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Huang M, Zhu K, Wang Y, Lou C, Sun H, Li W, Tang Y, Liu G. In Silico Prediction of Metabolic Reaction Catalyzed by Human Aldehyde Oxidase. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030449. [PMID: 36984889 PMCID: PMC10059660 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) plays an important role in drug metabolism. Human AOX (hAOX) is widely distributed in the body, and there are some differences between species. Currently, animal models cannot accurately predict the metabolism of hAOX. Therefore, more and more in silico models have been constructed for the prediction of the hAOX metabolism. These models are based on molecular docking and quantum chemistry theory, which are time-consuming and difficult to automate. Therefore, in this study, we compared traditional machine learning methods, graph convolutional neural network methods, and sequence-based methods with limited data, and proposed a ligand-based model for the metabolism prediction catalyzed by hAOX. Compared with the published models, our model achieved better performance (ACC = 0.91, F1 = 0.77). What's more, we built a web server to predict the sites of metabolism (SOMs) for hAOX. In summary, this study provides a convenient and automatable model and builds a web server named Meta-hAOX for accelerating the drug design and optimization stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Huang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Keyun Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chaofeng Lou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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2
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Gajula SNR, Nathani TN, Patil RM, Talari S, Sonti R. Aldehyde oxidase mediated drug metabolism: an underpredicted obstacle in drug discovery and development. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:427-448. [PMID: 36369949 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2144879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) has garnered curiosity as a non-CYP metabolizing enzyme in drug development due to unexpected consequences such as toxic metabolite generation and high metabolic clearance resulting in the clinical failure of new drugs. Therefore, poor AO mediated clearance prediction in preclinical nonhuman species remains a significant obstacle in developing novel drugs. Various isoforms of AO, such as AOX1, AOX3, AOX3L1, and AOX4 exist across species, and different AO activity among humans influences the AO mediated drug metabolism. Therefore, carefully considering the unique challenges is essential in developing successful AO substrate drugs. The in vitro to in vivo extrapolation underpredicts AO mediated drug clearance due to the lack of reliable representative animal models, substrate-specific activity, and the discrepancy between absolute concentration and activity. An in vitro tool to extrapolate in vivo clearance using a yard-stick approach is provided to address the underprediction of AO mediated drug clearance. This approach uses a range of well-known AO drug substrates as calibrators for qualitative scaling new drugs into low, medium, or high clearance category drugs. So far, in vivo investigations on chimeric mice with humanized livers (humanized mice) have predicted AO mediated metabolism to the best extent. This review addresses the critical aspects of the drug discovery stage for AO metabolism studies, challenges faced in drug development, approaches to tackle AO mediated drug clearance's underprediction, and strategies to decrease the AO metabolism of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Tanaaz Navin Nathani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rashmi Madhukar Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Sasikala Talari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
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3
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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4
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Soltani S, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, Rashidi MR. A comprehensive review of in silico approaches for the prediction and modulation of aldehyde oxidase-mediated drug metabolism: The current features, challenges and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113559. [PMID: 34119831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism necessitates the development and application of the in silico rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects for the early prediction and modulation of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX-mediated metabolism and modulation methods. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered have been discussed. The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism is a hot topic in drug discovery. Different strategies are available for the modulation of the AOX-mediated metabolism of drugs. Application of the rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects is necessary for the early prediction of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents a comprehensive review of AOX molecular structure, AOX-mediated reactions, AOX substrates, AOX inhibition, approaches to modify AOX-mediated metabolism, prediction of AOX metabolism/substrates/inhibitors, and the AOX related structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Furthermore, an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX metabolism has been carried out. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered in the scientific literature have been discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaieh Soltani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rashidi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute and Pharmacy faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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5
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Paragas EM, Choughule K, Jones JP, Barr JT. Enzyme Kinetics, Pharmacokinetics, and Inhibition of Aldehyde Oxidase. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:257-284. [PMID: 34272698 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) has emerged as an important drug metabolizing enzyme over the last decade. Several compounds have failed in the clinic because the clearance or toxicity was underestimated by preclinical species. Human AO is much more active than rodent AO, and dogs do not have functional AO. Metabolic products from AO-catalyzed oxidation are generally nonreactive and often they have much lower solubility. AO metabolism is not limited to oxidation as AO can also catalyze reduction of oxygen and nitrite. Reduction of oxygen leads to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide radical anion and hydrogen peroxide. Reduction of nitrite leads to the formation of nitric oxide with potential pharmacological implications. AO is also reported to catalyze the reductive metabolism of nitro-compounds, N-oxides, sulfoxides, isoxazoles, isothiazoles, nitrite, and hydroxamic acids. These reductive transformations may cause toxicity due to the formation of reactive metabolites. Moreover, the inhibition kinetics are complex, and multiple probe substrates should be used when assessing the potential for DDIs. Finally, AO appears to be amenable to computational predictions of both regioselectivity and rates of reaction, which holds promise for virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erickson M Paragas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kanika Choughule
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - John T Barr
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Shen G, Mao X, Jiao M, Lin Y. Identification and Characterization of Aldehyde Oxidase 5 in the Pheromone Gland of the Silkworm (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:6029056. [PMID: 33295983 PMCID: PMC7724976 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) are a subfamily of cytosolic molybdo-flavoenzymes that play critical roles in the detoxification and degradation of chemicals. Active AOXs, such as AOX1 and AOX2, have been identified and functionally analyzed in insect antennae but are rarely reported in other tissues. This is the first study to isolate and characterize the cDNA that encodes aldehyde oxidase 5 (BmAOX5) in the pheromone gland (PG) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The size of BmAOX5 cDNA is 3,741 nucleotides and includes an open reading frame, which encodes a protein of 1,246 amino acid residues. The theoretical molecular weight and isoelectric point of BmAOX5 are approximately 138 kDa and 5.58, respectively. BmAOX5 shares a similar primary structure with BmAOX1 and BmAOX2, containing two [2Fe-2S] redox centers, a FAD-binding domain, and a molybdenum cofactor (MoCo)-binding domain. RT-PCR revealed BmAOX5 to be particularly highly expressed in the PG (including ovipositor) of the female silkworm moth, and the expression was further confirmed by in situ hybridization, AOX activity staining, and anti-BmAOX5 western blotting. Further, BmAOX5 was shown to metabolize aromatic aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and vanillic aldehyde, and fatty aldehydes, such as heptaldehyde and propionaldehyde. The maximum reaction rate (Vmax) of benzaldehyde as substrate was 21 mU and Km was 1.745 mmol/liter. These results suggested that BmAOX5 in the PG could metabolize aldehydes in the cytoplasm for detoxification or participate in the degradation of aldehyde pheromone substances and odorant compounds to identify mating partners and locate suitable spawning sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanwang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture Science, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture Science, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing, China
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7
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Shah P, Siramshetty VB, Zakharov AV, Southall NT, Xu X, Nguyen DT. Predicting liver cytosol stability of small molecules. J Cheminform 2020; 12:21. [PMID: 33431020 PMCID: PMC7140498 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-020-00426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, chemists have become skilled at designing compounds that avoid cytochrome P (CYP) 450 mediated metabolism. Typical screening assays are performed in liver microsomal fractions and it is possible to overlook the contribution of cytosolic enzymes until much later in the drug discovery process. Few data exist on cytosolic enzyme-mediated metabolism and no reliable tools are available to chemists to help design away from such liabilities. In this study, we screened 1450 compounds for liver cytosol-mediated metabolic stability and extracted transformation rules that might help medicinal chemists in optimizing compounds with these liabilities. In vitro half-life data were collected by performing in-house experiments in mouse (CD-1 male) and human (mixed gender) cytosol fractions. Matched molecular pairs analysis was performed in conjunction with qualitative-structure activity relationship modeling to identify chemical structure transformations affecting cytosolic stability. The transformation rules were prospectively validated on the test set. In addition, selected rules were validated on a diverse chemical library and the resulting pairs were experimentally tested to confirm whether the identified transformations could be generalized. The validation results, comprising nearly 250 library compounds and corresponding half-life data, are made publicly available. The datasets were also used to generate in silico classification models, based on different molecular descriptors and machine learning methods, to predict cytosol-mediated liabilities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic in silico effort to address cytosolic enzyme-mediated liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Shah
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Vishal B Siramshetty
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Alexey V Zakharov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Noel T Southall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Dac-Trung Nguyen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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8
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Zhao J, Cui R, Wang L, Chen Y, Fu Z, Ding X, Cui C, Yang T, Li X, Xu Y, Chen K, Luo X, Jiang H, Zheng M. Revisiting Aldehyde Oxidase Mediated Metabolism in Drug-like Molecules: An Improved Computational Model. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6523-6537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lihao Wang
- Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yingjia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zunyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tianbiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xutong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Shanghai EnnovaBio Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.,
Room 404, Building 2, Lane 720, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Manevski N, King L, Pitt WR, Lecomte F, Toselli F. Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase: Drug Design and Complementary Approaches to Challenges in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10955-10994. [PMID: 31385704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and many candidates failed due to poor pharmacokinetics, interspecies differences, and adverse effects. As most issues arise from complex and poorly understood AO biology, an effective solution is to stop or decrease AO metabolism. This perspective focuses on rational drug design approaches to modulate AO-mediated metabolism in drug discovery. AO biological aspects are also covered, as they are complementary to chemical design and important when selecting the experimental system for risk assessment. The authors' recommendation is an early consideration of AO-mediated metabolism supported by computational and in vitro experimental methods but not an automatic avoidance of AO structural flags, many of which are versatile and valuable building blocks. Preferably, consideration of AO-mediated metabolism should be part of the multiparametric drug optimization process, with the goal to improve overall drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd King
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - William R Pitt
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Lecomte
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Toselli
- UCB BioPharma , Chemin du Foriest 1 , 1420 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
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10
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Cheshmazar N, Dastmalchi S, Terao M, Garattini E, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M. Aldehyde oxidase at the crossroad of metabolism and preclinical screening. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:428-452. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1667379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Cheshmazar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Dalvie D, Di L. Aldehyde oxidase and its role as a drug metabolizing enzyme. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:137-180. [PMID: 31128989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the family of structurally related molybdoflavoproteins like xanthine oxidase (XO). The enzyme is characterized by broad substrate specificity and marked species differences. It catalyzes the oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and various heteroaromatic rings as well as reduction of several functional groups. The references to AO and its role in metabolism date back to the 1950s, but the importance of this enzyme in the metabolism of drugs has emerged in the past fifteen years. Several reviews on the role of AO in drug metabolism have been published in the past decade indicative of the growing interest in the enzyme and its influence in drug metabolism. Here, we present a comprehensive monograph of AO as a drug metabolizing enzyme with emphasis on marketed drugs as well as other xenobiotics, as substrates and inhibitors. Although the number of drugs that are primarily metabolized by AO are few, the impact of AO on drug development has been extensive. We also discuss the effect of AO on the systemic exposure and clearance these clinical candidates. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of drug discovery compounds involving AO with the focus on developmental candidates that were reported in the past five years with regards to pharmacokinetics and toxicity. While there is only one known report of AO-mediated clinically relevant drug-drug interaction (DDI), a detailed description of inhibitors and inducers of AO known to date has been presented here and the potential risks associated with DDI. The increasing recognition of the importance of AO has led to significant progress in predicting the site of AO-mediated metabolism using computational methods. Additionally, marked species difference in expression of AO makes it is difficult to predict human clearance with high confidence. The progress made towards developing in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches for predicting AO metabolism and estimating human clearance of compounds that are metabolized by AO have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dalvie
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corporation, 10300, Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, UK
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Beedham
- Honorary Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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13
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In Vitro Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase Leads to Poor Pharmacokinetic Profile in Rats for c-Met Inhibitor MET401. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:669-680. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Zhang JW, Xiao W, Gao ZT, Yu ZT, Zhang JYJ. Metabolism of c-Met Kinase Inhibitors Containing Quinoline by Aldehyde Oxidase, Electron Donating, and Steric Hindrance Effect. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1847-1855. [PMID: 30209037 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Some quinoline-containing c-Met kinase inhibitors are aldehyde oxidase (AO) substrates. 3-Substituted quinoline triazolopyridine analogs were synthesized to understand the electron-donating and steric hindrance effects on AO-mediated metabolism. Metabolic stability studies for these quinoline analogs were carried out in liver cytosol from mice, rats, cynomolgus monkeys, and humans. Several 3-N-substituted analogs were found to be unstable in monkey liver cytosolic incubations (half-life, <10 minutes), and five of them (63, 53, 51, 11, and 71) were chosen for additional mechanistic studies. Mono-oxygenation on the quinoline ring was identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolite formation was inhibited by the AO inhibitors menadione and raloxifene, but not by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. It was found that small electron-donating groups at the 3-quinoline moiety made the analogs more susceptible to AO metabolism, whereas large 3-substituents could reverse the trend. Although species differences were observed, this trend was applicable to all species tested. Small electron-donating substituents at the 3-quinoline moiety increased both affinity (decreased Michaelis constant) and V max maximum velocity toward AO in kinetic studies, whereas large substituents decreased both parameters probably as a result of steric hindrance. Based on our analysis, a common structural feature with high AO liability was proposed. Our finding could provide useful information for chemists to minimize potential AO liability when designing quinoline analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wei Zhang
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xiao
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Ting Gao
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Tian Yu
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Yue Jeff Zhang
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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15
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Li AC, Cui D, Yu E, Dobson K, Hellriegel ET, Robertson Jr P. Identification and human exposure prediction of two aldehyde oxidase-mediated metabolites of a methylquinoline-containing drug candidate. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:302-312. [PMID: 29473769 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1444815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin C. Li
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Donghui Cui
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Erya Yu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Kyle Dobson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Edward T. Hellriegel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Philmore Robertson Jr
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA
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16
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Cruciani G, Milani N, Benedetti P, Lepri S, Cesarini L, Baroni M, Spyrakis F, Tortorella S, Mosconi E, Goracci L. From Experiments to a Fast Easy-to-Use Computational Methodology to Predict Human Aldehyde Oxidase Selectivity and Metabolic Reactions. J Med Chem 2017; 61:360-371. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cruciani
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicolò Milani
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Benedetti
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Susan Lepri
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Cesarini
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroni
- Molecular Discovery Ltd, Centennial
Park, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via P. Giuria
9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Tortorella
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Molecular Horizon srl, via Montelino
32, 06084 Bettona, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics, National Research Council−Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Via Elce
di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Goracci
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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17
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Crouch RD, Blobaum AL, Felts AS, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Species-Specific Involvement of Aldehyde Oxidase and Xanthine Oxidase in the Metabolism of the Pyrimidine-Containing mGlu5-Negative Allosteric Modulator VU0424238 (Auglurant). Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1245-1259. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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18
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Paragas E, Humphreys SC, Min J, Joswig-Jones CA, Leimkühler S, Jones JP. ecoAO: A Simple System for the Study of Human Aldehyde Oxidases Role in Drug Metabolism. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4820-4827. [PMID: 28884164 PMCID: PMC5579547 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although aldehyde oxidase (AO) is an important hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme, it remains understudied and is consequently often overlooked in preclinical studies, an oversight that has resulted in the failure of multiple clinical trials. AO's preclusion to investigation stems from the following: (1) difficulties synthesizing metabolic standards due to the chemospecificity and regiospecificity of the enzyme and (2) significant inherent variability across existing in vitro systems including liver cytosol, S9 fractions, and primary hepatocytes, which lack specificity and generate discordant expression and activity profiles. Here, we describe a practical bacterial biotransformation system, ecoAO, addressing both issues simultaneously. ecoAO is a cell paste of MoCo-producing Escherichia coli strain TP1017 expressing human AO. It exhibits specific activity toward known substrates, zoniporide, 4-trans-(N,N-dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde, O6-benzylguanine, and zaleplon; it also has utility as a biocatalyst, yielding milligram quantities of synthetically challenging metabolite standards such as 2-oxo-zoniporide. Moreover, ecoAO enables routine determination of kcat and V/K, which are essential parameters for accurate in vivo clearance predictions. Furthermore, ecoAO has potential as a preclinical in vitro screening tool for AO activity, as demonstrated by its metabolism of 3-aminoquinoline, a previously uncharacterized substrate. ecoAO promises to provide easy access to metabolites with the potential to improve pharmacokinetic clearance predictions and guide drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erickson
M. Paragas
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, 99164-4630 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Sara C. Humphreys
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, 99164-4630 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Joshua Min
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, 99164-4630 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Joswig-Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, 99164-4630 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department
of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jeffrey P. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, 99164-4630 Pullman, Washington, United States
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19
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Kumar R, Joshi G, Kler H, Kalra S, Kaur M, Arya R. Toward an Understanding of Structural Insights of Xanthine and Aldehyde Oxidases: An Overview of their Inhibitors and Role in Various Diseases. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1073-1125. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Harveen Kler
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Ramandeep Arya
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
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20
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Structure-metabolism relationships in human-AOX: Chemical insights from a large database of aza-aromatic and amide compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3178-E3187. [PMID: 28373537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618881114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) is a metabolic enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of aldehyde and aza-aromatic compounds and the hydrolysis of amides, moieties frequently shared by the majority of drugs. Despite its key role in human metabolism, to date only fragmentary information about the chemical features responsible for AOX susceptibility are reported and only "very local" structure-metabolism relationships based on a small number of similar compounds have been developed. This study reports a more comprehensive coverage of the chemical space of structures with a high risk of AOX phase I metabolism in humans. More than 270 compounds were studied to identify the site of metabolism and the metabolite(s). Both electronic [supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations] and exposure effects were considered when rationalizing the structure-metabolism relationship.
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21
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Xu Y, Li L, Wang Y, Xing J, Zhou L, Zhong D, Luo X, Jiang H, Chen K, Zheng M, Deng P, Chen X. Aldehyde Oxidase Mediated Metabolism in Drug-like Molecules: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2973-2982. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Li
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pan Deng
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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22
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Rashidi MR, Soltani S. An overview of aldehyde oxidase: an enzyme of emerging importance in novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:305-316. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1284198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somaieh Soltani
- Drug Applied Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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23
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Li ZM, Guo LH, Ren XM. Biotransformation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol by recombinant human cytochrome P450s, human liver microsomes and human liver cytosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:538-46. [PMID: 27152847 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH) can form potentially more toxic metabolites. However, the responsible cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform(s) and phase II metabolism have not been studied in humans. Here, we characterized the in vitro metabolism of 8:2 FTOH by recombinant human CYPs, human liver microsomes, and human liver cytosol. The results showed that among the 11 isoforms investigated, CYP2C19 was the only enzyme capable of catalyzing 8:2 FTOH with Km and Vmax values of 18.8 μM and 8.52 pmol min(-1) pmol(-1) P450, respectively. The phase I metabolite was identified as 8:2 fluorotelomer aldehyde (8:2 FTAL). HLMs also catalyzed 8:2 FTOH transformation, with the Vmax and intrinsic clearance (CLint) values similar to those of CYP2C19 after the protein content is taken into account. Molecular docking showed that the hydroxyl group of 8:2 FTOH accesses the heme iron-oxo of CYP2C19 in an energetically favored orientation. 8:2 FTOH was also transformed by phase II enzymes to form O-glucuronide and O-sulfate conjugates. The CLint values follow the order of sulfation > oxidation > glucuronidation, suggesting that conjugation is the major metabolic pathway, which explains the low yield of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFCAs). These results provide new insight into fluorotelomer alcohol biotransformation and indirect human exposure to PFCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
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24
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Crouch RD, Morrison RD, Byers FW, Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Daniels JS. Evaluating the Disposition of a Mixed Aldehyde Oxidase/Cytochrome P450 Substrate in Rats with Attenuated P450 Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1296-303. [PMID: 26936972 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marketed drugs cleared by aldehyde oxidase (AO) are few, with no known clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions associated with AO inhibition, whereas cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibition or induction mediates a number of clinical drug interactions. Little attention has been given to the consequences of coadministering a P450 inhibitor with a compound metabolized by both AO and P450. Upon discovering that VU0409106 (1) was metabolized by AO (to M1) and P450 enzymes (to M4-M6), we sought to evaluate the in vivo disposition of 1 and its metabolites in rats with attenuated P450 activity. Male rats were orally pretreated with the pan-P450 inactivator, 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), before an i.p. dose of 1. Interestingly, the plasma area under the curve (AUC) of M1 was increased 15-fold in ABT-treated rats, indicating a metabolic shunt toward AO resulted from the drug interaction condition. The AUC of 1 also increased 7.8-fold. Accordingly, plasma clearance of 1 decreased from 53.5 to 15.3 ml/min per kilogram in ABT-pretreated rats receiving an i.v. dose of 1. Consistent with these data, M1 formation in hepatic S9 increased with NADPH-exclusion to eliminate P450 activity (50% over reactions containing NADPH). These studies reflect possible consequences of a drug interaction between P450 inhibitors and compounds cleared by both AO and P450 enzymes. Notably, increased exposure to an AO metabolite may hold clinical relevance for active metabolites or those mediating toxicity at elevated concentrations. The recent rise in clinical drug candidates metabolized by AO underscores the importance of these findings and the need for clinical studies to fully understand these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Crouch
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Frank W Byers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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25
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Sodhi JK, Wong S, Kirkpatrick DS, Liu L, Khojasteh SC, Hop CECA, Barr JT, Jones JP, Halladay JS. A novel reaction mediated by human aldehyde oxidase: amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:908-15. [PMID: 25845827 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GDC-0834, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor investigated as a potential treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, was previously reported to be extensively metabolized by amide hydrolysis such that no measurable levels of this compound were detected in human circulation after oral administration. In vitro studies in human liver cytosol determined that GDC-0834 (R)-N-(3-(6-(4-(1,4-dimethyl-3-oxopiperazin-2-yl)phenylamino)-4-methyl-5-oxo- 4,5-dihydropyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b] thiophene-2-carboxamide) was rapidly hydrolyzed with a CLint of 0.511 ml/min per milligram of protein. Aldehyde oxidase (AO) and carboxylesterase (CES) were putatively identified as the enzymes responsible after cytosolic fractionation and mass spectrometry-proteomics analysis of the enzymatically active fractions. Results were confirmed by a series of kinetic experiments with inhibitors of AO, CES, and xanthine oxidase (XO), which implicated AO and CES, but not XO, as mediating GDC-0834 amide hydrolysis. Further supporting the interaction between GDC-0834 and AO, GDC-0834 was shown to be a potent reversible inhibitor of six known AO substrates with IC50 values ranging from 0.86 to 1.87 μM. Additionally, in silico modeling studies suggest that GDC-0834 is capable of binding in the active site of AO with the amide bond of GDC-0834 near the molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), orientated in such a way to enable potential nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl of the amide bond by the hydroxyl of MoCo. Together, the in vitro and in silico results suggest the involvement of AO in the amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Susan Wong
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Donald S Kirkpatrick
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Lichuan Liu
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - John T Barr
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Jason S Halladay
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
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26
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Sanoh S, Tayama Y, Sugihara K, Kitamura S, Ohta S. Significance of aldehyde oxidase during drug development: Effects on drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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27
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Barr JT, Jones JP, Oberlies NH, Paine MF. Inhibition of human aldehyde oxidase activity by diet-derived constituents: structural influence, enzyme-ligand interactions, and clinical relevance. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:34-41. [PMID: 25326286 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic understanding of interactions between diet-derived substances and conventional medications in humans is nascent. Most investigations have examined cytochrome P450-mediated interactions. Interactions mediated by other phase I enzymes are understudied. Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a phase I hydroxylase that is gaining recognition in drug design and development programs. Taken together, a panel of structurally diverse phytoconstituents (n = 24) was screened for inhibitors of the AO-mediated oxidation of the probe substrate O(6)-benzylguanine. Based on the estimated IC50 (<100 μM), 17 constituents were advanced for Ki determination. Three constituents were described best by a competitive inhibition model, whereas 14 constituents were described best by a mixed-mode model. The latter model consists of two Ki terms, Kis and Kii, which ranged from 0.26-73 and 0.80-120 μM, respectively. Molecular modeling was used to glean mechanistic insight into AO inhibition. Docking studies indicated that the tested constituents bound within the AO active site and elucidated key enzyme-inhibitor interactions. Quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling identified three structural descriptors that correlated with inhibition potency (r(2) = 0.85), providing a framework for developing in silico models to predict the AO inhibitory activity of a xenobiotic based solely on chemical structure. Finally, a simple static model was used to assess potential clinically relevant AO-mediated dietary substance-drug interactions. Epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate, prominent constituents in green tea, were predicted to have moderate to high risk. Further characterization of this uncharted type of interaction is warranted, including dynamic modeling and, potentially, clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Barr
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.T.B., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.P.J.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (N.H.O.)
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.T.B., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.P.J.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (N.H.O.)
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.T.B., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.P.J.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (N.H.O.)
| | - Mary F Paine
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.T.B., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.P.J.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (N.H.O.)
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Manevski N, Balavenkatraman KK, Bertschi B, Swart P, Walles M, Camenisch G, Schiller H, Kretz O, Ling B, Wettstein R, Schaefer DJ, Pognan F, Wolf A, Litherland K. Aldehyde Oxidase Activity in Fresh Human Skin. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:2049-57. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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O'Hara F, Burns AC, Collins MR, Dalvie D, Ornelas MA, Vaz ADN, Fujiwara Y, Baran PS. A simple litmus test for aldehyde oxidase metabolism of heteroarenes. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1616-20. [PMID: 24472070 PMCID: PMC3983350 DOI: 10.1021/jm4017976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The
bioavailability of aromatic azaheterocyclic drugs can be affected
by the activity of aldehyde oxidase (AO). Susceptibility to AO metabolism
is difficult to predict computationally and can be complicated in
vivo by differences between species. Here we report the use of bis(((difluoromethyl)sulfinyl)oxy)zinc
(DFMS) as a source of CF2H radical for a rapid and inexpensive
chemical “litmus test” for the early identification
of heteroaromatic drug candidates that have a high probability of
metabolism by AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn O'Hara
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolism is one of the most important clearance pathways representing the major clearance route of 75% drugs. The four most common drug metabolizing enzymes (DME) that contribute significantly to elimination pathways of new chemical entities are cytochrome P450s, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, aldehyde oxidase and sulfotransferases. Accurate prediction of human in vivo clearance by these enzymes, using both in vitro and in vivo tools, is critical for the success of drug candidates in human translation. AREAS COVERED Important recent advances of key DME are reviewed and highlighted in the following areas: major isoforms, tissue distribution, generic polymorphism, substrate specificity, species differences, mechanism of catalysis, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and the importance of using optimal assay conditions and relevant animal models. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the clearance mechanism of a compound is the first step toward successful prediction of human clearance. It is critical to apply appropriate in vitro and in vivo methodologies and physiologically based models in human translation. While high-confidence prediction for P450-mediated clearance has been achieved, the accuracy of human clearance prediction is significantly lower for other enzyme classes. More accurate predictive methods and models are being developed to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pfizer, Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism , Groton, CT 06340 , USA +1 860 715 6172 ;
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31
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Barr JT, Choughule K, Jones JP. Enzyme kinetics, inhibition, and regioselectivity of aldehyde oxidase. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1113:167-186. [PMID: 24523113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-758-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aldehyde oxidase (AO) enzyme family plays an increasing role in drug development. However, a number of compounds that are AO substrates have failed in the clinic because the clearance or toxicity is underestimated by preclinical species. Human AO is much more active than rodent AO, and dogs do not have functional AO. While AOs normally make non-reactive metabolites such as lactams, the metabolic products often have much lower solubility that can lead to renal failure. While an endogenous substrate for the oxidation reaction is not known, electron acceptors for the reductive part of the reaction include oxygen and nitrites. Reduction of oxygen leads to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide radical anion, and hydrogen peroxide. Reduction of nitrite leads to the formation of nitric oxide with potential pharmacological implications. To date, no clinically important drug-drug interactions (DDIs) have been observed for AOs. However, the inhibition kinetics are complex, and multiple probe substrates should be used when assessing the potential for DDIs. Finally, AO appears to be amenable to computational predictions of both regioselectivity and rates of reaction, which holds promise for virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Barr
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Cui JJ. Targeting receptor tyrosine kinase MET in cancer: small molecule inhibitors and clinical progress. J Med Chem 2013; 57:4427-53. [PMID: 24320965 DOI: 10.1021/jm401427c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The HGF/MET signaling pathway is critical in mediating a wide range of normal physiological functions including embryological development, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Aberrant activation of the pathway has frequently been found in human cancers via protein overexpression, mutation, gene amplification, and also paracrine or autocrine up-regulation. In addition, the activation of HGF/MET signaling confers resistance to the effects of cancer treatments. Therefore, inhibition of the HGF/MET signaling pathway has great potential for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Currently, there are three approaches toward modulating HGF/MET signaling in human clinical studies of cancer: anti-HGF monoclonal antibodies, MET monoclonal antibodies, and small molecule MET inhibitors. Preliminary clinical benefit from inhibition of HGF or MET has been reported. This Perspective will provide an overview of the HGF/MET signaling pathway in cancer and then will review the development of small molecule MET inhibitors and their progress in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jean Cui
- TP Therapeutics, Inc. , 6150 Lusk Boulevard, Suite B100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Hutzler JM, Obach RS, Dalvie D, Zientek MA. Strategies for a comprehensive understanding of metabolism by aldehyde oxidase. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:153-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.738668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Dalvie D, Xiang C, Kang P, Zhou S. Interspecies variation in the metabolism of zoniporide by aldehyde oxidase. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:399-408. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.727499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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