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Yan Z, Ma L, Hwang N, Huang J, Kenny JR, Hop CECA. Using the Dynamic Well-Stirred Model to Extrapolate Hepatic Clearance of Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Transporter Substrates without Assuming Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Drug Uptake. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:548-554. [PMID: 38604729 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extrapolating in vivo hepatic clearance from in vitro uptake data is a known challenge, especially for organic anion-transporting polypeptide transporter (OATP) substrates, and the well-stirred model (WSM) commonly yields systematic underpredictions for those anionic drugs, hypothetically due to "albumin-mediated hepatic drug uptake". In the present study, we demonstrate that the WSM incorporating the dynamic free fraction (f D), a measure of drug protein binding affinity, performs reasonably well in predicting hepatic clearance of OATP substrates. For a selection of anionic drugs, including atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, pitavastatin, cerivastatin, and repaglinide, this dynamic well-stirred model (dWSM) correctly predicts hepatic plasma clearance within 2-fold error for six out of seven OATP substrates examined. The geometric mean of clearance ratios between the predicted and the observed values falls in the range of 1.21-1.38. As expected, the WSM with unbound fraction (f u) systematically underpredicts hepatic clearance with greater than 2-fold error for five out of seven drugs, and the geometric mean of clearance ratios between the predicted and the observed values is in the range of 0.20-0.29. The results suggest that, despite its simplicity, the dWSM operates well for transporter-mediated uptake clearance, and that clearance under-prediction of OATP substrates may not necessarily be associated with the chemical class of the anionic drugs, nor is it a result of albumin-mediated hepatic drug uptake as currently hypothesized. Instead, the superior prediction power of the dWSM confirms the utility of the dynamic free fraction in clearance prediction and the importance of drug plasma binding kinetics in hepatic uptake clearance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The traditional well-stirred model (WSM) consistently underpredicts organin anion-transporting polypeptide transporter (OATP)-mediated hepatic uptake clearance, hypothetically due to the albumin-mediated hepatic drug uptake. In this manuscript, we apply the dynamic WSM to extrapolate hepatic clearance of the OATP substrates, and our results show significant improvements in clearance prediction without assuming albumin-mediated hepatic drug uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Yan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Nicky Hwang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Julie Huang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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Trunzer M, Teigão J, Huth F, Poller B, Desrayaud S, Rodríguez-Pérez R, Faller B. Improving In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation of Clearance Using Rat Liver Microsomes for Highly Plasma Protein-Bound Molecules. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:345-354. [PMID: 38360916 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
It is common practice in drug discovery and development to predict in vivo hepatic clearance from in vitro incubations with liver microsomes or hepatocytes using the well-stirred model (WSM). When applying the WSM to a set of approximately 3000 Novartis research compounds, 73% of neutral and basic compounds (extended clearance classification system [ECCS] class 2) were well-predicted within 3-fold. In contrast, only 44% (ECCS class 1A) or 34% (ECCS class 1B) of acids were predicted within 3-fold. To explore the hypothesis whether the higher degree of plasma protein binding for acids contributes to the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) disconnect, 68 proprietary compounds were incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence and absence of 5% plasma. A minor impact of plasma on clearance IVIVC was found for moderately bound compounds (fraction unbound in plasma [fup] ≥1%). However, addition of plasma significantly improved the IVIVC for highly bound compounds (fup <1%) as indicated by an increase of the average fold error from 0.10 to 0.36. Correlating fup with the scaled unbound intrinsic clearance ratio in the presence or absence of plasma allowed the establishment of an empirical, nonlinear correction equation that depends on fup Taken together, estimation of the metabolic clearance of highly bound compounds was enhanced by the addition of plasma to microsomal incubations. For standard incubations in buffer only, application of an empirical correction provided improved clearance predictions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Application of the well-stirred liver model for clearance in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) in rat generally underpredicts the clearance of acids and the strong protein binding of acids is suspected to be one responsible factor. Unbound intrinsic in vitro clearance (CLint,u) determinations using rat liver microsomes supplemented with 5% plasma resulted in an improved IVIVE. An empirical equation was derived that can be applied to correct CLint,u-values in dependance of fraction unbound in plasma (fup) and measured CLint in buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Trunzer
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joana Teigão
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Huth
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birk Poller
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Bernard Faller
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Yan Z, Ma L, Carione P, Huang J, Hwang N, Kenny JR, Hop CECA. Introducing the Dynamic Well-Stirred Model for Predicting Hepatic Clearance and Extraction Ratio. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1094-1112. [PMID: 38220087 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The well-stirred model (WSM) incorporating the fraction of unbound drug (fu) to account for the effect of plasma binding on intrinsic clearance has been widely used for predicting hepatic clearance under the assumption that drug protein binding reaches equilibrium instantaneously. Our theoretical analysis reveals that the effect of protein binding on intrinsic clearance is better accounted for with the dynamic free fraction (fD), a measure of drug protein binding affinity, which leads to a putative dynamic well-stirred model (dWSM) without the instantaneous equilibrium assumption. Using recombinant CYP3A4 as the in vitro clearance system, we demonstrate that the binding effect of albumin on the intrinsic clearance of both highly bound midazolam and highly free verapamil is fully corrected by their corresponding fD values, respectively. On the other hand, fu only corrects the binding effect of albumin on the intrinsic clearance of verapamil, and yields severe over-correction of the intrinsic clearance of midazolam. The results suggest that the traditional WSM is suitable for highly free drugs like verapamil but not necessarily for highly bound drugs such as midazolam due to the violation of the instantaneous equilibrium assumption or under-estimating the true free drug concentration. In comparison, the dWSM incorporating fD holds true as long as drug elimination follows steady-state kinetics, and hence, it is more broadly applicable to drugs with different protein binding characteristics. Here we demonstrate with 36 diverse drugs, that the dWSM significantly improves the accuracy of predicting human hepatic clearance and liver extraction ratio from in vitro microsomal clearance data, highlighting the importance of drug plasma protein binding kinetics in addressing the under-prediction of hepatic clearance by the WSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Yan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Pasquale Carione
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Julie Huang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nicky Hwang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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Kowal-Chwast A, Gabor-Worwa E, Gaud N, Gogola D, Piątek A, Zarębski A, Littlewood P, Smoluch M, Brzózka K, Kuś K. Novel method of measurement of in vitro drug uptake in OATP1B3 overexpressing cells in the presence of dextran. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:400-415. [PMID: 38530582 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In predictions about hepatic clearance (CLH), a number of studies explored the role of albumin and transporters in drug uptake by liver cells, challenging the traditional free-drug theory. It was proposed that liver uptake can occur for transporter substrate compounds not only from the drug's unbound form but also directly from the drug-albumin complex, a phenomenon known as uptake facilitated by albumin. In contrast to albumin, dextran does not exhibit binding properties for compounds. However, as a result of its inherent capacity for stabilization, it is widely used to mimic conditions within cells. METHODS The uptake of eight known substrates of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) was assessed using a human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293), which stably overexpresses this transporter. An inert polymer, dextran, was used to simulate cellular conditions, and the results were compared with experiments involving human plasma and human serum albumin (HSA). RESULTS This study is the first to demonstrate that dextran increases compound uptake in cells with overexpression of the OATP1B3 transporter. Contrary to the common theory that highly protein-bound ligands interact with hepatocytes to increase drug uptake, the results indicate that dextran's interaction with test compounds does not significantly increase concentrations near the cell membrane surface. CONCLUSIONS We evaluated the effect of dextran on the uptake of known substrates using OATP1B3 overexpressed in the HEK293 cell line, and we suggest that its impact on drug concentrations in liver cells may differ from the traditional role of plasma proteins and albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowal-Chwast
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Gabor-Worwa
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Nilesh Gaud
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Gogola
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piątek
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adrian Zarębski
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Peter Littlewood
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Smoluch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Brzózka
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Kuś
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
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Mitra P, Kasliwala R, Iboki L, Madari S, Williams Z, Takahashi R, Taub ME. Mechanistic Static Model based Prediction of Transporter Substrate Drug-Drug Interactions Utilizing Atorvastatin and Rifampicin. Pharm Res 2023; 40:3025-3042. [PMID: 37821766 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An in vitro relative activity factor (RAF) technique combined with mechanistic static modeling was examined to predict drug-drug interaction (DDI) magnitude and analyze contributions of different clearance pathways in complex DDIs involving transporter substrates. Atorvastatin and rifampicin were used as a model substrate and inhibitor pair. METHODS In vitro studies were conducted with transfected HEK293 cells, hepatocytes and human liver microsomes. Prediction success was defined as predictions being within twofold of observations. RESULTS The RAF method successfully translated atorvastatin uptake from transfected cells to hepatocytes, demonstrating its ability to quantify transporter contributions to uptake. Successful translation of atorvastatin's in vivo intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLint,h,in vivo) from hepatocytes to liver was only achieved through consideration of albumin facilitated uptake or through application of empirical scaling factors to transporter-mediated clearances. Transporter protein expression differences between hepatocytes and liver did not affect CLint,h,in vivo predictions. By integrating cis and trans inhibition of OATP1B1/OATP1B3, atorvastatin-rifampicin (single dose) DDI magnitude could be accurately predicted (predictions within 0.77-1.0 fold of observations). Simulations indicated that concurrent inhibition of both OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 caused approximately 80% of atorvastatin exposure increases (AUCR) in the presence of rifampicin. Inhibiting biliary elimination, hepatic metabolism, OATP2B1, NTCP, and basolateral efflux are predicted to have minimal to no effect on AUCR. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the effective application of a RAF-based translation method combined with mechanistic static modeling for transporter substrate DDI predictions and subsequent mechanistic interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Mitra
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Old Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA.
| | - Rumanah Kasliwala
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Laeticia Iboki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Shilpa Madari
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Zachary Williams
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
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Francis L, Ogungbenro K, De Bruyn T, Houston JB, Hallifax D. Exploring the Boundaries for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation: Use of Isolated Rat Hepatocytes in Co-culture and Impact of Albumin Binding Properties in the Prediction of Clearance of Various Drug Types. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1463-1473. [PMID: 37580106 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of hepatic clearance of drugs (via uptake or metabolism) from in vitro systems continues to be problematic, particularly when plasma protein binding is high. The following work explores simultaneous assessment of both clearance processes, focusing on a commercial hepatocyte-fibroblast co-culture system (HμREL) over a 24-hour period using six probe drugs (ranging in metabolic and transporter clearance and low-to-high plasma protein binding). A rat hepatocyte co-culture assay was established using drug depletion (measuring both medium and total concentrations) and cell uptake kinetic analysis, both in the presence and absence of plasma protein (1% bovine serum albumin). Secretion of endogenous albumin was monitored as a marker of viability, and this reached 0.004% in incubations (at a rate similar to in vivo synthesis). Binding to stromal cells was substantial and required appropriate correction factors. Drug concentration-time courses were analyzed both by conventional methods and a mechanistic cell model prior to in vivo extrapolation. Clearance assayed by drug depletion in conventional suspended rat hepatocytes provided a benchmark to evaluate co-culture value. Addition of albumin appeared to improve predictions for some compounds (where fraction unbound in the medium is less than 0.1); however, for high-binding drugs, albumin significantly limited quantification and thus predictions. Overall, these results highlight ongoing challenges concerning in vitro hepatocyte system complexity and limitations of practical expediency. Considering this, more reliable measurement of hepatically cleared compounds seems possible through judicious use of available hepatocyte systems, including co-culture systems, as described herein; this would include those compounds with low metabolic turnover but high active uptake clearance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Co-culture systems offer a more advanced tool than standard hepatocytes, with the ability to be cultured for longer periods of time, yet their potential as an in vitro tool has not been extensively assessed. We evaluate the strengths and limitations of the HμREL system using six drugs representing various metabolic and transporter-mediated clearance pathways with various degrees of albumin binding. Studies in the presence/absence of albumin allow in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and a framework to maximize their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Francis
- 1Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (L.F., K.O., J.B.H., D.H.) and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - Kayode Ogungbenro
- 1Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (L.F., K.O., J.B.H., D.H.) and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - Tom De Bruyn
- 1Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (L.F., K.O., J.B.H., D.H.) and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- 1Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (L.F., K.O., J.B.H., D.H.) and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - David Hallifax
- 1Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (L.F., K.O., J.B.H., D.H.) and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
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Chou WC, Chen Q, Yuan L, Cheng YH, He C, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Riviere JE, Lin Z. An artificial intelligence-assisted physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to predict nanoparticle delivery to tumors in mice. J Control Release 2023; 361:53-63. [PMID: 37499908 PMCID: PMC11008607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The critical barrier for clinical translation of cancer nanomedicine stems from the inefficient delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) to target solid tumors. Rapid growth of computational power, new machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches provide new tools to address this challenge. In this study, we established an AI-assisted physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model by integrating an AI-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model with a PBPK model to simulate tumor-targeted delivery efficiency (DE) and biodistribution of various NPs. The AI-based QSAR model was developed using machine learning and deep neural network algorithms that were trained with datasets from a published "Nano-Tumor Database" to predict critical input parameters of the PBPK model. The PBPK model with optimized NP cellular uptake kinetic parameters was used to predict the maximum delivery efficiency (DEmax) and DE at 24 (DE24) and 168 h (DE168) of different NPs in the tumor after intravenous injection and achieved a determination coefficient of R2 = 0.83 [root mean squared error (RMSE) = 3.01] for DE24, R2 = 0.56 (RMSE = 2.27) for DE168, and R2 = 0.82 (RMSE = 3.51) for DEmax. The AI-PBPK model predictions correlated well with available experimentally-measured pharmacokinetic profiles of different NPs in tumors after intravenous injection (R2 ≥ 0.70 for 133 out of 288 datasets). This AI-based PBPK model provides an efficient screening tool to rapidly predict delivery efficiency of a NP based on its physicochemical properties without relying on an animal training dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Qiran Chen
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Long Yuan
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yi-Hsien Cheng
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chunla He
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Nancy A Monteiro-Riviere
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; 1Data Consortium, Kansas State University, Olathe, KS 66061, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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8
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Solorzano A, Brady M, Bhatt N, Johnson A, Burgess B, Leyva H, Puangmalai N, Jerez C, Wood R, Kayed R, Deane R. Central and peripheral tau retention modulated by an anti-tau antibody. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.17.553682. [PMID: 37645819 PMCID: PMC10462070 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.17.553682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Tau protein blood levels dependent on its distribution to peripheral organs and possible elimination from the body. Thus, the peripheral distribution of CSF-derived tau protein was explored, especially since there is a transition to blood-based biomarkers and the emerging idea that tau pathology may spread beyond brain. Near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) was mainly used to analyze tau (tau-NIRF) distribution after its intracisternal or intravenous injection. There was a striking uptake of blood- or CSF-derived tau-NIRF protein by the skeletal structures, liver, small intestine (duodenum), gall bladder, kidneys, urinary bladder, lymph nodes, heart, and spleen. In aging and in older APP/PS1 mice, tau uptake in regions, such as the brain, liver, and skeleton, was increased. In bone (femur) injected tau protein was associated with integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), a major non-collagenous glycoprotein that is associated with mineralization. Tau-NIRF was cleared slowly from CSF via mainly across the cribriform plate, and cervical lymph nodes. In brain, some of the CSF injected tau protein was associated with NeuN-positive and PDGFRý-positive cells, which may explain its retention. The presence of tau in the bladders suggested excretion routes of tau. CSF anti-tau antibody increased CSF tau clearance, while blood anti-tau antibody decreased tau accumulation in the femur but not in liver, kidney, and spleen. Thus, the data show a body-wide distribution and retention of CSF-derived tau protein, which increased with aging and in older APP/PS1 mice. Further work is needed to elucidate the relevance of tau accumulation in each organ to tauopathy.
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9
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Smeltz M, Wambaugh JF, Wetmore BA. Plasma Protein Binding Evaluations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances for Category-Based Toxicokinetic Assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:870-881. [PMID: 37184865 PMCID: PMC10506455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
New approach methodologies (NAMs) that make use of in vitro screening and in silico approaches to inform chemical evaluations rely on in vitro toxicokinetic (TK) data to translate in vitro bioactive concentrations to exposure metrics reflective of administered dose. With 1364 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) identified as of interest under Section 8 of the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and concern over the lack of knowledge regarding environmental persistence, human health, and ecological effects, the utility of NAMs to understand potential toxicities and toxicokinetics across these data-poor compounds is being evaluated. To address the TK data deficiency, 71 PFAS selected to span a wide range of functional groups and physico-chemical properties were evaluated for in vitro human plasma protein binding (PPB) by ultracentrifugation with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. For the 67 PFAS successfully evaluated by ultracentrifugation, fraction unbound in plasma (fup) ranged from less than 0.0001 (pentadecafluorooctanoyl chloride) to 0.7302 (tetrafluorosuccinic acid), with over half of the PFAS showing PPB exceeding 99.5% (fup < 0.005). Category-based evaluations revealed that perfluoroalkanoyl chlorides and perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) with 6-10 carbons were the highest bound, with similar median values for alkyl, ether, and polyether PFCAs. Interestingly, binding was lower for the PFCAs with a carbon chain length of ≥11. Lower binding also was noted for fluorotelomer carboxylic acids when compared to their carbon-equivalent perfluoroalkyl acids. Comparisons of the fup value derived using two PPB methods, ultracentrifugation or rapid equilibrium dialysis (RED), revealed RED failure for a subset of PFAS of high mass and/or predicted octanol-water partition coefficients exceeding 4 due to failure to achieve equilibrium. Bayesian modeling was used to provide uncertainty bounds around fup point estimates for incorporation into TK modeling. This PFAS PPB evaluation and grouping exercise across 67 structures greatly expand our current knowledge and will aid in PFAS NAM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marci Smeltz
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- Current Affiliation: Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling; Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Barbara A. Wetmore
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Tess D, Chang GC, Keefer C, Carlo A, Jones R, Di L. In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Scaling Factors for Clearance of Human and Preclinical Species with Liver Microsomes and Hepatocytes. AAPS J 2023; 25:40. [PMID: 37052732 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro-in vivo extrapolation ((IVIVE) and empirical scaling factors (SF) of human intrinsic clearance (CLint) were developed using one of the largest dataset of 455 compounds with data from human liver microsomes (HLM) and human hepatocytes (HHEP). For extended clearance classification system (ECCS) class 2/4 compounds, linear SFs (SFlin) are approximately 1, suggesting enzyme activities in HLM and HHEP are similar to those in vivo under physiological conditions. For ECCS class 1A/1B compounds, a unified set of SFs was developed for CLint. These SFs contain both SFlin and an exponential SF (SFβ) of fraction unbound in plasma (fu,p). The unified SFs for class 1A/1B eliminate the need to identify the transporters involved prior to clearance prediction. The underlying mechanisms of these SFs are not entirely clear at this point, but they serve practical purposes to reduce biases and increase prediction accuracy. Similar SFs have also been developed for preclinical species. For HLM-HHEP disconnect (HLM > HHEP) ECCS class 2/4 compounds that are mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450s/FMO, HLM significantly overpredicted in vivo CLint, while HHEP slightly underpredicted and geometric mean of HLM and HHEP slightly overpredicted in vivo CLint. This observation is different than in rats, where rat liver microsomal CLint correlates well with in vivo CLint for compounds demonstrating permeability-limited metabolism. The good CLint IVIVE developed using HLM and HHEP helps build confidence for prospective predictions of human clearance and supports the continued utilization of these assays to guide structure-activity relationships to improve metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tess
- Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George C Chang
- Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christopher Keefer
- Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Anthony Carlo
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Rhys Jones
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
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11
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Schulz JA, Stresser DM, Kalvass JC. Plasma Protein-Mediated Uptake and Contradictions to the Free Drug Hypothesis: A Critical Review. Drug Metab Rev 2023:1-34. [PMID: 36971325 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2195133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
According to the free drug hypothesis (FDH), only free, unbound drug is available to interact with biological targets. This hypothesis is the fundamental principle that continues to explain the vast majority of all pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Under the FDH, the free drug concentration at the target site is considered the driver of pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetic processes. However, deviations from the FDH are observed in hepatic uptake and clearance predictions, where observed unbound intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLint,u) is larger than expected. Such deviations are commonly observed when plasma proteins are present and form the basis of the so-called plasma protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE). This review will discuss the basis of plasma protein binding as it pertains to hepatic clearance based on the FDH, as well as several hypotheses that may explain the underlying mechanisms of PMUE. Notably, some, but not all, potential mechanisms remained aligned with the FDH. Finally, we will outline possible experimental strategies to elucidate PMUE mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of PMUE and its potential contribution to clearance underprediction is vital to improving the drug development process.
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12
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Melillo N, Scotcher D, Kenna JG, Green C, Hines CDG, Laitinen I, Hockings PD, Ogungbenro K, Gunwhy ER, Sourbron S, Waterton JC, Schuetz G, Galetin A. Use of In Vivo Imaging and Physiologically-Based Kinetic Modelling to Predict Hepatic Transporter Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:896. [PMID: 36986758 PMCID: PMC10057977 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gadoxetate, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, is a substrate of organic-anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2. Six drugs, with varying degrees of transporter inhibition, were used to assess gadoxetate dynamic contrast enhanced MRI biomarkers for transporter inhibition in rats. Prospective prediction of changes in gadoxetate systemic and liver AUC (AUCR), resulting from transporter modulation, were performed by physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling. A tracer-kinetic model was used to estimate rate constants for hepatic uptake (khe), and biliary excretion (kbh). The observed median fold-decreases in gadoxetate liver AUC were 3.8- and 1.5-fold for ciclosporin and rifampicin, respectively. Ketoconazole unexpectedly decreased systemic and liver gadoxetate AUCs; the remaining drugs investigated (asunaprevir, bosentan, and pioglitazone) caused marginal changes. Ciclosporin decreased gadoxetate khe and kbh by 3.78 and 0.09 mL/min/mL, while decreases for rifampicin were 7.20 and 0.07 mL/min/mL, respectively. The relative decrease in khe (e.g., 96% for ciclosporin) was similar to PBPK-predicted inhibition of uptake (97-98%). PBPK modelling correctly predicted changes in gadoxetate systemic AUCR, whereas underprediction of decreases in liver AUCs was evident. The current study illustrates the modelling framework and integration of liver imaging data, PBPK, and tracer-kinetic models for prospective quantification of hepatic transporter-mediated DDI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Melillo
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK (D.S.)
- SystemsForecastingUK Ltd., Lancaster LA1 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK (D.S.)
| | | | - Claudia Green
- MR & CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Iina Laitinen
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Bioimaging Germany, 65929 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Antaros Medical, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Paul D. Hockings
- Antaros Medical, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
- MedTech West, Chalmers University of Technology, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kayode Ogungbenro
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK (D.S.)
| | - Ebony R. Gunwhy
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Steven Sourbron
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - John C. Waterton
- Bioxydyn Ltd., Manchester M15 6SZ, UK
- Centre for Imaging Sciences, Division of Informatics Imaging & Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gunnar Schuetz
- MR & CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK (D.S.)
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Pardridge WM. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Brain Delivery of Plasma Protein Bound Drugs. Pharm Res 2023; 40:661-674. [PMID: 36829100 PMCID: PMC10036418 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model is developed that focuses on the kinetic parameters of drug association and dissociation with albumin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), and brain tissue proteins, as well as drug permeability at the blood-brain barrier, drug metabolism, and brain blood flow. GOAL The model evaluates the extent to which plasma protein-mediated uptake (PMU) of drugs by brain influences the concentration of free drug both within the brain capillary compartment in vivo and the brain compartment. The model also studies the effect of drug binding to brain tissue proteins on the concentration of free drug in brain. METHODS The steady state and non-steady state PBPK models are comprised of 11-12 variables, and 18-23 parameters, respectively. Two model drugs are analyzed: propranolol, which undergoes modest PMU from the AGP-bound pool, and imipramine, which undergoes a high degree of PMU from both the albumin-bound and AGP-bound pools in plasma. RESULTS The free propranolol concentration in brain is under-estimated 2- to fourfold by in vitro measurements of free plasma propranolol, and the free imipramine concentration in brain is under-estimated by 18- to 31-fold by in vitro measurements of free imipramine in plasma. The free drug concentration in brain in vivo is independent of drug binding to brain tissue proteins. CONCLUSIONS In vitro measurement of free drug concentration in plasma under-estimates the free drug in brain in vivo if PMU in vivo from either the albumin and/or the AGP pools in plasma takes place at the BBB surface.
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Yan Z, Ma L, Huang J, Carione P, Kenny JR, Hop CECA, Wright M. New Methodology for Determining Plasma Protein Binding Kinetics Using an Enzyme Reporter Assay Coupling with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4086-4094. [PMID: 36791153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Determination of drug binding kinetics in plasma is important yet extremely challenging. Accordingly, we introduce "dynamic free fraction" as a new binding parameter describing drug-protein binding kinetics. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that the dynamic free fraction can be determined by coupling the drug binding assay with a reporter enzyme in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry measuring the relative initial steady-state rates of enzymatic reactions in the absence and presence of matrix proteins. This novel and simple methodology circumvents a long-standing challenge inherent in existing methods for determining binding kinetics constants, such as kon and koff, and enables assessment of the impact of protein binding kinetics on pharmaceutical properties of drugs. As demonstrated with nine model drugs, the predicted liver extraction ratio, a measure of efficiency of drug removal by the liver, correlates significantly better to the observed extraction ratio when using the dynamic free fraction (fD) in place of the unbound fraction (fu) of the drug in plasma. Similarly, the in vivo hepatic clearance of these drugs, a measure of liver drug elimination, is highly comparable to the clearance values calculated with the dynamic free fraction (fD), which is markedly better than those calculated with the unbound fraction (fu). In contrast to the prevailing view, these results indicate that protein binding kinetics is an important pharmacokinetic property of a drug. As plasma protein binding is one of the most important drug properties, this new methodology may represent a breakthrough and could have a real impact on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Yan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julie Huang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pasquale Carione
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Wright
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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15
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Plasma Protein Binding Refinement of the Extended Clearance Classification System: Subclasses for Predicting Hepatic Uptake or Renal Clearance for Classes 1B and 3B. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:63-73. [PMID: 36441468 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS) was established to facilitate the timely anticipation of clearance rate determination according to the physicochemical characteristics of a given compound and in vitro passive membrane permeability. Unfortunately, distinguishing between renal and hepatic uptake clearance mechanisms using ECCS class 3B is not possible. We determined the effects of plasma protein binding (PPB) on major hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) and renal organic anion transporter (OAT) substrates. A modified ECCS could predict when renal or hepatic uptake mechanisms were the main clearance rate determinants (accounting for ≥ 70% of total clearance). METHODS A dataset of 66 human OATP and 41 OAT substrates was analyzed to determine the effect of PPB. A total of 63 acidic and zwitterionic, and high-molecular-weight (MW > 400 Da) compounds, including 50 drugs in ECCS classes 1B and 3B, were reanalyzed considering their PPB. RESULTS Statistical analyses revealed that hepatic uptake transporter (OATP1B1 and OATP1B3) substrates possess a high PPB rate of ≥ 90%, whereas OAT1 and/or OAT3 substrates possess low PPB rates of < 90%. By analyzing the 63 drugs on the basis of their PPB, the active hepatic uptakes of acids and zwitterions were determined to be the main clearance mechanisms, with PPB ≥ 90%, whereas renally eliminated drugs exhibited limited PPB (< 90%). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, PPB is an effective parameter for defining clearance rate determination for acidic and zwitterionic drugs with high MWs. Using PPB as an additional parameter in ECCS, clearance mechanisms for class 1B and 3B compounds can be predicted, and OATP and OAT substrates may be readily distinguished.
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16
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The next frontier in ADME science: Predicting transporter-based drug disposition, tissue concentrations and drug-drug interactions in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Langthaler K, Jones CR, Christensen RB, Eneberg E, Brodin B, Bundgaard C. Characterization of intravenous pharmacokinetics in Göttingen minipig and clearance prediction using established in vitro to in vivo extrapolation methodologies. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:591-607. [PMID: 36000364 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2115425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
1. The use of the Göttingen minipig as an animal model for drug safety testing and prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) continues to gain momentum in pharmaceutical research and development. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methodologies for prediction of hepatic, metabolic clearance (CLhep,met) in Göttingen minipig, using a comprehensive set of compounds.2. In vivo clearance was determined in Göttingen minipig by intravenous cassette dosing and hepatocyte intrinsic clearance, plasma protein binding and non-specific incubation binding were determined in vitro. Prediction of CLhep,met was performed by IVIVE using conventional and adapted formats of the well-stirred liver model.3. The best prediction of in vivo CLhep,met from scaled in vitro kinetic data was achieved using an empirical correction factor based on a 'regression offset' of the IVIV relationship.4. In summary, these results expand the in vitro and in vivo PK knowledge in Göttingen minipig. We show regression corrected IVIVE provides superior prediction of in vivo CLhep,met in minipig offering a practical, unified scaling approach to address systematic under-predictions. Finally, we propose a reference set for researchers to establish their own 'lab-specific' regression correction for IVIVE in minipig.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Langthaler
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.,CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C R Jones
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - E Eneberg
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Brodin
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Bundgaard
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Algharably EA, Di Consiglio E, Testai E, Pistollato F, Mielke H, Gundert-Remy U. In Vitro- In Vivo Extrapolation by Physiologically Based Kinetic Modeling: Experience With Three Case Studies and Lessons Learned. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:885843. [PMID: 35924078 PMCID: PMC9340473 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.885843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling has been increasingly used since the beginning of the 21st century to support dose selection to be used in preclinical and clinical safety studies in the pharmaceutical sector. For chemical safety assessment, the use of PBK has also found interest, however, to a smaller extent, although an internationally agreed document was published already in 2010 (IPCS/WHO), but at that time, PBK modeling was based mostly on in vivo data as the example in the IPCS/WHO document indicates. Recently, the OECD has published a guidance document which set standards on how to characterize, validate, and report PBK models for regulatory purposes. In the past few years, we gained experience on using in vitro data for performing quantitative in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE), in which biokinetic data play a crucial role to obtain a realistic estimation of human exposure. In addition, pharmaco-/toxicodynamic aspects have been introduced into the approach. Here, three examples with different drugs/chemicals are described, in which different approaches have been applied. The lessons we learned from the exercise are as follows: 1) in vitro conditions should be considered and compared to the in vivo situation, particularly for protein binding; 2) in vitro inhibition of metabolizing enzymes by the formed metabolites should be taken into consideration; and 3) it is important to extrapolate from the in vitro measured intracellular concentration and not from the nominal concentration to the tissue/organ concentration to come up with an appropriate QIVIVE for the relevant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engi Abdelhady Algharably
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emma Di Consiglio
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Hans Mielke
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Gundert-Remy
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany.,Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Evidence of the Need for Modified Well-stirred Model in In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 177:106268. [PMID: 35901930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), an approach for hepatic clearance (CLH) prediction used worldwide, remains controversial due to systematic underprediction. Among the various probable factors, the original assumption of the hepatic mathematical model (i.e., the well-stirred model, WSM) may become problematic, leading to the underestimation of drug CLH. Having a similar prerequisite that the well-stirred conditions are homogenous with perfectly mixed reactants, but using a different driving concentration, the modified well-stirred model (MWSM) stands apart from the WSM. However, we believe that both models should coexist so that the entire well-stirred scenario can be completely illustrated. Consequently, we collected published data from the literature and employed a logistic regression method to differentiate the optimal timing of use between WSM and MWSM in drug CLH prediction. Generally, variances adopted in the regression, including partition coefficient (logP), fraction unbound (fu), volumes of distribution at steady-state (Vss), and mean residence time (MRT), corresponded to our assumption when protein-facilitated uptake was considered. Furthermore, a new empirical approach was introduced to allow practical use of the MWSM. The results showed that this model could provide a more precise prediction compared to previous empirical approaches. Therefore, these preliminary results not only delineated a more detailed structure and mechanism of MWSM but also highlighted its necessity and potential.
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20
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Jones RS, Leung C, Chang JH, Brown S, Liu N, Yan Z, Kenny JR, Broccatelli F. Application of empirical scalars to enable early prediction of human hepatic clearance using IVIVE in drug discovery: an evaluation of 173 drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-AR-2021-000784. [PMID: 35636770 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of in vitro data to predict drug pharmacokinetics (PK) in vivo has been a consistent practice in early drug discovery for decades. However, its success is hampered by mispredictions attributed to uncharacterized biological phenomena/experimental artifacts. Predicted drug clearance (CL) from experimental data (i.e. hepatocyte intrinsic clearance: CLint, fraction unbound in plasma: fu,p) is often systematically underpredicted using the well-stirred model (WSM). The objective of this study was to evaluate using empirical scalars in the WSM to correct for CL mispredictions. Drugs (N=28) were used to generate numerical scalars on CLint (α), and fu,p (β) to minimize the error (AAFE) for CL predictions. These scalars were validated using an additional dataset (N=28 drugs) and applied to a non-redundant AstraZeneca (AZ) dataset available in the literature (N=117 drugs) for a total of 173 compounds. CL predictions using the WSM were improved for most compounds using an α value of 3.66 (~64%<2-fold) compared to no scaling (~46%<2-fold). Similarly, using a β value of 0.55 or combination of α and β scalars (values of 1.74 and 0.66, respectively) resulted in a similar improvement in predictions (~64%<2-fold and ~65%<2-fold, respectively). For highly bound compounds (fu,p{less than or equal to}0.01), AAFE was substantially reduced across all scaling methods. Using the β scalar alone or a combination of α and β appeared optimal; and produce larger magnitude corrections for highly-bound compounds. Some drugs are still disproportionally mispredicted, however the improvements in prediction error and simplicity of applying these scalars suggests its utility for early-stage CL predictions. Significance Statement In early drug discovery, prediction of human clearance using in vitro experimental data plays an essential role in triaging compounds prior to in vivo studies. These predictions have been systematically underestimated. Here we introduce empirical scalars calibrated on the extent of plasma protein binding that appear to improve clearance prediction across multiple datasets. This approach can be used in early phases of drug discovery prior to the availability of pre-clinical data for early quantitative predictions of human clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jae H Chang
- Preclinical Development Sciences, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jane R Kenny
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, United States
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21
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Tan SPF, Scotcher D, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Galetin A. Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease on the Renal Secretion via Organic Anion Transporters 1/3: Implications for Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Dose Adjustment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:643-652. [PMID: 35569107 PMCID: PMC9540491 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that active tubular secretory clearance (CLs) may not decline proportionally with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in chronic kidney disease (CKD), leading to the overestimation of renal clearance (CLr) when using solely GFR to approximate disease effect on renal elimination. The clinical pharmacokinetic data of 33 renally secreted OAT1/3 substrates were collated to investigate the impact of mild, moderate, and severe CKD on CLr, tubular secretion and protein binding (fu,p). The fu,p of the collated substrates ranged from 0.0026 to 1.0 in healthy populations; observed CKD‐related increase in the fu,p (up to 2.7‐fold) of 8 highly bound substrates (fu,p ≤ 0.2) was accounted for in the analysis. Use of prediction equation based on disease‐related changes in albumin resulted in underprediction of the CKD‐related increase in fu,p of highly bound substrates, highlighting the necessity to measure protein binding in severe CKD. The critical analysis of clinical data for 33 OAT1/3 probes established that decrease in OAT1/3 activity proportional to the changes in GFR was insufficient to recapitulate effects of severe CKD on unbound tubular secretion clearance. OAT1/3‐mediated CLs was estimated to decline by an additional 50% relative to the GFR decline in severe CKD, whereas change in active secretion in mild and moderate CKD was proportional to GFR. Consideration of this additional 50% decline in OAT1/3‐mediated CLs is recommended for physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic models and dose adjustment of OAT1/3 substrates in severe CKD, especially for substrates with high contribution of the active secretion to CLr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Pei Feng Tan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Certara UK (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, UK
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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22
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Kameyama T, Sodhi JK, Benet LZ. Does Addition of Protein to Hepatocyte or Microsomal In Vitro Incubations Provide a Useful Improvement in In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Predictability? Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:401-412. [PMID: 35086847 PMCID: PMC11022888 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance is an essential part of successful and efficient drug development; however, many investigators have recognized that there are significant limitations in the predictability of clearance with a tendency for underprediction for primarily metabolized drugs. Here, we examine the impact of adding serum or albumin into hepatocyte and microsomal incubations on the predictability of in vivo hepatic clearance. The addition of protein into hepatocyte incubations has been reported to improve the predictability for high clearance (extraction ratio) drugs and highly protein-bound drugs. Analyzing published data for 60 different drugs and 97 experimental comparisons (with 17 drugs being investigated from two to seven) we confirmed the marked underprediction of clearance. However, we could not validate any relevant improved predictability within twofold by the addition of serum to hepatocyte incubations or albumin to microsomal incubations. This was the case when investigating all measurements, or when subdividing analyses by extraction ratio, degree of protein binding, Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System class, examining Extended Clearance Classification System class 1B drugs only, or drug charge. Manipulating characteristics of small data sets of like compounds and adding scaling factors can appear to yield good predictability, but the carryover of these methods to alternate drug classes and different laboratories is not evident. Improvement in predictability of poorly soluble compounds is greater than that for soluble compounds, but not to a meaningful extent. Overall, we cannot confirm that protein addition improves in vitro-in vivo extrapolation predictability to any clinically meaningful degree when considering all drugs and different subsets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The addition of protein into microsomal or hepatocyte incubations has been widely proposed to improve hepatic clearance predictions. To date, studies examining this phenomenon have not included appropriate negative controls where predictability is achieved without protein addition and have been conducted with small data sets of similar compounds that don't apply to alternate drug classes. Here, an extensive analysis of published data for 60 drugs and 97 experimental comparisons couldn't validate any relevant clinically improved clearance predictability with protein addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kameyama
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Yin M, Storelli F, Unadkat JD. Is The Protein-Mediated Uptake Of Drugs By OATPs A Real Phenomenon Or An Artifact?. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1132-1141. [PMID: 35351775 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma proteins or human serum albumin (HSA) have been reported to increase the in vitro intrinsic uptake clearance (CLint,uptake) of drugs by hepatocytes or organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-transfected cell lines. This, so called protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE), is thought to be due to an interaction between the drug-protein complex and the cell membrane causing an increase in the unbound drug concentration at the cell surface resulting in an increase in the apparent CLint,uptake of the drug. To determine if the PMUE on OATP-mediated drug uptake is an artifact or a real phenomenon, we determined the effect of 1%, 2% and 5% HSA on OATP1B1-mediated (HEK293 transfected cells) and passive CLint,uptake (MOCK HEK293 cells) of a cocktail of five statins. In addition, we determined the non-specific binding (NSB) of the statin-HSA complex to the cells/labware. The increase in uptake of atorvastatin, fluvastatin and rosuvastatin in the presence of HSA was completely explained by the extent of NSB of the statin-HSA complex, indicating that the PMUE for these statins is an artifact. In contrast, this was not the case for OATP1B1-mediated uptake of pitavastatin and passive uptake of cerivastatin suggesting that the PMUE is a real phenomenon for these drugs. Additionally, the PMUE on OATP1B1-mediated uptake of pitavastatin was confirmed by a decrease in its unbound IC50 in the presence of 5% HSA vs. HBSS buffer. These data question the utility of routinely including plasma proteins or HSA in uptake experiments and the previous findings on PMUE on OATP-mediated drug uptake. Significance Statement Here we report, for the first time, that the protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE) on OATP-transported drugs could be an artifact of the non-specific binding (NSB) of the drug-albumin complex to cells/labware. Future experiments on PMUE must take into consideration such NSB. In addition, mechanisms other than PMUE need to be explored to explain the underprediction of in vivo OATP-mediated hepatic drug CL from in vitro uptake studies.
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Yuan Q, Wang L, Huang J, Zhao W, Wu J. In vivo metabolizable branched poly(ester amide) based on inositol and amino acids as a drug nanocarrier for cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6555-6567. [PMID: 34582536 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00852h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid-based poly(ester amide) (PEA) has been utilized for various biomedical applications due to its tunable mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, bioactive components have rarely been incorporated into the PEA structure, and there has been no systematic investigation of amino acid-based PEAs with branched structures. Herein, an in vivo metabolizable branched poly(ester amide) (BPEA) was synthesized from inositol (a natural growth factor) and amino acids for drug delivery in cancer therapy. The bioactive components, inositol, arginine, and phenylalanine, could improve the biocompatibility of the BPEA nanocarrier, and convert into other valuable biomolecules (phosphatidylinositol for cell signaling, functional protein, or other amino acids including ornithine, citrulline, and tyrosine) after accomplishing drug delivery and biodegradation. Paclitaxel (PTX) was encapsulated into BPEA nanocarriers to formulate drug-loaded BPEA nanoparticles (BPEA@PTX NPs). In vitro results indicated that BPEA@PTX NPs had a sub 100 nm size and could effectively inhibit the growth and migration of cancer cells. In vivo experiments further demonstrated significant suppression of tumor size compared with that with free PTX. Both in vitro and in vivo results confirmed the superior biosafety of BPEA, indicating that BPEA exhibits excellent biocompatibility and considerable potential as a drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR. China.
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR. China
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR. China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR. China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR. China.
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Danishuddin, Kumar V, Faheem M, Woo Lee K. A decade of machine learning-based predictive models for human pharmacokinetics: Advances and challenges. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:529-537. [PMID: 34592448 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, in vitro and in vivo methods are useful for estimating human pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters; however, it is impractical to perform these complex and expensive experiments on a large number of compounds. The integration of publicly available chemical, or medical Big Data and artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches led to qualitative and quantitative prediction of human PK of a candidate drug. However, predicting drug response with these approaches is challenging, partially because of the adaptation of algorithmic and limitations related to experimental data. In this report, we provide an overview of machine learning (ML)-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models used in the assessment or prediction of PK values as well as databases available for obtaining such data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danishuddin
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4), Division of Life Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4), Division of Life Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Faheem
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4), Division of Life Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Carboxylic Acid Counterions in FDA-Approved Pharmaceutical Salts. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1307-1326. [PMID: 34302256 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salification is one of the powerful and widely employed approaches to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of drugs. The FDA's eighty-year trajectory of new drug approvals depicts around one-third of the drugs clinically used as their pharmaceutical salts. Among various cationic and anionic counterions used in FDA-approved pharmaceutical salts, the carboxylic acids have significantly contributed. A total of 94 pharmaceutical salts discovered during 1943-2020 comprises carboxylic acids as counterions with a major contribution of acetate, maleate, tartrate, fumarate, and succinate. Hydrocodone tartrate is the first FDA-approved carboxylate salt approved in 1943. Overall, the analysis shows that fifteen carboxylic acid counterions are present in FDA-approved pharmaceutical salts with a major share of acetate (18 drugs). This review provides an account of FDA-approved carboxylate salts from 1939 to 2020. The decade-wise analysis indicates that 1991-2000 contributed a maximum number of carboxylate salts (24) and least (3) in 1939-1950. The technical advantage of carboxylate salts over free-base or other counterions is also discussed. Graphical Abstract.
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Yadav J, El Hassani M, Sodhi J, Lauschke VM, Hartman JH, Russell LE. Recent developments in in vitro and in vivo models for improved translation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:207-233. [PMID: 33989099 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1922435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) prediction in the early stages of drug development is essential to inform lead optimization strategies and reduce attrition rates. Recently, there have been significant advancements in the development of new in vitro and in vivo strategies to better characterize pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of drug leads. Herein, we review advances in experimental and mathematical models for clearance predictions, advancements in developing novel tools to capture slowly metabolized drugs, in vivo model developments to capture human etiology for supporting drug development, limitations and gaps in these efforts, and a perspective on the future in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasleen Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Poulin P, Haddad S. A New Guidance for the Prediction of Hepatic Clearance in the Early Drug Discovery and Development from the in Vitro-to-in Vivo Extrapolation Method and an Approach for Exploring Whether an Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Phenomenon Could be Present Under in Vivo Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2841-2858. [PMID: 33857483 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methods for predicting the hepatic clearance (CL) of drugs based on microsomal or hepatocyte data have certainly advanced; however, there is still place for improving the extrapolations from in vitro assays containing no plasma proteins. Accordingly, there is a discussion on whether the free drug hypothesis or an albumin (ALB)-mediated hepatic uptake phenomenon is the best scaling method. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to guide the prediction of CL and to diagnose which scaling method between the free drug hypothesis and ALB-mediated uptake could be more accurate; this, irrespective of the mechanism(s) governing CL if the drugs can get to the hepatocyte membrane. The analysis of several datasets demonstrated that almost all values of CL in vivo fall within the two calculated values of CL use as boundaries from: 1) the free drug hypothesis, and 2) ALB-mediated uptake. The average value from these two CL boundaries predicted the CL in vivo with an incredible accuracy. Validating these boundaries in preclinical species prior going to human as well as considering the fractional binding in plasma increased the accuracy. Overall, this study is another step towards guiding the CL prediction in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Québec, Canada; School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sami Haddad
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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