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Lu Z, Mao T, Chen K, Chai L, Dai Y, Liu K. Ginsenoside Rc: A potential intervention agent for metabolic syndrome. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1375-1387. [PMID: 38223453 PMCID: PMC10785250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rc, a dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponin primarily derived from Panax ginseng, has garnered significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties. This review outlined the sources, putative biosynthetic pathways, extraction, and quantification techniques, as well as the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenoside Rc. Furthermore, this study explored the pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rc against metabolic syndrome (MetS) across various phenotypes including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and osteoarthritis. It also highlighted the impact of ginsenoside Rc on multiple associated signaling molecules. In conclusion, the anti-MetS effect of ginsenoside Rc is characterized by its influence on multiple organs, multiple targets, and multiple ways. Although clinical investigations regarding the effects of ginsenoside Rc on MetS are limited, its proven safety and tolerability suggest its potential as an effective treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tongyun Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kaiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Longxin Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yongguo Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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2
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Liu W, Li J, Zhao R, Lu Y, Huang P. The Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) superfamily: the role in tumor cell metabolism. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1088458. [PMID: 36741721 PMCID: PMC9892627 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1088458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), important enzymes in biotransformation, control the levels and distribution of numerous endogenous signaling molecules and the metabolism of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. The UGT superfamily in mammals consists of the UGT1, UGT2, UGT3, and UGT8 families. UGTs are rate-limiting enzymes in the glucuronate pathway, and in tumors, they are either overexpressed or underexpressed. Alterations in their metabolism can affect gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism pathways, leading to alterations in tumor cell metabolism, which affect cancer development and prognosis. Glucuronidation is the most common mammalian conjugation pathway. Most of its reactions are mainly catalyzed by UGT1A, UGT2A and UGT2B. The body excretes UGT-bound small lipophilic molecules through the bile, urine, or feces. UGTs conjugate a variety of tiny lipophilic molecules to sugars, such as galactose, xylose, acetylglucosamine, glucuronic acid, and glucose, thereby inactivating and making water-soluble substrates, such as carcinogens, medicines, steroids, lipids, fatty acids, and bile acids. This review summarizes the roles of members of the four UGT enzyme families in tumor function, metabolism, and multiple regulatory mechanisms, and its Inhibitors and inducers. The function of UGTs in lipid metabolism, drug metabolism, and hormone metabolism in tumor cells are among the most important topics covered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yao Lu
- *Correspondence: Yao Lu, ; Panpan Huang,
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3
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Identification of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Involved in Gypensapogenin C Glucuronidation and Species Differences. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021454. [PMID: 36674970 PMCID: PMC9865363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gypensapogenin C (GPC) is one of the important aglycones of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), which is structurally glucuronidated and is highly likely to bind to UGT enzymes in vivo. Due to the important role of glucuronidation in the metabolism of GPC, the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase metabolic pathway of GPC in human and other species' liver microsomes is investigated in this study. In the present study, metabolites were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results show that GPC could generate a metabolite through glucuronidation in the human liver microsomes (HLMs). Additionally, chemical inhibitors combined with recombinant human UGT enzymes clarified that UGT1A4 is the primary metabolic enzyme for GPC glucuronidation in HLMs according to the kinetic analysis of the enzyme. Metabolic differential analysis in seven other species indicated that rats exhibited the most similar metabolic rate to that of humans. In conclusion, UGT1A4 is a major enzyme responsible for the glucuronidation of GPC in HLMs, and rats may be an appropriate animal model to evaluate the GPC metabolism.
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4
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Le QD, Duong VA, Lee SH, Nguyen TTL, Maeng HJ. Bioanalytical method validation, biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of GSK-650394, a serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 inhibitor. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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5
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Zhong Y, Chen Y, Pan Z, Tang K, Zhong G, Guo J, Cui T, Li T, Duan S, Yang X, Gao Y, Wang Q, Zhang D. Ginsenoside Rc, as an FXR activator, alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via relieving inflammation and oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027731. [PMID: 36278209 PMCID: PMC9585238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) intake leads to excessive NAPQI deposition, stimulating inflammatory and oxidative stress and causing fatal liver injury. However, the detailed molecular mechanism involved is unknown, and effective therapeutic approaches remain insufficient. In this study, we discovered that treatment with ginsenoside Rc can prevent the inflammatory response caused by APAP and oxidative stress in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs), along with the corresponding changes in related genes. Additionally, Ginsenoside Rc effectively alleviates APAP-induced cellular apoptosis and NAPQI accumulation in MPHs. In vivo, Ginsenoside Rc administration remarkably attenuates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, repairing liver damage and improving survival. Moreover, Ginsenoside Rc treatment modulates genes involved in APAP metabolism, leading to a decrease in NAPQI and resulting in the alleviation of fatal oxidative stress and inflammatory response after APAP exposure, along with the expression of their related indicators. Furthermore, our RNA-seq and molecular docking analysis implies that FXR expression and FXR transcriptional activity are stimulated by Ginsenoside Rc treatment. Notably, due to the lack of FXR in mice and MPHs, ginsenoside Rc can no longer play its original protective role against hepatotoxicity and cell damage caused by APAP, and it is difficult to improve the corresponding survival rate and prevent hepatic apoptosis, NAPQI generation, fatal oxidative stress, and the inflammatory response induced by APAP and the expression of related genes. In summary, our results indicate that Ginsenoside Rc could act as an effective FXR activator and effectively regulate FXR-induced antioxidant stress and eliminate inflammation while also having an anti-apoptotic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Zhong
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjian Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisen Pan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaijia Tang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianqi Cui
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyao Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Duan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Enhanced bioavailability and hepatoprotective effect of silymarin by preparing silymarin-loaded solid dispersion formulation using freeze-drying method. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:743-760. [PMID: 36178580 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a solid dispersion formulation of silymarin (Silymarin-SD) using freeze-drying method to enhance its oral bioavailability (BA) by inhibiting the intestinal first-pass effect and increasing its solubility and permeability. Silymarin-SD formulation (i.e., silymarin:tween 80:hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) = 1:1:3 (w/w/w) significantly increased silymarin permeability in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum by decreasing the efflux ratio of silymarin and by inhibiting silymarin-glucuronidation activity, in which tween 80 played a crucial role. As a result, orally administered Silymarin-SD formulation increased plasma silymarin concentrations and decreased silymarin-glucuronide in rats compared with silymarin alone and silymmarin:D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (1:1, w/w) formulation. In addition to modulating intestinal first-pass effect, Silymarin-SD formulation showed a significantly higher cumulative dissolution for 120 min compared with that of silymarin from the physical mixture (PM) of the same composition as Silymarin-SD and silymarin alone; the relative BA of silymarin-SD increased to 215% and 589% compared with silymarin-PM and silymarin alone, respectively. This could be attributed to the amorphous status of the Silymarin-SD formulation without chemical interaction with excipients, such as tween 80 and HPC. Moreover, the hepatoprotective effect of Silymarin-SD in acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity, as estimated from the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase values, was superior to that of silymarin. In conclusion, the increase in the dissolution rate and intestinal permeability of silymarin, and the inhibition of silymarin-glucuronidation by the Silymarin-SD formulation, prepared using tween 80 and HPC, increased its plasma concentration and resulted in a superior hepatoprotective effect compared to silymarin.
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7
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Liu S, Hou L, Li C, Zhao Y, Yao X, Zhang X, Tian X. Contributions of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases to Human Hepatic and Intestinal Metabolism of Ticagrelor and Inhibition of UGTs and Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Ticagrelor and its Glucuronidated Metabolite. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:761814. [PMID: 34721047 PMCID: PMC8552062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.761814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticagrelor is the first reversibly binding, direct-acting, oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. The contribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) enzymes to the metabolism of ticagrelor to its glucuronide conjugation, ticagrelor-O-glucuronide, in human liver microsomes (HLM) and human intestinal microsomes (HIM), was well characterized in the current study. The inhibition potential of human major UGTs by ticagrelor and ticagrelor-O-glucuronide was explored. The inhibitory effects of ticagrelor-O-glucuronide on cytochrome P450s (CYPs) enzymes were investigated as well. Ticagrelor glucuronidation exhibits substrate inhibition kinetics in both HLM and HIM with apparent Km values of 5.65 and 2.52 μM, Vmax values of 8.03 and 0.90 pmol min−1·mg protein−1, Ksi values of 1,343.0 and 292.9 respectively. The in vitro intrinsic clearances (Vmax/Km) for ticagrelor glucuronidation by HLM and HIM were 1.42 and 0.36 μl min−1·mg protein−1, respectively. Study with recombinant human UGTs suggested that multiple UGT isoforms including UGT1A9, UGT1A7, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A1, UGT2B7 and UGT1A8 are involved in the conversion of ticagrelor to ticagrelor-O-glucuronide with UGT1A9 showing highest catalytic activity. The results were further supported by the inhibition studies on ticagrelor glucuronidation with typical UGT inhibitors in pooled HLM and HIM. Little or no inhibition of UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 by ticagrelor and ticagrelor-O-glucuronide was noted. Ticagrelor-O-glucuronide also exhibited limited inhibitory effects toward CYP2C8, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. In contrast, ticagrelor-O-glucuronide weakly inhibited CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 activity with apparent IC50 values of 45.0, 20.0 and 18.8 μM, respectively. The potential of ticagrelor-O-glucuronide to cause drug-drug interactions warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yibo Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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8
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Zhou QH, Zhu GH, Song YQ, Que YF, He QQ, Tu DZ, Zeng HR, Qin WW, Ai CZ, Ge GB. Methylophiopogonanone A is a naturally occurring broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: Inhibition behaviours and implication in herb-drug interactions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 129:437-449. [PMID: 34478607 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methylophiopogonanone A (MOA) is an abundant homoisoflavonoid in the Chinese herb Ophiopogonis Radix. Recent investigations revealed that MOA inhibited several human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and stimulated OATP1B1. However, the inhibitory effects of MOA on phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (hUGTs), have not been well investigated. Herein, the inhibition potentials of MOA on hUGTs were assessed. The results clearly demonstrated that MOA dose-dependently inhibited all tested hUGTs including UGT1A1 (IC50 = 1.23 μM), one of the most important detoxification enzymes in humans. Further investigations showed that MOA strongly inhibited UGT1A1-catalysed NHPH-O-glucuronidation in a range of biological settings including hUGT1A1, human liver microsomes (HLM) and HeLa cells overexpressing UGT1A1. Inhibition kinetic analyses demonstrated that MOA competitively inhibited UGT1A1-catalysed NHPH-O-glucuronidation in both hUGT1A1 and HLM, with Ki values of 0.52 and 1.22 μM, respectively. Collectively, our findings expanded knowledge of the interactions between MOA and human drug-metabolizing enzymes, which would be very helpful for guiding the use of MOA-related herbal products in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Hang Zhou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Hao Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Qing Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Que
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Qing He
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Zhu Tu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Rong Zeng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy and Worldwide Medical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Zhi Ai
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Jang SN, Park SY, Lee H, Jeong H, Jeon JH, Song IS, Kwon MJ, Liu KH. In vitro modulatory effects of ginsenoside compound K, 20( S)-protopanaxadiol and 20( S)-protopanaxatriol on uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase activity and expression. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1087-1094. [PMID: 34338601 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1963503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We explored the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside compound K (CK), 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) on six uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme (UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, and 2B7) activities in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and 10 UGT enzyme (UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B15, and 2B17) activities in recombinant UGT isoforms.PPD was a potent inhibitor of UGT1A3 activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 5.62 and 3.38 μM in HLMs and recombinant UGT1A3, respectively. UGT1A3 inhibition by CK and PPD was competitive with inhibitory constant (Ki) values of 17.4 and 1.21 μM, respectively, and inhibition by PPT was non-competitive with a Ki value of 8.07 μM in HLMs. PPD exhibited more than 3.4-fold selectivity for UGT1A3 inhibition compared with other UGT isoforms inhibition, while CK and PPT showed more than 2.16- and 2.21-fold selectivity, respectively.PPD did not significantly increase the mRNA expression of UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A9, and 2B7 in hepatocytes.Given the low plasma concentrations of PPD in healthy human subjects and the absence of induction potential on UGT isoforms, we conclude that PPD cause no pharmacokinetic interactions with other co-administered drugs metabolised by UGT1A3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Nyeong Jang
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyunyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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10
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Kuang Y, Chai Y, Xu L, Wang Z, Liang L, Qiao X, Ye M. Glabrone as a specific UGT1A9 probe substrate and its application in discovering the inhibitor glycycoumarin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105786. [PMID: 33684484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) is one of the most important UGT isoforms, and plays an important role in the metabolic elimination of therapeutic drugs via glucuronidation. Herbal medicines affecting the activity of UGT1A9 may influence the metabolism of related drugs, thus causing herb-drug interactions and even adverse effects. However, few methods are available to evaluate the activity of UGT1A9. In this study, a natural product glabrone was discovered as an isoform-specific probe substrate for UGT1A9. The Vmax and Km values of glabrone were 362.6 nmol/min/mg protein and 17.2 μM for human liver microsomes (HLMs), and 382.3 nmol/min/mg protein and 16.6 μM for recombinant human UGT1A9, respectively. Glabrone 7-O-glucuronide, the UGT1A9 metabolite of glabrone, was prepared by using a plant glucuronosyltransferase UGT88D1, and the structure was identified by NMR spectroscopy. Using glabrone as a probe, we established a rapid HPLC method to screen UGT1A9 inhibitors from 54 natural products isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine licorice. Among them, glycycoumarin was found as a potent UGT1A9 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 6.04 μM. In rats, the pretreatment of glycycoumarin (4 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days could remarkably increase the plasma concentrations of dapagliflozin while decrease the concentrations of dapagliflozin-O-glucuronide after administration of dapagliflozin (1 mg/kg, i.v.), which is mainly metabolized by UGT1A9. The results indicated the potential risk of herb-drug interactions between licorice and UGT1A9-metabolizing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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11
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Wang S, Li W, Yang J, Yang Z, Yang C, Jin H. Research Progress of Herbal Medicines on Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Consideration Based on Toxicology. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:913-927. [PMID: 32819254 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221999200819144204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The clinical application of herbal medicines is increasing, but there is still a lack of comprehensive safety data and in-depth research into mechanisms of action. The composition of herbal medicines is complex, with each herb containing a variety of chemical components. Each of these components may affect the activity of metabolizing enzymes, which may lead to herb-drug interactions. It has been reported that the combined use of herbs and drugs can produce some unexpected interactions. Therefore, this study reviews the progress of research on safety issues caused by the effects of herbs on metabolizing enzymes with reference to six categories of drugs, including antithrombotic drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-diabetic drugs, statins lipid-lowering drugs, immunosuppressants, and antineoplastic drugs. Understanding the effects of herbs on the activity of metabolizing enzymes could help avoid the toxicity and adverse drug reactions resulting from the co-administration of herbs and drugs, and help doctors to reduce the risk of prescription incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wanfang Li
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zengyan Yang
- Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Cuiping Yang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hongtao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
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Miners JO, Rowland A, Novak JJ, Lapham K, Goosen TC. Evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of human drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase reaction phenotyping. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107689. [PMID: 32980440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily contribute to the elimination of drugs from almost all therapeutic classes. Awareness of the importance of glucuronidation as a drug clearance mechanism along with increased knowledge of the enzymology of drug and chemical metabolism has stimulated interest in the development and application of approaches for the characterisation of human drug glucuronidation in vitro, in particular reaction phenotyping (the fractional contribution of the individual UGT enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of a given drug), assessment of metabolic stability, and UGT enzyme inhibition by drugs and other xenobiotics. In turn, this has permitted the implementation of in vitro - in vivo extrapolation approaches for the prediction of drug metabolic clearance, intestinal availability, and drug-drug interaction liability, all of which are of considerable importance in pre-clinical drug development. Indeed, regulatory agencies (FDA and EMA) require UGT reaction phenotyping for new chemical entities if glucuronidation accounts for ≥25% of total metabolism. In vitro studies are most commonly performed with recombinant UGT enzymes and human liver microsomes (HLM) as the enzyme sources. Despite the widespread use of in vitro approaches for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation by HLM and recombinant enzymes, evidence-based guidelines relating to experimental approaches are lacking. Here we present evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro, and for UGT reaction phenotyping. We anticipate that the strategies will inform practice, encourage development of standardised experimental procedures where feasible, and guide ongoing research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Park SY, Nguyen PH, Kim G, Jang SN, Lee GH, Phuc NM, Wu Z, Liu KH. Strong and Selective Inhibitory Effects of the Biflavonoid Selamariscina A against CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 Enzyme Activities in Human Liver Microsomes. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040343. [PMID: 32290339 PMCID: PMC7238120 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Like flavonoids, biflavonoids, dimeric flavonoids, and polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. However, there is limited data on their effects on cytochrome P450 (P450) and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzyme activities. In this study we evaluate the inhibitory potential of five biflavonoids against nine P450 activities (P450s1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A) in human liver microsomes (HLMs) using cocktail incubation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The most strongly inhibited P450 activity was CYP2C8-mediated amodiaquine N-dealkylation with IC50 ranges of 0.019~0.123 μM. In addition, the biflavonoids-selamariscina A, amentoflavone, robustaflavone, cupressuflavone, and taiwaniaflavone-noncompetitively inhibited CYP2C8 activity with respective Ki values of 0.018, 0.083, 0.084, 0.103, and 0.142 μM. As selamariscina A showed the strongest effects, we then evaluated it against six UGT isoforms, where it showed weaker inhibition (UGTs1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, and 2B7, IC50 1.7 μM). Returning to the P450 activities, selamariscina A inhibited CYP2C9-mediated diclofenac hydroxylation and tolbutamide hydroxylation with respective Ki values of 0.032 and 0.065 μM in a competitive and noncompetitive manner. However, it only weakly inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A with respective Ki values of 3.1, 7.9, and 4.5 μM. We conclude that selamariscina A has selective and strong inhibitory effects on the CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 isoforms. This information might be useful in predicting herb-drug interaction potential between biflavonoids and co-administered drugs mainly metabolized by CYP2C8 and CYP2C9. In addition, selamariscina A might be used as a strong CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 inhibitor in P450 reaction-phenotyping studies to identify drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for the metabolism of new chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Park
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (G.-H.L.)
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (G.K.); (N.M.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Phi-Hung Nguyen
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Gahyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (G.K.); (N.M.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Su-Nyeong Jang
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (G.-H.L.)
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (G.K.); (N.M.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ga-Hyun Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (G.-H.L.)
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (G.K.); (N.M.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Nguyen Minh Phuc
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (G.K.); (N.M.P.); (Z.W.)
- Vietnam Hightech of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical JSC, Group 11 Quang Minh town, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Zhexue Wu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (G.K.); (N.M.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (G.-H.L.)
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (G.K.); (N.M.P.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-8567; Fax: +82-53-950-8557
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14
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Jeon JH, Lee S, Lee W, Jin S, Kwon M, Shin CH, Choi MK, Song IS. Herb-Drug Interaction of Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rc with Valsartan in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:E622. [PMID: 32023909 PMCID: PMC7037682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the herb-drug interactions involving red ginseng extract (RGE) or ginsenoside Rc with valsartan, a substrate for organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP/Oatp) transporters. In HEK293 cells overexpressing drug transporters, the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides- Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3, compound K, and Rh2-inhibited human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters (IC50 values of 7.99-68.2 µM for OATP1B1; 1.36-30.8 µM for OATP1B3), suggesting the herb-drug interaction of PPD-type ginsenosides involving OATPs. Protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides-Re, Rg1, and Rh1-did not inhibit OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and all ginsenosides tested didn't inhibit OCT and OAT transporters. However, in rats, neither RGE nor Rc, a potent OATP inhibitor among PPD-type ginsenoside, changed in vivo pharmacokinetics of valsartan following repeated oral administration of RGE (1.5 g/kg/day for 7 days) or repeated intravenous injection of Rc (3 mg/kg for 5 days). The lack of in vivo herb-drug interaction between orally administered RGE and valsartan could be attributed to the low plasma concentration of PPD-type ginsenosides (5.3-48.4 nM). Even high plasma concentration of Rc did not effectively alter the pharmacokinetics of valsartan because of high protein binding and the limited liver distribution of Rc. The results, in conclusion, would provide useful information for herb-drug interaction between RGE or PPD-type ginsenosides and Oatp substrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Sowon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Wonpyo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Sojeong Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Mihwa Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Chul Hwi Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Im-Sook Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
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