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Yan L, Gu L, Lv X, Ni Z, Qian W, Chen Z, Yang S, Zhuge Q, Yuan L, Ni H. Butylphthalide mitigates traumatic brain injury by activating anti-ferroptotic AHR-CYP1B1 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 337:118758. [PMID: 39222762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Increasing evidence suggests that ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation, may play a substantial role in the traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathophysiology. 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), a compound extracted from the seeds of Apium graveolens Linn (Chinese celery) and used in China to treat ischemic stroke, has demonstrated encouraging anti-reactive oxygen species (ROS) effects. Ascertaining whether NBP can inhibit ferroptosis and its mechanism could potentially expand its use in models of neurological injury and neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we used erastin-induced in vitro ferroptosis models (HT22 cells, hippocampal slices, and primary neurons) and an in vivo controlled cortical impact mouse model. Our study revealed that NBP administration mitigated erastin-induced death in HT-22 cells and decreased ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial superoxide indicators, resulting in mitochondrial protection. Moreover, the ability of NBP to inhibit ferroptosis was confirmed in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures and a TBI mouse model. NBP rescued neurons, inhibited microglial activation, and reduced iron levels in the brain tissue. The protective effect of NBP can be partly attributed to the inhibition of the AHR-CYP1B1 axis, as evidenced by RNA-seq and CYP1B1 overexpression/inhibition experiments in HT22 cells and primary neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our study underscores that NBP inhibition of the AHR-CYP1B1 axis reduces ferroptosis in neuronal damage and ameliorates brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China; Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Liuqing Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xinhuang Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhihui Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wenqi Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhibo Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Su Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lin Yuan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
| | - Haoqi Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
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Cristovão-Silva AC, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA, Dionisio da Silva E, Leite ACL, Santiago LBAA, Conceição JMD, da Silva Tiburcio R, de Santana DP, Bedor DCG, de Carvalho BÍV, Ferreira LFGR, de Freitas E Silva R, Alves Pereira VR, Hernandes MZ. Trypanosoma cruzi killing and immune response boosting by novel phenoxyhydrazine-thiazole against Chagas disease. Exp Parasitol 2024; 261:108749. [PMID: 38593864 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) causes Chagas, which is a neglected tropical disease (NTD). WHO estimates that 6 to 7 million people are infected worldwide. Current treatment is done with benznidazole (BZN), which is very toxic and effective only in the acute phase of the disease. In this work, we designed, synthesized, and characterized thirteen new phenoxyhydrazine-thiazole compounds and applied molecular docking and in vitro methods to investigate cell cytotoxicity, trypanocide activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, cell death, and immunomodulation. We observed a higher predicted affinity of the compounds for the squalene synthase and 14-alpha demethylase enzymes of T. cruzi. Moreover, the compounds displayed a higher predicted affinity for human TLR2 and TLR4, were mildly toxic in vitro for most mammalian cell types tested, and LIZ531 (IC50 2.8 μM) was highly toxic for epimastigotes, LIZ311 (IC50 8.6 μM) for trypomastigotes, and LIZ331 (IC50 1.9 μM) for amastigotes. We observed that LIZ311 (IC50 2.5 μM), LIZ431 (IC50 4.1 μM) and LIZ531 (IC50 5 μM) induced 200 μg/mL of NO and JM14 induced NO production in three different concentrations tested. The compound LIZ331 induced the production of TNF and IL-6. LIZ311 induced the secretion of TNF, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17, cell death by apoptosis, decreased acidic compartment formation, and induced changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Taken together, LIZ311 is a promising anti-T. cruzi compound is not toxic to mammalian cells and has increased antiparasitic activity and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Cristovão-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670-42, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz-de-Castro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670-42, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Parasitology, Vitória Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Elis Dionisio da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670-42, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Lizandra Beatriz Amorim Alves Santiago
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maria da Conceição
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Robert da Silva Tiburcio
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Davi Pereira de Santana
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Danilo Cesar Galindo Bedor
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Breno Ítalo Valença de Carvalho
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Gomes Rebello Ferreira
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Freitas E Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670-42, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670-42, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Zaldini Hernandes
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Wang T, Taub ME, Chan TS. A novel system to determine activity of individual uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms: Recombinant UGT-beads. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107278. [PMID: 38599380 PMCID: PMC11098952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that human liver microsomes (HLMs) can spontaneously bind to silica-coated magnetizable beads (HLM-beads) and that these HLM-beads retain uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity. However, the contributions of individual UGT isoforms are not directly assessable in this system except through use of model inhibitors. Thus, a preparation wherein recombinant UGT (rUGT) microsomes bound to these same beads to form rUGT-beads of individual UGT isoforms would provide a novel system for measuring the contribution of individual UGT isoforms in a direct manner. To this end, the enzyme activities and kinetic parameter estimates of various rUGT isoforms in rUGT-beads were investigated, as well as the impact of fatty acids (FAs) on enzyme activity. The catalytic efficiencies (Vmax/Km) of the tested rUGTs were twofold to sevenfold higher in rUGT-beads compared with rUGT microsomes, except for rUGT1A6, where Vmax is the maximum product formation rate normalized to milligram of microsomal protein (pmol/min/mg protein). Interestingly, in contrast to traditional rUGT preparations, the sequestration of UGT-inhibitory FA using bovine serum albumin did not alter the catalytic efficiency (Vmax/Km) of the rUGTs in rUGT-beads. Moreover, the increase in catalytic efficiency of rUGT-beads over rUGT microsomes was similar to increases in catalytic efficiency noted with rUGT microsomes (not bound to beads) incubated with bovine serum albumin, suggesting the beads in some way altered the potential for FAs to inhibit activity. The rUGT-bead system may serve as a useful albumin-free tool to determine kinetic constants for UGT substrates, particularly those that exhibit high binding to albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tom S Chan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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Gabor-Worwa E, Kowal-Chwast A, Gaud N, Gogola D, Littlewood P, Smoluch M, Brzózka K, Kus K. Uridine 5'-Diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3 (UGT1A3) Prediction of Hepatic Clearance of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) Substrate Telmisartan by Glucuronidation Using In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation (IVIVE). Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 49:393-403. [PMID: 38642299 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-024-00895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters for drugs metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes has been the subject of active research for many years, while the application of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) techniques for non-cytochrome P450 enzymes has not been thoroughly evaluated. There is still no established quantitative method for predicting hepatic clearance of drugs metabolised by uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), not to mention those which undergo hepatic uptake. The objective of the study was to predict the human hepatic clearance for telmisartan based on in vitro metabolic stability and hepatic uptake results. METHODS Telmisartan was examined in liver systems, allowing to estimate intrinsic clearance (CLint, in vitro) based on the substrate disappearance rate with the use of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. Obtained CLint, in vitro values were corrected for corresponding unbound fractions. Prediction of human hepatic clearance was made from scaled unbound CLint, in vitro data with the use of the well-stirred model, and finally referenced to the literature value of observed clearance in humans, allowing determination of the essential scaling factors. RESULTS The in vitro scaled CLint, in vitro by UGT1A3 was assessed using three systems, human hepatocytes, liver microsomes, and recombinant enzymes. Obtained values were scaled and hepatic metabolism clearance was predicted, resulting in significant clearance underprediction. Utilization of the extended clearance concept (ECC) and hepatic uptake improved prediction of hepatic metabolism clearance. The scaling factors for hepatocytes, assessing the in vitro-in vivo difference, changed from sixfold difference to only twofold difference with the application of the ECC. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that taking into consideration hepatic uptake of a drug allows us to obtain satisfactory scaling factors, hence enabling the prediction of in vivo hepatic glucuronidation from in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Gabor-Worwa
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Sternbacha 2 Street, 30-394, Krakow, Poland.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Street, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Kowal-Chwast
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Sternbacha 2 Street, 30-394, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Street, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Nilesh Gaud
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Sternbacha 2 Street, 30-394, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dawid Gogola
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Sternbacha 2 Street, 30-394, Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter Littlewood
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Sternbacha 2 Street, 30-394, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Smoluch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Street, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Brzózka
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Sternbacha 2 Street, 30-394, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Kus
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Sternbacha 2 Street, 30-394, Krakow, Poland
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Lee MS, Shim HJ, Cho YY, Lee JY, Kang HC, Song IS, Lee HS. Comparative metabolism of aschantin in human and animal hepatocytes. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:111-126. [PMID: 38182943 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Aschantin, a tetrahydrofurofuran lignan with a 1,3-benzodioxole group derived from Flos Magnoliae, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. This study compared the metabolic profiles of aschantin in human, dog, mouse, and rat hepatocytes using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The hepatic extraction ratio of aschantin among the four species was 0.46-0.77, suggesting that it undergoes a moderate-to-extensive degree of hepatic metabolism. Hepatocyte incubation of aschantin produced 4 phase 1 metabolites, including aschantin catechol (M1), O-desmethylaschantin (M2 and M3), and hydroxyaschantin (M4), and 14 phase 2 metabolites, including O-methyl-M1 (M5 and M6) via catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), six glucuronides of M1, M2, M3, M5, and M6, and six sulfates of M1, M2, M3, M5, and M6. Enzyme kinetic studies using aschantin revealed that the production of M1, a major metabolite, via O-demethylenation is catalyzed by cytochrome 2C8 (CYP2C8), CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 enzymes; the formation of M2 (O-desmethylaschantin) is catalyzed by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19; and the formation of M4 is catalyzed by CYP3A4 enzyme. Two glutathione (GSH) conjugates of M1 were identified after incubation of aschantin with human and animal liver microsomes in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and GSH, but they were not detected in the hepatocytes of all species. In conclusion, aschantin is extensively metabolized, producing 18 metabolites in human and animal hepatocytes catalyzed by CYP, COMT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and sulfotransferase. These results can help in clarifying the involvement of metabolizing enzymes in the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of aschantin and in elucidating GSH conjugation associated with the reactive intermediate formed from M1 (aschantin catechol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Pöstges T, Galster F, Kampschulze J, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. ω-(5-Phenyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)alkyl-substituted glycine amides and related compounds as inhibitors of the amine oxidase vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1). Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 98:117558. [PMID: 38142562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), also known as plasma amine oxidase or semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, is an enzyme that degrades primary amines to aldehydes with the formation of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. Among others, it plays a role in inflammatory processes as it can mediate the migration of leukocytes from the blood to the inflamed tissue. We prepared a series of ω-(5-phenyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)alkyl-substituted glycine amides and related compounds and tested them for inhibition of purified bovine plasma VAP-1. Compounds with submicromolar activity were obtained. Studies on the mechanism of action revealed that the glycine amides are substrate inhibitors, i.e., they are also converted to an aldehyde derivative. However, the reaction proceeds much more slowly than that of the substrate used in the assay, whose conversion is thus blocked. Examination of the selectivity of the synthesized glycine amides with respect to other amine oxidases showed that they inhibited diamine oxidase, which is structurally related to VAP-1, but only to a much lesser extent. In contrast, the activity of monoamine oxidase A and B was not affected. Selected compounds also inhibited VAP-1 in human plasma. The IC50 values measured were higher than those determined with the bovine enzyme. However, the structure-activity relationships obtained with the glycine amides were similar for both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Pöstges
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Galster
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Kampschulze
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Lee MS, Park EJ, Cho YY, Lee JY, Kang HC, Lee HS. Comparative metabolism of fargesin in human, dog, monkey, mouse, and rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:125-137. [PMID: 38223669 PMCID: PMC10786765 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Fargesin, a bioactive lignan derived from Flos Magnoliae, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and anti-apoptotic effects. This study compared the metabolic profiles of fargesin in human, dog, monkey, mouse, and rat hepatocytes using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, we investigated the human cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes responsible for fargesin metabolism. The hepatic extraction ratio of fargesin among the five species ranged from 0.59 to 0.78, suggesting that it undergoes a moderate-to-extensive degree of hepatic metabolism. During metabolism, fargesin generates three phase 1 metabolites, including fargesin catechol (M1) and O-desmethylfargesin (M2 and M3), and 11 phase 2 metabolites, including O-methyl-M1 (M4 and M5) via catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), glucuronides of M1, M2, M4, and M5, and sulfates of M1-M5. The production of M1 from fargesin via O-demethylenation is catalyzed by CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2C8 enzymes, whereas the formation of M2 and M3 (O-desmethylfargesin) is catalyzed by CYP2C9, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2D6 enzymes. M4 is metabolized to M4 glucuronide by UGT1A3, UGT1A8, UGT1A10, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17 enzymes, whereas M4 sulfate is generated by multiple SULT enzymes. Fargesin is extensively metabolized in human hepatocytes by CYP, COMT, UGT, and SULT enzymes. These findings help to elucidate the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of fargesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
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Shintani T, Imamura C, Ueyama-Toba Y, Inui J, Watanabe A, Mizuguchi H. Establishment of UGT1A1-knockout human iPS-derived hepatic organoids for UGT1A1-specific kinetics and toxicity evaluation. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:429-442. [PMID: 37663646 PMCID: PMC10471830 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are highly expressed in the liver and are involved in the metabolism of many drugs. In particular, UGT1A1 has a genetic polymorphism that causes decreased activity, leading to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, an in vitro evaluation system that accurately predicts the kinetics of drugs involving UGT1A1 is required. However, there is no such evaluation system because of the absence of the UGT1A1-selective inhibitor. Here, using human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, genome editing technology, and organoid technology, we generated UGT1A1-knockout human iPS hepatocyte-derived liver organoids (UGT1A1-KO i-HOs) as a model for UGT1A1-specific kinetics and toxicity evaluation. i-HOs showed higher gene expression of many drug-metabolizing enzymes including UGT1A1 than human iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iPS-HLCs), suggesting that hepatic organoid technology improves liver functions. Wild-type (WT) i-HOs showed similar levels of UGT1A1 activity to primary human (cryopreserved) hepatocytes, while UGT1A1-KO i-HOs completely lost the activity. Additionally, to evaluate whether this model can be used to predict drug-induced hepatotoxicity, UGT1A1-KO i-HOs were exposed to SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan, an anticancer drug, and acetaminophen and confirmed that these cells could predict UGT1A1-mediated toxicity. Thus, we succeeded in generating model cells that enable evaluation of UGT1A1-specific kinetics and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shintani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chiharu Imamura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ueyama-Toba
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jumpei Inui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Teschke R. Molecular Idiosyncratic Toxicology of Drugs in the Human Liver Compared with Animals: Basic Considerations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076663. [PMID: 37047633 PMCID: PMC10095090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) occurs in patients exposed to drugs at recommended doses that leads to idiosyncratic DILI and provides an excellent human model with well described clinical features, liver injury pattern, and diagnostic criteria, based on patients assessed for causality using RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) as original method of 1993 or its update of 2016. Overall, 81,856 RUCAM based DILI cases have been published until mid of 2020, allowing now for an analysis of mechanistic issues of the disease. From selected DILI cases with verified diagnosis by using RUCAM, direct evidence was provided for the involvement of the innate and adapted immune system as well as genetic HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) genotypes. Direct evidence for a role of hepatic immune systems was substantiated by (1) the detection of anti-CYP (Cytochrome P450) isoforms in the plasma of affected patients, in line with the observation that 65% of the drugs most implicated in DILI are metabolized by a range of CYP isoforms, (2) the DIAIH (drug induced autoimmune hepatitis), a subgroup of idiosyncratic DILI, which is characterized by high RUCAM causality gradings and the detection of plasma antibodies such as positive serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA), rarely also anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), (3) the effective treatment with glucocorticoids in part of an unselected RUCAM based DILI group, and (4) its rare association with the immune-triggered Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) caused by a small group of drugs. Direct evidence of a genetic basis of idiosyncratic DILI was shown by the association of several HLA genotypes for DILI caused by selected drugs. Finally, animal models of idiosyncratic DILI mimicking human immune and genetic features are not available and further search likely will be unsuccessful. In essence and based on cases of DILI with verified diagnosis using RUCAM for causality evaluation, there is now substantial direct evidence that immune mechanisms and genetics can account for idiosyncratic DILI by many but not all implicated drugs, which may help understand the mechanistic background of the disease and contribute to new approaches of therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, D-63450 Hanau, Germany
- Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Pöstges T, Lehr M. Metabolism of sumatriptan revisited. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01051. [PMID: 36655303 PMCID: PMC9849828 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific literature describes that sumatriptan is metabolized by oxidative deamination of its dimethylaminoethyl residue by monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) and not by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated demethylation, as is usual for such structural elements. Using recombinant human enzymes and HPLC-MS analysis, we found that CYP enzymes may also be involved in the metabolism of sumatriptan. The CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 isoforms converted this drug into N-desmethyl sumatriptan, which was further demethylated to N,N-didesmethyl sumatriptan by CYP1A2 and CYP2D6. Otherwise, sumatriptan and its two desmethyl metabolites were metabolized by recombinant MAO A but not by MAO B to the corresponding acetaldehyde, with sumatriptan being only a poor substrate for MAO A compared to the N-demethylated and the N,N-didemethylated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Pöstges
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
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11
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Treatment of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010015. [PMID: 36672522 PMCID: PMC9855719 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacotherapy options of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remain under discussion and are now evaluated in this analysis. Needless to say, the use of the offending drug must be stopped as soon as DILI is suspected. Normal dosed drugs may cause idiosyncratic DILI, and drugs taken in overdose commonly lead to intrinsic DILI. Empirically used but not substantiated regarding efficiency by randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is the intravenous antidote treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in patients with intrinsic DILI by N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) overdose. Good data recommending pharmacotherapy in idiosyncratic DILI caused by hundreds of different drugs are lacking. Indeed, a recent analysis revealed that just eight RCTs have been published, and in only two out of eight trials were DILI cases evaluated for causality by the worldwide used Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM), representing overall a significant methodology flaw, as results of DILI RCTs lacking RUCAM are misleading since many DILI cases are known to be attributable erroneously to nondrug alternative causes. In line with these major shortcomings and mostly based on anecdotal reports, glucocorticoids (GCs) and other immuno-suppressants may be given empirically in carefully selected patients with idiosyncratic DILI exhibiting autoimmune features or caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), while some patients with cholestatic DILI may benefit from ursodeoxycholic acid use; in other patients with drug-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) and coagulopathy risks, the indication for anticoagulants should be considered. In view of many other mechanistic factors such as the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 with a generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ferroptosis with toxicity of intracellular iron, and modification of the gut microbiome, additional therapy options may be available in the future. In summation, stopping the offending drug is still the first line of therapy for most instances of acute DILI, while various therapies are applied empirically and not based on good data from RCTs awaiting further trials using the updated RUCAM that asks for strict exclusion and inclusion details like liver injury criteria and provides valid causality rankings of probable and highly probable grades.
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12
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Grint I, Crea F, Vasiliadou R. The Combination of Electrochemistry and Microfluidic Technology in Drug Metabolism Studies. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200100. [PMID: 36166688 PMCID: PMC9716038 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs are metabolized within the liver (pH 7.4) by phase I and phase II metabolism. During the process, reactive metabolites can be formed that react covalently with biomolecules and induce toxicity. Identifying and detecting reactive metabolites is an important part of drug development. Preclinical and clinical investigations are conducted to assess the toxicity and safety of a new drug candidate. Electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry is an ideal complementary technique to the current preclinical studies, a pure instrumental approach without any purification steps and tedious protocols. The combination of microfluidics with electrochemistry towards the mimicry of drug metabolism offers portability, low volume of reagents and faster reaction times. This review explores the development of microfluidic electrochemical cells for mimicking drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Grint
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
| | - Francesco Crea
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
| | - Rafaela Vasiliadou
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
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13
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Pillai MS, Paritala ST, Shah RP, Sharma N, Sengupta P. Cutting-edge strategies and critical advancements in characterization and quantification of metabolites concerning translational metabolomics. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:401-426. [PMID: 36351878 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2125987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in drug discovery strategies, significant challenges are still remaining in translating new insights into clinical applications. Scientists are devising creative approaches to bridge the gap between scientific and translational research. Metabolomics is a unique field among other omics techniques for identifying novel metabolites and biomarkers. Fortunately, characterization and quantification of metabolites are becoming faster due to the progress in the field of orthogonal analytical techniques. This review detailed the advancement in the progress of sample preparation, and data processing techniques including data mining tools, database, and their quality control (QC). Advances in data processing tools make it easier to acquire unbiased data that includes a diverse set of metabolites. In addition, novel breakthroughs including, miniaturization as well as their integration with other devices, metabolite array technology, and crystalline sponge-based method have led to faster, more efficient, cost-effective, and holistic metabolomic analysis. The use of cutting-edge techniques to identify the human metabolite, including biomarkers has proven to be advantageous in terms of early disease identification, tracking the progression of illness, and possibility of personalized treatments. This review addressed the constraints of current metabolomics research, which are impeding the facilitation of translation of research from bench to bedside. Nevertheless, the possible way out from such constraints and future direction of translational metabolomics has been conferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Sajakumar Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sree Teja Paritala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ravi P Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
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14
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Ilieva NM, Wallen ZD, De Miranda BR. Oral ingestion of the environmental toxicant trichloroethylene in rats induces alterations in the gut microbiome: Relevance to idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 451:116176. [PMID: 35914559 PMCID: PMC10581445 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial alterations within the gut microbiome appear to be a common feature of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), providing further evidence for the role of the gut-brain axis in PD development. As a major site of contact with the environment, questions have emerged surrounding the cause and effect of alterations to the gut microbiome by environmental contaminants associated with PD risk, such as pesticides, metals, and organic solvents. Recent data from our lab shows that ingestion of the industrial byproduct and environmental pollutant trichloroethylene (TCE) induces key Parkinsonian pathology within aged rats, including the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, α-synuclein accumulation, neuroinflammation, and endolysosomal deficits. As TCE is the most common organic contaminant within drinking water, we postulated that ingestion of TCE associated with PD-related neurodegeneration may alter the gut microbiome to a similar extent as observed in persons with PD. To assess this, we collected fecal samples from adult rats treated with 200 mg/kg TCE over 6 weeks via oral gavage - the dose that produced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration - and analyzed the gut microbiome via whole genome shotgun sequencing. Our results showed changes in gut microorganisms reflective of the microbial signatures observed in individuals with idiopathic PD, such as decreased abundance of short-chain fatty acid producing Blautia and elevated lactic-acid producing Bifidobacteria, as well as genera who contain species previously reported as opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium. From these experimental data, we postulate that TCE exposure within contaminated drinking water could induce alterations of the gut microbiome that contributes to chronic disease risk, including idiopathic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda M Ilieva
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zachary D Wallen
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Briana R De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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15
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Zapiter J, Harmer JR, Struwe M, Scheidig A, Clement B, Bernhardt PV. Enzyme Electrode Biosensors for N-Hydroxylated Prodrugs Incorporating the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9208-9215. [PMID: 35700342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1 and 2 (mARC1 and mARC2) were immobilised on glassy carbon electrodes using the crosslinker glutaraldehyde. Voltammetry was performed in the presence of the artificial electron transfer mediator methyl viologen, whose redox potential lies negative of the enzymes' MoVI/V and MoV/IV redox potentials which were determined from optical spectroelectrochemical and EPR measurements. Apparent Michaelis constants obtained from catalytic limiting currents at various substrate concentrations were comparable to those previously reported in the literature from enzymatic assays. Kinetic parameters for benzamidoxime reduction were determined from cyclic voltammograms simulated using Digisim. pH dependence and stability of the enzyme electrode with time were also determined from limiting catalytic currents in saturating concentrations of benzamidoxime. The same electrode remained active after at least 9 days. Fabrication of this versatile and cost-effective biosensor is effective in screening new pharmaceutically important substrates and mARC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Zapiter
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Michel Struwe
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel 24118, Germany.,Zoologisches Institut/Strukturbiologie, Am Botanischen Garten 11, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Axel Scheidig
- Zoologisches Institut/Strukturbiologie, Am Botanischen Garten 11, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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16
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Development and Validation of an HPLC-UV Method for the Quantification of 4'-Hydroxydiclofenac Using Salicylic Acid: Future Applications for Measurement of In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction in Rat Liver Microsomes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113587. [PMID: 35684519 PMCID: PMC9182407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid is a key compound in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that has been recently used for preventing the risk of hospitalization and death among COVID-19 patients and in preventing colorectal cancer (CRC) by suppressing two key proteins. Understanding drug−drug interaction pathways prevent the occurrence of adverse drug reactions in clinical trials. Drug−drug interactions can result in the variation of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic of the drug. Inhibition of the Cytochrome P450 enzyme activity leads to the withdrawal of the drug from the market. The aim of this paper was to develop and validate an HPLC-UV method for the quantification of 4′-hydroxydiclofenac as a CYP2C9 metabolite using salicylic acid as an inhibitor in rat liver microsomes. A CYP2C9 assay was developed and validated on the reversed phase C18 column (SUPELCO 25 cm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm) using a low-pressure gradient elution programming at T = 30 °C, a wavelength of 282 nm, and a flow rate of 1 mL/min. 4′-hydroxydiclofenac demonstrated a good linearity (R2 > 0.99), good reproducibility, low detection, and quantitation limit, and the inter and intra-day precision met the ICH guidelines (<15%). 4′-hydroxydiclofenac was stable for three days and showed an acceptable accuracy and recovery (80−120%) within the ICH guidelines in a rat liver microsome sample. This method will be beneficial for future applications of the in vitro inhibitory effect of salicylic acid on the CYP2C9 enzyme activity in rat microsomes and the in vivo administration of salicylic acid in clinical trials.
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17
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Kawai K, Okada J, Nakae M, Tsujimura T, Karuo Y, Tarui A, Sato K, Yamashita S, Kataoka M, Omote M. Discovery of benzyloxyphenyl- and phenethylphenyl-imidazole derivatives as a new class of ante–drug type boosters. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 72:128868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Lai Y, Chu X, Di L, Gao W, Guo Y, Liu X, Lu C, Mao J, Shen H, Tang H, Xia CQ, Zhang L, Ding X. Recent advances in the translation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics science for drug discovery and development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2751-2777. [PMID: 35755285 PMCID: PMC9214059 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences. The nature of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and PK (pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery and development has evolved in recent years from being largely descriptive to seeking a more quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the fate of drug candidates in biological systems. Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade, not only in the characterization of physiochemical properties of drugs that influence their ADME, target organ exposure, and toxicity, but also in the identification of design principles that can minimize drug-drug interaction (DDI) potentials and reduce the attritions. The importance of membrane transporters in drug disposition, efficacy, and safety, as well as the interplay with metabolic processes, has been increasingly recognized. Dramatic increases in investments on new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs, such as peptides, oligonucleotides, and antibody-drug conjugates, necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME properties. In this review, we highlight some of the most notable advances in the last decade, and provide future perspectives on potential major breakthroughs and innovations in the translation of DMPK science in various stages of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yingying Guo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chuang Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Accent Therapeutics, Inc. Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Huaping Tang
- Bioanalysis and Biomarkers, Glaxo Smith Kline, King of the Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Cindy Q. Xia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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19
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Landry ML, Trager R, Broccatelli F, Crawford JJ. When Cofactors Aren't X Factors: Functional Groups That Are Labile in Human Liver Microsomes in the Absence of NADPH. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:727-733. [PMID: 35450376 PMCID: PMC9014494 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic stability of compounds is often assessed at an early stage in drug discovery programs by profiling with hepatic microsomes. Exclusion of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in these assays provides insight into non-cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism. This report uses a matched molecular pair (MMP) application to assess which chemical substituents are commonly susceptible to non-NADPH-mediated metabolism by microsomes. The analysis found the overall prevalence of metabolism in the absence of NADPH to be low, with esters, amides, aldehydes, and oxetanes being among the most commonly susceptible functional groups. Given that non-CYP enzymes, such as esterases, may be expressed extrahepatically and lead to lower confidence in predicted pharmacokinetic profiles, an awareness of the functional groups that commonly undergo non-NADPH-mediated metabolism-as well as options for their replacement based on experimental MMP data-may help researchers derisk metabolic stability issues at an earlier stage in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Landry
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Trager
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fabio Broccatelli
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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20
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Kalimuthu P, Harmer JR, Baldauf M, Hassan AH, Kruse T, Bernhardt PV. Electrochemically driven catalysis of the bacterial molybdenum enzyme YiiM. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148523. [PMID: 34921810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Mo-dependent enzyme YiiM enzyme from Escherichia coli is a member of the sulfite oxidase family and shares many similarities with the well-studied human mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC). We have investigated YiiM catalysis using electrochemical and spectroscopic methods. EPR monitored redox potentiometry found the active site redox potentials to be MoVI/V -0.02 V and MoV/IV -0.12 V vs NHE at pH 7.2. In the presence of methyl viologen as an electrochemically reduced electron donor, YiiM catalysis was studied with a range of potential substrates. YiiM preferentially reduces N-hydroxylated compounds such as hydroxylamines, amidoximes, N-hydroxypurines and N-hydroxyureas but shows little or no activity against amine-oxides or sulfoxides. The pH optimum for catalysis was 7.1 and a bell-shaped pH profile was found with pKa values of 6.2 and 8.1 either side of this optimum that are associated with protonation/deprotonations that modulate activity. Simulation of the experimental voltammetry elucidated kinetic parameters associated with YiiM catalysis with the substrates 6-hydroxyaminopurine and benzamidoxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palraj Kalimuthu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Milena Baldauf
- Department of Plant Biology, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ahmed H Hassan
- Department of Plant Biology, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Kruse
- Department of Plant Biology, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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21
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Ali F, Fang HL, Shah FA, Muhammad SA, Khan A, Li S. Reprofiling analysis of FDA approved drugs with upregulated differential expression genes found in hypertension. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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22
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Weiss J, Foerster KI, Weber M, Burhenne J, Mikus G, Lehr T, Haefeli WE. Does the circulating ketoconazole metabolite N-deacetyl ketoconazole contribute to the drug-drug interaction potential of the parent compound? Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 169:106076. [PMID: 34856349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ketoconazole is a strong inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and is often used as an index inhibitor especially for CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism. A preliminary physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for drug-drug interactions indicated possible involvement of a metabolite to the perpetrator potential of ketoconazole. Still unknown for humans, in rodents, N-deacetyl ketoconazole (DAK) has been identified as the major ketoconazole metabolite. We therefore investigated in vitro, whether DAK also inhibits the human CYPs and drug transporters targeted by ketoconazole and quantified DAK in human plasma from healthy volunteers after receiving a single oral dose of 400 mg ketoconazole. Our data demonstrated that DAK also inhibits CYP3A4 (2.4-fold less potent than ketoconazole), CYP2D6 (13-fold more potent than ketoconazole), CYP2C19 (equally potent), P-gp (3.4-fold less potent than ketoconazole), breast cancer resistance protein (more potent than ketoconazole) and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 (7.8-fold and 2.6-fold less potent than ketoconazole). After a single oral dose of 400 mg ketoconazole, maximum concentrations of DAK in human plasma were only 3.1 ‰ of the parent compound. However, assuming that DAK also highly accumulates in the human liver as demonstrated for rodents, inhibition of the proteins investigated could also be conceivable in vivo. In conclusion, DAK inhibits several CYPs and drug transporters, which might contribute to the perpetrator potential of ketoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Isabelle Foerster
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Weber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Mikus
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C5 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Walter Emil Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Miyauchi Y, Takechi S, Ishii Y. Functional Interaction between Cytochrome P450 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase on the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane: One of Post-translational Factors Which Possibly Contributes to Their Inter-Individual Differences. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1635-1644. [PMID: 34719641 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) and uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) catalyze oxidation and glucuronidation in drug metabolism, respectively. It is believed that P450 and UGT work separately because they perform distinct reactions and exhibit opposite membrane topologies on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, given that some chemicals are sequentially metabolized by P450 and UGT, it is reasonable to consider that the enzymes may interact and work cooperatively. Previous research by our team detected protein-protein interactions between P450 and UGT by analyzing solubilized rat liver microsomes with P450-immobilized affinity column chromatography. Although P450 and UGT have been known to form homo- and hetero-oligomers, this is the first report indicating a P450-UGT association. Based on our previous study, we focused on the P450-UGT interaction and reported lines of evidence that the P450-UGT association is a functional protein-protein interaction that can alter the enzymatic capabilities, including enhancement or suppression of the activities of P450 and UGT, helping UGT to acquire novel regioselectivity, and inhibiting substrate binding to P450. Biochemical and molecular bioscientific approaches suggested that P450 and UGT interact with each other at their internal hydrophobic domains in the ER membrane. Furthermore, several in vivo studies have reported the presence of a functional P450-UGT association under physiological conditions. The P450-UGT interaction is expected to function as a novel post-translational factor for inter-individual differences in the drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Miyauchi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University.,Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Shinji Takechi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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Plonka W, Stork C, Šícho M, Kirchmair J. CYPlebrity: Machine learning models for the prediction of inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116388. [PMID: 34488021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of approved drugs are metabolized by the five major cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes, 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4. Inhibition of CYP isozymes can cause drug-drug interactions with severe pharmacological and toxicological consequences. Computational methods for the fast and reliable prediction of the inhibition of CYP isozymes by small molecules are therefore of high interest and relevance to pharmaceutical companies and a host of other industries, including the cosmetics and agrochemical industries. Today, a large number of machine learning models for predicting the inhibition of the major CYP isozymes by small molecules are available. With this work we aim to go beyond the coverage of existing models, by combining data from several major public and proprietary sources. More specifically, we used up to 18815 compounds with measured bioactivities to train random forest classification models for the individual CYP isozymes. A major advantage of the new data collection over existing ones is the better representation of the minority class, the CYP inhibitors. With the new data collection we achieved inhibitor-to-non-inhibitor ratios in the order of 1:1 (CYP1A2) to 1:3 (CYP2D6). We show that our models reach competitive performance on external data, with Matthews correlation coefficients (MCCs) ranging from 0.62 (CYP2C19) to 0.70 (CYP2D6), and areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) between 0.89 (CYP2C19) and 0.92 (CYPs 2D6 and 3A4). Importantly, the models show a high level of robustness, reflected in a good predictivity also for compounds that are structurally dissimilar to the compounds represented in the training data. The best models presented in this work are freely accessible for academic research via a web service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Plonka
- Universität Hamburg, Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Hamburg, Bundesstr. 43, 20146, Germany; FQS Poland (Fujitsu Group), Parkowa 11, 30-538 Cracow, Poland
| | - Conrad Stork
- Universität Hamburg, Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Hamburg, Bundesstr. 43, 20146, Germany
| | - Martin Šícho
- CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Department of Informatics and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Universität Hamburg, Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Hamburg, Bundesstr. 43, 20146, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Uehara S, Higuchi Y, Yoneda N, Yamazaki H, Suemizu H. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4-mediated N2-glucuronidation is the major metabolic pathway of lamotrigine in chimeric NOG-TKm30 mice with humanised-livers. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1146-1154. [PMID: 34423713 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1972492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lamotrigine is a phenyltriazine anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder, with species-dependent metabolic profiles. In this study, we investigated the metabolism of lamotrigine in chimeric NOG-TKm30 mice transplanted with human hepatocytes (humanised-liver mice).Substantial lamotrigine N2-glucuronidation activities were observed in the liver microsomes from humanised-liver mice, humans, marmosets, and rabbits, compared to those from monkeys, minipigs, guinea pigs, rats, and mice. Lamotrigine N2-glucuronidation activities in the liver microsomes from humanised-liver mice were dose-dependently inhibited by hecogenin, a specific inhibitor of the human UGT1A4.The major metabolite in the hepatocytes from humanised-liver mice and humans was lamotrigine N2-glucuronide, whereas that in mouse hepatocytes was lamotrigine N2-oxide. After a single oral dose of lamotrigine (10 mg/kg), the plasma levels of N2-glucuronide, N5-glucuronide, and N2-methyl were higher in humanised-liver mice compared to that in NOG-TKm30 mice. Lamotrigine N2-glucuronide was the most abundant metabolite in the urine in humanised-liver mice, similar to that reported in humans; whereas, lamotrigine N2-oxide was predominantly excreted in the urine in NOG-TKm30 mouse.These results suggest that humanised-liver mice may be a suitable animal model for studying the UGT1A4 mediated-lamotrigine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Nao Yoneda
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
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26
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Asano D, Shibayama T, Shiozawa H, Inoue SI, Shinozuka T, Murata S, Watanabe N, Yoshinari K. Evaluation of species differences in the metabolism of the selective Na V1.7 inhibitor DS-1971a, a mixed substrate of cytochrome P450 and aldehyde oxidase. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1060-1070. [PMID: 34330191 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1963009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonclinical metabolite profiling of DS-1971a, a potent selective NaV1.7 inhibitor, was performed to predict human metabolites.After the oral administration of radiolabelled DS-1971a, the predominant metabolite in mouse plasma was M4, a monoxide at the pyrimidine ring, while the major metabolites with the first and second highest exposure in monkey plasma were M2, a monoxide at the cyclohexane ring, and M11, a demethylated pyrazole metabolite.Incubation studies with liver cytosolic and microsomal fractions in the absence or presence of NADPH indicated that the metabolising enzyme responsible for M4 formation was aldehyde oxidase (AO), while cytochrome P450s (P450s) were responsible for M2 and M11 formation. These results suggest that DS-1971a is a substrate for both AO and P450.When DS-1971a was incubated with liver S9 fractions and NADPH, the most abundant metabolites were M4 in mice, and M2 and M11 in monkeys, indicating that the results of in vitro incubation studies could provide information reflecting the in vivo plasma metabolite profiles in mice and monkeys. The results obtained from the incubation with the human liver S9 fraction and NADPH suggested that a major circulating metabolite in humans is M1, a regioisomer of M2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Asano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shibayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shiozawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shinozuka
- R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Murata
- Laboratory Animal Care & Management Group, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Watanabe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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27
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Holmer M, de Bruyn Kops C, Stork C, Kirchmair J. CYPstrate: A Set of Machine Learning Models for the Accurate Classification of Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Substrates and Non-Substrates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154678. [PMID: 34361831 PMCID: PMC8347321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of small organic molecules such as drugs, agrochemicals, and cosmetics with cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) can lead to substantial changes in the bioavailability of active substances and hence consequences with respect to pharmacological efficacy and toxicity. Therefore, efficient means of predicting the interactions of small organic molecules with CYPs are of high importance to a host of different industries. In this work, we present a new set of machine learning models for the classification of xenobiotics into substrates and non-substrates of nine human CYP isozymes: CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4. The models are trained on an extended, high-quality collection of known substrates and non-substrates and have been subjected to thorough validation. Our results show that the models yield competitive performance and are favorable for the detection of CYP substrates. In particular, a new consensus model reached high performance, with Matthews correlation coefficients (MCCs) between 0.45 (CYP2C8) and 0.85 (CYP3A4), although at the cost of coverage. The best models presented in this work are accessible free of charge via the "CYPstrate" module of the New E-Resource for Drug Discovery (NERDD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Holmer
- Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Department of Informatics, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (M.H.); (C.d.B.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Christina de Bruyn Kops
- Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Department of Informatics, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (M.H.); (C.d.B.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Conrad Stork
- Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Department of Informatics, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (M.H.); (C.d.B.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Department of Informatics, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (M.H.); (C.d.B.K.); (C.S.)
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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28
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Soltani S, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, Rashidi MR. A comprehensive review of in silico approaches for the prediction and modulation of aldehyde oxidase-mediated drug metabolism: The current features, challenges and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113559. [PMID: 34119831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism necessitates the development and application of the in silico rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects for the early prediction and modulation of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX-mediated metabolism and modulation methods. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered have been discussed. The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism is a hot topic in drug discovery. Different strategies are available for the modulation of the AOX-mediated metabolism of drugs. Application of the rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects is necessary for the early prediction of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents a comprehensive review of AOX molecular structure, AOX-mediated reactions, AOX substrates, AOX inhibition, approaches to modify AOX-mediated metabolism, prediction of AOX metabolism/substrates/inhibitors, and the AOX related structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Furthermore, an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX metabolism has been carried out. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered in the scientific literature have been discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaieh Soltani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rashidi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute and Pharmacy faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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29
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Dhuria NV, Haro B, Kapadia A, Lobo KA, Matusow B, Schleiff MA, Tantoy C, Sodhi JK. Recent developments in predicting CYP-independent metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:188-206. [PMID: 33941024 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1923728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As lead optimization efforts have successfully reduced metabolic liabilities due to cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism, there has been an increase in the frequency of involvement of non-CYP enzymes in the metabolism of investigational compounds. Although there have been numerous notable advancements in the characterization of non-CYP enzymes with respect to their localization, reaction mechanisms, species differences and identification of typical substrates, accurate prediction of non-CYP-mediated clearance, with a particular emphasis with the difficulties in accounting for any extrahepatic contributions, remains a challenge. The current manuscript comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements in the prediction of drug metabolism and the in vitro to in vitro extrapolation of clearance for substrates of non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhilesh V Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bianka Haro
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amit Kapadia
- California Poison Control Center, University of California San Francisco, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernice Matusow
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary A Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Christina Tantoy
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Teschke R, Uetrecht J. Mechanism of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI): unresolved basic issues. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:730. [PMID: 33987428 PMCID: PMC8106057 DOI: 10.21037/atm-2020-ubih-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical features of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI) are well described in cases that have been assessed for causality using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM), but our understanding of the mechanistic steps leading to injury is fragmentary. The difficulties describing mechanistic events can be traced back to the lack of an animal model of experimental idiosyncratic DILI that can mimic the genetic requirements of human idiosyncratic DILI. However, immune tolerance plays a dominant role in the immune response of the liver, and impairment of immune tolerance with immune checkpoint inhibitors increases DILI in both humans and animals. This may provide one method to study the individual steps involved. In general. the human DILI liver is a secret keeper providing little insight into what occurs in the diseased organ. Sufficient evidence exists that most idiosyncratic cases are mediated by the adaptive immune system, which depends on stimulation of the innate immune system, but the triggering factors are unknown. It is attractive to hypothesize that the gut microbiome plays a role; however, it is very difficult to study. Similarly, exosomes are likely to play an important role in communication between hepatic cells and the immune system, but there is a lack of data on blood exosomes in affected patients. Reactive metabolites are likely to play an important role. This is supported by the current analysis, which revealed an association between metabolism by cytochrome P450 and drugs most commonly involved in causing idiosyncratic DILI with causality verified by RUCAM. Circumstantial evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cytochrome P450 could be responsible for the initial steps of injury, but details are unknown. In conclusion, most of the mechanistic steps leading to idiosyncratic DILI remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe University Frankfurt/ Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Teschke R, Danan G. Idiosyncratic Drug Induced Liver Injury, Cytochrome P450, Metabolic Risk Factors and Lipophilicity: Highlights and Controversies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3441. [PMID: 33810530 PMCID: PMC8037096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in understanding the mechanisms of the idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (iDILI) was highlighted in a scientometric investigation on the knowledge mapping of iDILI throughout the world, but uncertainty remained on metabolic risk factors of iDILI, the focus of the present review article. For the first time, a quantitative analysis of 3312 cases of iDILI assessed for causality with RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) showed that most drugs (61.1%) were metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms: 49.6% by CYP 3A4/5, 24.6% by CYP 2C9, 13.2% by CYP 2E1, 7.3% by CYP 2C19, 3.5% by CYP 1A2 and 1.8% by CYP 2D6. Other studies showed high OR (odds ratio) for drugs metabolized by unspecified CYPs but the iDILI cases were not assessed for causality with RUCAM, a major shortcoming. In addition to critical comments on methodological flaws, several risk factors of iDILI were identified such as high but yet recommended daily drug doses, actual daily drug doses taken by the patients, hepatic drug metabolism and drug lipophilicity. These risk factors are subject to controversies by many experts seen critically also by others who outlined that none of these medication characteristics is able to predict iDILI with high confidence, leading to the statement of an outstanding caveat. It was also argued that all previous studies lacked comprehensive data because the number of examined drugs was relatively small as compared to the number of approved new molecular entities or currently used oral prescription drugs. In conclusion, trends are evident that some metabolic parameters are likely risk factors of iDILI but strong evidence can only be achieved when methodological issues will be successfully met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, D-63450 Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Gaby Danan
- Pharmacovigilance Consultancy, F-75020 Paris, France;
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Brice Landry K, Tariq S, Malik A, Sufyan M, Ashfaq UA, Ijaz B, Shahid AA. Berberis lyceum and Fumaria indica: in vitro cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and in silico screening of their selected phytochemicals as novel hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7829-7851. [PMID: 33764266 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1902395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Berberis lyceum and Fumaria indica are two Pakistani indigenous herbal medicines used to treat liver infections, including hepatitis C virus (HCV). This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity of these plant extracts and computationally screen their selected phytoconstituents as HCV NS5A inhibitors. The viability of HepG2 cells was assessed 24 h and 48 h post-treatment using colorimetric and dye exclusion methods. Antioxidant properties were examined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity assays. Seventeen known phytochemicals identified from each plant were docked into the active binding site of HCV NS5A protein. The top hit ligands were analyzed for their druglikeness properties and the indices of absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET). The results showed that both plant extracts were non-toxic (CC50 > 200 µg/ml). The IC50 values of DPPH-radical scavenging activity were 51.02 ± 0.94 and 62.91 ± 1.85 µg/ml for B. lyceum and F. indica, respectively. They also exhibited reducing power and total antioxidant capacity.The phytochemicals were identified as potent HCV NS5A inhibitors with good druglikeness and ADMET properties. Six of the docked phytochemicals exhibited higher binding scores (-17.9 to -19.2 kcal/mol) with HCV NS5A protein than the standard drug, daclatasvir (-17.2 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation confirmed the stability of two compounds, berbamine and paprafumine at 100 ns with active site of HCV NS5A protein. The identified compounds through molecular docking and MD simulation could have potential as HCV NS5A inhibitor after further validation. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koloko Brice Landry
- Laboratory of Applied and Functional Genomics, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Somayya Tariq
- Laboratory of Applied and Functional Genomics, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Malik
- Laboratory of Applied and Functional Genomics, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sufyan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Ijaz
- Laboratory of Applied and Functional Genomics, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Laboratory of Applied and Functional Genomics, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Di L, Balesano A, Jordan S, Shi SM. The Role of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Drug Metabolism: Beyond Ethanol Oxidation. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:20. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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De Luca V, Mandrich L. Enzyme Promiscuous Activity: How to Define it and its Evolutionary Aspects. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:400-410. [PMID: 31868141 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666191223141205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are among the most studied biological molecules because better understanding enzymes structure and activity will shed more light on their biological processes and regulation; from a biotechnological point of view there are many examples of enzymes used with the aim to obtain new products and/or to make industrial processes less invasive towards the environment. Enzymes are known for their high specificity in the recognition of a substrate but considering the particular features of an increasing number of enzymes this is not completely true, in fact, many enzymes are active on different substrates: this ability is called enzyme promiscuity. Usually, promiscuous activities have significantly lower kinetic parameters than to that of primary activity, but they have a crucial role in gene evolution. It is accepted that gene duplication followed by sequence divergence is considered a key evolutionary mechanism to generate new enzyme functions. In this way, promiscuous activities are the starting point to increase a secondary activity in the main activity and then get a new enzyme. The primary activity can be lost or reduced to a promiscuous activity. In this review we describe the differences between substrate and enzyme promiscuity, and its rule in gene evolution. From a practical point of view the knowledge of promiscuity can facilitate the in vitro progress of proteins engineering, both for biomedical and industrial applications. In particular, we report cases regarding esterases, phosphotriesterases and cytochrome P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Luca
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mandrich
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Carvalho Henriques B, Yang EH, Lapetina D, Carr MS, Yavorskyy V, Hague J, Aitchison KJ. How Can Drug Metabolism and Transporter Genetics Inform Psychotropic Prescribing? Front Genet 2020; 11:491895. [PMID: 33363564 PMCID: PMC7753050 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.491895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many genetic variants in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters have been shown to be relevant for treating psychiatric disorders. Associations are strong enough to feature on drug labels and for prescribing guidelines based on such data. A range of commercial tests are available; however, there is variability in included genetic variants, methodology, and interpretation. We herein provide relevant background for understanding clinical associations with specific variants, other factors that are relevant to consider when interpreting such data (such as age, gender, drug-drug interactions), and summarize the data relevant to clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatry and the available prescribing guidelines. We also highlight areas for future research focus in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther H. Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Diego Lapetina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael S. Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vasyl Yavorskyy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua Hague
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine J. Aitchison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Cox CR, Lynch S, Goldring C, Sharma P. Current Perspective: 3D Spheroid Models Utilizing Human-Based Cells for Investigating Metabolism-Dependent Drug-Induced Liver Injury. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:611913. [PMID: 35047893 PMCID: PMC8757888 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.611913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a leading cause for the withdrawal of approved drugs. This has significant financial implications for pharmaceutical companies, places increasing strain on global health services, and causes harm to patients. For these reasons, it is essential that in-vitro liver models are capable of detecting DILI-positive compounds and their underlying mechanisms, prior to their approval and administration to patients or volunteers in clinical trials. Metabolism-dependent DILI is an important mechanism of drug-induced toxicity, which often involves the CYP450 family of enzymes, and is associated with the production of a chemically reactive metabolite and/or inefficient removal and accumulation of potentially toxic compounds. Unfortunately, many of the traditional in-vitro liver models fall short of their in-vivo counterparts, failing to recapitulate the mature hepatocyte phenotype, becoming metabolically incompetent, and lacking the longevity to investigate and detect metabolism-dependent DILI and those associated with chronic and repeat dosing regimens. Nevertheless, evidence is gathering to indicate that growing cells in 3D formats can increase the complexity of these models, promoting a more mature-hepatocyte phenotype and increasing their longevity, in vitro. This review will discuss the use of 3D in vitro models, namely spheroids, organoids, and perfusion-based systems to establish suitable liver models to investigate metabolism-dependent DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Christopher R. Cox
| | - Stephen Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ooka M, Lynch C, Xia M. Application of In Vitro Metabolism Activation in High-Throughput Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218182. [PMID: 33142951 PMCID: PMC7663506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro methods which incorporate metabolic capability into the assays allow us to assess the activity of metabolites from their parent compounds. These methods can be applied into high-throughput screening (HTS) platforms, thereby increasing the speed to identify compounds that become active via the metabolism process. HTS was originally used in the pharmaceutical industry and now is also used in academic settings to evaluate biological activity and/or toxicity of chemicals. Although most chemicals are metabolized in our body, many HTS assays lack the capability to determine compound activity via metabolism. To overcome this problem, several in vitro metabolic methods have been applied to an HTS format. In this review, we describe in vitro metabolism methods and their application in HTS assays, as well as discuss the future perspectives of HTS with metabolic activity. Each in vitro metabolism method has advantages and disadvantages. For instance, the S9 mix has a full set of liver metabolic enzymes, but it displays high cytotoxicity in cell-based assays. In vitro metabolism requires liver fractions or the use of other metabolically capable systems, including primary hepatocytes or recombinant enzymes. Several newly developed in vitro metabolic methods, including HepaRG cells, three-dimensional (3D) cell models, and organ-on-a-chip technology, will also be discussed. These newly developed in vitro metabolism approaches offer significant progress in dissecting biological processes, developing drugs, and making toxicology studies quicker and more efficient.
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In Vitro Interaction of AB-FUBINACA with Human Cytochrome P450, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes and Drug Transporters. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194589. [PMID: 33050066 PMCID: PMC7582776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AB-FUBINACA, a synthetic indazole carboxamide cannabinoid, has been used worldwide as a new psychoactive substance. Because drug abusers take various drugs concomitantly, it is necessary to explore potential AB-FUBINACA-induced drug–drug interactions caused by modulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. In this study, the inhibitory effects of AB-FUBINACA on eight major human cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and six uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) of human liver microsomes, and on eight clinically important transport activities including organic cation transporters (OCT)1 and OCT2, organic anion transporters (OAT)1 and OAT3, organic anion transporting polypeptide transporters (OATP)1B1 and OATP1B3, P-glycoprotein, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in transporter-overexpressing cells were investigated. AB-FUBINACA inhibited CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylation via mixed inhibition with Ki value of 15.0 µM and competitively inhibited CYP2C8-catalyzed amodiaquine N-de-ethylation, CYP2C9-catalyzed diclofenac 4′-hydroxylation, CYP2C19-catalyzed [S]-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation, and CYP2D6-catalyzed bufuralol 1′-hydroxylation with Ki values of 19.9, 13.1, 6.3, and 20.8 µM, respectively. AB-FUBINACA inhibited OCT2-mediated MPP+ uptake via mixed inhibition (Ki, 54.2 µM) and competitively inhibited OATP1B1-mediated estrone-3-sulfate uptake (Ki, 94.4 µM). However, AB-FUBINACA did not significantly inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, or UGT2B7 enzyme activities at concentrations up to 100 µM. AB-FUBINACA did not significantly inhibit the transport activities of OCT1, OAT1/3, OATP1B3, P-glycoprotein, or BCRP at concentrations up to 250 μM. As the pharmacokinetics of AB-FUBINACA in humans and animals remain unknown, it is necessary to clinically evaluate potential in vivo pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions induced by AB-FUBINACA-mediated inhibition of CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, OCT2, and OATP1B1 activities.
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Sudsakorn S, Bahadduri P, Fretland J, Lu C. 2020 FDA Drug-drug Interaction Guidance: A Comparison Analysis and Action Plan by Pharmaceutical Industrial Scientists. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:403-426. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200620210522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In January 2020, the US FDA published two final guidelines, one entitled “In vitro Drug
Interaction Studies - Cytochrome P450 Enzyme- and Transporter-Mediated Drug Interactions Guidance for Industry”
and the other entitled “Clinical Drug Interaction Studies - Cytochrome P450 Enzyme- and Transporter-Mediated
Drug Interactions Guidance for Industry”. These were updated from the 2017 draft in vitro and clinical DDI
guidance.
Methods:
This study is aimed to provide an analysis of the updates along with a comparison of the DDI guidelines
published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency
(PMDA) along with the current literature.
Results:
The updates were provided in the final FDA DDI guidelines and explained the rationale of those changes
based on the understanding from research and literature. Furthermore, a comparison among the FDA, EMA, and
PMDA DDI guidelines are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
Conclusion:
The new 2020 clinical DDI guidance from the FDA now has even higher harmonization with the
guidance (or guidelines) from the EMA and PMDA. A comparison of DDI guidance from the FDA 2017, 2020,
EMA, and PMDA on CYP and transporter based DDI, mathematical models, PBPK, and clinical evaluation of DDI
is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirimas Sudsakorn
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Praveen Bahadduri
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer Fretland
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Chuang Lu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
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In Vitro Metabolism of DWP16001, a Novel Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor, in Human and Animal Hepatocytes. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090865. [PMID: 32932946 PMCID: PMC7558535 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DWP16001 is currently in a phase 2 clinical trial as a novel anti-diabetes drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes by selective inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2. This in vitro study was performed to compare the metabolism of DWP16001 in human, dog, monkey, mouse, and rat hepatocytes, and the drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for the metabolism of DWP16001 were characterized using recombinant human cytochrome 450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes expressed from cDNAs. The hepatic extraction ratio of DWP16001 in five species ranged from 0.15 to 0.56, suggesting that DWP16001 may be subject to species-dependent and weak-to-moderate hepatic metabolism. Five phase I metabolites (M1–M5) produced by oxidation as well as three DWP16001 glucuronides (U1–U3) and two hydroxy-DWP16001 (M1) glucuronides (U4, U5), were identified from hepatocytes incubated with DWP16001 by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. In human hepatocytes, M1, M2, M3, U1, and U2 were identified. Formation of M1 and M2 from DWP16001 was catalyzed by CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. M3 was produced by hydroxylation of M1, while M4 was produced by hydroxylation of M2; both hydroxylation reactions were catalyzed by CYP3A4. The formation of U1 was catalyzed by UGT2B7, but UGT1A4, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 contributed to the formation of U2. In conclusion, DWP16001 is a substrate for CYP3A4, CYP2C19, UGT1A4, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 enzymes. Overall, DWP16001 is weakly metabolized in human hepatocytes, but there is a potential for the pharmacokinetic modulation and drug–drug interactions, involved in the responsible metabolizing enzymes of DWP16001 in humans.
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Saravanakumar A, Sadighi A, Ryu R, Akhlaghi F. Physicochemical Properties, Biotransformation, and Transport Pathways of Established and Newly Approved Medications: A Systematic Review of the Top 200 Most Prescribed Drugs vs. the FDA-Approved Drugs Between 2005 and 2016. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 58:1281-1294. [PMID: 30972694 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-019-00750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzyme-mediated biotransformation of pharmacological agents is a crucial step in xenobiotic detoxification and drug disposition. Herein, we investigated the metabolism and physicochemical properties of the top 200 most prescribed drugs (established) as well as drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2005 and 2016 (newly approved). OBJECTIVE Our objective was to capture the changing trends in the routes of administration, physicochemical properties, and prodrug medications, as well as the contributions of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters to drug clearance. METHODS The University of Washington Drug Interaction Database (DIDB®) as well as other online resources (e.g., CenterWatch.com, Drugs.com, DrugBank.ca, and PubChem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) was used to collect and stratify the dataset required for exploring the above-mentioned trends. RESULTS Analyses revealed that ~ 90% of all drugs in the established and newly approved drug lists were administered systemically (oral or intravenous). Meanwhile, the portion of biologics (molecular weight > 1 kDa) was 15 times greater in the newly approved list than established drugs. Additionally, there was a 4.5-fold increase in the number of compounds with a high calculated partition coefficient (cLogP > 3) and a high total polar surface area (> 75 Å2) in the newly approved drug vs. the established category. Further, prodrugs in established or newly approved lists were found to be converted to active compounds via hydrolysis, demethylases, and kinases. The contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, as the major biotransformation pathway, has increased from 40% in the established drug list to 64% in the newly approved drug list. Moreover, the role of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 were decreased as major metabolizing enzymes among the newly approved medications. Among non-CYP major metabolizers, the contribution of alcohol dehydrogenases/aldehyde dehydrogenases (ADH/ALDH) and sulfotransferases decreased in the newly approved drugs compared with the established list. Furthermore, the highest contribution among uptake and efflux transporters was found for Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The higher portion of biologics in the newly approved drugs compared with the established list confirmed the growing demands for protein- and antibody-based therapies. Moreover, the larger number of hydrophilic drugs found in the newly approved list suggests that the probability of toxicity is likely to decrease. With regard to CYP-mediated major metabolism, CYP3A5 showed an increased involvement owing to the identification of unique probe substrates to differentiate CYP3As. Furthermore, the contribution of OATP1B1 and P-gp did not show a significant shift in the newly approved drugs as compared to the established list because of their broad substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Saravanakumar
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Office 495 A, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Armin Sadighi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Office 495 A, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Rachel Ryu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Office 495 A, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Office 495 A, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
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Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2B6 by Astragalus extract mixture HT042. Toxicol Res 2020; 36:195-201. [PMID: 32685423 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-019-00027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus extract mixture (AEM) HT042 is a functional food approved by the MFDS (Korean FDA) for increasing height. It comprises a mixture of three standardized extracts from Astragalus membranaceus root, Eleutherococcus senticosus stem, and Phlomis umbrosa root. In this study, drug-functional food interaction was analyzed using six major human cytochrome P450 enzymes. The inhibitory effect of AEM HT042 on P450 activities was studied using a P450-NADPH P450 reductase reconstitution system. Among the six P450 enzymes (1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2D6, 2C9, and 3A4), only P450 2B6 activity was markedly decreased by AEM HT042 addition. The bupropion hydroxylation activity of P450 2B6 was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A calculated IC50 value of 10.62 µg/ml was obtained. To identify the inhibitory compounds in the mixture, four active compounds in AEM HT042 were analyzed. Shanzhiside methylester exhibited inhibitory effects on P450 2B6, whereas formononetin, eleutheroside E, and sesamoside did not affect P450 2B6 activity at all. Our results suggest that shanzhiside methylester in AEM HT042 is responsible for the inhibitory effect on P450 2B6 metabolism. Characterization of the inhibitory effect on P450 can help determine the safe administration of functional foods along with many clinical drugs that are metabolized by P450.
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Gonsalves MD, Colizza K, Smith JL, Oxley JC. In vitro and in vivo studies of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) metabolism in humans. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is a volatile but powerful explosive that appeals to terrorists due to its ease of synthesis from household items. For this reason, bomb squad, canine (K9) units, and scientists must work with this material to mitigate this threat. However, no information on the metabolism of TATP is available.
Methods
In vitro experiments using human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes were performed on TATP and TATP-OH for metabolite identification and enzyme phenotyping. Enzyme kinetics for TATP hydroxylation were also investigated. Urine from laboratory personnel collected before and after working with TATP was analyzed for TATP and its metabolites.
Results
While experiments with flavin monooxygenases were inconclusive, those with recombinant cytochrome P450s (CYPs) strongly suggested that CYP2B6 was the principle enzyme responsible for TATP hydroxylation. TATP-O-glucuronide was also identified and incubations with recombinant uridine diphosphoglucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) indicated that UGT2B7 catalyzes this reaction. Michaelis–Menten kinetics were determined for TATP hydroxylation, with Km = 1.4 µM and Vmax = 8.7 nmol/min/nmol CYP2B6. TATP-O-glucuronide was present in the urine of all three volunteers after being exposed to TATP vapors showing good in vivo correlation to in vitro data. TATP and TATP-OH were not observed.
Conclusions
Since scientists working to characterize and detect TATP to prevent terrorist attacks are constantly exposed to this volatile compound, attention should be paid to its metabolism. This paper is the first to elucidate some exposure, metabolism and excretion of TATP in humans and to identify a marker of TATP exposure, TATP-O-glucuronide in urine.
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Nigam SK, Bush KT, Bhatnagar V, Poloyac SM, Momper JD. The Systems Biology of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters: Relevance to Quantitative Systems Pharmacology. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:40-53. [PMID: 32119114 PMCID: PMC7292762 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) has emerged as a transformative science in drug discovery and development. It is now time to fully rethink the biological functions of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters within the framework of QSP models. The large set of DME and transporter genes are generally considered from the perspective of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. However, there is a growing amount of data on the endogenous physiology of DMEs and transporters. Recent studies—including systems biology analyses of “omics” data as well as metabolomics studies—indicate that these enzymes and transporters, which are often among the most highly expressed genes in tissues like liver, kidney, and intestine, have coordinated roles in fundamental biological processes. Multispecific DMEs and transporters work together with oligospecific and monospecific ADME proteins in a large multiorgan remote sensing and signaling network. We use the Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory (RSST) to examine the roles of DMEs and transporters in intratissue, interorgan, and interorganismal communication via metabolites and signaling molecules. This RSST‐based view is applicable to bile acids, uric acid, eicosanoids, fatty acids, uremic toxins, and gut microbiome products, among other small organic molecules of physiological interest. Rooting this broader perspective of DMEs and transporters within QSP may facilitate an improved understanding of fundamental biology, physiologically based pharmacokinetics, and the prediction of drug toxicities based upon the interplay of these ADME proteins with key pathways in metabolism and signaling. The RSST‐based view should also enable more tailored pharmacotherapy in the setting of kidney disease, liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. We further discuss the pharmaceutical and regulatory implications of this revised view through the lens of systems physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vibha Bhatnagar
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Ji L. Synergy between Experiments and Computations: A Green Channel for Revealing Metabolic Mechanism of Xenobiotics in Chemical Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1539-1550. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ji
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase contributes to phospholipid peroxidation in ferroptosis. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:302-309. [PMID: 32080622 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is widely involved in degenerative diseases in various tissues including kidney, liver and brain, and is a targetable vulnerability in multiple primary and therapy-resistant cancers. Accumulation of phospholipid hydroperoxides in cellular membranes is the hallmark and rate-limiting step of ferroptosis; however, the enzymes contributing to lipid peroxidation remain poorly characterized. Using genome-wide, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated suppressor screens, we identify cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) as necessary for ferroptotic cell death in cancer cells exhibiting inherent and induced susceptibility to ferroptosis. By genetic depletion of POR in cancer cells, we reveal that POR contributes to ferroptosis across a wide range of lineages and cell states, and in response to distinct mechanisms of ferroptosis induction. Using systematic lipidomic profiling, we further map POR's activity to the lipid peroxidation step in ferroptosis. Hence, our work suggests that POR is a key mediator of ferroptosis and potential druggable target for developing antiferroptosis therapeutics.
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Clark KL, Keating AF. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated coordinates the ovarian DNA repair and atresia-initiating response to phosphoramide mustard. Biol Reprod 2020; 102:248-260. [PMID: 31435664 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) protein recognizes and repairs DNA double strand breaks through activation of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair proteins. Atm gene mutations increase female reproductive cancer risk. Phosphoramide mustard (PM) induces ovarian DNA damage and destroys primordial follicles, and pharmacological ATM inhibition prevents PM-induced follicular depletion. Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 or Atm+/- mice were dosed once intraperitoneally with sesame oil (95%) or PM (25 mg/kg) in the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle and ovaries harvested 3 days thereafter. Atm+/- mice spent ~25% more time in diestrus phase than WT. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on ovarian protein was performed and bioinformatically analyzed. Relative to WT, Atm+/- mice had 64 and 243 proteins increased or decreased in abundance, respectively. In WT mice, PM increased 162 and decreased 20 proteins. In Atm+/- mice, 173 and 37 proteins were increased and decreased, respectively, by PM. Exportin-2 (XPO2) was localized to granulosa cells of all follicle stages and was 7.2-fold greater in Atm+/- than WT mice. Cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein 1 was 6.8-fold lower in Atm+/- mice and was located in the surface epithelium with apparent translocation to the ovarian medulla post-PM exposure. PM induced γH2AX, but fewer γH2AX-positive foci were identified in Atm+/- ovaries. Similarly, cleaved caspase-3 was lower in the Atm+/- PM-treated, relative to WT mice. These findings support ATM involvement in ovarian DNA repair and suggest that ATM functions to regulate ovarian atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Clark
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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48
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Walker A, Walgama C, Nerimetla R, Habib Alavi S, Echeverria E, Harimkar SP, McIlroy DN, Krishnan S. Roughened graphite biointerfaced with P450 liver microsomes: Surface and electrochemical characterizations. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110790. [PMID: 32028130 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Low-cost, voltage-driven biocatalytic designs for rapid drug metabolism assay, chemical toxicity screening, and pollutant biosensing represent considerable significance for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and environmental applications. In this study, we have designed biointerfaces of human liver microsomes with various roughened, high-purity graphite disk electrodes to study electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties. Successful spectral and microscopic characterizations, direct bioelectronic communication, direct electron-transfer rates from the electrode to liver microsomal enzymes, microsomal heme-enzyme specific oxygen reduction currents, and voltage-driven diclofenac hydroxylation (chosen as the probe reaction) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - Charuksha Walgama
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - Rajasekhara Nerimetla
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - S Habib Alavi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - Elena Echeverria
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - Sandip P Harimkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - David N McIlroy
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States.
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49
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Fatunde OA, Brown SA. The Role of CYP450 Drug Metabolism in Precision Cardio-Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E604. [PMID: 31963461 PMCID: PMC7014347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As many novel cancer therapies continue to emerge, the field of Cardio-Oncology (or onco-cardiology) has become crucial to prevent, monitor and treat cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity. Furthermore, given the narrow therapeutic window of most cancer therapies, drug-drug interactions are prevalent in the cancer population. Consequently, there is an increased risk of affecting drug efficacy or predisposing individual patients to adverse side effects. Here we review the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes in the field of Cardio-Oncology. We highlight the importance of cardiac medications in preventive Cardio-Oncology for high-risk patients or in the management of cardiotoxicities during or following cancer treatment. Common interactions between Oncology and Cardiology drugs are catalogued, emphasizing the impact of differential metabolism of each substrate drug on unpredictable drug bioavailability and consequent inter-individual variability in treatment response or development of cardiovascular toxicity. This inter-individual variability in bioavailability and subsequent response can be further enhanced by genomic variants in CYP450, or by modifications of CYP450 gene, RNA or protein expression or function in various 'omics' related to precision medicine. Thus, we advocate for an individualized approach to each patient by a multidisciplinary team with clinical pharmacists evaluating a treatment plan tailored to a practice of precision Cardio-Oncology. This review may increase awareness of these key concepts in the rapidly evolving field of Cardio-Oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubadewa A. Fatunde
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler–CHRISTUS Good Shepherd Medical Center, Longview, TX 75601, USA
| | - Sherry-Ann Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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50
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Lu C, Di L. In vitro
and
in vivo
methods to assess pharmacokinetic drug– drug interactions in drug discovery and development. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:3-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lu
- Department of DMPKSanofi Company Waltham MA 02451
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and MetabolismPfizer Worldwide Research & Development Groton CT 06340
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