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Wang N, Zhang Y, Wang W, Ye Z, Chen H, Hu G, Ouyang D. How can machine learning and multiscale modeling benefit ocular drug development? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114772. [PMID: 36906232 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The eyes possess sophisticated physiological structures, diverse disease targets, limited drug delivery space, distinctive barriers, and complicated biomechanical processes, requiring a more in-depth understanding of the interactions between drug delivery systems and biological systems for ocular formulation development. However, the tiny size of the eyes makes sampling difficult and invasive studies costly and ethically constrained. Developing ocular formulations following conventional trial-and-error formulation and manufacturing process screening procedures is inefficient. Along with the popularity of computational pharmaceutics, non-invasive in silico modeling & simulation offer new opportunities for the paradigm shift of ocular formulation development. The current work first systematically reviews the theoretical underpinnings, advanced applications, and unique advantages of data-driven machine learning and multiscale simulation approaches represented by molecular simulation, mathematical modeling, and pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling for ocular drug development. Following this, a new computer-driven framework for rational pharmaceutical formulation design is proposed, inspired by the potential of in silico explorations in understanding drug delivery details and facilitating drug formulation design. Lastly, to promote the paradigm shift, integrated in silico methodologies were highlighted, and discussions on data challenges, model practicality, personalized modeling, regulatory science, interdisciplinary collaboration, and talent training were conducted in detail with a view to achieving more efficient objective-oriented pharmaceutical formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yunsen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhuyifan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China; Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS), University of Macau, Macau, China.
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Castleberry S. Preclinical modeling of intravitreal suspensions. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122807. [PMID: 36898620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of obstacles that complicate the development of intravitreal delivered small molecules therapies. One serious complication is the potential need for complex polymer depot formulations early in the drug discovery process. The development of such formulations often requires substantial investment of time and material which may not be readily available in preclinical development. Herein I present a diffusion limited pseudo-steady state model to provide prediction of drug release from an intravitreally administered suspension formulation. By using such a model, a preclinical formulator may be able to more confidently determine if development of a complex formulation is required or if a simple suspension may work to support a study design. In this report, the model is used to predict the intravitreal preformance of two different molecules (triamcinolone acetonide and GNE-947) at multiple dose levels in rabbit eyes as well as provide a prediction for the performance of a marketed formulation of Trimacinolone Acetonide in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Castleberry
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Hamm G, Maglennon G, Williamson B, Macdonald R, Doherty A, Jones S, Harris J, Blades J, Harmer AR, Barton P, Rawlins PB, Smith P, Winter-Holt J, McMurray L, Johansson J, Fitzpatrick P, McCoull W, Coen M. Pharmacological inhibition of MERTK induces in vivo retinal degeneration: a multimodal imaging ocular safety assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:613-624. [PMID: 34973110 PMCID: PMC8837544 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase, MERTK, plays an essential role in homeostasis of the retina via efferocytosis of shed outer nuclear segments of photoreceptors. The Royal College of Surgeons rat model of retinal degeneration has been linked to loss-of-function of MERTK, and together with the MERTK knock-out mouse, phenocopy retinitis pigmentosa in humans with MERTK mutations. Given recent efforts and interest in MERTK as a potential immuno-oncology target, development of a strategy to assess ocular safety at an early pre-clinical stage is critical. We have applied a state-of-the-art, multi-modal imaging platform to assess the in vivo effects of pharmacological inhibition of MERTK in mice. This involved the application of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to characterize the ocular spatial distribution of our highly selective MERTK inhibitor; AZ14145845, together with histopathology and transmission electron microscopy to characterize pathological and ultra-structural change in response to MERTK inhibition. In addition, we assessed the utility of a human retinal in vitro cell model to identify perturbation of phagocytosis post MERTK inhibition. We identified high localized total compound concentrations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal lesions following 28 days of treatment with AZ14145845. These lesions were present in 4 of 8 treated animals, and were characterized by a thinning of the outer nuclear layer, loss of photoreceptors (PR) and accumulation of photoreceptor outer segments at the interface of the RPE and PRs. Furthermore, the lesions were very similar to that shown in the RCS rat and MERTK knock-out mouse, suggesting a MERTK-induced mechanism of PR cell death. This was further supported by the observation of reduced phagocytosis in the human retinal cell model following treatment with AZ14145845. Our study provides a viable, translational strategy to investigate the pre-clinical toxicity of MERTK inhibitors but is equally transferrable to novel chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hamm
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gareth Maglennon
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ruth Macdonald
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ann Doherty
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stewart Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jayne Harris
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Blades
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander R Harmer
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Smith
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Julia Johansson
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Fitzpatrick
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Muireann Coen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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Cha S, Seo WI, Woo HN, Kim HJ, Lee SHS, Kim J, Choi JS, Park K, Lee JY, Lee BJ, Lee H. AAV expressing an mTOR-inhibiting siRNA exhibits therapeutic potential in retinal vascular disorders by preserving endothelial integrity. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 12:71-81. [PMID: 34431239 PMCID: PMC8727948 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding on previous demonstrations of the therapeutic effects of adeno‐associated virus (AAV) carrying small‐hairpin RNA (shRNA) in downregulating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in in vivo retinal vascular disorders, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐stimulated endothelial cells were treated with AAV2‐shmTOR to examine the role of mTOR inhibition in retinal angiogenesis. AAV2‐shmTOR exposure significantly reduced mTOR expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and decreased downstream signaling cascades of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 under VEGF treatment. Moreover, the angiogenic potential of VEGF was significantly inhibited by AAV2‐shmTOR, which preserved endothelial integrity by maintaining tight junctions between HUVECs. These data thus support previous in vivo studies and provide evidence that AAV2‐shmTOR induces therapeutic effects by inhibiting the neovascularization of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seho Cha
- CuroGene Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Korea
| | - Won-Il Seo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ha-Na Woo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jong Kim
- CuroGene Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Korea
| | - Steven Hyun Seung Lee
- CuroGene Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- CuroGene Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jun-Sub Choi
- CuroGene Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Korea
| | - Keerang Park
- CuroGene Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Korea
| | - Joo Yong Lee
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Heuiran Lee
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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