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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Chatzopoulou M, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Dhaware D, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Rowley JA, Seneviratne HK, Wang S. Biotransformation research advances - 2023 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-33. [PMID: 38989688 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2370330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
This annual review marks the eighth in the series starting with Baillie et al. (2016) Our objective is to explore and share articles which we deem influential and significant in the field of biotransformation. Its format is to highlight important aspects captured in synopsis followed by a commentary with relevant figure and references.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Chatzopoulou
- Early Clinical Development and Translational Science, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, MD Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jessica A Rowley
- Early Clinical Development and Translational Science, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Preiss LC, Georgi K, Lauschke VM, Petersson C. Comparison of Human Long-Term Liver Models for Clearance Prediction of Slowly Metabolized Compounds. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:539-547. [PMID: 38604730 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The accurate prediction of human clearance is an important task during drug development. The proportion of low clearance compounds has increased in drug development pipelines across the industry since such compounds may be dosed in lower amounts and at lower frequency. These type of compounds present new challenges to in vitro systems used for clearance extrapolation. In this study, we compared the accuracy of clearance predictions of suspension culture to four different long-term stable in vitro liver models, including HepaRG sandwich culture, the Hµrel stochastic co-culture, the Hepatopac micropatterned co-culture (MPCC), and a micro-array spheroid culture. Hepatocytes in long-term stable systems remained viable and active over several days of incubation. Although intrinsic clearance values were generally high in suspension culture, clearance of low turnover compounds could frequently not be determined using this method. Metabolic activity and intrinsic clearance values from HepaRG cultures were low and, consequently, many compounds with low turnover did not show significant decline despite long incubation times. Similarly, stochastic co-cultures occasionally failed to show significant turnover for multiple low and medium turnover compounds. Among the different methods, MPCCs and spheroids provided the most consistent measurements. Notably, all culture methods resulted in underprediction of clearance; this could, however, be compensated for by regression correction. Combined, the results indicate that spheroid culture as well as the MPCC system provide adequate in vitro tools for human extrapolation for compounds with low metabolic turnover. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, we compared suspension cultures, HepaRG sandwich cultures, the Hµrel liver stochastic co-cultures, the Hepatopac micropatterned co-cultures (MPCC), and micro-array spheroid cultures for low clearance determination and prediction. Overall, HepaRG and suspension cultures showed modest value for the low determination and prediction of clearance compounds. The micro-array spheroid culture resulted in the most robust clearance measurements, whereas using the MPCC resulted in the most accurate prediction for low clearance compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena C Preiss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.C.P., K.G., C.P.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.); and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Katrin Georgi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.C.P., K.G., C.P.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.); and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.C.P., K.G., C.P.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.); and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Carl Petersson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.C.P., K.G., C.P.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.); and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (V.M.L.)
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3
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Tynelius N, Bundgaard C, Müller CE. Evaluation of a Five-Probe Metabolic Control Cocktail in Long-Term Cocultured Human Hepatocytes. J Pharm Sci 2023:S0022-3549(23)00099-0. [PMID: 36893963 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte cocultures like HepatoPac have become more frequently used for the assessment of the intrinsic clearance of slowly metabolised drugs during drug discovery due to a superiority in enzymatic activity over time compared to liver microsomal fractions and suspended primary hepatocytes. However, the relatively high cost and practical limitations prevent several quality control compounds to be included in studies and the activities of many important metabolic enzymes are consequently often not monitored. In this study, we have evaluated the possibility for a cocktail approach of quality control compounds in the human HepatoPac system to ensure adequate activity of the major metabolising enzymes. Five reference compounds were selected based on their known metabolic substrate profile in order to capture major CYP and non-CYP metabolic pathways in the incubation cocktail. The intrinsic clearance of the reference compounds when incubated as singlets or in a cocktail was compared and no considerable difference was observed. We show here that a cocktail approach of quality control compounds allows for easy and efficient evaluation of the metabolic competency of the hepatic coculture system over an extended incubation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Tynelius
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Claudia E Müller
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Large-scale perfused tissues via synthetic 3D soft microfluidics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:193. [PMID: 36635264 PMCID: PMC9837048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascularization of engineered tissues and organoids has remained a major unresolved challenge in regenerative medicine. While multiple approaches have been developed to vascularize in vitro tissues, it has thus far not been possible to generate sufficiently dense networks of small-scale vessels to perfuse large de novo tissues. Here, we achieve the perfusion of multi-mm3 tissue constructs by generating networks of synthetic capillary-scale 3D vessels. Our 3D soft microfluidic strategy is uniquely enabled by a 3D-printable 2-photon-polymerizable hydrogel formulation, which allows for precise microvessel printing at scales below the diffusion limit of living tissues. We demonstrate that these large-scale engineered tissues are viable, proliferative and exhibit complex morphogenesis during long-term in-vitro culture, while avoiding hypoxia and necrosis. We show by scRNAseq and immunohistochemistry that neural differentiation is significantly accelerated in perfused neural constructs. Additionally, we illustrate the versatility of this platform by demonstrating long-term perfusion of developing neural and liver tissue. This fully synthetic vascularization platform opens the door to the generation of human tissue models at unprecedented scale and complexity.
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5
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Cai Y, Zeng R, Peng J, Liu W, He Q, Xu Z, Bai N. The downregulated drug-metabolism related ALDH6A1 serves as predictor for prognosis and therapeutic immune response in gastric cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7038-7051. [PMID: 36098688 PMCID: PMC9512493 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug metabolism-associated genes have been clarified to play a vital role in the process of cancer cell growth and migration. Nevertheless, the correlation between drug metabolism-associated genes and gastric cancer (GC) has not been fully explored and clarified. This paper has focused on the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family member A1 (ALDH6A1), a drug metabolism-associated gene, in the immune regulation and prognosis of GC patients. Using several bioinformatics platforms and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, we found that ALDH6A1 expression was significantly down-regulated in GC tissues. Moreover, higher expression of ALDH6A1 was related to the better prognosis of GC patients. ALDH6A1 was also found to be involved in the regulation of several immune-associated signatures, including immunoinhibitors. In conclusion, the above results have concluded that aberrant expression of ALDH6A1 might be served as the promising predictor for prognosis and clinical immunotherapy response in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cai
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- General Surgery Department, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jinwu Peng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Changde 415000, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qingchun He
- Department of Emergency, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Emergency, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Changde 415000, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ning Bai
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
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Taft BR, Yokokawa F, Kirrane T, Mata AC, Huang R, Blaquiere N, Waldron G, Zou B, Simon O, Vankadara S, Chan WL, Ding M, Sim S, Straimer J, Guiguemde A, Lakshminarayana SB, Jain JP, Bodenreider C, Thompson C, Lanshoeft C, Shu W, Fang E, Qumber J, Chan K, Pei L, Chen YL, Schulz H, Lim J, Abas SN, Ang X, Liu Y, Angulo-Barturen I, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Gamo FJ, Crespo-Fernandez B, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Tumwebaze P, Aguiar ACC, Campo B, Campbell S, Wagner J, Diagana TT, Sarko C. Discovery and Preclinical Pharmacology of INE963, a Potent and Fast-Acting Blood-Stage Antimalarial with a High Barrier to Resistance and Potential for Single-Dose Cures in Uncomplicated Malaria. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3798-3813. [PMID: 35229610 PMCID: PMC9278664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A series of 5-aryl-2-amino-imidazothiadiazole (ITD) derivatives
were identified by a phenotype-based high-throughput screening using
a blood stage Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) growth inhibition assay. A lead optimization program focused on
improving antiplasmodium potency, selectivity against human kinases,
and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity
properties and extended pharmacological profiles culminated in the
identification of INE963 (1), which demonstrates
potent cellular activity against Pf 3D7 (EC50 = 0.006 μM) and achieves “artemisinin-like”
kill kinetics in vitro with a parasite clearance
time of <24 h. A single dose of 30 mg/kg is fully curative in the Pf-humanized severe combined immunodeficient mouse model. INE963 (1) also exhibits a high barrier to resistance
in drug selection studies and a long half-life (T1/2) across species. These properties suggest the significant
potential for INE963 (1) to provide a curative
therapy for uncomplicated malaria with short dosing regimens. For
these reasons, INE963 (1) was progressed
through GLP toxicology studies and is now undergoing Ph1 clinical
trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Taft
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Fumiaki Yokokawa
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Tom Kirrane
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Anne-Catherine Mata
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Richard Huang
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Grace Waldron
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Bin Zou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Oliver Simon
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Subramanyam Vankadara
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Wai Ling Chan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Mei Ding
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Sandra Sim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Judith Straimer
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Armand Guiguemde
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Suresh B Lakshminarayana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jay Prakash Jain
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Christophe Bodenreider
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Christopher Thompson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christian Lanshoeft
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Fabrikstrasse 14, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Wei Shu
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Eric Fang
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jafri Qumber
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Katherine Chan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Luying Pei
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Yen-Liang Chen
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Hanna Schulz
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jessie Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Siti Nurdiana Abas
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Xiaoman Ang
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Yugang Liu
- Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Iñigo Angulo-Barturen
- The Art of Discovery, Astondo Bidea, BIC Bizkaia building, no. 612 Derio 48160 Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - María Belén Jiménez-Díaz
- The Art of Discovery, Astondo Bidea, BIC Bizkaia building, no. 612 Derio 48160 Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Benigno Crespo-Fernandez
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, Unites States
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Patrick Tumwebaze
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road, P.O. Box 7475 Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 Route de Pre-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Simon Campbell
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 Route de Pre-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Wagner
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Thierry T Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Christopher Sarko
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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7
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Fowler S, Brink A, Cleary Y, Guenther A, Heinig K, Husser C, Kletzl H, Kratochwil NA, Mueller L, Savage M, Stillhart C, Tuerck DW, Ullah M, Umehara K, Poirier A. Addressing today's ADME challenges in the translation of in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion characteristics to human: A case study of the SMN2 mRNA splicing modifier risdiplam. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:65-75. [PMID: 34620695 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules that present complex absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties can be challenging to investigate as potential therapeutics. Acquiring data through standard methods can yield results that are insufficient to describe the in vivo situation, which can affect downstream development decisions. Implementing in vitro - in vivo - in silico strategies throughout the drug development process is effective in identifying and mitigating risks while speeding up their development. Risdiplam (EVRYSDI®) - an orally bioavailable, small molecule approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and more recently by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of patients {greater than or equal to}2 months of age with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), is presented here as a case study. Risdiplam is a low turnover compound whose metabolism is mediated through a non-cytochrome P450 enzymatic pathway. Four main challenges of risdiplam are discussed: predicting in vivo hepatic clearance, determining in vitro metabolites with regard to metabolites in safety testing guidelines, elucidating enzymes responsible for clearance, and estimating potential drug-drug interactions. A combination of in vitro and in vivo results was successfully extrapolated and used to develop a robust physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of risdiplam. These results were verified through early clinical studies, further strengthening the understanding of the ADME properties of risdiplam in humans. These approaches can be applied to other compounds with similar ADME profiles, which may be difficult to investigate using standard methods. Significance Statement Risdiplam is the first approved, small molecule, survival of motor neuron 2 mRNA splicing modifier for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. The approach taken to characterize the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of risdiplam during clinical development incorporated in vitro-in vivo-in silico techniques, which may be applicable to other small molecules with challenging ADME. These strategies may be useful in improving the speed at which future drug molecules can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Brink
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | - Yumi Cleary
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | - Katja Heinig
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | | | - Heidemarie Kletzl
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | | | - Lutz Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | - Mark Savage
- Unilabs York Bioanalytical Solutions, United Kingdom
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Formulation & Process Sciences, Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | | | - Mohammed Ullah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Switzerland
| | - Kenichi Umehara
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Switzerland
| | - Agnès Poirier
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F.Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland
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8
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Wang H, Brown PC, Chow EC, Ewart L, Ferguson SS, Fitzpatrick S, Freedman BS, Guo GL, Hedrich W, Heyward S, Hickman J, Isoherranen N, Li AP, Liu Q, Mumenthaler SM, Polli J, Proctor WR, Ribeiro A, Wang J, Wange RL, Huang S. 3D cell culture models: Drug pharmacokinetics, safety assessment, and regulatory consideration. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:1659-1680. [PMID: 33982436 PMCID: PMC8504835 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonclinical testing has served as a foundation for evaluating potential risks and effectiveness of investigational new drugs in humans. However, the current two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture systems cannot accurately depict and simulate the rich environment and complex processes observed in vivo, whereas animal studies present significant drawbacks with inherited species-specific differences and low throughput for increased demands. To improve the nonclinical prediction of drug safety and efficacy, researchers continue to develop novel models to evaluate and promote the use of improved cell- and organ-based assays for more accurate representation of human susceptibility to drug response. Among others, the three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models present physiologically relevant cellular microenvironment and offer great promise for assessing drug disposition and pharmacokinetics (PKs) that influence drug safety and efficacy from an early stage of drug development. Currently, there are numerous different types of 3D culture systems, from simple spheroids to more complicated organoids and organs-on-chips, and from single-cell type static 3D models to cell co-culture 3D models equipped with microfluidic flow control as well as hybrid 3D systems that combine 2D culture with biomedical microelectromechanical systems. This article reviews the current application and challenges of 3D culture systems in drug PKs, safety, and efficacy assessment, and provides a focused discussion and regulatory perspectives on the liver-, intestine-, kidney-, and neuron-based 3D cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Paul C. Brown
- Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Edwin C.Y. Chow
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | | | - Stephen S. Ferguson
- Division of the National Toxicology ProgramNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Suzanne Fitzpatrick
- Office of the Center DirectorCenter for Food Safety and Applied NutritionUS Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Benjamin S. Freedman
- Division of NephrologyDepartment of PathologyKidney Research Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyErnest Mario School of PharmacyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - William Hedrich
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Metabolism and PharmacokineticsBristol‐Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - James Hickman
- NanoScience Technology CenterUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Albert P. Li
- In Vitro ADMET LaboratoriesColumbiaMarylandUSA
- In Vitro ADMET LaboratoriesMaldenMassachusettsUSA
| | - Qi Liu
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Shannon M. Mumenthaler
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - James Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - William R. Proctor
- Predictive Toxicology, Safety AssessmentGenentech, IncSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexandre Ribeiro
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Jian‐Ying Wang
- Department of SurgeryCell Biology GroupUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ronald L. Wange
- Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Shiew‐Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
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9
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Abstract
There are many factors which are known to cause variability in human in vitro enzyme kinetic data. Factors such as the source of enzyme and how it was prepared, the genetics and background of the donor, how the in vitro studies are designed, and how the data are analyzed contribute to variability in the resulting kinetic parameters. It is important to consider not only the factors which cause variability within an experiment, such as selection of a probe substrate, but also those that cause variability when comparing kinetic data across studies and laboratories. For example, the artificial nature of the microsomal lipid membrane and microenvironment in some recombinantly expressed enzymes, relative to those found in native tissue microsomes, has been shown to influence enzyme activity and thus can be a source of variability when comparing across the two different systems. All of these factors, and several others, are discussed in detail in the chapter below. In addition, approaches which can be used to visualize the uncertainty arising from the use of enzyme kinetic data within the context of predicting human pharmacokinetics are discussed.
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10
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How Science Is Driving Regulatory Guidances. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34272707 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides regulatory perspectives on how to translate in vitro drug metabolism findings into in vivo drug-drug interaction (DDI) predictions and how this affects the decision of conducting in vivo DDI evaluation. The chapter delineates rationale and analyses that have supported the recommendations in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) DDI guidances in terms of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition-mediated DDI potential for investigational new drugs and their metabolites as substrates or inhibitors. The chapter also describes the framework and considerations to assess UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) inhibition-mediated DDI potential for drugs as substrates or inhibitors. The limitations of decision criteria and further improvements needed are also discussed. Case examples are provided throughout the chapter to illustrate how decision criteria have been utilized to evaluate in vivo DDI potential from in vitro data.
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11
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Monckton CP, Brown GE, Khetani SR. Latest impact of engineered human liver platforms on drug development. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031506. [PMID: 34286173 PMCID: PMC8286174 DOI: 10.1063/5.0051765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug attrition, which is partly due to differences between preclinical animals and humans in metabolic pathways. Therefore, in vitro human liver models are utilized in biopharmaceutical practice to mitigate DILI risk and assess related mechanisms of drug transport and metabolism. However, liver cells lose phenotypic functions within 1–3 days in two-dimensional monocultures on collagen-coated polystyrene/glass, which precludes their use to model the chronic effects of drugs and disease stimuli. To mitigate such a limitation, bioengineers have adapted tools from the semiconductor industry and additive manufacturing to precisely control the microenvironment of liver cells. Such tools have led to the fabrication of advanced two-dimensional and three-dimensional human liver platforms for different throughput needs and assay endpoints (e.g., micropatterned cocultures, spheroids, organoids, bioprinted tissues, and microfluidic devices); such platforms have significantly enhanced liver functions closer to physiologic levels and improved functional lifetime to >4 weeks, which has translated to higher sensitivity for predicting drug outcomes and enabling modeling of diseased phenotypes for novel drug discovery. Here, we focus on commercialized engineered liver platforms and case studies from the biopharmaceutical industry showcasing their impact on drug development. We also discuss emerging multi-organ microfluidic devices containing a liver compartment that allow modeling of inter-tissue crosstalk following drug exposure. Finally, we end with key requirements for engineered liver platforms to become routine fixtures in the biopharmaceutical industry toward reducing animal usage and providing patients with safe and efficacious drugs with unprecedented speed and reduced cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase P Monckton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Grace E Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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12
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Xu R, Hu P, Li Y, Tian A, Li J, Zhu C. Advances in HBV infection and replication systems in vitro. Virol J 2021; 18:105. [PMID: 34051803 PMCID: PMC8164799 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family that has limited tissue and species specificity. Due to the persistence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in host cells after HBV infection, current antiviral drugs cannot eradicate HBV. Therefore, the development of an active cell culture system supporting HBV infection has become the key to studying HBV and developing effective therapeutic drugs. Main body This review summarizes the significant research achievements in HBV cell culture systems in vitro, including embryonic hepatocytes and primary hepatocytes, which support the virus infection process most similar to that in the body and various liver tumor cells. The discovery of the bile-acid pump sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as the receptor of HBV has advanced our understanding of HBV biology. Subsequently, various liver cancer cells overexpressing NTCP that support HBV infection have been established, opening a new door for studying HBV infection. The fact that induced pluripotent stem cells that differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells support HBV infection provides a novel idea for the establishment of an HBV cell culture system. Conclusion Because of the host and tissue specificity of HBV, a suitable in vitro HBV infection system is critical for the study of HBV pathogenesis. Nevertheless, recent advances regarding HBV infection in vitro offer hope for better studying the biological characteristics of HBV, the pathogenesis of hepatitis B, the screening of anti-HBV drugs and the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingping Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anran Tian
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhu
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China.
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13
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Yadav J, El Hassani M, Sodhi J, Lauschke VM, Hartman JH, Russell LE. Recent developments in in vitro and in vivo models for improved translation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:207-233. [PMID: 33989099 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1922435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) prediction in the early stages of drug development is essential to inform lead optimization strategies and reduce attrition rates. Recently, there have been significant advancements in the development of new in vitro and in vivo strategies to better characterize pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of drug leads. Herein, we review advances in experimental and mathematical models for clearance predictions, advancements in developing novel tools to capture slowly metabolized drugs, in vivo model developments to capture human etiology for supporting drug development, limitations and gaps in these efforts, and a perspective on the future in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasleen Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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14
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Sodhi JK, Benet LZ. Successful and Unsuccessful Prediction of Human Hepatic Clearance for Lead Optimization. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3546-3559. [PMID: 33765384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of new chemical entities is costly, time-consuming, and has a low success rate. Accurate prediction of pharmacokinetic properties is critical to progress compounds with favorable drug-like characteristics in lead optimization. Of particular importance is the prediction of hepatic clearance, which determines drug exposure and contributes to projection of dose, half-life, and bioavailability. The most commonly employed methodology to predict hepatic clearance is termed in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) that involves measuring drug metabolism in vitro, scaling-up this in vitro intrinsic clearance to a prediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance by reconciling the enzymatic content between the incubation and an average human liver, and applying a model of hepatic disposition to account for limitations of protein binding and blood flow to predict in vivo clearance. This manuscript reviews common in vitro techniques used to predict hepatic clearance as well as current challenges and recent theoretical advancements in IVIVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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15
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Abstract
Accurate estimation of in vivo clearance in human is pivotal to determine the dose and dosing regimen for drug development. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) has been performed to predict drug clearance using empirical and physiological scalars. Multiple in vitro systems and mathematical modeling techniques have been employed to estimate in vivo clearance. The models for predicting clearance have significantly improved and have evolved to become more complex by integrating multiple processes such as drug metabolism and transport as well as passive diffusion. This chapter covers the use of conventional as well as recently developed methods to predict metabolic and transporter-mediated clearance along with the advantages and disadvantages of using these methods and the associated experimental considerations. The general approaches to improve IVIVE by use of appropriate scalars, incorporation of extrahepatic metabolism and transport and application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models with proteomics data are also discussed. The chapter also provides an overview of the advantages of using such dynamic mechanistic models over static models for clearance predictions to improve IVIVE.
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16
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Kamel A, Bowlin S, Hosea N, Arkilo D, Laurenza A. In Vitro Metabolism of Slowly Cleared G Protein-Coupled Receptor 139 Agonist TAK-041 Using Rat, Dog, Monkey, and Human Hepatocyte Models (HepatoPac): Correlation with In Vivo Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:121-132. [PMID: 33273044 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic metabolism of low-clearance compound TAK-041 was studied in two different in vitro model systems using rat, dog, monkey, and human suspended cryopreserved hepatocytes and HepatoPac micropatterned coculture model primary hepatocytes. The aim of this work was to investigate the most appropriate system to assess the biotransformation of TAK-041, determine any notable species difference in the rate and in the extent of its metabolic pathways, and establish correlation with in vivo metabolism. TAK-041 exhibited very low turnover in suspended cryopreserved hepatocyte suspensions for all species, with no metabolites observed in human hepatocytes. However, incubations conducted for up to 14 days in the HepatoPac model resulted in more robust metabolic turnover. The major biotransformation pathways of TAK-041 proceed via hydroxylation on the benzene ring fused to the oxotriazine moiety and subsequent sulfate, glucuronide, and glutathione conjugation reactions. The glutathione conjugate of TAK-041 undergoes further downstream metabolism to produce the cysteine S-conjugate, which then undergoes N-acetylation to mercapturic acid and/or conversion to β-lyase-derived thiol metabolites. The minor biotransformation pathways include novel ring closure and hydrolysis, hydroxylation, oxidative N-dealkylation, and subsequent reduction. The HepatoPac model shows a notable species difference in the rate and in the extent of metabolic pathways of TAK-041, with dogs having the fastest metabolic clearance and humans the slowest. Furthermore, the model shows its suitability for establishing correlation with in vivo metabolism of low-turnover and extensively metabolized compounds such as TAK-041, displaying an extensive and unusual downstream sequential β-lyase-derived thiol metabolism in preclinical species and human. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study investigated the most appropriate in vitro system to assess the biotransformation of the low-turnover and extensively metabolized compound TAK-041, determine any notable species difference in the rate and in the extent of its metabolic pathways, and establish correlation with in vivo metabolism. The HepatoPac model was identified and showed its suitability for species comparison and establishing correlation, with in vivo metabolism displaying an extensive and unusual downstream sequential β-lyase-derived thiol metabolism in preclinical species and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Kamel
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California (A.K., S.B., N.H.) and Clinical and Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Takeda Boston Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (D.A., A.L.)
| | - Steve Bowlin
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California (A.K., S.B., N.H.) and Clinical and Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Takeda Boston Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (D.A., A.L.)
| | - Natalie Hosea
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California (A.K., S.B., N.H.) and Clinical and Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Takeda Boston Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (D.A., A.L.)
| | - Dimitrios Arkilo
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California (A.K., S.B., N.H.) and Clinical and Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Takeda Boston Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (D.A., A.L.)
| | - Antonio Laurenza
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California (A.K., S.B., N.H.) and Clinical and Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Takeda Boston Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (D.A., A.L.)
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17
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Shanu-Wilson J, Evans L, Wrigley S, Steele J, Atherton J, Boer J. Biotransformation: Impact and Application of Metabolism in Drug Discovery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2087-2107. [PMID: 33214818 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation has a huge impact on the efficacy and safety of drugs. Ultimately the effects of metabolism can be the lynchpin in the discovery and development cycle of a new drug. This article discusses the impact and application of biotransformation of drugs by mammalian systems, microorganisms, and recombinant enzymes, covering active and reactive metabolites, the impact of the gut microbiome on metabolism, and how insights gained from biotransformation studies can influence drug design from the combined perspectives of a CRO specializing in a range of biotransformation techniques and pharma biotransformation scientists. We include a commentary on how biology-driven approaches can complement medicinal chemistry strategies in drug optimization and the in vitro and surrogate systems available to explore and exploit biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shanu-Wilson
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Liam Evans
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Stephen Wrigley
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Jonathan Steele
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - James Atherton
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Jason Boer
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
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18
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Kanebratt KP, Janefeldt A, Vilén L, Vildhede A, Samuelsson K, Milton L, Björkbom A, Persson M, Leandersson C, Andersson TB, Hilgendorf C. Primary Human Hepatocyte Spheroid Model as a 3D In Vitro Platform for Metabolism Studies. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:422-431. [PMID: 33122050 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
3D cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are emerging as a more in vivo-like culture system than previously available hepatic models. This work describes the characterisation of drug metabolism in 3D PHH spheroids. Spheroids were formed from three different donors of PHH and the expression and activities of important cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4) were maintained for up to 21 days after seeding. The activity of CYP2B6 and 3A4 decreased, while the activity of CYP2C9 and 2D6 increased over time (P < 0.05). For six test compounds, that are metabolised by multiple enzymes, intrinsic clearance (CLint) values were comparable to standard in vitro hepatic models and successfully predicted in vivo CLint within 3-fold from observed values for low clearance compounds. Remarkably, the metabolic turnover of these low clearance compounds was reproducibly measured using only 1-3 spheroids, each composed of 2000 cells. Importantly, metabolites identified in the spheroid cultures reproduced the major metabolites observed in vivo, both primary and secondary metabolites were captured. In summary, the 3D PHH spheroid model shows promise to be used in drug discovery projects to study drug metabolism, including unknown mechanisms, over an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa P Kanebratt
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Annika Janefeldt
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liisa Vilén
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Vildhede
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristin Samuelsson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lucas Milton
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Björkbom
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Persson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Leandersson
- Physical & Analytical Chemistry, Research and Early Development Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Constanze Hilgendorf
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Docci L, Klammers F, Ekiciler A, Molitor B, Umehara K, Walter I, Krähenbühl S, Parrott N, Fowler S. In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation of Metabolic Clearance for UGT Substrates Using Short-Term Suspension and Long-Term Co-cultured Human Hepatocytes. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:131. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Basit A, Neradugomma NK, Wolford C, Fan PW, Murray B, Takahashi RH, Khojasteh SC, Smith BJ, Heyward S, Totah RA, Kelly EJ, Prasad B. Characterization of Differential Tissue Abundance of Major Non-CYP Enzymes in Human. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4114-4124. [PMID: 32955894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The availability of assays that predict the contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism allows for the design of new chemical entities (NCEs) with minimal oxidative metabolism. These NCEs are often substrates of non-CYP drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), sulfotransferases (SULTs), carboxylesterases (CESs), and aldehyde oxidase (AO). Nearly 30% of clinically approved drugs are metabolized by non-CYP enzymes. However, knowledge about the differential hepatic versus extrahepatic abundance of non-CYP DMEs is limited. In this study, we detected and quantified the protein abundance of eighteen non-CYP DMEs (AO, CES1 and 2, ten UGTs, and five SULTs) across five different human tissues. AO was most abundantly expressed in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney; however, it was not detected in the intestine, heart, or lung. CESs were ubiquitously expressed with CES1 being predominant in the liver, while CES2 was enriched in the small intestine. Consistent with the literature, UGT1A4, UGT2B4, and UGT2B15 demonstrated liver-specific expression, whereas UGT1A10 expression was specific to the intestine. UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 were expressed in both the liver and intestine; UGT1A9 was expressed in the liver and kidney; and UGT2B17 levels were significantly higher in the intestine than in the liver. All five SULTs were detected in the liver and intestine, and SULT1A1 and 1A3 were detected in the lung. Kidney abundance was the most variable among the studied tissues, and overall, high interindividual variability (>15-fold) was observed for UGT2B17, CES2 (intestine), SULT1A1 (liver), UGT1A9, UGT2B7, and CES1 (kidney). These differential tissue abundance data can be integrated into physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for the prediction of non-CYP drug metabolism and toxicity in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Naveen K Neradugomma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christopher Wolford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Peter W Fan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bernard Murray
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Gilead Sciences Inc., 324 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Ryan H Takahashi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS 412a, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS 412a, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bill J Smith
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Gilead Sciences Inc., 324 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Scott Heyward
- BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21227, United States
| | - Rheem A Totah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
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21
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Nirogi R, Bhyrapuneni G, Muddana NR, Manoharan A, Shinde AK, Mohammed AR, Padala NP, Ajjala DR, Subramanian R, Palacharla VRC. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), drug-drug interaction potential and prediction of human pharmacokinetics of SUVN-G3031, a novel histamine 3 receptor (H3R) inverse agonist in clinical development for the treatment of narcolepsy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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22
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Wang J, Bwayi M, Florke Gee RR, Chen T. PXR-mediated idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: mechanistic insights and targeting approaches. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:711-722. [PMID: 32500752 PMCID: PMC7429329 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1779701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human liver is the center for drug metabolism and detoxification and is, therefore, constantly exposed to toxic chemicals. The loss of liver function as a result of this exposure is referred to as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is the primary regulator of the hepatic drug-clearance system, which plays a critical role in mediating idiosyncratic DILI. AREAS COVERED This review is focused on common mechanisms of PXR-mediated DILI and on in vitro and in vivo models developed to predict and assess DILI. It also provides an update on the development of PXR antagonists that may manage PXR-mediated DILI. EXPERT OPINION DILI can be caused by many factors, and PXR is clearly linked to DILI. Although emerging data illustrate how PXR mediates DILI and how PXR activity can be modulated, many questions concerning the development of effective PXR modulators remain. Future research should be focused on determining the mechanisms regulating PXR functions in different cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Monicah Bwayi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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23
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Ballard TE, Kratochwil N, Cox LM, Moen MA, Klammers F, Ekiciler A, Goetschi A, Walter I. Simplifying the Execution of HepatoPac MetID Experiments: Metabolite Profile and Intrinsic Clearance Comparisons. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:804-810. [PMID: 32623369 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The HepatoPac micropatterned coculture (MPCC) hepatocyte system has been shown to be an effective tool to investigate the qualitative human and preclinical species' metabolite profiles of new drug candidates. However, additional improvements to the overall study conditions and execution, layout, and human-donor count could be made. To that end, we have evaluated several ways to increase the amount of data one can generate per MPCC plate and how to more efficiently execute a MPCC study for the purpose of metabolite generation. Herein, we compare a set of compounds using single- and 10-donor pooled human MPCC hepatocytes. Intrinsic clearance and mean metabolic activities assessed by diverse enzyme markers were comparable between the single- and 10-donor pool. We have confirmed that the generated metabolite profiles were indistinguishable between the single- and 10-donor pool and also that rat MPCC can be performed at 400 µl media volume, which greatly simplifies study execution. Additional tips for successful study execution are also described. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: When using the HepatoPac micropatterned coculture (MPCC) system, sometimes simple experimental condition variables or problematic plate designs can hamper productive study execution. We evaluated conditions to increase the amount of data one can generate per MPCC plate and, perhaps more importantly, execute that study more efficiently with less likelihood of error. We describe some of our key learnings, provide an examination of enzyme activity levels and clearance values, and provide some recommendations to simplify the execution of a HepatoPac experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Eric Ballard
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., L.M.C., M.A.M.) and Drug Disposition and Safety, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (N.K., F.K., A.E., A.G., I.W.)
| | - N Kratochwil
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., L.M.C., M.A.M.) and Drug Disposition and Safety, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (N.K., F.K., A.E., A.G., I.W.)
| | - Loretta M Cox
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., L.M.C., M.A.M.) and Drug Disposition and Safety, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (N.K., F.K., A.E., A.G., I.W.)
| | - Mark A Moen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., L.M.C., M.A.M.) and Drug Disposition and Safety, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (N.K., F.K., A.E., A.G., I.W.)
| | - F Klammers
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., L.M.C., M.A.M.) and Drug Disposition and Safety, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (N.K., F.K., A.E., A.G., I.W.)
| | - A Ekiciler
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., L.M.C., M.A.M.) and Drug Disposition and Safety, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (N.K., F.K., A.E., A.G., I.W.)
| | - A Goetschi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., L.M.C., M.A.M.) and Drug Disposition and Safety, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (N.K., F.K., A.E., A.G., I.W.)
| | - I Walter
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., L.M.C., M.A.M.) and Drug Disposition and Safety, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (N.K., F.K., A.E., A.G., I.W.)
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Fowler S, Chen WLK, Duignan DB, Gupta A, Hariparsad N, Kenny JR, Lai WG, Liras J, Phillips JA, Gan J. Microphysiological systems for ADME-related applications: current status and recommendations for system development and characterization. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:446-467. [PMID: 31932816 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00857h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, progress has been made on the development of microphysiological systems (MPS) for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) applications. Central to this progress has been proof of concept data generated by academic and industrial institutions followed by broader characterization studies, which provide evidence for scalability and applicability to drug discovery and development. In this review, we describe some of the advances made for specific tissue MPS and outline the desired functionality for such systems, which are likely to make them applicable for practical use in the pharmaceutical industry. Single organ MPS platforms will be valuable for modelling tissue-specific functions. However, dynamic organ crosstalk, especially in the context of disease or toxicity, can only be obtained with the use of inter-linked MPS models which will enable scientists to address questions at the intersection of pharmacokinetics (PK) and efficacy, or PK and toxicity. In the future, successful application of MPS platforms that closely mimic human physiology may ultimately reduce the need for animal models to predict ADME outcomes and decrease the overall risk and cost associated with drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Fowler
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - David B Duignan
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics & Bioanalysis, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Anshul Gupta
- Amgen Research, 360 Binney St, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Niresh Hariparsad
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane R Kenny
- DMPK, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Liras
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, 1 Portland Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jinping Gan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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25
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Murgasova R. Further Assessment of the Relay Hepatocyte Assay for Determination of Intrinsic Clearance of Slowly Metabolised Compounds Using Radioactivity Monitoring and LC-MS Methods. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:817-826. [PMID: 31422548 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Low-clearance drugs are widely used by industry mostly because of their often longer half-life, allowing for lower or less frequent dosing. Nevertheless, prediction of human clearance for these molecules from in vitro models presents a great challenge for pharmaceutical scientists. The objective of this study was to further characterise the predictive accuracy of the relay hepatocyte assay using 14C and 3H labelled proprietary compounds with a low extraction ratio and the known clearance mechanism in rats. Highly permeable compounds cleared by metabolism as well as rate limitation by transport were included in this study. METHODS Blood clearance was determined from concentration-time profiles following intravenous dosing to rats. In vitro clearance was determined from the single concentration parent depletion-time profiles throughout the incubation period of up to 20 h (five relays) using radioactivity monitoring in tandem with mass spectrometry. A new approach was proposed to correct concentrations for loss and dilution during the relay steps. Clearance was predicted with a standard well-stirred model for the liver and predicted values were then compared with observed data to evaluate method accuracy. RESULTS The results showed that intrinsic clearance values predicted using the relay hepatocyte assay from either radioactivity or mass spectrometry concentration data were comparable. A significant difference in prediction accuracy between the permeable compounds cleared by hepatic metabolism (about 2-fold) and the compound that was the hepatic uptake substrate (5- to 6-fold of actual) was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS The relay method is effective in predicting in vivo clearance for the compounds that are cleared via hepatic metabolism but tends to be notably underpredictive for drugs that rely on uptake transport. Consistent with the overall trend toward underprediction of hepatic clearance from the in vitro models prevalently used in the pharmaceutical industry, all values predicted from the hepatocyte relay method were lower than observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Murgasova
- PKS, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, WSJ-153.1.14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Successful Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics by Improving Calculation Processes of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2718-2727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Docci L, Parrott N, Krähenbühl S, Fowler S. Application of New Cellular and Microphysiological Systems to Drug Metabolism Optimization and Their Positioning Respective to In Silico Tools. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:523-536. [PMID: 30817893 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219831407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New cellular model systems for drug metabolism applications, such as advanced 2D liver co-cultures, spheroids, and microphysiological systems (MPSs), offer exciting opportunities to reproduce human biology more closely in vitro with the aim of improving predictions of pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and efficacy. These advanced cellular systems have quickly become established for human intrinsic clearance determination and have been validated for several other absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) applications. Adoption will be driven through the demonstration of clear added value, for instance, by more accurate and precise clearance predictions and by more reliable extrapolation of drug interaction potential leading to faster progression to pivotal proof-of-concept studies. New experimental systems are attractive when they can (1) increase experimental capacity, removing optimization bottlenecks; (2) improve measurement quality of ADME properties that impact pharmacokinetics; and (3) enable measurements to be made that were not previously possible, reducing risk in ADME prediction and candidate selection. As new systems become established, they will find their place in the repository of tools used at different stages of the research and development process, depending on the balance of value, throughput, and cost. In this article, we give a perspective on the integration of these new methodologies into ADME optimization during drug discovery, and the likely applications and impacts on drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Docci
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,2 Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Parrott
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen Fowler
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Burton RD, Hieronymus T, Chamem T, Heim D, Anderson S, Zhu X, Hutzler JM. Assessment of the Biotransformation of Low-Turnover Drugs in the H µREL Human Hepatocyte Coculture Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1617-1625. [PMID: 30135244 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic profiles of four drugs possessing diverse metabolic pathways (timolol, meloxicam, linezolid, and XK469) were compared following incubations in both suspended cryopreserved human hepatocytes and the HμREL hepatocyte coculture model. In general, minimal metabolism was observed following 4-hour incubations in both suspended hepatocytes and the HμREL model, whereas incubations conducted up to 7 days in the HμREL coculture model resulted in more robust metabolic turnover. In the case of timolol, in vivo human data suggest that 22% of the dose is transformed via multistep oxidative opening of the morpholine moiety. Only the first-step oxidation was detected in suspended hepatocytes, whereas the relevant downstream metabolites were produced in the HµREL model. For meloxicam, both the hydroxymethyl and subsequent carboxylic acid metabolites were abundant following incubation in the HμREL model, while only a trace amount of the hydroxymethyl metabolite was observed in suspension. Similar to timolol, linezolid generated substantially higher levels of morpholine ring-opened carboxylic acid metabolites in the HμREL model. Finally, while the major aldehyde oxidase-mediated mono-oxidative metabolite of XK469 was minimally produced in hepatocyte suspension, the HμREL model robustly produced this metabolite, consistent with a pathway reported to account for 54% of the total urinary excretion in human. In addition, low-level taurine and glycine conjugates were identified in the HµREL model. In summary, continuous metabolite production was observed for up to 7 days of incubation in the HµREL model, covering cytochrome P450, aldehyde oxidase, and numerous conjugative pathways, while predominant metabolites correlated with relevant metabolites reported in human in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Burton
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Todd Hieronymus
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Taysir Chamem
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David Heim
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shelby Anderson
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiaochun Zhu
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - J Matthew Hutzler
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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29
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Lancett P, Williamson B, Barton P, Riley RJ. Development and Characterization of a Human Hepatocyte Low Intrinsic Clearance Assay for Use in Drug Discovery. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1169-1178. [PMID: 29880630 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of new chemical entities is a multiparametric process involving a balance of potency; absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; and safety properties. To accurately predict human pharmacokinetics and estimate human efficacious dose, the use of in vitro measures of clearance is often essential. Low metabolic clearance is often targeted to facilitate in vivo exposure and achieve appropriate half-life. Suspension primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) have been successfully used in predictions of clearance. However, incubation times are limited, hindering the limit of quantification. The aims herein were to evaluate the ability of a novel PHH media supplement, HepExtend, in order to maintain cell function, increase culture times, and define the clearance of stable compounds. Cell activity was analyzed with a range of cytochrome P450 (P450) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) substrates, and the mRNA expression of drug disposition and toxicity marker genes was determined. HepExtend and Geltrex were essential to maintain cell activity and viability for 5 days (N = 3 donors). In comparison with CM4000 ± Geltrex, HepExtend + Geltrex displayed a higher level of gene expression on day 1, particularly for the P450s, nuclear receptors, and UGTs. The novel medium, HepExtend + Geltrex, was robust and reproducible in generating statistically significant intrinsic clearance values at 0.1 µl/min/106 cells over a 30-hour period (P < 0.05), which was lower than previously demonstrated. Following regression correction, human hepatic in vivo clearance was predicted within 3-fold for 83% of compounds tested for three human donors, with an average fold error of 2.2. The novel PHH medium, HepExtend, with matrix overlay offers significant improvement in determining compounds with low intrinsic clearance when compared with alternative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lancett
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Williamson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Barton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Riley
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
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30
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Sawant-Basak A, Obach RS, Doran A, Lockwood P, Schildknegt K, Gao H, Mancuso J, Tse S, Comery TA. Metabolism of a 5HT 6 Antagonist, 2-Methyl-1-(Phenylsulfonyl)-4-(Piperazin-1-yl)-1H-Benzo[d]imidazole (SAM-760): Impact of Sulfonamide Metabolism on Diminution of a Ketoconazole-Mediated Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:934-942. [PMID: 29695615 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
SAM-760 [(2-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole)], a 5HT6 antagonist, was investigated in humans for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes, SAM-760 was predominantly metabolized by CYP3A (∼85%). Based on these observations and an expectation of a 5-fold magnitude of interaction with moderate to strong CYP3A inhibitors, a clinical DDI study was performed. In the presence of ketoconazole, the mean Cmax and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinite time values of SAM-760 showed only a modest increase by 30% and 38%, respectively. In vitro investigation of this unexpectedly low interaction was undertaken using [14C]SAM-760. Radiometric profiling in human hepatocytes confirmed all oxidative metabolites previously observed with unlabeled SAM-760; however, the predominant radiometric peak was an unexpected polar metabolite that was insensitive to the pan-P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole. In human hepatocytes, radiometric integration attributed 43% of the total metabolism of SAM-760 to this non-P450 pathway. Using an authentic standard, this predominant metabolite was confirmed as benzenesulfinic acid. Additional investigation revealed that the benzenesulfinic acid metabolite may be a novel, nonenzymatic, thiol-mediated reductive cleavage of an aryl sulfonamide group of SAM-760. We also determined the relative contribution of P450 to the metabolism of SAM-760 in human hepatocytes by following the rate of formation of oxidative metabolites in the presence and absence of P450 isoform-specific inhibitors. The P450-mediated oxidative metabolism of SAM-760 was still primarily attributed to CYP3A (33%), with minor contributions from P450 isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. Thus, the disposition of [14C]SAM-760 in human hepatocytes via novel sulfonamide metabolism and CYP3A verified the lower than expected clinical DDI when SAM-760 was coadministered with ketoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sawant-Basak
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Angela Doran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Peter Lockwood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Klaas Schildknegt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Hongying Gao
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Jessica Mancuso
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Susanna Tse
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Thomas A Comery
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
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Kratochwil NA, Triyatni M, Mueller MB, Klammers F, Leonard B, Turley D, Schmaler J, Ekiciler A, Molitor B, Walter I, Gonsard PA, Tournillac CA, Durrwell A, Marschmann M, Jones R, Ullah M, Boess F, Ottaviani G, Jin Y, Parrott NJ, Fowler S. Simultaneous Assessment of Clearance, Metabolism, Induction, and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential Using a Long-Term In Vitro Liver Model for a Novel Hepatitis B Virus Inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:237-248. [PMID: 29453199 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term in vitro liver models are now widely explored for human hepatic metabolic clearance prediction, enzyme phenotyping, cross-species metabolism, comparison of low clearance drugs, and induction studies. Here, we present studies using a long-term liver model, which show how metabolism and active transport, drug-drug interactions, and enzyme induction in healthy and diseased states, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, may be assessed in a single test system to enable effective data integration for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. The approach is exemplified in the case of (3S)-4-[[(4R)-4-(2-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-2-thiazol-2-yl-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-6-yl]methyl]morpholine-3-carboxylic acid RO6889678, a novel inhibitor of HBV with a complex absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile. RO6889678 showed an intracellular enrichment of 78-fold in hepatocytes, with an apparent intrinsic clearance of 5.2 µl/min per mg protein and uptake and biliary clearances of 2.6 and 1.6 µl/min per mg protein, respectively. When apparent intrinsic clearance was incorporated into a PBPK model, the simulated oral human profiles were in good agreement with observed data at low doses but were underestimated at high doses due to unexpected overproportional increases in exposure with dose. In addition, the induction potential of RO6889678 on cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and transporters at steady state was assessed and cotreatment with ritonavir revealed a complex drug-drug interaction with concurrent P450 inhibition and moderate UDP-glucuronosyltransferase induction. Furthermore, we report on the first evaluation of in vitro pharmacokinetics studies using HBV-infected HepatoPac cocultures. Thus, long-term liver models have great potential as translational research tools exploring pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in vitro in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Kratochwil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Miriam Triyatni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Martina B Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Florian Klammers
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Brian Leonard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Dan Turley
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Josephine Schmaler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Aynur Ekiciler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Birgit Molitor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Isabelle Walter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Pierre-Alexis Gonsard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Charles A Tournillac
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Alexandre Durrwell
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Michaela Marschmann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Russell Jones
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Mohammed Ullah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Franziska Boess
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Giorgio Ottaviani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Yuyan Jin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Neil J Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
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Parmentier Y, Pothier C, Hewitt N, Vincent L, Caradec F, Liu J, Lin F, Trancart MM, Guillet F, Bouaita B, Chesne C, Walther B. Direct and quantitative evaluation of the major human CYP contribution (fmCYP) to drug clearance using the in vitro Silensomes™ model. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:22-35. [PMID: 29297729 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1422156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. We have applied the concept of using MBIs to produce CYP-Silensomes to quantify the contribution of the major CYPs to drug metabolism (fmCYP). 2. The target CYPs were extensively and selectivity inhibited by the selected MBIs, while non-target CYPs were inhibited by less than 20% of the homologous control activities. Only CYP2D6-Silensomes exhibited a CYP2B6 inhibition that could be easily and efficiently encountered by subtracting the fmCYP2B6 measured using CYP2B6-Silensomes to adjust the fmCYP2D6. 3. To validate the use of a panel of 6 CYP-Silensomes, we showed that the fmCYP values of mono- and multi-CYP metabolised drugs were well predicted, with 70% within ± 15% accuracy. Moreover, the correlation with observed fmCYP values was higher than that for rhCYPs, which were run in parallel using the same drugs (<45% within ±15% accuracy). Moreover, the choice of the RAF substrate in rhCYP predictions was shown to affect the accuracy of the fmCYP measurement. 4. These results support the use of CYP1A2-, CYP2B6-, CYP2C8-, CYP2C9-, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4-Silensomes to accurately predict fmCYP values during the in vitro enzyme phenotyping assays in early, as well as in development, phases of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Parmentier
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Research , Technologie Servier , Orléans Cedex , France
| | - Corinne Pothier
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Research , Technologie Servier , Orléans Cedex , France
| | | | - Ludwig Vincent
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Research , Technologie Servier , Orléans Cedex , France
| | - Fabrice Caradec
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Research , Technologie Servier , Orléans Cedex , France
| | - Jia Liu
- c SIMM-SERVIER Joint Biopharmacy Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Shanghai , China
| | - Feifei Lin
- c SIMM-SERVIER Joint Biopharmacy Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Shanghai , China
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Walther
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Research , Technologie Servier , Orléans Cedex , France
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Cassidy KC, Yi P. Qualitative and quantitative prediction of human in vivo metabolic pathways in a human hepatocyte-murine stromal cell co-culture model. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1192-1205. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1395927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Yi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Centre , Indianapolis, IN , USA
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Cassidy KC, Gueorguieva I, Miles C, Rehmel J, Yi P, Ehlhardt WJ. Disposition and metabolism of [14C]-galunisertib, a TGF-βRI kinase/ALK5 inhibitor, following oral administration in healthy subjects and mechanistic prediction of the effect of itraconazole on galunisertib pharmacokinetics. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:382-399. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1323137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C. Cassidy
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA and
| | | | - Colin Miles
- Eli Lilly and Company Erl Wood, Windlesham, UK
| | - Jessica Rehmel
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA and
| | - Ping Yi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA and
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Crouch RD, Hutzler JM, Daniels JS. A novel in vitro allometric scaling methodology for aldehyde oxidase substrates to enable selection of appropriate species for traditional allometry. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:219-231. [PMID: 28281401 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1296208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. Failure to predict human pharmacokinetics of aldehyde oxidase (AO) substrates using traditional allometry has been attributed to species differences in AO metabolism. 2. To identify appropriate species for predicting human in vivo clearance by single-species scaling (SSS) or multispecies allometry (MA), we scaled in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) of five AO substrates obtained from hepatic S9 of mouse, rat, guinea pig, monkey and minipig to human in vitro CLint. 3. When predicting human in vitro CLint, average absolute fold-error was ≤2.0 by SSS with monkey, minipig and guinea pig (rat/mouse >3.0) and was <3.0 by most MA species combinations (including rat/mouse combinations). 4. Interspecies variables, including fraction metabolized by AO (Fm,AO) and hepatic extraction ratios (E) were estimated in vitro. SSS prediction fold-errors correlated with the animal:human ratio of E (r2 = 0.6488), but not Fm,AO (r2 = 0.0051). 5. Using plasma clearance (CLp) from the literature, SSS with monkey was superior to rat or mouse at predicting human CLp of BIBX1382 and zoniporide, consistent with in vitro SSS assessments. 6. Evaluation of in vitro allometry, Fm,AO and E may prove useful to guide selection of suitable species for traditional allometry and prediction of human pharmacokinetics of AO substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Crouch
- a Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA and
| | - J Matthew Hutzler
- b Q2 Solutions, Bioanalytical and ADME Labs , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - J Scott Daniels
- a Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA and
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36
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Kratochwil NA, Meille C, Fowler S, Klammers F, Ekiciler A, Molitor B, Simon S, Walter I, McGinnis C, Walther J, Leonard B, Triyatni M, Javanbakht H, Funk C, Schuler F, Lavé T, Parrott NJ. Metabolic Profiling of Human Long-Term Liver Models and Hepatic Clearance Predictions from In Vitro Data Using Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Modeling. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:534-550. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-0019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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New potent A1 adenosine receptor radioligands for positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 44:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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van der Mark VA, Rudi de Waart D, Shevchenko V, Elferink RPJO, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. Stable Overexpression of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor Reduces the Requirement for Culture with Dimethyl Sulfoxide for High Drug Metabolism in HepaRG Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:56-67. [PMID: 27780834 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) induces cellular differentiation and expression of drug metabolic enzymes in the human liver cell line HepaRG; however, DMSO also induces cell death and interferes with cellular activities. The aim of this study was to examine whether overexpression of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3), the nuclear receptor controlling various drug metabolism genes, would sufficiently promote differentiation and drug metabolism in HepaRG cells, optionally without using DMSO. By stable lentiviral overexpression of CAR, HepaRG cultures were less affected by DMSO in total protein content and obtained increased resistance to acetaminophen- and amiodarone-induced cell death. Transcript levels of CAR target genes were significantly increased in HepaRG-CAR cultures without DMSO, resulting in increased activities of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and bilirubin conjugation to levels equal or surpassing those of HepaRG cells cultured with DMSO. Unexpectedly, CAR overexpression also increased the activities of non-CAR target P450s, as well as albumin production. In combination with DMSO treatment, CAR overexpression further increased transcript levels and activities of CAR targets. Induction of CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 remained unchanged, whereas CYP3A4 was reduced. Moreover, the metabolism of low-clearance compounds warfarin and prednisolone was increased. In conclusion, CAR overexpression creates a more physiologically relevant environment for studies on hepatic (drug) metabolism and differentiation in HepaRG cells without the utilization of DMSO. DMSO still may be applied to accomplish higher drug metabolism, required for sensitive assays, such as low-clearance studies and identification of (rare) metabolites, whereas reduced total protein content after DMSO culture is diminished by CAR overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A van der Mark
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
| | - D Rudi de Waart
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
| | - Valery Shevchenko
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
| | - Robert A F M Chamuleau
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
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Tsamandouras N, Kostrzewski T, Stokes CL, Griffith LG, Hughes DJ, Cirit M. Quantitative Assessment of Population Variability in Hepatic Drug Metabolism Using a Perfused Three-Dimensional Human Liver Microphysiological System. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:95-105. [PMID: 27760784 PMCID: PMC5193075 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we first describe the population variability in hepatic drug metabolism using cryopreserved hepatocytes from five different donors cultured in a perfused three-dimensional human liver microphysiological system, and then show how the resulting data can be integrated with a modeling and simulation framework to accomplish in vitro–in vivo translation. For each donor, metabolic depletion profiles of six compounds (phenacetin, diclofenac, lidocaine, ibuprofen, propranolol, and prednisolone) were measured, along with metabolite formation, mRNA levels of 90 metabolism-related genes, and markers of functional viability [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, albumin, and urea production]. Drug depletion data were analyzed with mixed-effects modeling. Substantial interdonor variability was observed with respect to gene expression levels, drug metabolism, and other measured hepatocyte functions. Specifically, interdonor variability in intrinsic metabolic clearance ranged from 24.1% for phenacetin to 66.8% for propranolol (expressed as coefficient of variation). Albumin, urea, LDH, and cytochrome P450 mRNA levels were identified as significant predictors of in vitro metabolic clearance. Predicted clearance values from the liver microphysiological system were correlated with the observed in vivo values. A population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed for lidocaine to illustrate the translation of the in vitro output to the observed pharmacokinetic variability in vivo. Stochastic simulations with this model successfully predicted the observed clinical concentration-time profiles and the associated population variability. This is the first study of population variability in drug metabolism in the context of a microphysiological system and has important implications for the use of these systems during the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tsamandouras
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
| | - T Kostrzewski
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
| | - C L Stokes
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
| | - L G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
| | - D J Hughes
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
| | - M Cirit
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
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40
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Hultman I, Vedin C, Abrahamsson A, Winiwarter S, Darnell M. Use of HμREL Human Coculture System for Prediction of Intrinsic Clearance and Metabolite Formation for Slowly Metabolized Compounds. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2796-807. [PMID: 27377099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Design of slowly metabolized compounds is an important goal in many drug discovery projects. Standard hepatocyte suspension intrinsic clearance (CLint) methods can only provide reliable CLint values above 2.5 μL/min/million cells. A method that permits extended incubation time with maintained performance and metabolic activity of the in vitro system is warranted to allow in vivo clearance predictions and metabolite identification of slowly metabolized drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the static HμREL coculture of human hepatocytes with stromal cells to be set up in-house as a standard method for in vivo clearance prediction and metabolite identification of slowly metabolized drugs. Fourteen low CLint compounds were incubated for 3 days, and seven intermediate to high CLint compounds and a cocktail of cytochrome P450 (P450) marker substrates were incubated for 3 h. In vivo clearance was predicted for 20 compounds applying the regression line approach, and HμREL coculture predicted the human intrinsic clearance for 45% of the drugs within 2-fold and 70% of the drugs within 3-fold of the clinical values. CLint values as low as 0.3 μL/min/million hepatocytes were robustly produced, giving 8-fold improved sensitivity of robust low CLint determination, over the cutoff in hepatocyte suspension CLint methods. The CLint values of intermediate to high CLint compounds were at similar levels both in HμREL coculture and in freshly thawed hepatocytes. In the HμREL coculture formation rates for five P450-isoform marker reactions, paracetamol (CYP1A2), 1-OH-bupropion (CYP2B6), 4-OH-diclofenac (CYP2C9), and 1-OH-midazolam (3A4) were within the range of literature values for freshly thawed hepatocytes, whereas 1-OH-bufuralol (CYP2D6) formation rate was lower. Further, both phase I and phase II metabolites were detected and an increased number of metabolites were observed in the HμREL coculture compared to hepatocyte suspension. In conclusion, HμREL coculture can be applied to accurately estimate intrinsic clearance of slowly metabolized drugs and is now utilized as a standard method for in vivo clearance prediction of such compounds in-house.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ia Hultman
- Drug Safety & Metabolism and §RIA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Vedin
- Drug Safety & Metabolism and §RIA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Abrahamsson
- Drug Safety & Metabolism and §RIA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Susanne Winiwarter
- Drug Safety & Metabolism and §RIA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Malin Darnell
- Drug Safety & Metabolism and §RIA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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41
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Bonn B, Svanberg P, Janefeldt A, Hultman I, Grime K. Determination of Human Hepatocyte Intrinsic Clearance for Slowly Metabolized Compounds: Comparison of a Primary Hepatocyte/Stromal Cell Co-culture with Plated Primary Hepatocytes and HepaRG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:527-33. [PMID: 26851239 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key requirement in drug discovery is to accurately define intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) values of less than 1 µl/min/10(6) hepatocytes, which requires assays that allow for longer incubation time as a complement to suspended hepatocytes. This study assessed the effectiveness of plated HepaRG cells, plated primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), and the HµREL human hepatocyte/stromal cell co-cultures for determination of low CL(int) values. The investigation demonstrated that the systems were capable of providing statistically significant CL(int) estimations down to 0.2 µl/min/10(6) cells. The HµREL assay provided a higher level of reproducibility, with repeat significant CL(int) values being defined in a minimum of triplicate consecutive assays for six of seven of the low CL(int) compounds compared with four of seven for PHHs and two of seven for HepaRG. The assays were also compared with a suspension assay using drugs with higher CL(int) values and diverse enzymology. The CL(int) values from the PHH and HµREL assays were similar to those defined by a hepatocyte suspension assay, indicating that they can be used interchangeably alongside a standard assay. Finally, data from these two assays could also predict in vivo hepatic metabolic CL(int) to within 3-fold for greater than 70% of the compounds tested, with average fold errors (AFE) of 1.6 and 2.3, respectively, whereas the HepaRG data were predictive to within 3-fold for only 50% of compounds (AFE 2.9). In summary, all systems have utility for low CL(int) determination, but the HµREL co-culture appears slightly superior regarding overall assay performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Bonn
- RIA iMED DMPK (B.B., P.S., K.G.), CVMD iMED DMPK (A.J.), Drug Safety and Metabolism (I.H.), AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petter Svanberg
- RIA iMED DMPK (B.B., P.S., K.G.), CVMD iMED DMPK (A.J.), Drug Safety and Metabolism (I.H.), AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Janefeldt
- RIA iMED DMPK (B.B., P.S., K.G.), CVMD iMED DMPK (A.J.), Drug Safety and Metabolism (I.H.), AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ia Hultman
- RIA iMED DMPK (B.B., P.S., K.G.), CVMD iMED DMPK (A.J.), Drug Safety and Metabolism (I.H.), AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ken Grime
- RIA iMED DMPK (B.B., P.S., K.G.), CVMD iMED DMPK (A.J.), Drug Safety and Metabolism (I.H.), AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
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42
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Thompson RA, Isin EM, Ogese MO, Mettetal JT, Williams DP. Reactive Metabolites: Current and Emerging Risk and Hazard Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:505-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Thompson
- DMPK, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome T. Mettetal
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
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43
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Schaefer M, Schänzle G, Bischoff D, Süssmuth RD. Upcyte Human Hepatocytes: a Potent In Vitro Tool for the Prediction of Hepatic Clearance of Metabolically Stable Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:435-44. [PMID: 26712819 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models based on primary human hepatocytes (PHH) have been advanced for clearance (CL) prediction of metabolically stable compounds, representing state-of-the-art assay systems for drug discovery and development. Yet, limited cell availability and large interindividual variability of metabolic profiles remain shortcomings of PHH. Upcyte human hepatocytes (UHH) represent a novel hepatic cell system derived from PHH, exhibiting proliferative capacity for approximately 35 population doublings. UHH from three donors were evaluated during culture for up to 18 days, investigating relative mRNA expression and in situ enzyme activity of cytochrome P450s (P450s), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and sulfotransferases. Furthermore, UHH were used for predicting hepatic CL of 21 marketed low to intermediate CL drugs. In a typical experiment, expansion from 3.9 × 10(6) up to 8.5 × 10(7) cells was achieved during subculture. When maintained at confluence, transcripts of major P450s were expressed at donor-specific levels with sustained activities for the majority of isoforms, showing generally low CYP1A2 and high CYP2B6 activity levels. For donor 151-03, CL prediction based on depletion experiments resulted in an average fold error of 2.0, and 80% of compounds being predicted within twofold to in vivo CL for a subset of 10 low CL drugs. UHH showed sustained and consistent activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DME), resulting in highly reproducible CL prediction performance. In conclusion, UHH show promising potential as alternative to PHH for standardized in vitro applications in discovery research based on their stable, hepatocyte-like DME phenotype and virtually unlimited cell availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Schaefer
- Department of Drug Discovery Support / Metabolism and Bioanalysis, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany (M.S., G.S., D.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (R.D.S.)
| | - Gerhard Schänzle
- Department of Drug Discovery Support / Metabolism and Bioanalysis, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany (M.S., G.S., D.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (R.D.S.)
| | - Daniel Bischoff
- Department of Drug Discovery Support / Metabolism and Bioanalysis, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany (M.S., G.S., D.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (R.D.S.)
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Department of Drug Discovery Support / Metabolism and Bioanalysis, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany (M.S., G.S., D.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (R.D.S.)
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