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Subash S, Singh DK, Ahire D, Khojasteh SC, Murray BP, Zientek MA, Jones RS, Kulkarni P, Zubair F, Smith BJ, Heyward S, Leeder JS, Prasad B. Ontogeny of Human Liver Aldehyde Oxidase: Developmental Changes and Implications for Drug Metabolism. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2740-2750. [PMID: 38717252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increasing importance of aldehyde oxidase (AO) in the drug metabolism of clinical candidates, ontogeny data for AO are limited. The objective of our study was to characterize the age-dependent AO content and activity in the human liver cytosolic fraction (HLC) and human hepatocytes (HH). HLC (n = 121 donors) and HH (n = 50 donors) were analyzed for (1) AO protein content by quantitative proteomics and (2) enzyme activity using carbazeran as a probe substrate. AO activity showed high technical variability and poor correlation with the content in HLC samples, whereas hepatocyte samples showed a strong correlation between the content and activity. Similarly, AO content and activity showed no significant age-dependent differences in HLC samples, whereas the average AO content and activity in hepatocytes increased significantly (∼20-40-fold) from the neonatal levels (0-28 days). Based on the hepatocyte data, the age at which 50% of the adult AO content is reached (age50) was 3.15 years (0.32-13.97 years, 95% CI). Metabolite profiling of carbazeran revealed age-dependent metabolic switching and the role of non-AO mechanisms (glucuronidation and desmethylation) in carbazeran elimination. The content-activity correlation in hepatocytes improved significantly (R2 = 0.95; p < 0.0001) in samples showing <10% contribution of glucuronidation toward the overall metabolism, confirming that AO-mediated oxidation and glucuronidation are the key routes of carbazeran metabolism. Considering the confounding effect of glucuronidation on AO activity, AO content-based ontogeny data are a more direct reflection of developmental changes in protein expression. The comprehensive ontogeny data of AO in HH samples are more reliable than HLC data, which are important for developing robust physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for predicting AO-mediated metabolism in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Subash
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Dilip K Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Deepak Ahire
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bernard P Murray
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michael A Zientek
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert S Jones
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Faizan Zubair
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bill J Smith
- Terminal Phase Consulting LLC, Colorado Springs, Colorado 94404, United States
| | - Scott Heyward
- BioIVT, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21227, United States
| | - J Steven Leeder
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
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Xiong J, Cui R, Li Z, Zhang W, Zhang R, Fu Z, Liu X, Li Z, Chen K, Zheng M. Transfer learning enhanced graph neural network for aldehyde oxidase metabolism prediction and its experimental application. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:623-634. [PMID: 38322350 PMCID: PMC10840476 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) is a molybdoenzyme that is primarily expressed in the liver and is involved in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. AOX-mediated metabolism can result in unexpected outcomes, such as the production of toxic metabolites and high metabolic clearance, which can lead to the clinical failure of novel therapeutic agents. Computational models can assist medicinal chemists in rapidly evaluating the AOX metabolic risk of compounds during the early phases of drug discovery and provide valuable clues for manipulating AOX-mediated metabolism liability. In this study, we developed a novel graph neural network called AOMP for predicting AOX-mediated metabolism. AOMP integrated the tasks of metabolic substrate/non-substrate classification and metabolic site prediction, while utilizing transfer learning from 13C nuclear magnetic resonance data to enhance its performance on both tasks. AOMP significantly outperformed the benchmark methods in both cross-validation and external testing. Using AOMP, we systematically assessed the AOX-mediated metabolism of common fragments in kinase inhibitors and successfully identified four new scaffolds with AOX metabolism liability, which were validated through in vitro experiments. Furthermore, for the convenience of the community, we established the first online service for AOX metabolism prediction based on AOMP, which is freely available at https://aomp.alphama.com.cn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Xiong
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaojun Li
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
- AI Department, Suzhou Alphama Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runze Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zunyun Fu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- AI Department, Suzhou Alphama Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Zhenghao Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Wright SW. Synthesis of Deuterated Enaminones with High Isotopic Fidelity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1742-1745. [PMID: 38116410 PMCID: PMC10726438 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The unexpected oxidation of nitrogenous heterocycles by aldehyde oxidase (AO) may be addressed by the substitution of deuterium for hydrogen adjacent to the heterocycle nitrogen atom. Enaminones are versatile intermediates in the synthesis of nitrogenous heterocycles. We report that heretofore inaccessible monodeuterated enaminones of the general structure RC(=O)CH=CDNMe2 may be synthesized from methyl ketones and DCO2Me with high isotopic fidelity and efficient utilization of deuterium.
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Izat N, Bolleddula J, Abbasi A, Cheruzel L, Jones RS, Moss D, Ortega-Muro F, Parmentier Y, Peterkin VC, Tian DD, Venkatakrishnan K, Zientek MA, Barber J, Houston JB, Galetin A, Scotcher D. Challenges and Opportunities for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation of Aldehyde Oxidase-Mediated Clearance: Toward a Roadmap for Quantitative Translation. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1591-1606. [PMID: 37751998 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Underestimation of aldehyde oxidase (AO)-mediated clearance by current in vitro assays leads to uncertainty in human dose projections, thereby reducing the likelihood of success in drug development. In the present study we first evaluated the current drug development practices for AO substrates. Next, the overall predictive performance of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of unbound hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) and unbound hepatic intrinsic clearance by AO (CLint,u,AO) was assessed using a comprehensive literature database of in vitro (human cytosol/S9/hepatocytes) and in vivo (intravenous/oral) data collated for 22 AO substrates (total of 100 datapoints from multiple studies). Correction for unbound fraction in the incubation was done by experimental data or in silico predictions. The fraction metabolized by AO (fmAO) determined via in vitro/in vivo approaches was found to be highly variable. The geometric mean fold errors (gmfe) for scaled CLint,u (mL/min/kg) were 10.4 for human hepatocytes, 5.6 for human liver cytosols, and 5.0 for human liver S9, respectively. Application of these gmfe's as empirical scaling factors improved predictions (45%-57% within twofold of observed) compared with no correction (11%-27% within twofold), with the scaling factors qualified by leave-one-out cross-validation. A road map for quantitative translation was then proposed following a critical evaluation on the in vitro and clinical methodology to estimate in vivo fmAO In conclusion, the study provides the most robust system-specific empirical scaling factors to date as a pragmatic approach for the prediction of in vivo CLint,u,AO in the early stages of drug development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Confidence remains low when predicting in vivo clearance of AO substrates using in vitro systems, leading to de-prioritization of AO substrates from the drug development pipeline to mitigate risk of unexpected and costly in vivo impact. The current study establishes a set of empirical scaling factors as a pragmatic tool to improve predictability of in vivo AO clearance. Developing clinical pharmacology strategies for AO substrates by utilizing mass balance/clinical drug-drug interaction data will help build confidence in fmAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Izat
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Jayaprakasam Bolleddula
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Armina Abbasi
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Robert S Jones
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Darren Moss
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Fatima Ortega-Muro
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Vincent C Peterkin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Karthik Venkatakrishnan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Michael A Zientek
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
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Huang M, Zhu K, Wang Y, Lou C, Sun H, Li W, Tang Y, Liu G. In Silico Prediction of Metabolic Reaction Catalyzed by Human Aldehyde Oxidase. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030449. [PMID: 36984889 PMCID: PMC10059660 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) plays an important role in drug metabolism. Human AOX (hAOX) is widely distributed in the body, and there are some differences between species. Currently, animal models cannot accurately predict the metabolism of hAOX. Therefore, more and more in silico models have been constructed for the prediction of the hAOX metabolism. These models are based on molecular docking and quantum chemistry theory, which are time-consuming and difficult to automate. Therefore, in this study, we compared traditional machine learning methods, graph convolutional neural network methods, and sequence-based methods with limited data, and proposed a ligand-based model for the metabolism prediction catalyzed by hAOX. Compared with the published models, our model achieved better performance (ACC = 0.91, F1 = 0.77). What's more, we built a web server to predict the sites of metabolism (SOMs) for hAOX. In summary, this study provides a convenient and automatable model and builds a web server named Meta-hAOX for accelerating the drug design and optimization stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Huang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Keyun Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chaofeng Lou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Toselli F, Golding M, Nicolaï J, Gillent E, Chanteux H. Drug clearance by aldehyde oxidase: can we avoid clinical failure? Xenobiotica 2022; 52:890-903. [PMID: 36170034 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2129519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased awareness of aldehyde oxidase (AO) as a major drug-metabolising enzyme, predicting the pharmacokinetics of its substrates remains challenging. Several drug candidates have been terminated due to high clearance, which were subsequently discovered to be AO substrates. Even retrospective extrapolation of human clearance, from models more sensitive to AO activity, often resulted in underprediction.The questions of the current work thus were: Is there an acceptable degree of in vitro AO metabolism that does not result in high in vivo human clearance? And, if so, how can this be predicted?We built an in vitro/in vivo correlation using known AO substrates, combining multiple in vitro parameters to calculate the blood metabolic clearance mediated by AO (CLbAO). This value was compared with observed blood clearance (CLb-obs), establishing cut-off CLbAO values, to discriminate between low and high CLb-obs. The model was validated using additional literature compounds, and CLb-obs was predicted in the correct category.This simple, categorical, semi-quantitative yet multi-factorial model is readily applicable in drug discovery. Further, it is valuable for high-clearance compounds, as it predicts the CLb group, rather than an exact CLb value, for the substrates of this poorly-characterised enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Nicolaï
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Eric Gillent
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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7
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Jackson KD, Argikar UA, Cho S, Crouch RD, Driscoll JP, Heck C, King L, Maw HH, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Wang S, Wei C, Zhang D, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and Reactivity Research Advances - 2021 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:246-281. [PMID: 35876116 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2097254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This year's review on bioactivation and reactivity began as a part of the annual review on biotransformation and bioactivation led by Cyrus Khojasteh (Khojasteh et al., 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017; Baillie et al., 2016). Increased contributions from experts in the field led to the development of a stand alone edition for the first time this year focused specifically on bioactivation and reactivity. Our objective for this review is to highlight and share articles which we deem influential and significant regarding the development of covalent inhibitors, mechanisms of reactive metabolite formation, enzyme inactivation, and drug safety. Based on the selected articles, we created two sections: (1) reactivity and enzyme inactivation, and (2) bioactivation mechanisms and safety (Table 1). Several biotransformation experts have contributed to this effort from academic and industry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Carley Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Department of DMPK, UCB Biopharma UK, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Hlaing Holly Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St Slot 516, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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8
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Cho S, Crouch R, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Maw HH, Seneviratne HK, Wang S, Wei C, Zhang D, Jackson KD. Biotransformation Novel Advances - 2021 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:207-245. [PMID: 35815654 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2097253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation field is constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of metabolic pathways that impact efficacy and safety. Recent review by Kramlinger et al (2022) nicely captures the future (and the past) of highly impactful science of biotransformation (see the first article). Based on the selected articles, this review was categorized into three sections: (1) new modalities biotransformation, (2) drug discovery biotransformation, and (3) drug development biotransformation (Table 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Hlaing Holly Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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9
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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10
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Williamson B, McMurray L, Boyd S, Collingwood O, McLean N, Winter-Holt J, Chan C, Xue A, McCoull W. Identification and Strategies to Mitigate High Total Clearance of Benzylamine-Substituted Biphenyl Ring Systems. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2115-2132. [PMID: 35533086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For most oral small-molecule projects within drug discovery, the extent and duration of the effect are influenced by the total clearance of the compound; hence, designing compounds with low clearance remains a key focus to help enable sufficient protein target engagement. Comprehensive understanding and accurate prediction of animal clearance and pharmacokinetics provides confidence that the same can be observed for human. During a MERTK inhibitor lead optimization project, a series containing a biphenyl ring system with benzylamine meta-substitution on one phenyl and nitrogen inclusion as the meta atom on the other ring demonstrated multiple routes of compound elimination in rats. Here, we describe the identification of a structural pharmacophore involving two key interactions observed for both the MERTK program and an additional internal project. Four strategies to mitigate these clearance liabilities were identified and systematically investigated. We provide evidence that disruption of at least one of the interactions led to a significant reduction in CL that was subsequently predicted from rat hepatocytes using in vitro/in vivo extrapolation and the well-stirred scaling method. These tactics will likely be of general utility to the medicinal chemistry and DMPK community during compound optimization when similar issues are encountered for biphenyl benzylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Williamson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Lindsay McMurray
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Scott Boyd
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Olga Collingwood
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Neville McLean
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Jon Winter-Holt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Christina Chan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Aixiang Xue
- R&D Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Waltham 02451, United States
| | - William McCoull
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
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11
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Case Study 11: Considerations for Enzyme Mapping Experiments-Interaction Between the Aldehyde Oxidase Inhibitor Hydralazine and Glutathione. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34272718 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Often it may be convenient and efficient to address multiple research questions with a single experiment. In many instances, however, the best approach is to design the experiment to address one question at a time. The design of enzyme mapping experiments is discussed in this chapter, focusing on considerations pertinent to the study of aldehyde oxidase (AO) vs. cytochrome P450 metabolism. Specifically, a case is presented in which reduced glutathione (GSH) was included in an experiment with human liver S9 fraction to trap reactive metabolites generated from cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of lapatinib and its O-dealkylated metabolite, M1 (question 1). The AO inhibitor hydralazine was included in this experiment to investigate the involvement of AO-mediated metabolism of M1 (question 2). The presence of GSH was found to interfere with the inhibitory activity of hydralazine. Consideration of the time-dependent nature of hydralazine inhibitory activity toward AO when designing this experiment could have predicted the potential for GSH to interfere with hydralazine. This case underscores the importance of clearly identifying the research question, tailoring the experimental protocol to answer that question, and then meticulously considering how the experimental conditions could influence the results, particularly if attempting to address multiple questions with a single experiment.
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12
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Deb S, Reeves AA, Hopefl R, Bejusca R. ADME and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Remdesivir: Its Drug Interaction Potential. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070655. [PMID: 34358081 PMCID: PMC8308800 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic, which tested healthcare systems, administrations, and treatment ingenuity across the world. COVID-19 is caused by the novel beta coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the inception of the pandemic, treatment options have been either limited or ineffective. Remdesivir, a drug originally designed to be used for Ebola virus, has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and has been included in the COVID-19 treatment regimens. Remdesivir is an adenosine nucleotide analog prodrug that is metabolically activated to a nucleoside triphosphate metabolite (GS-443902). The active nucleoside triphosphate metabolite is incorporated into the SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral chains, preventing its replication. The lack of reported drug development and characterization studies with remdesivir in public domain has created a void where information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination (ADME) properties, pharmacokinetics (PK), or drug-drug interaction (DDI) is limited. By understanding these properties, clinicians can prevent subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic levels of remdesivir and thus avoid further complications in COVID-19 patients. Remdesivir is metabolized by both cytochrome P450 (CYP) and non-CYP enzymes such as carboxylesterases. In this narrative review, we have evaluated the currently available ADME, PK, and DDI information about remdesivir and have discussed the potential of DDIs between remdesivir and different COVID-19 drug regimens and agents used for comorbidities. Considering the nascent status of remdesivir in the therapeutic domain, extensive future work is needed to formulate safer COVID-19 treatment guidelines involving this medication.
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13
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Soltani S, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, Rashidi MR. A comprehensive review of in silico approaches for the prediction and modulation of aldehyde oxidase-mediated drug metabolism: The current features, challenges and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113559. [PMID: 34119831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism necessitates the development and application of the in silico rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects for the early prediction and modulation of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX-mediated metabolism and modulation methods. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered have been discussed. The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism is a hot topic in drug discovery. Different strategies are available for the modulation of the AOX-mediated metabolism of drugs. Application of the rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects is necessary for the early prediction of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents a comprehensive review of AOX molecular structure, AOX-mediated reactions, AOX substrates, AOX inhibition, approaches to modify AOX-mediated metabolism, prediction of AOX metabolism/substrates/inhibitors, and the AOX related structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Furthermore, an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX metabolism has been carried out. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered in the scientific literature have been discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaieh Soltani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rashidi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute and Pharmacy faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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14
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Dhuria NV, Haro B, Kapadia A, Lobo KA, Matusow B, Schleiff MA, Tantoy C, Sodhi JK. Recent developments in predicting CYP-independent metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:188-206. [PMID: 33941024 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1923728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As lead optimization efforts have successfully reduced metabolic liabilities due to cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism, there has been an increase in the frequency of involvement of non-CYP enzymes in the metabolism of investigational compounds. Although there have been numerous notable advancements in the characterization of non-CYP enzymes with respect to their localization, reaction mechanisms, species differences and identification of typical substrates, accurate prediction of non-CYP-mediated clearance, with a particular emphasis with the difficulties in accounting for any extrahepatic contributions, remains a challenge. The current manuscript comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements in the prediction of drug metabolism and the in vitro to in vitro extrapolation of clearance for substrates of non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhilesh V Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bianka Haro
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amit Kapadia
- California Poison Control Center, University of California San Francisco, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernice Matusow
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary A Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Christina Tantoy
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Nardone-White DT, Bissada JE, Abouda AA, Jackson KD. Detoxication versus Bioactivation Pathways of Lapatinib In Vitro: UGT1A1 Catalyzes the Hepatic Glucuronidation of Debenzylated Lapatinib. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:233-244. [PMID: 33376146 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Dealkylation of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes is implicated in the development of lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity. Conjugative metabolism of debenzylated lapatinib (M1) via glucuronidation and sulfation is thought to be a major detoxication pathway for lapatinib in preclinical species (rat and dog), limiting formation of the quinoneimine reactive metabolite. Glucuronidation of M1 by human recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) has been reported in vitro; however, the relative UGT enzyme contributions are unknown, and the interspecies differences in the conjugation versus bioactivation pathways of M1 have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, reaction phenotyping experiments using human recombinant UGT enzymes and enzyme-selective chemical inhibitors demonstrated that UGT1A1 was the major hepatic UGT enzyme involved in lapatinib M1 glucuronidation. Formation of the M1-glucuronide by human liver microsomes from UGT1A1-genotyped donors was significantly correlated with UGT1A1 activity as measured by 17β-estradiol 3-glucuronidation (R 2 = 0.90). Interspecies differences were found in the biotransformation of M1 in human, rat, and dog liver microsomal and 9000g supernatant (S9) fractions via glucuronidation, sulfation, aldehyde oxidase-mediated oxidation, and bioactivation to the quinoneimine trapped as a glutathione (GSH) conjugate. Moreover, we demonstrated the sequential metabolism of lapatinib in primary human hepatocytes to the M1-glucuronide, M1-sulfate, and quinoneimine-GSH conjugate. M1 glucuronidation was highly correlated with the rates of M1 formation, suggesting that O-dealkylation may be the rate-limiting step in lapatinib biotransformation. Interindividual variability in the formation and clearance pathways of lapatinib M1 likely influences the hepatic exposure to reactive metabolites and may affect the risk for hepatotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We used an integrated approach to examine the interindividual and interspecies differences in detoxication versus bioactivation pathways of lapatinib, which is associated with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. In addition to cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated bioactivation, we report that multiple non-P450 pathways are involved in the biotransformation of the primary phenolic metabolite of lapatinib in vitro, including glucuronidation, sulfation, and aldehyde oxidase mediated oxidation. UGT1A1 was identified as the major hepatic enzyme involved in debenzylated lapatinib glucuronidation, which may limit hepatic exposure to the potentially toxic quinoneimine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasean T Nardone-White
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (D.T.N.-W., K.D.J.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee (J.E.B., A.A.A.)
| | - Jennifer E Bissada
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (D.T.N.-W., K.D.J.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee (J.E.B., A.A.A.)
| | - Arsany A Abouda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (D.T.N.-W., K.D.J.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee (J.E.B., A.A.A.)
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (D.T.N.-W., K.D.J.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee (J.E.B., A.A.A.)
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16
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De Sousa Mendes M, L. Orton A, Humphries HE, Jones B, Gardner I, Neuhoff S, Pilla Reddy V. A Laboratory-Specific Scaling Factor to Predict the In Vivo Human Clearance of Aldehyde Oxidase Substrates. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1231-1238. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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Pena MÁ, Muriel J, Saiz-Rodríguez M, Borobia AM, Abad-Santos F, Frías J, Peiró AM. Effect of Cytochrome P450 and ABCB1 Polymorphisms on Imatinib Pharmacokinetics After Single-Dose Administration to Healthy Subjects. Clin Drug Investig 2020; 40:617-628. [PMID: 32415468 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Validated genomic biomarkers for oncological drugs are expanding to improve targeted therapies. Pharmacogenetics research focusing on the mechanisms underlying imatinib suboptimal response might help to explain the different treatment outcomes and drug safety profiles. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether polymorphisms in genes encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and ABCB1 transporter affect imatinib pharmacokinetic parameters. METHODS A prospective, multicenter, pharmacogenetic pilot study was performed in the context of two separate oral imatinib bioequivalence clinical trials, which included 26 healthy volunteers. DNA was extracted in order to analyze polymorphisms in genes CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and ABCB1. Imatinib plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods using WinNonlin software. RESULTS Volunteers (n = 26; aged 24 ± 3 years; 69% male) presented regular pharmacokinetic imatinib data (concentration at 24 h, 436 ± 140 ng/mL and at 72 h, 40 ± 26 ng/mL; AUC0-72 32,868 ± 10,713 ng/mL⋅h; and Cmax 2074 ± 604 ng/mL). CYP2B6 516GT carriers showed a significant reduction of imatinib concentration at 24 h (23%, 391 ng/dL vs 511 ng/dL in 516GG carriers, p = 0.005) and elimination half-life (11%, 12.6 h vs 14.1 h in 516GG carriers, p = 0.041). Carriers for CYP3A4 (*22/*22, *1/*20 and *1/*22 variants) showed a reduced frequency of adverse events compared to *1/*1 carriers (0 vs 64%, p = 0.033). The other polymorphisms analyzed did not influence pharmacokinetics or drug toxicity. CONCLUSION CYP2B6 G516T and CYP3A4 *20,*22 polymorphisms could influence imatinib plasma concentrations and safety profile, after single-dose administration to healthy subjects. This finding needs to be confirmed before it is implemented in clinical practice in oncological patients under treatment with imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Pena
- Alicante Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Health, Alicante-General Hospital, Alicante, Spain.,Clinical Pharmacology Service, Department of Health, Alicante-General Hospital, c/Pintor Baeza, 12, 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Muriel
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Miriam Saiz-Rodríguez
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, University Hospital La Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto M Borobia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, University Hospital La Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Institute Teófilo Hernando for Drug I+D, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Frías
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Peiró
- Alicante Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Health, Alicante-General Hospital, Alicante, Spain. .,Clinical Pharmacology Service, Department of Health, Alicante-General Hospital, c/Pintor Baeza, 12, 03010, Alicante, Spain.
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18
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Zhao J, Cui R, Wang L, Chen Y, Fu Z, Ding X, Cui C, Yang T, Li X, Xu Y, Chen K, Luo X, Jiang H, Zheng M. Revisiting Aldehyde Oxidase Mediated Metabolism in Drug-like Molecules: An Improved Computational Model. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6523-6537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lihao Wang
- Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yingjia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zunyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tianbiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xutong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Shanghai EnnovaBio Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.,
Room 404, Building 2, Lane 720, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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19
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Manevski N, King L, Pitt WR, Lecomte F, Toselli F. Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase: Drug Design and Complementary Approaches to Challenges in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10955-10994. [PMID: 31385704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and many candidates failed due to poor pharmacokinetics, interspecies differences, and adverse effects. As most issues arise from complex and poorly understood AO biology, an effective solution is to stop or decrease AO metabolism. This perspective focuses on rational drug design approaches to modulate AO-mediated metabolism in drug discovery. AO biological aspects are also covered, as they are complementary to chemical design and important when selecting the experimental system for risk assessment. The authors' recommendation is an early consideration of AO-mediated metabolism supported by computational and in vitro experimental methods but not an automatic avoidance of AO structural flags, many of which are versatile and valuable building blocks. Preferably, consideration of AO-mediated metabolism should be part of the multiparametric drug optimization process, with the goal to improve overall drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd King
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - William R Pitt
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Lecomte
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Toselli
- UCB BioPharma , Chemin du Foriest 1 , 1420 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
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20
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Bissada JE, Truong V, Abouda AA, Wines KJ, Crouch RD, Jackson KD. Interindividual Variation in CYP3A Activity Influences Lapatinib Bioactivation. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1257-1269. [PMID: 31492693 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lapatinib is a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor associated with rare but potentially severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. We have previously shown that cytochromes P450 CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 quantitatively contribute to lapatinib bioactivation, leading to formation of a reactive, potentially toxic quinone imine. CYP3A5 is highly polymorphic; however, the impact of CYP3A5 polymorphism on lapatinib metabolism has not been fully established. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of CYP3A5 genotype and individual variation in CYP3A activity on the metabolic activation of lapatinib using human-relevant in vitro systems. Lapatinib metabolism was examined using CYP3A5-genotyped human liver microsomes and cryopreserved human hepatocytes. CYP3A and CYP3A5-selective activities were measured in liver tissues using probe substrates midazolam and T-5 (T-1032), respectively, to evaluate the correlation between enzymatic activity and lapatinib metabolite formation. Drug metabolites were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Further, the relative contributions of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 to lapatinib O-debenzylation were estimated using selective chemical inhibitors of CYP3A. The results from this study demonstrated that lapatinib O-debenzylation and quinone imine-GSH conjugate formation were highly correlated with hepatic CYP3A activity, as measured by midazolam 1'-hydroxylation. CYP3A4 played a dominant role in lapatinib bioactivation in all liver tissues evaluated. The CYP3A5 contribution to lapatinib bioactivation varied by individual donor and was dependent on CYP3A5 genotype and activity. CYP3A5 contributed approximately 20%-42% to lapatinib O-debenzylation in livers from CYP3A5 expressers. These findings indicate that individual CYP3A activity, not CYP3A5 genotype alone, is a key determinant of lapatinib bioactivation and likely influences exposure to reactive metabolites. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study is the first to examine the effect of CYP3A5 genotype, total CYP3A activity, and CYP3A5-selective activity on lapatinib bioactivation in individual human liver tissues. The results of this investigation indicate that lapatinib bioactivation via oxidative O-debenzylation is highly correlated with total hepatic CYP3A activity, and not CYP3A5 genotype alone. These findings provide insight into the individual factors, namely, CYP3A activity, that may affect individual exposure to reactive, potentially toxic metabolites of lapatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Bissada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee (J.E.B., V.T., A.A.A., K.J.W., R.D.C., K.D.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (R.D.C., K.D.J.); and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.D.J.)
| | - Vivian Truong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee (J.E.B., V.T., A.A.A., K.J.W., R.D.C., K.D.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (R.D.C., K.D.J.); and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.D.J.)
| | - Arsany A Abouda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee (J.E.B., V.T., A.A.A., K.J.W., R.D.C., K.D.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (R.D.C., K.D.J.); and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.D.J.)
| | - Kahari J Wines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee (J.E.B., V.T., A.A.A., K.J.W., R.D.C., K.D.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (R.D.C., K.D.J.); and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.D.J.)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee (J.E.B., V.T., A.A.A., K.J.W., R.D.C., K.D.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (R.D.C., K.D.J.); and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.D.J.)
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee (J.E.B., V.T., A.A.A., K.J.W., R.D.C., K.D.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (R.D.C., K.D.J.); and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.D.J.)
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21
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Dalvie D, Di L. Aldehyde oxidase and its role as a drug metabolizing enzyme. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:137-180. [PMID: 31128989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the family of structurally related molybdoflavoproteins like xanthine oxidase (XO). The enzyme is characterized by broad substrate specificity and marked species differences. It catalyzes the oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and various heteroaromatic rings as well as reduction of several functional groups. The references to AO and its role in metabolism date back to the 1950s, but the importance of this enzyme in the metabolism of drugs has emerged in the past fifteen years. Several reviews on the role of AO in drug metabolism have been published in the past decade indicative of the growing interest in the enzyme and its influence in drug metabolism. Here, we present a comprehensive monograph of AO as a drug metabolizing enzyme with emphasis on marketed drugs as well as other xenobiotics, as substrates and inhibitors. Although the number of drugs that are primarily metabolized by AO are few, the impact of AO on drug development has been extensive. We also discuss the effect of AO on the systemic exposure and clearance these clinical candidates. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of drug discovery compounds involving AO with the focus on developmental candidates that were reported in the past five years with regards to pharmacokinetics and toxicity. While there is only one known report of AO-mediated clinically relevant drug-drug interaction (DDI), a detailed description of inhibitors and inducers of AO known to date has been presented here and the potential risks associated with DDI. The increasing recognition of the importance of AO has led to significant progress in predicting the site of AO-mediated metabolism using computational methods. Additionally, marked species difference in expression of AO makes it is difficult to predict human clearance with high confidence. The progress made towards developing in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches for predicting AO metabolism and estimating human clearance of compounds that are metabolized by AO have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dalvie
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corporation, 10300, Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, UK
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Beedham
- Honorary Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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23
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In Vitro Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase Leads to Poor Pharmacokinetic Profile in Rats for c-Met Inhibitor MET401. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:669-680. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Zhang JW, Xiao W, Gao ZT, Yu ZT, Zhang JYJ. Metabolism of c-Met Kinase Inhibitors Containing Quinoline by Aldehyde Oxidase, Electron Donating, and Steric Hindrance Effect. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1847-1855. [PMID: 30209037 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Some quinoline-containing c-Met kinase inhibitors are aldehyde oxidase (AO) substrates. 3-Substituted quinoline triazolopyridine analogs were synthesized to understand the electron-donating and steric hindrance effects on AO-mediated metabolism. Metabolic stability studies for these quinoline analogs were carried out in liver cytosol from mice, rats, cynomolgus monkeys, and humans. Several 3-N-substituted analogs were found to be unstable in monkey liver cytosolic incubations (half-life, <10 minutes), and five of them (63, 53, 51, 11, and 71) were chosen for additional mechanistic studies. Mono-oxygenation on the quinoline ring was identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolite formation was inhibited by the AO inhibitors menadione and raloxifene, but not by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. It was found that small electron-donating groups at the 3-quinoline moiety made the analogs more susceptible to AO metabolism, whereas large 3-substituents could reverse the trend. Although species differences were observed, this trend was applicable to all species tested. Small electron-donating substituents at the 3-quinoline moiety increased both affinity (decreased Michaelis constant) and V max maximum velocity toward AO in kinetic studies, whereas large substituents decreased both parameters probably as a result of steric hindrance. Based on our analysis, a common structural feature with high AO liability was proposed. Our finding could provide useful information for chemists to minimize potential AO liability when designing quinoline analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wei Zhang
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xiao
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Ting Gao
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Tian Yu
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Yue Jeff Zhang
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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25
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Chandrasekhar J, Dick R, Van Veldhuizen J, Koditek D, Lepist EI, McGrath ME, Patel L, Phillips G, Sedillo K, Somoza JR, Therrien J, Till NA, Treiberg J, Villaseñor AG, Zherebina Y, Perreault S. Atropisomerism by Design: Discovery of a Selective and Stable Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) β Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6858-6868. [PMID: 30015489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomerism is a type of axial chirality in which enantiomers or diastereoisomers arise due to hindered rotation around a bond axis. In this manuscript, we report a case in which torsional scan studies guided the thoughtful creation of a restricted axis of rotation between two heteroaromatic systems of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) β inhibitor, generating a pair of atropisomeric compounds with significantly different pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles. Emblematic of these differences, the metabolism of inactive ( M)-28 is primarily due to the cytosolic enzyme aldehyde oxidase, while active ( P)-28 has lower affinity for aldehyde oxidase, resulting in substantially better metabolic stability. Additionally, we report torsional scan and experimental studies used to determine the barriers of rotation of this novel PI3Kβ inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Dick
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Joshua Van Veldhuizen
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 199 East Blaine Street , Seattle , Washington 98102 , United States
| | - David Koditek
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | | | - Mary E McGrath
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Leena Patel
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 199 East Blaine Street , Seattle , Washington 98102 , United States
| | - Gary Phillips
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 199 East Blaine Street , Seattle , Washington 98102 , United States
| | - Kassandra Sedillo
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 199 East Blaine Street , Seattle , Washington 98102 , United States
| | - John R Somoza
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Joseph Therrien
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 199 East Blaine Street , Seattle , Washington 98102 , United States
| | | | - Jennifer Treiberg
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 199 East Blaine Street , Seattle , Washington 98102 , United States
| | - Armando G Villaseñor
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Yelena Zherebina
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Stephane Perreault
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. , 199 East Blaine Street , Seattle , Washington 98102 , United States
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