, respectively. No trends were noted between kidney, liver, and intestinal scalars from the same animals. Species differences were evident, as human MPPGK and CPPGK were 26.2 and 53.3 mg/g in kidney cortex (n = 38), respectively. MPPGK was 2-fold greater than the commonly used in vitro-in vivo extrapolation scalar; this difference was attributed mainly to tissue source (mixed kidney regions versus cortex). Robust human MPPGK and CPPGK scalars were measured for the first time. The work emphasized the importance of regional differences (cortex versus whole kidney–specific MPPGK, tissue weight, and blood flow) and a need to account for these to improve assessment of renal metabolic clearance and its extrapolation to in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester (D.S., A.R.-H., A.G.); Newcastle University, Newcastle (S.B., C.D.A.B.); Biobank, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (J.B.); DMPK, Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield (C.R.J.); and Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield (A.R.-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Billington
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester (D.S., A.R.-H., A.G.); Newcastle University, Newcastle (S.B., C.D.A.B.); Biobank, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (J.B.); DMPK, Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield (C.R.J.); and Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield (A.R.-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Jay Brown
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester (D.S., A.R.-H., A.G.); Newcastle University, Newcastle (S.B., C.D.A.B.); Biobank, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (J.B.); DMPK, Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield (C.R.J.); and Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield (A.R.-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Jones
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester (D.S., A.R.-H., A.G.); Newcastle University, Newcastle (S.B., C.D.A.B.); Biobank, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (J.B.); DMPK, Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield (C.R.J.); and Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield (A.R.-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Colin D A Brown
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester (D.S., A.R.-H., A.G.); Newcastle University, Newcastle (S.B., C.D.A.B.); Biobank, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (J.B.); DMPK, Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield (C.R.J.); and Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield (A.R.-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester (D.S., A.R.-H., A.G.); Newcastle University, Newcastle (S.B., C.D.A.B.); Biobank, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (J.B.); DMPK, Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield (C.R.J.); and Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield (A.R.-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester (D.S., A.R.-H., A.G.); Newcastle University, Newcastle (S.B., C.D.A.B.); Biobank, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (J.B.); DMPK, Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield (C.R.J.); and Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield (A.R.-H.), United Kingdom
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46
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Palacharla RC, Uthukam V, Manoharan A, Ponnamaneni RK, Padala NP, Boggavarapu RK, Bhyrapuneni G, Ajjala DR, Nirogi R. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes by saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in human liver microsomes, characterization of enzyme kinetics in the presence of bovine serum albumin (0.1 and 1.0% w/v) and in vitro - in vivo extrapolation of hepatic clearance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 101:80-89. [PMID: 28179134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the effect of fatty acids on CYP enzymes and the effect of BSA on intrinsic clearance of probe substrates. The inhibitory effect of thirteen fatty acids including saturated, mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on CYP enzymes, kinetic parameters and intrinsic clearance values of nine CYP marker probe substrate reactions in the absence and presence of BSA (0.1 and 1.0% w/v) were characterized in human liver microsomes. The results demonstrate that most of the unsaturated fatty acids showed marked inhibition towards CYP2C8 mediated amodiaquine N-deethylation followed by inhibition of CYP2C9 and CYP2B6 mediated activities. The addition of 0.1% BSA in the incubation markedly improved the unbound intrinsic clearance values of probe substrates by reducing the Km values with little or no effect on maximal velocity. The addition of BSA (0.1 and 1.0% w/v) did not influence the unbound intrinsic clearance of marker reactions for CYP2A6, and CYP3A4 enzymes. The addition of 0.1% w/v BSA is sufficient to determine the intrinsic clearance of marker probe reactions by metabolite formation approach. The predicted hepatic clearance values for the substrates using the well-stirred model, in the presence of BSA (0.1% BSA), are comparable to the in vivo hepatic clearance values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Venkatesham Uthukam
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arunkumar Manoharan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Gopinadh Bhyrapuneni
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India.
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47
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Ye M, Nagar S, Korzekwa K. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict the pharmacokinetics of highly protein-bound drugs and the impact of errors in plasma protein binding. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 37:123-41. [PMID: 26531057 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the pharmacokinetics of highly protein-bound drugs is difficult. Also, since historical plasma protein binding data were often collected using unbuffered plasma, the resulting inaccurate binding data could contribute to incorrect predictions. This study uses a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict human plasma concentration-time profiles for 22 highly protein-bound drugs. Tissue distribution was estimated from in vitro drug lipophilicity data, plasma protein binding and the blood: plasma ratio. Clearance was predicted with a well-stirred liver model. Underestimated hepatic clearance for acidic and neutral compounds was corrected by an empirical scaling factor. Predicted values (pharmacokinetic parameters, plasma concentration-time profile) were compared with observed data to evaluate the model accuracy. Of the 22 drugs, less than a 2-fold error was obtained for the terminal elimination half-life (t1/2 , 100% of drugs), peak plasma concentration (Cmax , 100%), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t , 95.4%), clearance (CLh , 95.4%), mean residence time (MRT, 95.4%) and steady state volume (Vss , 90.9%). The impact of fup errors on CLh and Vss prediction was evaluated. Errors in fup resulted in proportional errors in clearance prediction for low-clearance compounds, and in Vss prediction for high-volume neutral drugs. For high-volume basic drugs, errors in fup did not propagate to errors in Vss prediction. This is due to the cancellation of errors in the calculations for tissue partitioning of basic drugs. Overall, plasma profiles were well simulated with the present PBPK model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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48
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Pang KS, Yang QJ, Noh K. Unequivocal evidence supporting the segregated flow intestinal model that discriminates intestine versus liver first-pass removal with PBPK modeling. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 38:231-250. [PMID: 27977852 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Merits of the segregated flow model (SFM), highlighting the intestine as inert serosa and active enterocyte regions, with a smaller fractional (fQ < 0.3) intestinal flow (QI ) perfusing the enterocyte region, are described. Less drug in the circulation reaches the enterocytes due to the lower flow (fQ QI ) in comparison with drug administered into the gut lumen, fostering the idea of route-dependent intestinal removal. The SFM has been found superior to the traditional model (TM), which views the serosa and enterocytes totally as a well-mixed tissue perfused by 100% of the intestinal flow, QI . The SFM model is able to explain the lower extents of intestinal metabolism of enalapril, morphine and midazolam with i.v. vs. p.o. dosing. For morphine, the urine/bile ratio of the metabolite, morphine glucuronide MGurineMGbile for p.o. was 2.6× that of i.v. This was due to the higher proportion of intestinally formed morphine glucuronide, appearing more in urine than in bile due to its low permeability and greater extent of intestinal formation with p.o. administration. By contrast, the TM predicted the same MGurineMGbile for p.o. vs. i.v. The TM predicted that the contributions of the intestine:liver to first-pass removal were 46%:54% for both p.o. and i.v. The SFM predicted same 46%:54% (intestine:liver) for p.o., but 9%:91% for i.v. By contrast, the kinetics of codeine, the precursor of morphine, was described equally well by the SFM- and TM-PBPK models, a trend suggesting that intestinal metabolism of codeine is negligible. Fits to these PBPK models further provide insightful information towards metabolite formation: available fractions and the fractions of hepatic and total clearances that form the metabolite in question. The SFM-PBPK model is useful to identify not only the presence of intestinal metabolism but the contributions of the intestine and liver for metabolite formation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qi Joy Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Futatsugi K, Huard K, Kung DW, Pettersen JC, Flynn DA, Gosset JR, Aspnes GE, Barnes RJ, Cabral S, Dowling MS, Fernando DP, Goosen TC, Gorczyca WP, Hepworth D, Herr M, Lavergne S, Li Q, Niosi M, Orr STM, Pardo ID, Perez SM, Purkal J, Schmahai TJ, Shirai N, Shoieb AM, Zhou J, Goodwin B. Small structural changes of the imidazopyridine diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) inhibitors produce an improved safety profile. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 8:771-779. [PMID: 30108796 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00564k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule DGAT2 inhibitors have shown promise for the treatment of metabolic diseases in preclinical models. Herein, we report the first toxicological evaluation of imidazopyridine-based DGAT2 inhibitors and show that the arteriopathy associated with imidazopyridine 1 can be mitigated with small structural modifications, and is thus not mechanism related.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Futatsugi
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , 610 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02155 USA .
| | - K Huard
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , 610 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02155 USA .
| | - D W Kung
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA .
| | - J C Pettersen
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA
| | - D A Flynn
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA
| | - J R Gosset
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , 610 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02155 USA .
| | - G E Aspnes
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , 610 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02155 USA .
| | - R J Barnes
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA
| | - S Cabral
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA .
| | - M S Dowling
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA .
| | - D P Fernando
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA .
| | - T C Goosen
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA .
| | - W P Gorczyca
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA
| | - D Hepworth
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , 610 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02155 USA .
| | - M Herr
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA .
| | - S Lavergne
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA .
| | - Q Li
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA .
| | - M Niosi
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA .
| | - S T M Orr
- Pfizer Inc. Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA .
| | - I D Pardo
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA
| | - S M Perez
- Pfizer Inc. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit , 610 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02155 USA
| | - J Purkal
- Pfizer Inc. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit , 610 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02155 USA
| | - T J Schmahai
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA
| | - N Shirai
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA
| | - A M Shoieb
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA
| | - J Zhou
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut , 06340 USA
| | - B Goodwin
- Pfizer Inc. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit , 610 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02155 USA
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50
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Scotcher D, Jones C, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Galetin A. Novel minimal physiologically-based model for the prediction of passive tubular reabsorption and renal excretion clearance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 94:59-71. [PMID: 27033147 PMCID: PMC5074076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Develop a minimal mechanistic model based on in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) principles to predict extent of passive tubular reabsorption. Assess the ability of the model developed to predict extent of passive tubular reabsorption (Freab) and renal excretion clearance (CLR) from in vitro permeability data and tubular physiological parameters. METHODS Model system parameters were informed by physiological data collated following extensive literature analysis. A database of clinical CLR was collated for 157 drugs. A subset of 45 drugs was selected for model validation; for those, Caco-2 permeability (Papp) data were measured under pH6.5-7.4 gradient conditions and used to predict Freab and subsequently CLR. An empirical calibration approach was proposed to account for the effect of inter-assay/laboratory variation in Papp on the IVIVE of Freab. RESULTS The 5-compartmental model accounted for regional differences in tubular surface area and flow rates and successfully predicted the extent of tubular reabsorption of 45 drugs for which filtration and reabsorption were contributing to renal excretion. Subsequently, predicted CLR was within 3-fold of the observed values for 87% of drugs in this dataset, with an overall gmfe of 1.96. Consideration of the empirical calibration method improved overall prediction of CLR (gmfe=1.73 for 34 drugs in the internal validation dataset), in particular for basic drugs and drugs with low extent of tubular reabsorption. CONCLUSIONS The novel 5-compartment model represents an important addition to the IVIVE toolbox for physiologically-based prediction of renal tubular reabsorption and CLR. Physiological basis of the model proposed allows its application in future mechanistic kidney models in preclinical species and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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