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Wu J, Yu C, Zeng X, Xu Y, Sun C. Protection of propofol on liver ischemia reperfusion injury by regulating Cyp2b10/ Cyp3a25 pathway. Tissue Cell 2022; 78:101891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yin J, Li F, Zhou Y, Mou M, Lu Y, Chen K, Xue J, Luo Y, Fu J, He X, Gao J, Zeng S, Yu L, Zhu F. INTEDE: interactome of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:D1233-D1243. [PMID: 33045737 PMCID: PMC7779056 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) are critical determinant of drug safety and efficacy, and the interactome of DMEs has attracted extensive attention. There are 3 major interaction types in an interactome: microbiome-DME interaction (MICBIO), xenobiotics-DME interaction (XEOTIC) and host protein-DME interaction (HOSPPI). The interaction data of each type are essential for drug metabolism, and the collective consideration of multiple types has implication for the future practice of precision medicine. However, no database was designed to systematically provide the data of all types of DME interactions. Here, a database of the Interactome of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes (INTEDE) was therefore constructed to offer these interaction data. First, 1047 unique DMEs (448 host and 599 microbial) were confirmed, for the first time, using their metabolizing drugs. Second, for these newly confirmed DMEs, all types of their interactions (3359 MICBIOs between 225 microbial species and 185 DMEs; 47 778 XEOTICs between 4150 xenobiotics and 501 DMEs; 7849 HOSPPIs between 565 human proteins and 566 DMEs) were comprehensively collected and then provided, which enabled the crosstalk analysis among multiple types. Because of the huge amount of accumulated data, the INTEDE made it possible to generalize key features for revealing disease etiology and optimizing clinical treatment. INTEDE is freely accessible at: https://idrblab.org/intede/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Minjie Mou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yinjing Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kangli Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia Xue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongchao Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianbo Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Su Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Oliviero F, Lukowicz C, Boussadia B, Forner-Piquer I, Pascussi JM, Marchi N, Mselli-Lakhal L. Constitutive Androstane Receptor: A Peripheral and a Neurovascular Stress or Environmental Sensor. Cells 2020; 9:E2426. [PMID: 33171992 PMCID: PMC7694609 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic nuclear receptors (NR) are intracellular players involved in an increasing number of physiological processes. Examined and characterized in peripheral organs where they govern metabolic, transport and detoxification mechanisms, accumulating data suggest a functional expression of specific NR at the neurovascular unit (NVU). Here, we focus on the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), expressed in detoxifying organs such as the liver, intestines and kidneys. By direct and indirect activation, CAR is implicated in hepatic detoxification of xenobiotics, environmental contaminants, and endogenous molecules (bilirubin, bile acids). Importantly, CAR participates in physiological stress adaptation responses, hormonal and energy homeostasis due to glucose and lipid sensing. We next analyze the emerging evidence supporting a role of CAR in NVU cells including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a key vascular interface regulating communications between the brain and the periphery. We address the emerging concept of how CAR may regulate specific P450 cytochromes at the NVU and the associated relevance to brain diseases. A clear understanding of how CAR engages during pathological conditions could enable new mechanistic, and perhaps pharmacological, entry-points within a peripheral-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Oliviero
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
| | - Céline Lukowicz
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
| | - Badreddine Boussadia
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Jean-Marc Pascussi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Laila Mselli-Lakhal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
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Weight of evidence and human relevance evaluation of the benfluralin mode of action in rodents (Part I): Liver carcinogenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104758. [PMID: 32798612 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Benfluralin, an herbicide of the dinitroaniline class used in weed control, was first registered in the United States in 1970. Increased incidence of liver tumors was observed in the 2 year dietary carcinogenicity studies. A review of the toxicology database provides evidence that the mode of action (MOA) of benfluralin responsible for hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma in rodents depends on activation of the constitutive androstane (CAR)/pregnane X (PXR) receptors, that triggers enzyme induction and altered gene expression leading to hepatocyte proliferation. After prolonged exposures at high dose levels, altered hepatic foci and liver tumors are observed. This hepatocarcinogenic MOA has been described in rodents following long-term dietary exposures to other CAR/PXR activator chemicals, such as phenobarbital, and is generally considered as non-relevant in humans due to differences between human and rodent responses. We analyzed the existing and newly acquired toxicology data to establish that the hepatocarcinogenic MOA of benfluralin in rodents includes the same key events previously described in the rodent MOA of phenobarbital. A weight of evidence approach was taken to establish temporal and dose-related concordance of the causal key events supporting the conclusion that rodent liver carcinogenicity of benfluralin is unlikely to be relevant for human cancer risk.
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Nudischer R, Renggli K, Bertinetti-Lapatki C, Hoflack JC, Flint N, Sewing S, Pedersen L, Schadt S, Higgins LG, Vardy A, Lenz B, Gand L, Boess F, Elcombe BM, Hierlemann A, Roth AB. Combining In Vivo and Organotypic In Vitro Approaches to Assess the Human Relevance of Basimglurant (RG7090), a Potential CAR Activator. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:329-342. [PMID: 32458970 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Basimglurant (RG7090), a small molecule under development to treat certain forms of depression, demonstrated foci of altered hepatocytes in a long-term rodent-toxicity study. Additional evidence pointed toward the activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), an established promoter of nongenotoxic and rodent-specific hepatic tumors. This mode of action and the potential human relevance was explored in vivo using rodent and cynomolgus monkey models and in vitro using murine and human liver spheroids. Wild type (WT) and CAR/pregnane X receptor (PXR) knockout mice (CAR/PXR KO) were exposed to RG7090 for 8 consecutive days. Analysis of liver lysates revealed induction of Cyp2b mRNA and enzyme activity, a known activation marker of CAR, in WT but not in CAR/PXR KO animals. A series of proliferative genes were upregulated in WT mice only, and immunohistochemistry data showed increased cell proliferation exclusively in WT mice. In addition, primary mouse liver spheroids were challenged with RG7090 in the presence or absence of modified antisense oligonucleotides inhibiting CAR and/or PXR mRNA, showing a concentration-dependent Cyp2b mRNA induction only if CAR was not repressed. On the contrary, neither human liver spheroids nor cynomolgus monkeys exposed to RG7090 triggered CYP2B mRNA upregulation. Our data suggested RG7090 to be a rodent-specific CAR activator, and that CAR activation and its downstream processes were involved in the foci of altered hepatocytes formation detected in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated the potential of a new in vitro approach using liver spheroids and antisense oligonucleotides for CAR knockdown experiments, which could eventually replace in vivo investigations using CAR/PXR KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Nudischer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kasper Renggli
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Bertinetti-Lapatki
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Hoflack
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Flint
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Sewing
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lykke Pedersen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Simone Schadt
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Audrey Vardy
- CXR Biosciences Ltd, Dundee DD1 5JJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Barbara Lenz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gand
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Boess
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian B Roth
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Lawrie RD, Mitchell RD, Dhammi A, Wallace A, Hodgson E, Roe RM. Role of long non-coding RNA in DEET- and fipronil-mediated alteration of transcripts associated with Phase I and Phase II xenobiotic metabolism in human primary hepatocytes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 167:104607. [PMID: 32527422 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to environmental chemicals both individually and in combination occurs frequently world-wide most often with unknown consequences. Use of molecular approaches to aide in the assessment of risk involved in chemical exposure is a growing field in toxicology. In this study, we examined the impact of two environmental chemicals used in and around homes, the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil (fluocyanobenpyrazole) on transcript levels of enzymes potentially involved in xenobiotic metabolism and on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Primary human hepatocytes were treated with these two chemicals both individually and in combination. Using RNA-Seq, we found that 10 major enzyme categories involved in phase 1 and phase 2 xenobiotic metabolism were significantly (α = 0.05) up- and down-regulated (i.e., 100 μM DEET-19 transcripts, 89% up and 11% down; 10 μM fipronil-52 transcripts, 53% up and 47% down; and 100 μM DEET +10 μM fipronil-69 transcripts, 43% up and 57% down). The altered genes were then mapped to the human genome and their proximity (within 1,000,000 bp) to lncRNAs examined. Unique proximities were discovered between altered lncRNA and altered P450s (CYP) and other enzymes (DEET, 2 CYP; Fipronil, 6 CYP and 15 other; and DEET + fipronil, 7 CYP and 21 other). Many of the altered P450 transcripts were in multiple clusters in the genome with proximal altered lncRNAs, suggesting a regulator function for the lncRNA. At the gene level there was high percent identity for lncRNAs near P450 clusters, but this relationship was not found at the transcript level. The role of these altered lncRNAs associated with xenobiotic induction, human diseases and chemical mixtures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Lawrie
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Robert D Mitchell
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Livestock Insects Research Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
| | - Anirudh Dhammi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Andrew Wallace
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ernest Hodgson
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - R Michael Roe
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Wilkinson PD, Delgado ER, Alencastro F, Leek MP, Roy N, Weirich MP, Stahl EC, Otero PA, Chen MI, Brown WK, Duncan AW. The Polyploid State Restricts Hepatocyte Proliferation and Liver Regeneration in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 69:1242-1258. [PMID: 30244478 PMCID: PMC6532408 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver contains a mixture of hepatocytes with diploid or polyploid (tetraploid, octaploid, etc.) nuclear content. Polyploid hepatocytes are commonly found in adult mammals, representing ~90% of the entire hepatic pool in rodents. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate polyploidization have been well characterized; however, it is unclear whether diploid and polyploid hepatocytes function similarly in multiple contexts. Answering this question has been challenging because proliferating hepatocytes can increase or decrease ploidy, and animal models with healthy diploid-only livers have not been available. Mice lacking E2f7 and E2f8 in the liver (liver-specific E2f7/E2f8 knockout; LKO) were recently reported to have a polyploidization defect, but were otherwise healthy. Herein, livers from LKO mice were rigorously characterized, demonstrating a 20-fold increase in diploid hepatocytes and maintenance of the diploid state even after extensive proliferation. Livers from LKO mice maintained normal function, but became highly tumorigenic when challenged with tumor-promoting stimuli, suggesting that tumors in LKO mice were driven, at least in part, by diploid hepatocytes capable of rapid proliferation. Indeed, hepatocytes from LKO mice proliferate faster and out-compete control hepatocytes, especially in competitive repopulation studies. In addition, diploid or polyploid hepatocytes from wild-type (WT) mice were examined to eliminate potentially confounding effects associated with E2f7/E2f8 deficiency. WT diploid cells also showed a proliferative advantage, entering and progressing through the cell cycle faster than polyploid cells, both in vitro and during liver regeneration (LR). Diploid and polyploid hepatocytes responded similarly to hepatic mitogens, indicating that proliferation kinetics are unrelated to differential response to growth stimuli. Conclusion: Diploid hepatocytes proliferate faster than polyploids, suggesting that the polyploid state functions as a growth suppressor to restrict proliferation by the majority of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Evan R. Delgado
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Frances Alencastro
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Madeleine P. Leek
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Nairita Roy
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Matthew P. Weirich
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Elizabeth C. Stahl
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - P. Anthony Otero
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Maelee I. Chen
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Whitney K. Brown
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Andrew W. Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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Lake BG. Human relevance of rodent liver tumour formation by constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activators. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:697-717. [PMID: 30090615 PMCID: PMC6060665 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nongenotoxic chemicals have been shown to increase the incidence of liver tumours in rats and/or mice by a mode of action (MOA) involving activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Studies with the model CAR activator phenobarbital (PB) and its sodium salt (sodium phenobarbital; NaPB) have demonstrated that the key and associative events for rat and mouse liver tumour formation include CAR activation, increased hepatocyte replicative DNA synthesis (RDS), induction of cytochrome P450 CYP2B subfamily enzymes, liver hypertrophy, increased altered hepatic foci and hepatocellular adenomas/carcinomas. The key species difference between the rat and mouse compared to humans, is that human hepatocytes are refractory to the mitogenic effects of PB/NaPB and other CAR activators. While PB/NaPB and other CAR activators stimulate RDS in rat and mouse hepatocytes in both in vitro and in vivo studies, such compounds do not stimulate RDS in cultured human hepatocytes and in in vivo studies performed in chimeric mice with humanised livers. In terms of species differences in RDS, unlike the rat and mouse, humans are similar to other species such as the Syrian hamster and guinea pig in being nonresponsive to the mitogenic effects of CAR activators. Overall, the MOA for rat and mouse liver tumour formation by PB/NaPB and other CAR activators is considered qualitatively not plausible for humans. This conclusion is supported by data from a number of epidemiological studies, which demonstrate that chronic treatment with PB does not increase the incidence of liver cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Lake
- Centre for Toxicology , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , UK .
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Li L, Zhang QY, Ding X. A CYP2B6-humanized mouse model and its potential applications. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:2-8. [PMID: 29402634 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CYP2B6 is a human microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme with broad substrate selectivity. CYP2B6 is the only functional member of the human CYP2B gene subfamily, which differs from the situation in rodents, such as mouse, where multiple functional Cyp2b genes are expressed. Recent studies with Cyp2b knockout or knockdown mouse models have yielded insights into the in vivo roles of mouse CYP2B enzymes in drug disposition and xenobiotic toxicity. A CYP2B6-humanized mouse model (CYP2A13/2B6/2F1-transgenic/Cyp2abfgs-null), which expresses human CYP2B6 in the liver, and human CYP2A13 and CYP2F1 in the respiratory tract, but not any of the mouse Cyp2b genes, has also been established. In the CYP2B6-humanized mouse, the CYP2B6 transgene is expressed primarily in the liver, where it was found to be active toward prototype CYP2B6 substrate drugs. The regulatory elements of the CYP2B6 transgene appear to be compatible with mouse nuclear receptors that mediate CYP2B induction. Therefore, the CYP2B6-humanized mouse is a valuable animal model for studying the impact of CYP2B6 expression or induction on drug metabolism, drug efficacy, drug-drug interaction, and drug/xenobiotic toxicity. In this mini-review, we provide a brief background on CYP2B6 and the Cyp2b-knockout and CYP2B6-humanized mice, and discuss the potential applications and limitations of the current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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