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Sung JH, Kim JJ. Recent advances in in vitro skin-on-a-chip models for drug testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37379024 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2227379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin is an organ that has the largest surface area and provides a barrier against external environment. While providing protection, it also interacts with other organs in the body and has implications in various diseases. Development of physiologically realistic in vitro models of the skin in the context of the whole body is important for studying these diseases, and will be a valuable tool for pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industry. AREA COVERED This article covers the basic background in skin structure, physiology, as well as drug metabolism in the skin, and dermatological diseases. We summarize various in vitro skin models currently available, and novel in vitro models based on organ-on-a-chip technology. We also explain the concept of multi-organ-on-a-chip and describe recent developments in this field aimed at recapitulating the interaction of the skin with other organs in the body. EXPERT OPINION Recent development in the organ-on-a-chip field has enabled the development of in vitro model systems that resemble human skin more closely than conventional models. In near future, we will be seeing various model systems that allow researchers to study complex diseases in a more mechanistic manner, which will help the development of new pharmaceuticals for such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shibata Y, Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohara K, Akimoto M. Weak Inhibitory Effects of Anthocyanins on Human Aldehyde Oxidase Activity: An In Vitro Study. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2023; 69:71-75. [PMID: 36858544 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.69.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) plays an important role in the metabolism of antitumor and antiviral drugs, including methotrexate, favipiravir, and acyclovir. The consumption of blueberry fruits or their extracts, which contain large amounts of anthocyanins, has recently increased. The intake of large amounts of anthocyanins occurs through the frequent consumption of blueberries or their functional foods, which may result in unwanted interactions between anthocyanins and medicinal drugs. Therefore, the present study examined the inhibition of AO by anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, and blueberry extracts in human liver cytosol using a HPLC assay. A comparison of the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the test compounds showed that anthocyanidins slightly suppressed AO activity, whereas the inhibitory effects of anthocyanins and blueberry extracts were negligible. The inhibitory activities of the anthocyanins tested were approximately 60- to 130-fold weaker than that of the positive control menadione and were almost negligible. Furthermore, they were approximately 2,000-fold less potent than that of raloxifene, a typical AO inhibitor, and, thus, unlikely to interfere with drug metabolism by AO. In addition, since the plasma concentrations of anthocyanins after their administration were generally lower than the IC50 level, the inhibition of AO substrate metabolism by anthocyanins does not appear to be severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Shibata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
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Toselli F, Golding M, Nicolaï J, Gillent E, Chanteux H. Drug clearance by aldehyde oxidase: can we avoid clinical failure? Xenobiotica 2022; 52:890-903. [PMID: 36170034 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2129519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased awareness of aldehyde oxidase (AO) as a major drug-metabolising enzyme, predicting the pharmacokinetics of its substrates remains challenging. Several drug candidates have been terminated due to high clearance, which were subsequently discovered to be AO substrates. Even retrospective extrapolation of human clearance, from models more sensitive to AO activity, often resulted in underprediction.The questions of the current work thus were: Is there an acceptable degree of in vitro AO metabolism that does not result in high in vivo human clearance? And, if so, how can this be predicted?We built an in vitro/in vivo correlation using known AO substrates, combining multiple in vitro parameters to calculate the blood metabolic clearance mediated by AO (CLbAO). This value was compared with observed blood clearance (CLb-obs), establishing cut-off CLbAO values, to discriminate between low and high CLb-obs. The model was validated using additional literature compounds, and CLb-obs was predicted in the correct category.This simple, categorical, semi-quantitative yet multi-factorial model is readily applicable in drug discovery. Further, it is valuable for high-clearance compounds, as it predicts the CLb group, rather than an exact CLb value, for the substrates of this poorly-characterised enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Nicolaï
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Eric Gillent
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
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5
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Classification of drugs for evaluating drug interaction in drug development and clinical management. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 41:100414. [PMID: 34666290 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During new drug development, clinical drug interaction studies are carried out in accordance with the mechanism of potential drug interactions evaluated by in vitro studies. The obtained information should be provided efficiently to medical experts through package inserts and various information materials after the drug's launch. A recently updated Japanese guideline presents general procedures that are considered scientifically valid at the present moment. In this review, we aim to highlight the viewpoints of the Japanese guideline and enumerate drugs that were involved or are anticipated to be involved in evident pharmacokinetic drug interactions and classify them by their clearance pathway and potential intensity based on systematic reviews of the literature. The classification would be informative for designing clinical studies during the development stage, and the appropriate management of drug interactions in clinical practice.
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Steuer AE, Raeber J, Simbuerger F, Dornbierer DA, Bosch OG, Quednow BB, Seifritz E, Kraemer T. Towards Extending the Detection Window of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid-An Untargeted Metabolomics Study in Serum and Urine Following Controlled Administration in Healthy Men. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030166. [PMID: 33809281 PMCID: PMC7998200 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In forensic toxicology, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) still represents one of the most challenging drugs of abuse in terms of analytical detection and interpretation. Given its rapid elimination, the detection window of GHB in common matrices is short (maximum 12 h in urine). Additionally, the differentiation from naturally occurring endogenous GHB, is challenging. Thus, novel biomarkers to extend the detection window of GHB are urgently needed. The present study aimed at searching new potential biomarkers of GHB use by means of mass spectrometry (MS) metabolomic profiling in serum (up to 16.5 h) and urine samples (up to 8 h after intake) collected during a placebo-controlled crossover study in healthy men. MS data acquired by different analytical methods (reversed phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; positive and negative electrospray ionization each) were filtered for significantly changed features applying univariate and mixed-effect model statistics. Complementary to a former study, conjugates of GHB with glycine, glutamate, taurine, carnitine and pentose (ribose) were identified in urine, with particularly GHB-pentose being promising for longer detection. None of the conjugates were detectable in serum. Therein, mainly energy metabolic substrates were identified, which may be useful for more detailed interpretation of underlying pathways but are too unspecific as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.R.); (F.S.); (D.A.D.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)4-4635-5679
| | - Justine Raeber
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.R.); (F.S.); (D.A.D.); (T.K.)
| | - Fabio Simbuerger
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.R.); (F.S.); (D.A.D.); (T.K.)
| | - Dario A. Dornbierer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.R.); (F.S.); (D.A.D.); (T.K.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (O.G.B.); (B.B.Q.); (E.S.)
| | - Oliver G. Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (O.G.B.); (B.B.Q.); (E.S.)
| | - Boris B. Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (O.G.B.); (B.B.Q.); (E.S.)
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (O.G.B.); (B.B.Q.); (E.S.)
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research (ZiS), University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.R.); (F.S.); (D.A.D.); (T.K.)
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Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohara K, Kamei T, Koyanagi J, Akimoto M. Role of human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 5 in the metabolism of nabumetone: Baeyer-Villiger oxidation in the activation of the intermediate metabolite, 3-hydroxy nabumetone, to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid in vitro. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:155-166. [PMID: 33146575 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1843089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nabumetone (NAB) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used clinically, and its biotransformation includes the major active metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA). One of the key intermediates between NAB and 6-MNA may be 3-hydroxy nabumetone (3-OH-NAB). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) isoform 5 in the formation of 6-MNA from 3-OH-NAB. To elucidate the biotransformation of 3-OH-NAB to 6-MNA, an authentic standard of 3-OH-NAB was synthesised and used as a substrate in an incubation with human liver samples or recombinant enzymes. The formation of 3-OH-NAB was observed after the incubation of NAB with various cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. However, 6-MNA itself was rarely detected from NAB and 3-OH-NAB. Further experiments revealed a 6-MNA peak derived from 3-OH-NAB in human hepatocytes. 6-MNA was also detected in the extract obtained from 3-OH-NAB by a combined incubation of recombinant human FMO5 and human liver S9. We herein demonstrated that the reaction involves carbon-carbon cleavage catalyzed by the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (BVO) of a carbonyl compound, the BVO substrate, such as a ketol, by FMO5. Further in vitro inhibition experiments showed that multiple non-CYP enzymes are involved in the formation of 6-MNA from 3-OH-NAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Junichi Koyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
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Sudsakorn S, Bahadduri P, Fretland J, Lu C. 2020 FDA Drug-drug Interaction Guidance: A Comparison Analysis and Action Plan by Pharmaceutical Industrial Scientists. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:403-426. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200620210522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In January 2020, the US FDA published two final guidelines, one entitled “In vitro Drug
Interaction Studies - Cytochrome P450 Enzyme- and Transporter-Mediated Drug Interactions Guidance for Industry”
and the other entitled “Clinical Drug Interaction Studies - Cytochrome P450 Enzyme- and Transporter-Mediated
Drug Interactions Guidance for Industry”. These were updated from the 2017 draft in vitro and clinical DDI
guidance.
Methods:
This study is aimed to provide an analysis of the updates along with a comparison of the DDI guidelines
published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency
(PMDA) along with the current literature.
Results:
The updates were provided in the final FDA DDI guidelines and explained the rationale of those changes
based on the understanding from research and literature. Furthermore, a comparison among the FDA, EMA, and
PMDA DDI guidelines are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
Conclusion:
The new 2020 clinical DDI guidance from the FDA now has even higher harmonization with the
guidance (or guidelines) from the EMA and PMDA. A comparison of DDI guidance from the FDA 2017, 2020,
EMA, and PMDA on CYP and transporter based DDI, mathematical models, PBPK, and clinical evaluation of DDI
is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirimas Sudsakorn
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Praveen Bahadduri
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer Fretland
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Chuang Lu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
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9
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De Sousa Mendes M, L. Orton A, Humphries HE, Jones B, Gardner I, Neuhoff S, Pilla Reddy V. A Laboratory-Specific Scaling Factor to Predict the In Vivo Human Clearance of Aldehyde Oxidase Substrates. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1231-1238. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Ji L. Synergy between Experiments and Computations: A Green Channel for Revealing Metabolic Mechanism of Xenobiotics in Chemical Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1539-1550. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ji
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Kazem S, Linssen EC, Gibbs S. Skin metabolism phase I and phase II enzymes in native and reconstructed human skin: a short review. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1899-1910. [PMID: 31176740 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding skin metabolism is important when considering drug discovery and safety assessment. This review compares xenobiotic skin metabolism in ex vivo skin to reconstructed human skin and reconstructed human epidermis models, concentrating on phase I and phase II enzymes. Reports on phase I enzymes are more abundant than for phase II enzymes with mRNA and protein expression far more reported than enzyme activity. Almost all of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes detected in human skin are also present in liver. However, in general the relative levels are lower in skin than in liver and fewer enzymes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamaque Kazem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Charlotte Linssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Khojasteh SC, Miller GP, Mitra K, Rietjens IMCM. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions - 2017 literature highlights *. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:221-255. [PMID: 29954222 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1473875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This annual review is the third one to highlight recent advances in the study and assessment of biotransformations and bioactivations ( Table 1 ). We followed the same format as the previous years with selection and authoring each section (see Baillie et al. 2016 ; Khojasteh et al. 2017 ). We acknowledge that many universities no longer train students in mechanistic biotransformation studies reflecting a decline in the investment for those efforts by public funded granting institutions. We hope this work serves as a resource to appreciate the knowledge gained each year to understand and hopefully anticipate toxicological outcomes dependent on biotransformations and bioactivations. This effort itself also continues to evolve. I am pleased that Drs. Rietjens and Miller have again contributed to this annual review. We would like to welcome Kaushik Mitra as an author for this year's issue, and we thank Deepak Dalvie for his contributions to last year's edition. We have intentionally maintained a balance of authors such that two come from an academic setting and two come from industry. As always, please drop us a note if you find this review helpful. We would be pleased to hear your opinions of our commentary, and we extend an invitation to anyone who would like to contribute to a future edition of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- c Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources , Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc , West Point , PA , USA
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Sanoh S, Ohta S. [Contribution of chimeric mice with a humanized liver to the evaluation of pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and development]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 151:213-220. [PMID: 29760366 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.151.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop new drugs with high efficacy and safety, it is important to predict the pharmacological, toxicological, and pharmacokinetic profiles of drug candidates in humans. Chimeric mice with a humanized liver are mice in which human hepatocytes have been transplanted, such that mouse liver cells are replaced with human hepatocytes; these mice have been used as prediction models. Studies performed thus far indicate that chimeric mice with a humanized liver can be used for the prediction of human-specific metabolite formation and plasma concentration-time curves for several drugs. Furthermore, studies advocate the utility of chimeric mice with a humanized liver for modelling drug-induced hepatotoxicity and disease such as hepatitis virus infection in safety and pharmacological evaluations respectively. Taken together, these findings indicate that chimeric mice with a humanized liver can be used to evaluate the relationship between pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy; the contribution by active metabolites may also be assessed. In recent years, new and improved animal models have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of chimeric mice with a humanized liver. It is expected that their usefulness for optimization of drug candidates and translational research in drug discovery and development will further increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Wu X, Zhang Q, Guo J, Jia Y, Zhang Z, Zhao M, Yang Y, Wang B, Hu J, Sheng L, Li Y. Metabolism of F18, a Derivative of Calanolide A, in Human Liver Microsomes and Cytosol. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:479. [PMID: 28769808 PMCID: PMC5515859 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
10-Chloromethyl-11-demethyl-12-oxo-calanolide (F18), an analog of calanolide A, is a novel potent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor against HIV-1. Here, we report the metabolic profile and the results of associated biochemical studies of F18 in vitro and in vivo. The metabolites of F18 were identified based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and/or nuclear magnetic resonance. Twenty-three metabolites of F18 were observed in liver microsomes in vitro. The metabolism of F18 involved 4-propyl chain oxidation, 10-chloromethyl oxidative dechlorination and 12-carbonyl reduction. Three metabolites (M1, M3-1, and M3-2) were also found in rat blood after oral administration of F18 and the reduction metabolites M3-1 and M3-2 were found to exhibit high potency for the inhibition of HIV-1 in vitro. The oxidative metabolism of F18 was mainly catalyzed by cytochrome P450 3A4 in human microsomes, whereas flavin-containing monooxygenases and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were found to be involved in its carbonyl reduction. In human cytosol, multiple carbonyl reductases, including aldo-keto reductase 1C, short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases and quinone oxidoreductase 1, were demonstrated to be responsible for F18 carbonyl reduction. In conclusion, the in vitro metabolism of F18 involves multiple drug metabolizing enzymes, and several metabolites exhibited anti-HIV-1 activities. Notably, the described results provide the first demonstration of the capability of FMOs for carbonyl reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Qinghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jiamei Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Yufei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Ziqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Manman Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Yakun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Baolian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jinping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Li Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
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Kumar R, Joshi G, Kler H, Kalra S, Kaur M, Arya R. Toward an Understanding of Structural Insights of Xanthine and Aldehyde Oxidases: An Overview of their Inhibitors and Role in Various Diseases. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1073-1125. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Harveen Kler
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Ramandeep Arya
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
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16
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Dixit VA, Lal LA, Agrawal SR. Recent advances in the prediction of non‐
CYP450
‐mediated drug metabolism. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A. Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPTM)Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS)ShirpurIndia
| | - L. Arun Lal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPTM)Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS)ShirpurIndia
| | - Simran R. Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPTM)Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS)ShirpurIndia
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17
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Rashidi MR, Soltani S. An overview of aldehyde oxidase: an enzyme of emerging importance in novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:305-316. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1284198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somaieh Soltani
- Drug Applied Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Wagmann L, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. What is the contribution of human FMO3 in the N-oxygenation of selected therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse? Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:55-70. [PMID: 27320963 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) in the metabolism of xenobiotics. FMO3 is the isoform in adult human liver with the highest impact on drug metabolism. The aim of the presented study was to elucidate the contribution of human FMO3 to the N-oxygenation of selected therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse (DOAs). Its contribution to the in vivo hepatic net clearance of the N-oxygenation products was calculated by application of an extended relative activity factor (RAF) approach to differentiate from contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. FMO3 and CYP substrates were identified using pooled human liver microsomes after heat inactivation and chemical inhibition, or single enzyme incubations. Kinetic parameters were subsequently determined using recombinant human enzymes and mass spectrometric analysis via authentic reference standards or simple peak areas of the products divided by those of the internal standard. FMO3 was identified as enzyme mainly responsible for the formation of N,N-diallyltryptamine N-oxide and methamphetamine hydroxylamine (>80% contribution for both). A contribution of 50 and 30% was calculated for the formation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide and methoxypiperamide N-oxide, respectively. However, FMO3 contributed with less than 5% to the formation of 3-bromomethcathinone hydroxylamine, amitriptyline N-oxide, and clozapine N-oxide. There was no significant difference in the contributions when using calibrations with reference metabolite standards or peak area ratio calculations. The successful application of a modified RAF approach including FMO3 proved the importance of FMO3 in the N-oxygenation of DOAs in human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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