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Alvarez-Salas E, García-Luna C, de Gortari P. New Efforts to Demonstrate the Successful Use of TRH as a Therapeutic Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11047. [PMID: 37446225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a tripeptide that regulates the neuroendocrine thyroid axis. Moreover, its widespread brain distribution has indicated that it is a relevant neuromodulator of behaviors such as feeding, arousal, anxiety, and locomotion. Importantly, it is also a neurotrophic peptide, and thus may halt the development of neurodegenerative diseases and improve mood-related disorders. Its neuroprotective actions on those pathologies and behaviors have been limited due to its poor intestinal and blood-brain barrier permeability, and because it is rapidly degraded by a serum enzyme. As new strategies such as TRH intranasal delivery emerge, a renewed interest in the peptide has arisen. TRH analogs have proven to be safe in animals and humans, while not inducing alterations in thyroid hormones' levels. In this review, we integrate research from different approaches, aiming to demonstrate the therapeutic effects of TRH, and to summarize new efforts to prolong and facilitate the peptide's actions to improve symptoms and the progression of several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alvarez-Salas
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14370, Mexico
| | - Cinthia García-Luna
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14370, Mexico
| | - Patricia de Gortari
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14370, Mexico
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Spoov J. The Mini-TRH Test. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2023; 56:51-56. [PMID: 36495238 DOI: 10.1055/a-1978-8348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), at doses lower than those needed to stimulate prolactin secretion directly, can almost completely antagonize dopamine inhibition of prolactin release. In normal men, prolactin increases 15 min following an i. v. bolus of 12.5 µg TRH (the mini-TRH test), but not the maximal prolactin response to TRH or basal prolactin, positively correlated with prolactin response to haloperidol and negatively with 24-h urinary excretion of homovanillic acid (HVA). These results suggest that the mini-TRH test is a better estimate of dopamine inhibition of prolactin release than the maximal prolactin response or basal prolactin level. A recent neuroimaging study suggested that in schizophrenia, there is a widely distributed defect in extrastriatal dopamine release, but the patients were not in the most acute phase of psychosis. The evidence is reviewed that this defect extends to tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) and which symptoms are associated with the test. In patients with acute nonaffective psychosis, the mini-TRH test positively correlated with nonparanoid delusions and memory dysfunction, indicating decreased dopamine transmission in association with these symptoms. In patients with acute drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia, the mini-TRH test negatively correlated with negative disorganization symptoms and with basal prolactin. The latter correlation suggests the contribution of factors related to maximal prolactin stimulation by TRH; therefore, an alternative dose of 6.25 μg TRH could be used for the mini-TRH test in first-episode patients, allowed by increased sensitivity of the present prolactin tests. Future studies are needed to investigate whether the mini-TRH test could help in finding the optimal antipsychotic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Spoov
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Identification of the Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) as a Novel Biomarker in the Prognosis for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101359. [PMID: 36291567 PMCID: PMC9599642 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a biologically and genetically heterogeneous hematological malignance with an unsatisfactory risk stratification system. Recently, through the novel single-cell RNA sequencing technology, we revealed heterogeneous leukemia myeloblasts in RUNX1-RUNX1T1 AML. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), as biomarkers of CD34+CD117bri myeloblasts, were found to be prognostic in RUNX1-RUNX1T1 AML. However, the clinical and genetic features of TRH in AML patients are poorly understood. Here, with data from TCGA AML, TRH was found to be downregulated in patients older than 60 years old, with DNMT3A and NPM1 mutations, while overexpressed in patients with KIT mutations. This was further validated in three other cohorts of primary AML including Beat AML (n = 223), GSE6891 (n = 461), and GSE17855 (n = 237). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the expression of TRH in AML could be used to improve the ELN 2017 risk stratification system. In conclusion, our preliminary analysis revealed that TRH, a novel biomarker for AML patients, could be used to evaluate the survival of AML.
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Trubacova R, Drastichova Z, Novotny J. Biochemical and physiological insights into TRH receptor-mediated signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:981452. [PMID: 36147745 PMCID: PMC9485831 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.981452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is an important endocrine agent that regulates the function of cells in the anterior pituitary and the central and peripheral nervous systems. By controlling the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones, TRH affects many physiological functions, including energy homeostasis. This hormone exerts its effects through G protein-coupled TRH receptors, which signal primarily through Gq/11 but may also utilize other G protein classes under certain conditions. Because of the potential therapeutic benefit, considerable attention has been devoted to the synthesis of new TRH analogs that may have some advantageous properties compared with TRH. In this context, it may be interesting to consider the phenomenon of biased agonism and signaling at the TRH receptor. This possibility is supported by some recent findings. Although knowledge about the mechanisms of TRH receptor-mediated signaling has increased steadily over the past decades, there are still many unanswered questions, particularly about the molecular details of post-receptor signaling. In this review, we summarize what has been learned to date about TRH receptor-mediated signaling, including some previously undiscussed information, and point to future directions in TRH research that may offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms of TRH receptor-triggered actions and possible ways to modulate TRH receptor-mediated signaling.
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Mamedova E, Dmytriyeva O, Rekling JC. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone induces Ca 2+ increase in a subset of vagal nodose ganglion neurons. Neuropeptides 2022; 94:102261. [PMID: 35704969 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) plays a central role in metabolic homeostasis, and single-cell sequencing has recently demonstrated that vagal sensory neurons in the nodose ganglion express thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (TRHR1). Here, in situ hybridization validated the presence of TRHR1 in nodose ganglion (NG) neurons and immunohistochemistry showed that the receptor is expressed at the protein level. However, it has yet to be demonstrated whether TRHR1 is functionally active in NG neurons. Using NG explants transduced with a genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator (GECI), we show that TRH increases Ca2+ in a subset of NG neurons. TRH-induced Ca2+ transients were briefer compared to those induced by CCK-8, 2-Me-5-HT and ATP. Blocking Na+ channels with TTX or Na+ substitution did not affect the TRH-induced Ca2+ increase, but blocking Gq signaling with YM-254890 abolished the TRH-induced response. Field potential recordings from the vagus nerve in vitro showed an increase in response to TRH, suggesting that TRH signaling produces action potentials in NG neurons. These observations indicate that TRH activates a small group of NG neurons, involving Gq pathways, and we hypothesize that these neurons may play a role in gut-brain signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmira Mamedova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Panum - 24.4, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens C Rekling
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Panum - 24.4, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Algera MH, Cotten JF, van Velzen M, Niesters M, Boon M, Shoham DS, Dandrea KE, van der Schrier R, Dahan A. Are thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and analog taltirelin viable reversal agents of opioid-induced respiratory depression? Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00974. [PMID: 35621218 PMCID: PMC9137104 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) is a potentially life-threatening complication of opioid consumption. Apart from naloxone, an opioid antagonist that has various disadvantages, a possible reversal strategy is treatment of OIRD with the hypothalamic hormone and neuromodulator thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). In this review, we performed a search in electronic databases and retrieved 52 papers on the effect of TRH and TRH-analogs on respiration and their efficacy in the reversal of OIRD in awake and anesthetized mammals, including humans. Animal studies show that TRH and its analog taltirelin stimulate breathing via an effect at the preBötzinger complex, an important respiratory rhythm generator within the brainstem respiratory network. An additional respiratory excitatory effect may be related to TRH's analeptic effect. In awake and anesthetized rodents, TRH and taltirelin improved morphine- and sufentanil-induced respiratory depression, by causing rapid shallow breathing. This pattern of breathing increases the work of breathing, dead space ventilation, atelectasis, and hypoxia. In awake and anesthetized humans, a continuous infusion of intravenous TRH with doses up to 8 mg, did not reverse sufentanil- or remifentanil-induced respiratory depression. This is related to poor penetration of TRH into the brain compartment but also other causes are discussed. No human data on taltirelin are available. In conclusion, data from animals and human indicate that TRH is not a viable reversal agent of OIRD in awake or anesthetized humans. Further human studies on the efficacy and safety of TRH's more potent and longer lasting analog taltirelin are needed as this agent seems to be a more promising reversal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Hyke Algera
- Department of AnesthesiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Joseph F. Cotten
- Department of AnesthesiaCritical Care, and Pain MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Monique van Velzen
- Department of AnesthesiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marieke Niesters
- Department of AnesthesiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Boon
- Department of AnesthesiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Daniel S. Shoham
- Department of AnesthesiaCritical Care, and Pain MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kaye E. Dandrea
- Department of AnesthesiaCritical Care, and Pain MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Albert Dahan
- Department of AnesthesiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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Dopamine Function and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Activity in Major Depressed Patients with Suicidal Behavior. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050621. [PMID: 35625008 PMCID: PMC9139537 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Involvement of the dopaminergic (DA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) systems in suicidal behavior is still poorly understood. We assessed multihormonal responses to apomorphine (APO; a short acting DA receptor agonist) and 8 AM and 11 PM protirelin (TRH) tests in 30 medication-free DSM-5 euthyroid major depressed inpatients with suicidal behavior disorder (SBD) (current, n = 14; in early remission, n = 16) and 18 healthy hospitalized control subjects (HCs). Compared to HCs, responses to APO and TRH tests were unaltered in SBDs in early remission. However, current SBDs exhibited increased APO-induced growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation, and reduced 11 PM thyrotropin (TSH) and ∆∆TSH values (difference between 11 PM and 8 AM TRH-TSH responses). In current SBDs, the association between high APO-GH concentrations and low ∆∆TSH values was more common in recent suicide attempters than in past suicide attempters. These preliminary results suggest that co-occurring alterations in the DA and HPT systems (i.e., DA receptor hyperresponsiveness associated with decreased hypothalamic TRH drive) may contribute to the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. Conversely, normalization of DA and TRH functions might reflect a process of recovery from suicidality. Thus, our findings suggest that drugs targeting the DAergic and TRH systems could be relevant in suicide prevention.
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Algera MH, Cotten JF, van Velzen M, Niesters M, Boon M, Shoham DS, Dandrea KE, van der Schrier R, Dahan A. Respiratory effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its analogue taltirelin on opioid-induced respiratory depression. Br J Anaesth 2022; 129:e4-e6. [PMID: 35459532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke H Algera
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph F Cotten
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monique van Velzen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Niesters
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Boon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel S Shoham
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaye E Dandrea
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Albert Dahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Duval F, Mokrani MC, Erb A, Danila V, Lopera FG, Foucher JR, Jeanjean LC. Thyroid axis activity and dopamine function in depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 128:105219. [PMID: 33839430 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence suggest alterations in both hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and dopamine (DA) function in depressed patients. However, the functional relationships between HPT and DA systems have not been well defined. METHODS We examined thyrotropin (TSH) response to 0800 h and 2300 h protirelin (TRH) challenges, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and growth hormone (GH) responses to apomorphine (APO, a DA receptor agonist), in 58 drug-free DSM-IV major depressed inpatients without a suicidal behavior, and 22 healthy hospitalized controls. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients showed 1) lower basal serum 2300 h-TSH, 2300 h-∆TSH, and ∆∆TSH (difference between 2300 h-∆TSH and 0800 h-∆TSH) levels, and 2) lower cortisol response to APO (∆COR). A negative relationship between ∆∆TSH values and hormonal responses to APO was observed in the depressed group, but not in the control group. When patients were classified on the basis of their ∆∆TSH status, patients with reduced ∆∆TSH values (< 2.5 mU/L) showed hormonal APO responses comparable to those of controls. Patients with normal ∆∆TSH values exhibited lower ∆ACTH, ∆COR, and ∆GH values than patients with reduced ∆∆TSH values and controls. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that hypothalamic DA function is unaltered in depressed patients with HPT dysregulation (i.e., increased hypothalamic TRH drive leading to altered TRH receptor chronesthesy on pituitary thyrotrophs). Conversely, hypothalamic DA-receptor function is decreased in patients with normal HPT axis activity. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of TRH as a homeostatic neuromodulator in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Duval
- APF2R, Rouffach Centre Hospitalier, Pôle 8/9, Rouffach, France.
| | | | - Alexis Erb
- APF2R, Rouffach Centre Hospitalier, Pôle 8/9, Rouffach, France
| | - Vlad Danila
- APF2R, Rouffach Centre Hospitalier, Pôle 8/9, Rouffach, France
| | | | - Jack R Foucher
- iCube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357 FMTS and CEMNIS, Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Ludovic C Jeanjean
- APF2R, Rouffach Centre Hospitalier, Pôle 8/9, Rouffach, France; iCube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357 FMTS and CEMNIS, Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
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Spoov J, Bredbacka PE. Failing Memory in Nonaffective Psychosis and Prolactin Response to 12.5 µg i.v. TRH. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2021; 54:246-247. [PMID: 33979866 DOI: 10.1055/a-1481-9058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increase in plasma prolactin at 15 min following administration of 12.5 µg TRH i. v. (∆prol) was introduced in Pharmacopsychiatry as an inverse estimate of tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) activity 1. We used the unpublished data set in 20 participants with nonaffective psychosis from our 1991 study utilizing ∆prol 2 and here report new results with its association with memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Spoov
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Xiang Z, Xu XH, Knight GE, Burnstock G. Transient expression of thyrotropin releasing hormone peptide and mRNA in the rat hippocampus following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:787-801. [PMID: 33080155 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1840374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of extra-hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has been investigated by pharmacological studies using TRH or its analogues and found to produce a wide array of effects in the central nervous system. METHODS Immunofluorescence, In situ labeling of DNA (TUNEL), in situ hybridization chain reaction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used in this study. RESULTS We found that the granular cells of the dentate gyrus expressed transiently a significant amount of TRH-like immunoreactivity and TRH mRNA during the 6-24 h period following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. TUNEL showed that apoptosis of neurons in the CA1 region occurred from 48 h and almost disappeared at 7 days. TRH administration 30 min before or 24 h after the injury could partially inhibit neuronal loss, and improve the survival of neurons in the CA1 region. CONCLUSION These data suggest that endogenous TRH expressed transiently in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus may play an important role in the survival of neurons during the early stage of ischemia/reperfusion injury and that delayed application of TRH still produced neuroprotection. This delayed application of TRH has a promising therapeutic significance for clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gillian E Knight
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London
| | - Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Charli JL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Hernández-Ortega K, Cote-Vélez A, Uribe RM, Jaimes-Hoy L, Joseph-Bravo P. The Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone-Degrading Ectoenzyme, a Therapeutic Target? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:640. [PMID: 32457627 PMCID: PMC7225337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH: Glp-His-Pro-NH2) is a peptide mainly produced by brain neurons. In mammals, hypophysiotropic TRH neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus integrate metabolic information and drive the secretion of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary, and thus the activity of the thyroid axis. Other hypothalamic or extrahypothalamic TRH neurons have less understood functions although pharmacological studies have shown that TRH has multiple central effects, such as promoting arousal, anorexia and anxiolysis, as well as controlling gastric, cardiac and respiratory autonomic functions. Two G-protein-coupled TRH receptors (TRH-R1 and TRH-R2) transduce TRH effects in some mammals although humans lack TRH-R2. TRH effects are of short duration, in part because the peptide is hydrolyzed in blood and extracellular space by a M1 family metallopeptidase, the TRH-degrading ectoenzyme (TRH-DE), also called pyroglutamyl peptidase II. TRH-DE is enriched in various brain regions but is also expressed in peripheral tissues including the anterior pituitary and the liver, which secretes a soluble form into blood. Among the M1 metallopeptidases, TRH-DE is the only member with a very narrow specificity; its best characterized biological substrate is TRH, making it a target for the specific manipulation of TRH activity. Two other substrates of TRH-DE, Glp-Phe-Pro-NH2 and Glp-Tyr-Pro-NH2, are also present in many tissues. Analogs of TRH resistant to hydrolysis by TRH-DE have prolonged central efficiency. Structure-activity studies allowed the identification of residues critical for activity and specificity. Research with specific inhibitors has confirmed that TRH-DE controls TRH actions. TRH-DE expression by β2-tanycytes of the median eminence of the hypothalamus allows the control of TRH flux into the hypothalamus-pituitary portal vessels and may regulate serum thyrotropin secretion. In this review we describe the critical evidences that suggest that modification of TRH-DE activity in tanycytes, and/or in other brain regions, may generate beneficial consequences in some central and metabolic disorders and identify potential drawbacks and missing information needed to test these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Benoit SM, Xu H, Schmid S, Alexandrova R, Kaur G, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Pereira SL, Jog M, Hebb MO. Expanding the search for genetic biomarkers of Parkinson's disease into the living brain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104872. [PMID: 32302674 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered gene expression related to Parkinson's Disease (PD) has not been described in the living brain, yet this information may support novel discovery pertinent to disease pathophysiology and treatment. This study compared the transcriptome in brain biopsies obtained from living PD and Control patients. To evaluate the novelty of this data, a comprehensive literature review also compared differentially expressed gene (DEGs) identified in the current study with those reported in PD cadaveric brain and peripheral tissues. RNA was extracted from rapidly cryopreserved frontal lobe specimens collected from PD and Control patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed and validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. DEG data was assessed using bioinformatics and subsequently included within a comparative analysis of PD RNA-Seq studies. 370 DEGs identified in living brain specimens reflected diverse gene groups and included key members of trophic signaling, apoptosis, inflammation and cell metabolism pathways. The comprehensive literature review yielded 7 RNA-Seq datasets generated from blood, skin and cadaveric brain but none from a living brain source. From the current dataset, 123 DEGs were identified only within the living brain and 267 DEGs were either newly found or had distinct directional change in living brain relative to other tissues. This is the first known study to analyze the transcriptome in brain tissue from living PD and Control patients. The data produced using these methods offer a unique, unexplored resource with potential to advance insight into the genetic associations of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Benoit
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 339 Windermere Road, Suite C7-134, London N6A 5A5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 339 Windermere Road, Suite C7-134, London N6A 5A5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susanne Schmid
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, Medical Sciences Building, Room 443, London N6A 3K7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roumiana Alexandrova
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 656 Bay Street, Room 139800, Toronto M5G 0A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaganjot Kaur
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 656 Bay Street, Room 139800, Toronto M5G 0A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 656 Bay Street, Room 139800, Toronto M5G 0A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sergio L Pereira
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 656 Bay Street, Room 139800, Toronto M5G 0A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mandar Jog
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 339 Windermere Road, Suite C7-134, London N6A 5A5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew O Hebb
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 339 Windermere Road, Suite C7-134, London N6A 5A5, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, Medical Sciences Building, Room 443, London N6A 3K7, Ontario, Canada.
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Prokai-Tatrai K, De La Cruz DL, Nguyen V, Ross BP, Toth I, Prokai L. Brain Delivery of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone via a Novel Prodrug Approach. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E349. [PMID: 31323784 PMCID: PMC6680701 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Using thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) as a model, we explored whether synergistic combination of lipoamino acid(s) and a linker cleaved by prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) can be used as a promoiety for prodrug design for the preferential brain delivery of the peptide. A representative prodrug based on this design principle was synthesized, and its membrane affinity and in vitro metabolic stability, with or without the presence of a POP inhibitor, were studied. The in vivo formation of TRH from the prodrug construct was probed by utilizing the antidepressant effect of the peptide, as well as its ability to increase acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release. We found that the prototype prodrug showed excellent membrane affinity and greatly increased metabolic stability in mouse blood and brain homogenate compared to the parent peptide, yet a POP inhibitor completely prevented prodrug metabolism in brain homogenate. In vivo, administration of the prodrug triggered antidepressant-like effect, and microdialysis sampling showed greatly increased ACh release that was also antagonized upon a POP inhibitor treatment. Altogether, the obtained promising exploratory data warrant further investigations on the utility of the prodrug approach introduced here for brain-enhanced delivery of small peptides with neurotherapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Daniel L De La Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Benjamin P Ross
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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15
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Fröhlich E, Wahl R. The forgotten effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone: Metabolic functions and medical applications. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:29-43. [PMID: 29935915 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causes a variety of thyroidal and non-thyroidal effects, the best known being the feedback regulation of thyroid hormone levels. This was employed in the TRH stimulation test, which is currently little used. The role of TRH as a cancer biomarker is minor, but exaggerated responses to TSH and prolactin levels in breast cancer led to the hypothesis of a potential role for TRH in the pathogenesis of this disease. TRH is a rapidly degraded peptide with multiple targets, limiting its suitability as a biomarker and drug candidate. Although some studies reported efficacy in neural diseases (depression, spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc.), therapeutic use of TRH is presently restricted to spinocerebellar degenerative disease. Regulation of TRH production in the hypothalamus, patterns of expression of TRH and its receptor in the body, its role in energy metabolism and in prolactin secretion are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Internal Medicine (Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry), University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Muellerstrasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Center for Medical Research, Medical University Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Wahl
- Internal Medicine (Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry), University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Muellerstrasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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16
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Zheng C, Chen G, Tan Y, Zeng W, Peng Q, Wang J, Cheng C, Yang X, Nie S, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Papa SM, Ye K, Cao X. TRH Analog, Taltirelin Protects Dopaminergic Neurons From Neurotoxicity of MPTP and Rotenone. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:485. [PMID: 30618632 PMCID: PMC6306470 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons loss is one of the main pathological characters of Parkinson’s disease (PD), while no suitable neuroprotective agents have been in clinical use. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its analogs protect neurons from ischemia and various cytotoxins, but whether the effect also applies in PD models remain unclear. Here, we showed that Taltirelin, a long-acting TRH analog, exhibited the neuroprotective effect in both cellular and animal models of PD. The in vitro study demonstrated that Taltirelin (5 μM) reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by MPP+ or rotenone, alleviated apoptosis and rescued the viability of SH-SY5Y cells and rat primary midbrain neurons. Interestingly, SH-SY5Y cells treated with Taltirelin also displayed lower level of p-tau (S396) and asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) cleavage products, tau N368 and α-synuclein N103 fragments, accompanied by a lower intracellular monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activity. In the subacute MPTP-induced and chronic rotenone-induced PD mice models, we found Taltirelin (1 mg/kg) significantly improved the locomotor function and preserved dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). In accordance with the in vitro study, Taltirelin down-regulated the levels of p-tau (S396), p-α-synuclein (S129) tau N368 and α-synuclein N103 fragments in SN and striatum. Together, this study demonstrates that Taltirelin may exert neuroprotective effect via inhibiting MAO-B and reducing the oxidative stress and apoptosis, preventing AEP activation and its subsequent pathological cleavage of tau and α-synuclein, thus provides evidence for Taltirelin in protective treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Tan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiqi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiwei Peng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuke Nie
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Stella M Papa
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Zheng C, Chen G, Tan Y, Zeng W, Peng Q, Wang J, Cheng C, Yang X, Nie S, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Papa SM, Ye K, Cao X. TRH Analog, Taltirelin Improves Motor Function of Hemi-PD Rats Without Inducing Dyskinesia via Sustained Dopamine Stimulating Effect. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:417. [PMID: 30555300 PMCID: PMC6282053 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its analogs are able to stimulate the release of the endogenic dopamine (DA) in the central nervous system. However, this effect has not been tested in the Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is characterized by the DA deficiency due to the dopaminergic neurons loss in the substantia nigra. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of Taltirelin, a long-acting TRH analog on 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned hemi-Parkinsonian rat model. 1–10 mg/kg Taltirelin i.p. administration significantly improved the locomotor function and halted the electrophysiological abnormities of PD animals without inducing dyskinesia even with high-dose for 7 days treatment. Microdialysis showed that Taltirelin gently and persistently promoted DA release in the cortex and striatum, while L-DOPA induced a sharp rise of DA especially in the cortex. The DA-releasing effect of Taltirelin was alleviated by reserpine, vanoxerine (GBR12909) or AMPT, indicating a mechanism involving vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2), dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The in vivo and in vitro experiments further supported that Taltirelin affected the regulation of TH expression in striatal neurons, which was mediated by p-ERK1/2. Together, this study demonstrated that Taltirelin improved motor function of hemi-PD rats without inducing dyskinesia, thus supporting a further exploration of Taltirelin for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Tan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiqi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiwei Peng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuke Nie
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Stella M Papa
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Duval F, Mokrani MC, Erb A, Gonzalez Opera F, Calleja C, Paris V. Relationship between chronobiological thyrotropin and prolactin responses to protirelin (TRH) and suicidal behavior in depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 85:100-109. [PMID: 28843902 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND So far, investigations of the relationships between suicidality and the activity of the thyrotropic and lactotropic axes are scarce and have yielded conflicting results. METHODS We studied the thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) responses to 0800h and 2300h protirelin (TRH) stimulation tests, carried out on the same day, in 122 euthyroid DSM-5 major depressed inpatients with suicidal behavior disorder (SBD) (either current [n=71], or in early remission [n=51]); and 50 healthy hospitalized controls. RESULTS Baseline TSH and PRL measurements did not differ across the 3 groups. In SBDs in early remission, the TSH and PRL responses to TRH tests (expressed as the maximum increment above baseline value after TRH [Δ]) were indistinguishable from controls. Current SBDs showed (1) lower 2300h-ΔTSH and lower ΔΔTSH values (differences between 2300h-ΔTSH and 0800h-ΔTSH) than controls and SBDs in early remission; and (2) lower baseline free thyroxine (FT4B) levels than controls. In the current SBD group, ΔΔPRL values (differences between 2300h-ΔPRL and 0800h-ΔPRL) were correlated negatively with lethality. Moreover, in current SBDs (1) violent suicide attempters (n=15) showed lower FT4B levels, lower TSH-TRH responses (both at 0800h and 2300h), and lower ΔΔTSH and ΔΔPRL values than controls, while (2) non-violent suicide attempters (n=56) showed lower ΔΔTSH values than controls and higher TSH-TRH responses (both at 0800h and 2300h) than violent suicide attempters. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that central TRH secretion is not altered in depressed patients with SBD in early remission. The findings that current SBDs exhibit both decreased FT4B levels and decreased evening TSH responses (and consequently, decreased ΔΔTSH values) support the hypothesis that hypothalamic TRH drive is reduced-leading to an impaired TSH resynthesis in the pituitary during the day after the morning TRH challenge. In violent suicide attempters, the marked abnormalities of TRH test responses might indicate a greatest reduction in hypothalamic TRH drive. These results further strengthen the possibility that a deficit in central TRH function may play a key role in the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Duval
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France.
| | | | - Alexis Erb
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France
| | | | - Cécile Calleja
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France
| | - Véronique Paris
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France
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19
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Effect of L-pGlu-(1-benzyl)-l-His-l-Pro-NH 2 against in-vitro and in-vivo models of cerebral ischemia and associated neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1256-1265. [PMID: 27810782 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system plays a vital role in regulation of most of biological functions which are abnormally affected in various disorders including cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's (AD and PD) worldwide. Cerebral stroke is an extremely fatal and one of the least comprehensible neurological disorders due to limited availability of prospective clinical approaches and therapeutics. Since, some endogenous peptides like thyrotropin-releasing hormone have shown substantial neuroprotective potential, hence present study evaluates the newer thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue L-pGlu-(1-benzyl)-l-His-l-Pro-NH2 for its neuroprotective effects against oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), glutamate and H2O2 induced injury in pheochromocytoma cell lines (PC-12 cells) and in-vivo ischemic injury in mice. Additionally, the treatment was further analyzed with respect to models of AD and PD in mice. Cerebral ischemia was induced by clamping both bilateral common carotid arteries for ten minutes. Treatment was administered to the mice five minute after restoration of blood supply to brain. Consequential changes in neurobehavioural, biochemical and histological parameters were assessed after a week. L-pGlu-(1-benzyl)-l-His-l-Pro-NH2 showed significant reduction in glutamate, H2O2 and OGD -induced cell death in concentration and time dependent manner. Moreover, L-pGlu-(1-benzyl)-l-His-l-Pro-NH2 resulted in a substantial reduction in CA1 (Cornus Ammonis 1) hippocampal neuronal cell death, inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6 and oxidative stress in hippocampus. In addition, L-pGlu-(1-benzyl)-l-His-l-Pro-NH2 was found to be protective in two acute models of AD and PD as well these findings demonstrate the neuroprotective potential of L-pGlu-(1-benzyl)-l-His-l-Pro-NH2 in cerebral ischemia and other diseases, which may be mediated through reduction of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.
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20
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Puga L, Alcántara-Alonso V, Coffeen U, Jaimes O, de Gortari P. TRH injected into the nucleus accumbens shell releases dopamine and reduces feeding motivation in rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 306:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Kolaj M, Zhang L, Renaud LP. L-type calcium channels and MAP kinase contribute to thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced depolarization in thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1120-7. [PMID: 27009047 PMCID: PMC4935505 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00082.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In rat paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) neurons, activation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors enhances neuronal excitability via concurrent decrease in a G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K (GIRK)-like conductance and opening of a cannabinoid receptor-sensitive transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)-like conductance. Here, we investigated the calcium (Ca(2+)) contribution to the components of this TRH-induced response. TRH-induced membrane depolarization was reduced in the presence of intracellular BAPTA, also in media containing nominally zero [Ca(2+)]o, suggesting a critical role for both intracellular Ca(2+) release and Ca(2+) influx. TRH-induced inward current was unchanged by T-type Ca(2+) channel blockade, but was decreased by blockade of high-voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels (HVACCs). Both the pharmacologically isolated GIRK-like and the TRPC-like components of the TRH-induced response were decreased by nifedipine and increased by BayK8644, implying Ca(2+) influx via L-type Ca(2+) channels. Only the TRPC-like conductance was reduced by either thapsigargin or dantrolene, suggesting a role for ryanodine receptors and Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release in this component of the TRH-induced response. In pituitary and other cell lines, TRH stimulates MAPK. In PVT neurons, only the GIRK-like component of the TRH-induced current was selectively decreased in the presence of PD98059, a MAPK inhibitor. Collectively, the data imply that TRH-induced depolarization and inward current in PVT neurons involve both a dependency on extracellular Ca(2+) influx via opening of L-type Ca(2+) channels, a sensitivity of a TRPC-like component to intracellular Ca(2+) release via ryanodine channels, and a modulation by MAPK of a GIRK-like conductance component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslav Kolaj
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program and University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program and University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leo P Renaud
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program and University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Intracellular postsynaptic cannabinoid receptors link thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors to TRPC-like channels in thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 311:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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TRH and TRH receptor system in the basolateral amygdala mediate stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:346-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Wronska D. Thyroid gland in vitro activity and reactivity to TRH in newborn lambs. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:67-71. [PMID: 26412522 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the thyroid gland tissue concentration and activity on T4 and T3 in vitro release to the medium without (control) or with TRH (10 μg/ml) for 90 min of incubation in lambs just after birth and after the first 6h of postnatal life. The results obtained show that T4 concentration in the blood plasma in newborn lambs as well after 6h of life is higher than in thyroid gland tissue. In the case of T3 the concentration in blood plasma of lambs just after birth is lower than after 6h of postnatal life. Inversely, the higher level of that hormone concentration in blood plasma just after birth is higher than in the thyroid gland tissue. The results clearly indicate the inhibitory TRH effect on in vitro T4 especially, and in lesser degree T3 release from the thyroid gland tissue of lambs just after birth. Stimulation of the TRH thyroid gland tissue from lambs after 6h of life caused an increase in T4 release, especially after 60 min of the experiment. Similarly, a significant increase of T3 release was found only after 60 min of incubation. The transient promoting TRH effect on the amount of iodothyronine release from the thyroid gland in older lambs is probably connected with this gland's function not occurring before the designated time of postnatal adaptation. The described in vitro experiment visibly shows that changing thyroid gland activity in newborn lambs is not only conditioned by the entire HPT activity, but by the immanent thyroid gland attributes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wronska
- Department of Physiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Hugo Kollataj Agricultural University in Cracow, Poland.
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25
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Joseph-Bravo P, Jaimes-Hoy L, Uribe RM, Charli JL. 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: TRH, the first hypophysiotropic releasing hormone isolated: control of the pituitary-thyroid axis. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:T85-T100. [PMID: 26101376 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the findings that led to the discovery of TRH and the understanding of the central mechanisms which control hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT) activity. The earliest studies on thyroid physiology are now dated a century ago when basal metabolic rate was associated with thyroid status. It took over 50 years to identify the key elements involved in the HPT axis. Thyroid hormones (TH: T4 and T3) were characterized first, followed by the semi-purification of TSH whose later characterization paralleled that of TRH. Studies on the effects of TH became possible with the availability of synthetic hormones. DNA recombinant techniques facilitated the identification of all the elements involved in the HPT axis, including their mode of regulation. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons, which control the pituitary-thyroid axis, were identified among other hypothalamic neurons which express TRH. Three different deiodinases were recognized in various tissues, as well as their involvement in cell-specific modulation of T3 concentration. The role of tanycytes in setting TRH levels due to the activity of deiodinase type 2 and the TRH-degrading ectoenzyme was unraveled. TH-feedback effects occur at different levels, including TRH and TSH synthesis and release, deiodinase activity, pituitary TRH-receptor and TRH degradation. The activity of TRH neurons is regulated by nutritional status through neurons of the arcuate nucleus, which sense metabolic signals such as circulating leptin levels. Trh expression and the HPT axis are activated by energy demanding situations, such as cold and exercise, whereas it is inhibited by negative energy balance situations such as fasting, inflammation or chronic stress. New approaches are being used to understand the activity of TRHergic neurons within metabolic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Rosa-María Uribe
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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Leone S, Shohreh R, Manippa F, Recinella L, Ferrante C, Orlando G, Salvatori R, Vacca M, Brunetti L. Behavioural phenotyping of male growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) knockout mice. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014; 24:192-197. [PMID: 25028079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a key regulator of GH secretion. The role of GH in anxiety is somewhat contradictory. The aim of this study is to elucidate the consequences of lack of GHRH on emotional behaviour in a mouse model of GH deficiency due to removal of the GHRH gene (GHRH knock out, GHRHKO). DESIGN Homozygous GHRHKO and wild type male mice were utilized for this study. The emotional behaviour was measured through a battery of behavioural tests (locomotor activity/open field, light-dark exploration, elevated plus maze, forced swim test, tail suspension test). To correlate the emotional behaviour with brain neurochemistry, we evaluated thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) gene expression in hypothalamic tissue by real-time PCR, and the levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in prefrontal cortex by HPLC analysis. RESULTS GHRHKO mice showed increased exploratory activity. In the open field test (P<0.005), light-dark box (P<0.005) and elevated plus maze (P<0.05), GHRHKO mice demonstrated a decrease in anxiety-related behaviour. In addition, GHRHKO mice showed reduced immobility time with respect to control in forced swim test and tail suspension test (P<0.0001). The gene expression of hypothalamic TRH (P<0.05) was increased, while NE levels in prefrontal cortex were decreased compared to control (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that in male mice GHRH deficiency brings about an increased physical activity and decreased anxiety- and depression-related behaviour, possibly related to increased TRH and decreased NE levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rugia Shohreh
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabio Manippa
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Salvatori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele Vacca
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
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First-in-class thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-based compound binds to a pharmacologically distinct TRH receptor subtype in human brain and is effective in neurodegenerative models. Neuropharmacology 2014; 89:193-203. [PMID: 25281210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
JAK4D, a first-in-class thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-based compound, is a prospective therapeutic candidate offering a multifaceted approach to treating neurodegeneration and other CNS conditions. The purpose of these studies was to determine the ability of JAK4D to bind to TRH receptors in human brain and to evaluate its neuropharmacological effects in neurodegenerative animal models. Additionally, JAK4D brain permeation was examined in mouse, and initial toxicology was assessed in vivo and in vitro. We report that JAK4D bound selectively with nanomolar affinity to native TRH receptors in human hippocampal tissue and showed for the first time that these receptors are pharmacologically distinct from TRH receptors in human pituitary, thus revealing a new TRH receptor subtype which represents a promising neurotherapeutic target in human brain. Systemic administration of JAK4D elicited statistically significant and clinically-relevant neuroprotective effects in three established neurodegenerative animal models: JAK4D reduced cognitive deficits when administered post-insult in a kainate (KA)-induced rat model of neurodegeneration; it protected against free radical release and neuronal damage evoked by intrastriatal microdialysis of KA in rat; and it reduced motor decline, weight loss, and lumbar spinal cord neuronal loss in G93A-SOD1 transgenic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis mice. Ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and a clean initial toxicology profile were also shown. In light of these findings, JAK4D is an important tool for investigating the hitherto-unidentified central TRH receptor subtype reported herein and an attractive therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Rodríguez-Molina V, Patiño J, Vargas Y, Sánchez-Jaramillo E, Joseph-Bravo P, Charli JL. TRH regulates action potential shape in cerebral cortex pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 2014; 1571:1-11. [PMID: 24842001 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is a neuropeptide with a wide neural distribution and a variety of functions. It modulates neuronal electrophysiological properties, including resting membrane potential, as well as excitatory postsynaptic potential and spike frequencies. We explored, with whole-cell patch clamp, TRH effect on action potential shape in pyramidal neurons of the sensorimotor cortex. TRH reduced spike and after hyperpolarization amplitudes, and increased spike half-width. The effect varied with dose, time and cortical layer. In layer V, 0.5µM of TRH induced a small increase in spike half-width, while 1 and 5µM induced a strong but transient change in spike half-width, and amplitude; after hyperpolarization amplitude was modified at 5µM of TRH. Cortical layers III and VI neurons responded intensely to 0.5µM TRH; layer II neurons response was small. The effect of 1µM TRH on action potential shape in layer V neurons was blocked by G-protein inhibition. Inhibition of the activity of the TRH-degrading enzyme pyroglutamyl peptidase II (PPII) reproduced the effect of TRH, with enhanced spike half-width. Many cortical PPII mRNA+ cells were VGLUT1 mRNA+, and some GAD mRNA+. These data show that TRH regulates action potential shape in pyramidal cortical neurons, and are consistent with the hypothesis that PPII controls its action in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rodríguez-Molina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70250, México, D.F. 04510, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Javier Patiño
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Yamili Vargas
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ave. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Edith Sánchez-Jaramillo
- Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, México D.F., México
| | - Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ave. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ave. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México.
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Kolaj M, Zhang L, Hermes MLHJ, Renaud LP. Intrinsic properties and neuropharmacology of midline paraventricular thalamic nucleus neurons. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:132. [PMID: 24860449 PMCID: PMC4029024 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei are components of an interconnected brainstem, limbic and prefrontal cortex neural network that is engaged during arousal, vigilance, motivated and addictive behaviors, and stress. To better understand the cellular mechanisms underlying these functions, here we review some of the recently characterized electrophysiological and neuropharmacological properties of neurons in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT), derived from whole cell patch clamp recordings in acute rat brain slice preparations. PVT neurons display firing patterns and ionic conductances (IT and IH) that exhibit significant diurnal change. Their resting membrane potential (RMP) is maintained by various ionic conductances that include inward rectifier (Kir), hyperpolarization-activated nonselective cation (HCN) and TWIK-related acid sensitive (TASK) K+ channels. Firing patterns are regulated by high voltage-activated (HVA) and low voltage-activated (LVA) Ca2+ conductances. Moreover, transient receptor potential (TRP)-like nonselective cation channels together with Ca2+- and Na+-activated K+ conductances (KCa; KNa) contribute to unique slow afterhyperpolarizing potentials (sAHPs) that are generally not detectable in lateral thalamic or reticular thalamic nucleus neurons. The excitability of PVT neurons is also modulated by activation of neurotransmitter receptors associated with afferent pathways to PVT and other thalamic midline nuclei. We report on receptor-mediated actions of GABA, glutamate, monoamines and several neuropeptides: arginine vasopressin, gastrin-releasing peptide, thyrotropin releasing hormone and the orexins (hypocretins). This review represents an initial survey of intrinsic and transmitter-sensitive ionic conductances that are deemed to be unique to this population of midline thalamic neurons, information that is fundamental to an appreciation of the role these thalamic neurons may play in normal central nervous system (CNS) physiology and in CNS disorders that involve the dorsomedial thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslav Kolaj
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael L H J Hermes
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leo P Renaud
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Quintanar JL, Guzmán-Soto I. Hypothalamic neurohormones and immune responses. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:56. [PMID: 23964208 PMCID: PMC3741963 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the current literature describing the neural-immune interactions, with emphasis on the most recent findings of the effects of neurohormones on immune system. Particularly, the role of hypothalamic hormones such as Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In the past few years, interest has been raised in extrapituitary actions of these neurohormones due to their receptors have been found in many non-pituitary tissues. Also, the receptors are present in immune cells, suggesting an autocrine or paracrine role within the immune system. In general, these neurohormones have been reported to exert immunomodulatory effects on cell proliferation, immune mediators release and cell function. The implications of these findings in understanding the network of hypothalamic neuropeptides and immune system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Quintanar
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, México
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What future for neuroendocrinology in psychiatry? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1213-9. [PMID: 23684480 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In psychiatry, neuroendocrine techniques were initially considered a potential "window into the brain" by indirectly marking central nervous system limbic dysfunction. At present this conception has evolved, owing to significant progress over the last decades demonstrating direct involvement of neuropeptides and neurohormones in psychiatric diseases. In a synchronic perspective, neuroendocrine investigations evaluate a functional status at a given moment in the evolution of the disease, which results from both etiopathogenic processes and compensatory homeostatic mechanisms. These vital physiological changes appear to be potential targets for novel hormonally based pharmacotherapies. However, in the past few years, the interest for the study of neuroendocrine dysregulations in psychiatric patients has declined. In order to better understand this relative disinterest, this article will attempt to shed light on strengths and limitations of the neuroendocrine approaches in psychiatry. It is necessary to bear in mind that the usefulness of these techniques in the clinical, pathophysiological and therapeutic fields depends largely on the selectivity of stimuli and the appropriateness of the methodologies used. Owing to the complexity of the clinical phenomena, multifactorial approaches (combining several neuroendocrine challenge tests to imaging, immunological, neurophysiological, neurochemical and/or genetic techniques) are to be privileged in psychiatric investigations. Despite the inherent limitations of these approaches, due to their technical and ethical constraints, the neuroendocrine strategy can inform modern clinical practice and lead to new breakthroughs in future science and practice.
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Thirunarayanan N, Nir EA, Raaka BM, Gershengorn MC. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 (TRH-R1), not TRH-R2, primarily mediates taltirelin actions in the CNS of mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:950-6. [PMID: 23303050 PMCID: PMC3629383 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 2 (TRH-R2), not TRH-R1, has been proposed to mediate the CNS effects of TRH and its more effective analog taltirelin (TAL). Consistent with this idea, TAL exhibited higher binding affinity and signaling potency at mouse TRH-R2 than TRH-R1 in a model cell system. We used TRH-R1 knockout (R1ko), R2ko and R1/R2ko mice to determine which receptor mediates the CNS effects of TAL. There was no TRH-R1 mRNA in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice and no TRH-R2 mRNA in R2ko and R1/R2ko mice. Specific [(3)H]MeTRH binding to whole brain membranes was 5% of wild type (WT) for R1ko mice, 100% for R2ko mice and 0% for R1/R2ko mice, indicating TRH-R1 is the predominant receptor expressed in the brain. In arousal assays, TAL shortened sleep time with pentobarbital sedation in WT and R2ko mice by 44 and 49% and with ketamine/xylazine sedation by 66 and 55%, but had no effect in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice. In a tail flick assay of nociception, TAL increased response latency by 65 and 70% in WT and R2ko mice, but had no effect in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice. In a tail suspension test of depression-like behavior, TAL increased mobility time by 49 and 37% in WT and R2ko mice, but had no effect in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice. Thus, in contrast to the generally accepted view that the CNS effects of TAL are mediated by TRH-R2, these effects are mediated primarily if not exclusively by TRH-R1 in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthakumar Thirunarayanan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eshel A Nir
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruce M Raaka
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA,Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 50 South Drive, Room 4134, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel: +1 301 451 6305, Fax: +1 301 480 4214, E-mail:
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Zhang L, Kolaj M, Renaud LP. GIRK-like and TRPC-like conductances mediate thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced increases in excitability in thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:106-15. [PMID: 23632082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVT), reported to participate in arousal and motivated behaviors, contains abundant receptors for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a neuropeptide also known to modulate arousal and mood. To test the hypothesis that TRH could influence the excitability of PVT neurons, whole cell patch-clamp recordings obtained in rat brain slice preparations were evaluated during bath applied TRH. In the majority of neurons tested, TRH induced reversible TTX-resistant membrane depolarization. Under voltage-clamp, TRH induced a concentration-dependent G protein- mediated inward current. The mean net TRH-induced current exhibited a decrease in membrane conductance. Further analyses identified two concurrent conductances contributing to the TRH-induced response. One conductance featured a Na(+)-independent and K(+)-dependent net current that displayed rectification and was suppressed by micromolar concentrations of Ba(2+) and two GIRK antagonists, tertiapin Q and SCH 23390. The second conductance featured a Na(+)-dependent net inward current with an I-V relationship that exhibited double rectification with a negative slope conductance below -40 mV. This conductance was suppressed by nonselective TRPC channel blockers 2-APB, flufenamic acid and ML204, enhanced by La(3+) in a subpopulation of cells, and unchanged by the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine or a Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger blocker KB-R7943. TRH also enhanced hyperpolarization-activated low threshold spikes, a feature that was sensitive to pretreatment with either 2-APB or ML204. Collectively, the data imply that TRH enhances excitability in PVT neurons via concurrently decreasing a G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K(+) conductance and activating a cationic conductance with characteristics reminiscent of TRPC-like channels, possibly involving TRPC4/C5 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program and University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, 725 Parkdale Ave., K1Y 4E9 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Lazcano I, Uribe RM, Martínez-Chávez E, Vargas MA, Matziari M, Joseph-Bravo P, Charli JL. Pyroglutamyl Peptidase II Inhibition Enhances the Analeptic Effect of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Rat Medial Septum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:222-31. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.192278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Gutiérrez-Mariscal M, Sánchez E, Rebolledo-Solleiro D, García-Vázquez AI, Cote-Vélez A, Acasuso-Rivero C, Charli JL, Joseph-Bravo P. The acute response of the amygdalar TRH system to psychogenic stressors varies dependent on the paradigm and circadian condition. Brain Res 2012; 1452:73-84. [PMID: 22464182 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Central administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) reduces anxiety; amygdalar TRH expression is inversely proportional to the anxious behavior displayed in the elevated plus maze performed during the dark phase (EPM-D). To better understand the role of TRH in amygdala function, we evaluated the expression of TRH and the elements involved in its transmission in various stressful paradigms and how they associated with behavior. Wistar male rats were exposed to restraint (RES), EPM, or the open field test (OFT) and sacrificed 0-60 min afterwards; OFT, RES and EPM were performed during the light (L), and OFT during the dark phase. Restraint increased amygdalar levels of proCRH mRNA, without change in proTRH. All paradigms augmented corticosterone release, highest after OFT-L that also enhanced proCRH mRNA levels and decreased those of proTRH. OFT-D activated the TRH system. Levels of anxiety or locomotion were similar in animals tested in light or dark phases but their association with biochemical parameters differed. ProTRH expression and TRH release correlated positively with decreased anxiety in EPM-L and in OFT-D. No association with anxiety was detected in OFT-L where proCRH and proTRH expression correlated with locomotion supporting their involvement in arousal. The responses of TRH amygdalar systems appeared modulated by the extent of the stress response and by the circadian conditions. Increased proTRH expression of animals exposed to OFT-D was specifically observed in the cortical nucleus of the amygdala, area involved in processing fear stimuli; these TRH neurons may thus be part of a circuit with anxiolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gutiérrez-Mariscal
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, MOR., Mexico
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Khomane KS, Meena CL, Jain R, Bansal AK. Novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogs: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 21:1673-91. [PMID: 22017410 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.623127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential therapeutic applications of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) have attracted attention, based on its broad-spectrum neuropharmacological action rather than its endocrine properties. These central nervous system (CNS)-mediated effects provide the rationale for use of TRH and its analogs in the treatment of brain and spinal injury, and CNS disorders like schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, depression, shock and ischemia. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the patent literature and advances in the discovery and development of novel TRH analogs over the past 20 years. It provides a comprehensive overview of the development of new TRH analogs, giving emphasis to their pharmaceutical profile. EXPERT OPINION The use of TRH in the treatment of various CNS disorders has been proven clinically. However, TRH itself is a poor drug candidate due to its short plasma half-life (5 min), poor biopharmaceutical properties (low intestinal and CNS permeability) and endocrine side effect. Nevertheless, researchers have come up with metabolically stable, more potent and selective TRH analogs and prodrugs. Taltirelin, one of the TRH analogs, has been approved under the trade name of Ceredist(®) in Japan for the treatment of spinocerebellar degeneration. Several other TRH analogs are in various stages of preclinical or clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailas S Khomane
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Department of Pharmaceutics, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Thirunarayanan N, Raaka BM, Gershengorn MC. Taltirelin is a superagonist at the human thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:120. [PMID: 23087672 PMCID: PMC3466466 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Taltirelin (TAL) is a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog that is approved for use in humans in Japan. In this study, we characterized TAL binding to and signaling by the human TRH receptor (TRH-R) in a model cell system. We found that TAL exhibited lower binding affinities than TRH and lower signaling potency via the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium pathway than TRH. However, TAL exhibited higher intrinsic efficacy than TRH in stimulating inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate second messenger generation. This is the first study that elucidates the pharmacology of TAL at TRH-R and shows that TAL is a superagonist at TRH-R. We suggest the superagonism exhibited by TAL may in part explain its higher activity in mediating central nervous system effects in humans compared to TRH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- *Correspondence: Marvin C. Gershengorn, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 4134, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. e-mail:
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Kamath J, Feinn R, Winokur A. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone as a treatment for cancer-related fatigue: a randomized controlled study. Support Care Cancer 2011; 20:1745-53. [PMID: 21947558 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-011-1268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue is a common and often disabling symptom for cancer patients. To date, no pharmacological interventions have shown reliable efficacy in treatment of cancer-related fatigue (CF). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a key regulator of homeostasis, exerts arousing and analeptic actions in instances of behavioral depression. In the present pilot, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of TRH as a treatment for CF. METHODS Patients with cancer experiencing significant fatigue without medically reversible causes were enrolled in this study. The primary outcome measure was the visual analog scale for energy (VAS-E) assessed at 3, 7, and 24 h post-study medication administration. Secondary outcome measures included the profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire, a 6-min walking test, the hospital anxiety and depression scale, the Leeds sleep questionnaire, and assessment of quality of life using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F). RESULTS Eight patients completed the study. TRH administration was associated with significant improvement in fatigue level as measured by the VAS-E, the fatigue and vigor subscales of the POMS, and the fatigue subscale of FACIT-F (p < 0.05). It was also associated with a positive impact on quality of life. TRH administration was associated with transient increases in blood pressure and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS TRH administration was efficacious, safe, and tolerable in the treatment of CF with a positive impact on quality of life. These results provide a crucial impetus for pursuing TRH therapeutics to treat CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, 10 Talcott Notch Road, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Mazzoccoli G, Pazienza V, Piepoli A, Muscarella LA, Giuliani F, Sothern RB. Alteration of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Integr Cancer Ther 2011; 11:327-36. [PMID: 21862518 DOI: 10.1177/1534735411413269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis function in patients suffering from lung cancer. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), interleukin (IL)-2, and melatonin serum levels were measured in blood samples collected every 4 hours for 24 hours from 11 healthy participants (H; ages 35-53 years) and 9 patients suffering from non-small-cell lung cancer (C; ages 43-63 years). Relationships between hormone levels overall and over time of day were evaluated within and among groups. A prominent circadian rhythm with peaks near midnight was present for TSH and melatonin serum levels in both H and C, indicating similar synchronization of the main body clock to the 24-hour environmental light-dark cycle. As regards 24-hour means in H and C, TSH was lower in C, whereas TRH, FT4, and IL-2 were higher in C, with no difference in melatonin levels. Simple linear regression, FT4 versus TRH, showed a positive correlation in H and a negative correlation in C, whereas FT4 versus TSH showed a negative correlation in both groups. For FT4 versus IL-2, a negative correlation was found in C but not for H, whereas TSH versus TRH showed no correlation for either group. Both groups were found to be similarly synchronized to the 24-hour sleep-wake schedule, but HPT axis function was altered in patients suffering from lung cancer. When compared with healthy controls, cancer patients showed modifications of hormone serum levels overall and a negative correlation between individual TRH and FT4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
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Rajput SK, Siddiqui MA, Kumar V, Meena CL, Pant AB, Jain R, Sharma SS. Protective effects of L-pGlu-(2-propyl)-L-His-L-ProNH2, a newer thyrotropin releasing hormone analog in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. Peptides 2011; 32:1225-31. [PMID: 21515320 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the newly synthesized TRH analog (L-pGlu-(2-propyl)-L-His-l-ProNH(2); NP-647) was evaluated for its effects in in vitro (oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-, glutamate- and H(2)O(2)-induced injury in PC-12 cells) and in vivo (transient global ischemia) models of cerebral ischemic injury. PC-12 cells were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation for 6h. Exposure of NP-647 was given before and during OGD. In glutamate and H(2)O(2) induced injury, exposure of NP-647 was given 1, 6 and 24h prior to exposure of glutamate and H(2)O(2) exposure. NP-647, per se found to be non-toxic in 1-100μM concentrations. NP-647 showed protection against OGD at the 1 and 10μM. The concentration-dependent protection was observed in H(2)O(2)- and glutamate-induced cellular injury. In in vivo studies, NP-647 treatment showed protection of hippocampal (CA1) neuronal damage in transient global ischemia in mice and subsequent improvement in memory retention was observed using passive avoidance retention test. Moreover, administration of NP-647 resulted in decrease in inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 as well as lipid peroxidation. These results suggest potential of NP-647 in the treatment of cerebral ischemia and its neuroprotective effect may be attributed to reduction of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Kumar Rajput
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, (Mohali), Punjab 160 062, India
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Guerra-Crespo M, Pérez-Monter C, Janga SC, Castillo-Ramírez S, Gutiérrez-Rios RM, Joseph-Bravo P, Pérez-Martínez L, Charli JL. Transcriptional profiling of fetal hypothalamic TRH neurons. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:222. [PMID: 21569245 PMCID: PMC3126781 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During murine hypothalamic development, different neuroendocrine cell phenotypes are generated in overlapping periods; this suggests that cell-type specific developmental programs operate to achieve complete maturation. A balance between programs that include cell proliferation, cell cycle withdrawal as well as epigenetic regulation of gene expression characterizes neurogenesis. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is a peptide that regulates energy homeostasis and autonomic responses. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying TRH neuron development, we performed a genome wide study of its transcriptome during fetal hypothalamic development. Results In primary cultures, TRH cells constitute 2% of the total fetal hypothalamic cell population. To purify these cells, we took advantage of the fact that the segment spanning -774 to +84 bp of the Trh gene regulatory region confers specific expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the TRH cells. Transfected TRH cells were purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting, various cell preparations pooled, and their transcriptome compared to that of GFP- hypothalamic cells. TRH cells undergoing the terminal phase of differentiation, expressed genes implicated in protein biosynthesis, intracellular signaling and transcriptional control. Among the transcription-associated transcripts, we identified the transcription factors Klf4, Klf10 and Atf3, which were previously uncharacterized within the hypothalamus. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is one of the first reports identifying transcripts with a potentially important role during the development of a specific hypothalamic neuronal phenotype. This genome-scale study forms a rational foundation for identifying genes that might participate in the development and function of hypothalamic TRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos
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Creb and Sp/Krüppel response elements cooperate to control rat TRH gene transcription in response to cAMP. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1809:191-9. [PMID: 21266205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression of hypophysiotropic TRH, that controls thyroid axis activity, is increased by cold exposure; this effect is mimicked in rat hypothalamic cells incubated with norepinephrine or cAMP analogs. TRH proximal promoter contains three putative CRE: Site-4 or CRE-1 that overlaps an element recognized by thyroid hormone receptors, CRE-2 with adjacent sequences GC box or CACCC recognized by Sp/Krüppel factors (extended CRE-2), and AP-1 sites flanking a GRE(1/2). To evaluate the role of each element in the cAMP response, these sites were mutated or deleted in rat TRH promoter linked to luciferase gene (TRH-luc) and co-transfected with β-gal expression vector in various cell lines; C6 cells gave the highest response to forskolin. Basal activity was most affected by mutations or deletion of CRE-2 site, or CACCC (50-75% of wild type-WT). Forskolin-induced 3× stimulation in WT which decreased 25% with CRE-1 or AP-1 deletions, but 50% when CRE-2 or its 5' adjacent GC box was altered. SH-SY5Y cells co-transfected with CREB-expression vector increased dB-cAMP response in the wild type but not in the CRE-2 mutated plasmid; cotransfecting CREB-A (a dominant negative expression vector) strongly diminished basal or cAMP response. Primary cultures of hypothalamic cells transfected with plasmids containing deletions of CRE-1, CRE-2, or extended CRE-2 failed to respond to forskolin when CRE-2 was modified. These results corroborate the CRE-2 site as the main cAMP-response element of rat TRH promoter, not exclusive of transcription factors of hypothalamic cells, and stress the relevance of adjacent Sp-1 sites, important mediators of some metabolic hormones.
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Abstract
SummaryThe physiological role of thyreoliberin (TRH) is the preservation of homeostasis within four systems (i) the hypothalamic-hypophsysiotropic neuroendocrine system, (ii) the brain stem/midbrain/spinal cord system, (iii) the limbic/cortical system, and (iv) the chronobiological system. Thus TRH, via various cellular mechanisms, regulates a wide range of biological processes (arousal, sleep, learning, locomotive activity, mood) and possesses the potential for unique and widespread applications for treatment of human illnesses. Since the therapeutic potential of TRH is limited by its pharmacological profile (enzymatic instability, short half-life, undesirable effects), several synthetic analogues of TRH were constructed and studied in mono- or adjunct therapy of central nervous system (CNS) disturbances. The present article summarizes the current state of understanding of the physiological role of TRH and describes its putative role in clinical indications in CNS maladies with a focus on the action of TRH analogues.
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Barnes MJ, Rogers RC, Van Meter MJ, Hermann GE. Co-localization of TRHR1 and LepRb receptors on neurons in the hindbrain of the rat. Brain Res 2010; 1355:70-85. [PMID: 20691166 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have reported a highly cooperative interaction between leptin and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the hindbrain to generate thermogenic responses (Hermann et al., 2006) (Rogers et al., 2009). Identifying the locus in the hindbrain where leptin and TRH act synergistically to increase thermogenesis will be necessary before we can determine the mechanism(s) by which this interaction occurs. Here, we performed heat-induced epitope recovery techniques and in situ hybridization to determine if neurons or afferent fibers in the hindbrain possess both TRH type 1 receptor and long-form leptin receptor [TRHR1; LepRb, respectively]. LepRb receptors were highly expressed in the solitary nucleus [NST], dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus [DMN] and catecholaminergic neurons of the ventrolateral medulla [VLM]. All neurons that contained LepRb also contained TRHR1. Fibers in the NST and the raphe pallidus [RP] and obscurrus [RO] that possess LepRb receptors were phenotypically identified as glutamatergic type 2 fibers (vglut2). Fibers in the NST and RP that possess TRHR1 receptors were phenotypically identified as serotonergic [i.e., immunopositive for the serotonin transporter; SERT]. Co-localization of LepRb and TRHR1 was not observed on individual fibers in the hindbrain but these two fiber types co-mingle in these nuclei. These anatomical arrangements may provide a basis for the synergy between leptin and TRH to increase thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Barnes
- Laboratory of Autonomic Neuroscience, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Duval F, Mokrani MC, Lopera FG, Diep TS, Rabia H, Fattah S. Thyroid axis activity and suicidal behavior in depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:1045-54. [PMID: 20129737 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between suicidal behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid (HPT) axis activity in depressed patients. The serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were evaluated before and after 0800 and 2300 h thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) challenges, on the same day, in 95 medication-free DSM-IV euthyroid major depressed inpatients and 44 healthy hospitalized controls. Compared to controls: (1) patients with a positive suicide history (PSH; n=53) showed lower basal FT4 (at 0800 h: p<0.005; at 2300 h: p<0.03), but normal FT3 levels, while patients with a negative suicide history (NSH; n=42) showed normal FT4 and FT3 levels; (2) TSH responses to TRH (DeltaTSH) were blunted in NSHs (at 0800 h: p<0.03; at 2300 h: p<0.00001), but not in PSHs; (3) both NSHs and PSHs showed lower DeltaDeltaTSH values (differences between 2300 h-DeltaTSH and 0800 h-DeltaTSH) (p<0.000001 and p<0.003, respectively). Compared to NSHs, basal FT4 levels were reduced in PSHs (at 0800 h: p<0.002; at 2300h: p<0.006). HPT parameters were not significantly different between recent suicide attempters (n=32) and past suicide attempters (n=21). However, compared to controls, recent suicide attempters showed lower 2300 h-DeltaTSH (p<0.04) and DeltaDeltaTSH (p<0.002) values, and lower basal FT4 values (at 0800 h: p<0.006; at 2300 h: p<0.02). Our results, obtained in a large sample of depressed inpatients, indicate that various degrees of HPT axis dysregulation are associated with the history of suicide.
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Akieda-Asai S, Zaima N, Ikegami K, Kahyo T, Yao I, Hatanaka T, Iemura SI, Sugiyama R, Yokozeki T, Eishi Y, Koike M, Ikeda K, Chiba T, Yamaza H, Shimokawa I, Song SY, Matsuno A, Mizutani A, Sawabe M, Chao MV, Tanaka M, Kanaho Y, Natsume T, Sugimura H, Date Y, McBurney MW, Guarente L, Setou M. SIRT1 Regulates Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Release by Enhancing PIP5Kgamma Activity through Deacetylation of Specific Lysine Residues in Mammals. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11755. [PMID: 20668706 PMCID: PMC2909264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SIRT1, a NAD-dependent deacetylase, has diverse roles in a variety of organs such as regulation of endocrine function and metabolism. However, it remains to be addressed how it regulates hormone release there. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we report that SIRT1 is abundantly expressed in pituitary thyrotropes and regulates thyroid hormone secretion. Manipulation of SIRT1 level revealed that SIRT1 positively regulated the exocytosis of TSH-containing granules. Using LC/MS-based interactomics, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K)gamma was identified as a SIRT1 binding partner and deacetylation substrate. SIRT1 deacetylated two specific lysine residues (K265/K268) in PIP5Kgamma and enhanced PIP5Kgamma enzyme activity. SIRT1-mediated TSH secretion was abolished by PIP5Kgamma knockdown. SIRT1 knockdown decreased the levels of deacetylated PIP5Kgamma, PI(4,5)P(2), and reduced the secretion of TSH from pituitary cells. These results were also observed in SIRT1-knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicated that the control of TSH release by the SIRT1-PIP5Kgamma pathway is important for regulating the metabolism of the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Akieda-Asai
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kahyo
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yao
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shun-ichiro Iemura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Biomedicinal Information Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rika Sugiyama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeaki Yokozeki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Koike
- Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Ikeda
- Department of Bone and Joint Disease, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Chiba
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Yamaza
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isao Shimokawa
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Si-Young Song
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Teikyo University Chica Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizutani
- Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motoji Sawabe
- Department of Pathology and Bioresource Center for Geriatric Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moses V. Chao
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Biomedicinal Information Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Department of Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukari Date
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Michael W. McBurney
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Leonard Guarente
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Neuropharmacological profile of l-pGlu-(1-benzyl)-l-His-l-ProNH2, a newer thyrotropin-releasing hormone analog: Effects on seizure models, sodium current, cerebral blood flow and behavioral parameters. Epilepsy Res 2009; 87:223-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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DeMartinis NA, Kamath J, Winokur A. New approaches for the treatment of sleep disorders. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 57:187-235. [PMID: 20230762 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)57005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established that sleep disorders are common and often untreated. Besides having a negative impact on overall health, these conditions can significantly disrupt normal daily functions. While a number of drugs are employed in the treatment of sleep disorders, safety, tolerability, and variable efficacy limit their utility. Clinical developments in the area have been facilitated especially by advances in neurobiology and neuropharmacology. In this regard, a wide array of neuroactive substances has been found to be responsible for regulating sleep and wakefulness. Advances in the understanding of neurotransmitter and hormone receptor mechanisms and classifications have led to new opportunities for developing novel therapeutics for treating sleep disorders. Provided in this report is an overview of some of the more prevalent sleep disorders, including narcolepsy, insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and restless legs syndrome, with a summary and critique of medications used to treat these conditions. For each disorder, information is provided on recent approaches taken to develop novel therapeutics based on laboratory findings relating to the underlying biological abnormalities associated with the condition, in addition to approaches that leverage existing therapeutics to develop new treatment options for patients. Significant advances in the future await a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of these conditions and of the neurobiological alterations associated with these disorders. It is hoped that some of the research directions described herein will stimulate additional research in this area and thereby help foster the discovery of novel agents for treating major sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A DeMartinis
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Rd., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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Kamath J, Yarbrough GG, Prange AJ, Winokur A. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone can relieve cancer-related fatigue: hypothesis and preliminary observations. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:1152-7. [PMID: 19761698 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue in cancer patients is highly prevalent, predominantly idiopathic, difficult to manage, and has a significant negative impact on quality of life. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) exerts normotrophic, state-dependent therapeutic effects in a variety of experimental and clinical situations. To evaluate TRH as a treatment for cancer-related fatigue, an ongoing randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study of breast cancer patients has been initiated and this report presents preliminary observations conducted with three of these patients over 4 consecutive weeks, thereby involving a total of six TRH treatments and six saline controls. Global assessment using both subjective and objective parameters showed that TRH exerted clear anti-fatigue effects in four of the six TRH treatments. These responses were rapid in onset and persisted through the 24 h observation period. No anti-fatigue responses were seen in five of the six saline controls. No unexpected side-effects were seen with TRH administration. These initial findings support the proposal that TRH can ameliorate cancer-related fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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TRH-receptor-type-2-deficient mice are euthyroid and exhibit increased depression and reduced anxiety phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:1601-8. [PMID: 19078951 PMCID: PMC2669701 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a neuropeptide that initiates its effects in mice by interacting with two G-protein-coupled receptors, TRH receptor type 1 (TRH-R1) and TRH receptor type 2 (TRH-R2). Two previous reports described the effects of deleting TRH-R1 in mice. TRH-R1 knockout mice exhibit hypothyroidism, hyperglycemia, and increased depression and anxiety-like behavior. Here we report the generation of TRH-R2 knockout mice. The phenotype of these mice was characterized using gross and histological analyses along with blood hematological assays and chemistries. Standard metabolic tests to assess glucose and insulin tolerance were performed. Behavioral testing included elevated plus maze, open field, tail suspension, forced swim, and novelty-induced hypophagia tests. TRH-R2 knockout mice are euthyroid with normal basal and TRH-stimulated serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), are normoglycemic, and exhibit normal development and growth. Female, but not male, TRH-R2 knockout mice exhibit moderately increased depression-like and reduced anxiety-like phenotypes. Because the behavioral changes in TRH-R1 knockout mice may have been caused secondarily by their hypothyroidism whereas TRH-R2 knockout mice are euthyroid, these data provide the first evidence for the involvement of the TRH/TRH-R system, specifically extrahypothalamic TRH/TRH-R2, in regulating mood and affect.
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