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Bahrami F, Rossi RM, De Nys K, Joerger M, Radenkovic MC, Defraeye T. Implementing physics-based digital patient twins to tailor the switch of oral morphine to transdermal fentanyl patches based on patient physiology. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 195:106727. [PMID: 38360153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Fentanyl transdermal patches are widely implemented for cancer-induced pain treatment due to the high potency of fentanyl and gradual drug release. However, transdermal fentanyl up-titration for opioid-naïve patients is difficult, which is why opioid treatment is often started with oral/iv morphine. Based on the daily dose of morphine, the initial dose of the fentanyl patch is decided upon. After reaching a stable level of pain, the switch is made from oral/iv morphine to transdermal fentanyl. There are standard calculation tools for transferring from oral/iv morphine to transdermal fentanyl, which is the same for all patients. By considering the variations in the physiology of the patients, a unique switching strategy cannot meet the needs of different patients. This study explores the outcome in terms of pain relief and minute ventilation during opioid therapy. For this, we used physics-based simulations on a virtually-generated population of patients, and we applied the same therapy to all patients. We could show that patients' physiology, such as gender, age, and weight, greatly impact the outcome of the therapy; as such, the correlation coefficient between pain intensity and age is 0.89, and the correlation coefficient between patient's weight and maximum plasma concentration of morphine and fentanyl is -0.98 and -0.97. Additionally, a different combination of the duration of overlap between morphine and fentanyl therapy with different doses of fentanyl was considered for the virtual patients to find the best opioid-switching strategy for each patient. We explored the impact of combining physiological features to determine the best-suited strategy for virtual patients. Our findings suggest that tailoring morphine and fentanyl therapy only based on a limited number of features is insufficient, and increasing the number of impactful physiological features positively influences the outcome of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Bahrami
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland; ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - René Michel Rossi
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland
| | - Katelijne De Nys
- Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Palliativzentrum, Rorschacherstrasse 95, St. Gallen CH-9000, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49 - box 424, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Markus Joerger
- Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Medizinische Onkologie und Hämatologie, Rorschacherstrasse 95, St. Gallen CH-9000, Switzerland
| | - Milena Cukic Radenkovic
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland
| | - Thijs Defraeye
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland.
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Noh K, Chen S, Yang QJ, Pang KS. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling revealed minimal codeine intestinal metabolism in first-pass removal in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:50-74. [PMID: 27925239 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The physiologically based model with segregated flow to the intestine (SFM-PBPK; partial, lower flow to enterocyte region vs. greater flow to serosal region) was found to describe the first-pass glucuronidation of morphine (M) to morphine-3β-glucuronide (MG) in rats after intraduodenal (i.d.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration better than the traditional model (TM), for which a single intestinal flow perfused the whole of the intestinal tissue. The segregated flow model (SFM) described a disproportionately greater extent of intestinal morphine glucuronidation for i.d. vs. i.v. administration. The present study applied the same PBPK modeling approaches to examine the contributions of the intestine and liver on the first-pass metabolism of the precursor, codeine (C, 3-methylmorphine) in the rat. Unexpectedly, the profiles of codeine, morphine and morphine-3β-glucuronide in whole blood, bile and urine, assayed by LCMS, were equally well described by both the TM-PBPK and SFM-PBPK. The fitted parameters for the models were similar, and the net formation intrinsic clearance of morphine (from codeine) for the liver was much higher, being 9- to 13-fold that of the intestine. Simulations, based on the absence of intestinal formation of morphine, correlated well with observations. The lack of discrimination of SFM and TM with the codeine data did not invalidate the SFM-PBPK model but rather suggests that the liver is the only major organ for codeine metabolism. Because of little or no contribution by the intestine to the metabolism of codeine, both the TM- and SFM-PBPK models are equally consistent with the data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Apotex Inc., 150 Signet Drive, Toronto, Ontario, M9L 1T9, Canada
| | - Qi J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Pang KS, Yang QJ, Noh K. Unequivocal evidence supporting the segregated flow intestinal model that discriminates intestine versus liver first-pass removal with PBPK modeling. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 38:231-250. [PMID: 27977852 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Merits of the segregated flow model (SFM), highlighting the intestine as inert serosa and active enterocyte regions, with a smaller fractional (fQ < 0.3) intestinal flow (QI ) perfusing the enterocyte region, are described. Less drug in the circulation reaches the enterocytes due to the lower flow (fQ QI ) in comparison with drug administered into the gut lumen, fostering the idea of route-dependent intestinal removal. The SFM has been found superior to the traditional model (TM), which views the serosa and enterocytes totally as a well-mixed tissue perfused by 100% of the intestinal flow, QI . The SFM model is able to explain the lower extents of intestinal metabolism of enalapril, morphine and midazolam with i.v. vs. p.o. dosing. For morphine, the urine/bile ratio of the metabolite, morphine glucuronide MGurineMGbile for p.o. was 2.6× that of i.v. This was due to the higher proportion of intestinally formed morphine glucuronide, appearing more in urine than in bile due to its low permeability and greater extent of intestinal formation with p.o. administration. By contrast, the TM predicted the same MGurineMGbile for p.o. vs. i.v. The TM predicted that the contributions of the intestine:liver to first-pass removal were 46%:54% for both p.o. and i.v. The SFM predicted same 46%:54% (intestine:liver) for p.o., but 9%:91% for i.v. By contrast, the kinetics of codeine, the precursor of morphine, was described equally well by the SFM- and TM-PBPK models, a trend suggesting that intestinal metabolism of codeine is negligible. Fits to these PBPK models further provide insightful information towards metabolite formation: available fractions and the fractions of hepatic and total clearances that form the metabolite in question. The SFM-PBPK model is useful to identify not only the presence of intestinal metabolism but the contributions of the intestine and liver for metabolite formation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qi Joy Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Guo C, Yang K, Brouwer KR, St Claire RL, Brouwer KLR. Prediction of Altered Bile Acid Disposition Due to Inhibition of Multiple Transporters: An Integrated Approach Using Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes, Mechanistic Modeling, and Simulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:324-33. [PMID: 27233294 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.231928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter-mediated alterations in bile acid disposition may have significant toxicological implications. Current methods to predict interactions are limited by the interplay of multiple transporters, absence of protein in the experimental system, and inaccurate estimates of inhibitor concentrations. An integrated approach was developed to predict altered bile acid disposition due to inhibition of multiple transporters using the model bile acid taurocholate (TCA). TCA pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by mechanistic modeling using sandwich-cultured human hepatocyte data with protein in the medium. Uptake, basolateral efflux, and biliary clearance estimates were 0.63, 0.034, and 0.074 mL/min/g liver, respectively. Cellular total TCA concentrations (Ct,Cells) were selected as the model output based on sensitivity analysis. Monte Carlo simulations of TCA Ct,Cells in the presence of model inhibitors (telmisartan and bosentan) were performed using inhibition constants for TCA transporters and inhibitor concentrations, including cellular total inhibitor concentrations ([I]t,cell) or unbound concentrations, and cytosolic total or unbound concentrations. For telmisartan, the model prediction was accurate with an average fold error (AFE) of 0.99-1.0 when unbound inhibitor concentration ([I]u) was used; accuracy dropped when total inhibitor concentration ([I]t) was used. For bosentan, AFE was 1.2-1.3 using either [I]u or [I]t This difference was evaluated by sensitivity analysis of the cellular unbound fraction of inhibitor (fu,cell,inhibitor), which revealed higher sensitivity of fu,cell,inhibitor for predicting TCA Ct,Cells when inhibitors exhibited larger ([I]t,cell/IC50) values. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the applicability of a framework to predict hepatocellular bile acid concentrations due to drug-mediated inhibition of transporters using mechanistic modeling and cytosolic or cellular unbound concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Guo
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.Y., K.L.R.B.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B., R.L.S.C.)
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.Y., K.L.R.B.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B., R.L.S.C.)
| | - Kenneth R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.Y., K.L.R.B.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B., R.L.S.C.)
| | - Robert L St Claire
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.Y., K.L.R.B.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B., R.L.S.C.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.Y., K.L.R.B.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B., R.L.S.C.)
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Yang QJ, Fan J, Chen S, Liu L, Sun H, Pang KS. Metabolite Kinetics: The Segregated Flow Model for Intestinal and Whole Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Describe Intestinal and Hepatic Glucuronidation of Morphine in Rats In Vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1123-38. [PMID: 27098743 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.069542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We used the intestinal segregated flow model (SFM) versus the traditional model (TM), nested within physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, to describe the biliary and urinary excretion of morphine 3β-glucuronide (MG) after intravenous and intraduodenal dosing of morphine in rats in vivo. The SFM model describes a partial (5%-30%) intestinal blood flow perfusing the transporter- and enzyme-rich enterocyte region, whereas the TM describes 100% flow perfusing the intestine as a whole. For the SFM, drugs entering from the circulation are expected to be metabolized to lesser extents by the intestine due to the segregated flow, reflecting the phenomenon of shunting and route-dependent intestinal metabolism. The poor permeability of MG crossing the liver or intestinal basolateral membranes mandates that most of MG that is excreted into bile is hepatically formed, whereas MG that is excreted into urine originates from both intestine and liver metabolism, since MG is effluxed back to blood. The ratio of MG amounts in urine/bile [Formula: see text] for intraduodenal/intravenous dosing is expected to exceed unity for the SFM but approximates unity for the TM. Compartmental analysis of morphine and MG data, without consideration of the permeability of MG and where MG is formed, suggests the ratio to be 1 and failed to describe the kinetics of MG. The observed intraduodenal/intravenous ratio of [Formula: see text] (2.55 at 4 hours) was better predicted by the SFM-PBPK (2.59 at 4 hours) and not the TM-PBPK (1.0), supporting the view that the SFM is superior for the description of intestinal-liver metabolism of morphine to MG. The SFM-PBPK model predicts an appreciable contribution of the intestine to first pass M metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Joy Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianghong Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lutan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huadong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Oladosu FA, Conrad MS, O’Buckley SC, Rashid NU, Slade GD, Nackley AG. Mu Opioid Splice Variant MOR-1K Contributes to the Development of Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135711. [PMID: 26270813 PMCID: PMC4535978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of the population receiving opioids for the treatment of acute and chronic clinical pain develops a paradoxical increase in pain sensitivity known as opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Given that opioid analgesics are one of few treatments available against clinical pain, it is critical to determine the key molecular mechanisms that drive opioid-induced hyperalgesia in order to reduce its prevalence. Recent evidence implicates a splice variant of the mu opioid receptor known as MOR-1K in the emergence of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Results from human genetic association and cell signaling studies demonstrate that MOR-1K contributes to decreased opioid analgesic responses and produces increased cellular activity via Gs signaling. Here, we conducted the first study to directly test the role of MOR-1K in opioid-induced hyperalgesia. METHODS AND RESULTS In order to examine the role of MOR-1K in opioid-induced hyperalgesia, we first assessed pain responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli prior to, during, and following chronic morphine administration. Results show that genetically diverse mouse strains (C57BL/6J, 129S6, and CXB7/ByJ) exhibited different morphine response profiles with corresponding changes in MOR-1K gene expression patterns. The 129S6 mice exhibited an analgesic response correlating to a measured decrease in MOR-1K gene expression levels, while CXB7/ByJ mice exhibited a hyperalgesic response correlating to a measured increase in MOR-1K gene expression levels. Furthermore, knockdown of MOR-1K in CXB7/ByJ mice via chronic intrathecal siRNA administration not only prevented the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia, but also unmasked morphine analgesia. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that MOR-1K is likely a necessary contributor to the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. With further research, MOR-1K could be exploited as a target for antagonists that reduce or prevent opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folabomi A. Oladosu
- Center of Pain Research and Innovation, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Conrad
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Sandra C. O’Buckley
- Center of Pain Research and Innovation, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Naim U. Rashid
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC United States of America
| | - Gary D. Slade
- Center of Pain Research and Innovation, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Andrea G. Nackley
- Center of Pain Research and Innovation, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cho HJ, Kim JE, Kim DD, Yoon IS. In vitro–in vivoextrapolation (IVIVE) for predicting human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination of drugs: principles and applications. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:989-98. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.831439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Krekels EHJ, Johnson TN, den Hoedt SM, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Danhof M, Tibboel D, Knibbe CAJ. From Pediatric Covariate Model to Semiphysiological Function for Maturation: Part II-Sensitivity to Physiological and Physicochemical Properties. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2012; 1:e10. [PMID: 23887362 PMCID: PMC3603432 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a maturation function for drug glucuronidation in children, that can be used in population and physiologically based modeling approaches, the physiological and physicochemical basis of a semiphysiological glucuronidation function for children was untangled using Simcyp. The results show that using the currently available in vitro data, in vivo morphine and zidovudine clearances were under predicted by the physiologically based model in Simcyp. The maturation profile was similar to the clinically observed profile except for the first 2 weeks of life, and liver size and UGT2B7 ontogeny are the physiological drivers of the maturation of glucuronidation. Physicochemical drug parameters did not affect this maturation profile, although log P and pKa influenced the absolute value of clearance. The results suggest that the semiphysiological glucuronidation function for young children can be used to predict the developmental clearance profile of other UGT2B7 substrates, though scenarios with nonlinear kinetics and high-extraction ratios require further investigation.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e10; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.12; advance online publication 10 October 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H J Krekels
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T N Johnson
- Simcyp Limited, Blades Enterprize Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - S M den Hoedt
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Rostami-Hodjegan
- Simcyp Limited, Blades Enterprize Centre, Sheffield, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Danhof
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C A J Knibbe
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Swift B, Pfeifer ND, Brouwer KLR. Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes: an in vitro model to evaluate hepatobiliary transporter-based drug interactions and hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:446-71. [PMID: 20109035 PMCID: PMC3097390 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903491881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are a powerful in vitro tool that can be utilized to study hepatobiliary drug transport, species differences in drug transport, transport protein regulation, drug-drug interactions, and hepatotoxicity. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the SCH model, including a brief history of, and introduction to, the use of SCH, as well as methodology to evaluate hepatobiliary drug disposition. A summary of the literature that has utilized this model to examine the interplay between drug-metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins, drug-drug interactions at the transport level, and hepatotoxicity as a result of altered hepatic transport also is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Swift
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7569, USA
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10
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Gris P, Gauthier J, Cheng P, Gibson DG, Gris D, Laur O, Pierson J, Wentworth S, Nackley AG, Maixner W, Diatchenko L. A novel alternatively spliced isoform of the mu-opioid receptor: functional antagonism. Mol Pain 2010; 6:33. [PMID: 20525224 PMCID: PMC2894766 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Opioids are the most widely used analgesics for the treatment of clinical pain. They produce their therapeutic effects by binding to μ-opioid receptors (MORs), which are 7 transmembrane domain (7TM) G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and inhibiting cellular activity. However, the analgesic efficacy of opioids is compromised by side-effects such as analgesic tolerance, dependence and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). In contrast to opioid analgesia these side effects are associated with cellular excitation. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain these phenomena, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying tolerance and OIH remain poorly understood. Results We recently discovered a new human alternatively spliced isoform of MOR (MOR1K) that is missing the N-terminal extracellular and first transmembrane domains, resulting in a 6TM GPCR variant. To characterize the pattern of cellular transduction pathways activated by this human MOR1K isoform, we conducted a series of pharmacological and molecular experiments. Results show that stimulation of MOR1K with morphine leads to excitatory cellular effects. In contrast to stimulation of MOR1, stimulation of MOR1K leads to increased Ca2+ levels as well as increased nitric oxide (NO) release. Immunoprecipitation experiments further reveal that unlike MOR1, which couples to the inhibitory Gαi/o complex, MOR1K couples to the stimulatory Gαs complex. Conclusion The major MOR1 and the alternative MOR1K isoforms mediate opposite cellular effects in response to morphine, with MOR1K driving excitatory processes. These findings warrant further investigations that examine animal and human MORK1 expression and function following chronic exposure to opioids, which may identify MOR1K as a novel target for the development of new clinically effective classes of opioids that have high analgesic efficacy with diminished ability to produce tolerance, OIH, and other unwanted side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Gris
- Center for Neurosensory Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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11
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Pang KS, Morris ME, Sun H. Formed and preformed metabolites: facts and comparisons. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:1247-75. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.10.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The administration of metabolites arising from new drug entities is often employed in drug discovery to investigate their associated toxicity. It is expected that administration of metabolites can predict the exposure of metabolites originating from the administration of precursor drug. Whether exact and meaningful information can be obtained from this has been a topic of debate. This communication summarizes observations and theoretical relationships based on physiological modelling for the liver, kidney and intestine, three major eliminating organs/tissues. Theoretical solutions based on physiological modelling of organs were solved, and the results suggest that deviations are expected. Here, examples of metabolite kinetics observed mostly in perfused organs that did not match predictions are provided. For the liver, discrepancies in fate between formed and preformed metabolites may be explained by the heterogeneity of enzymes, the presence of membrane barriers and whether transporters are involved. For the kidney, differences have been attributed to glomerular filtration of the preformed but not the formed metabolite. For the intestine, the complexity of segregated flows to the enterocyte and serosal layers and differences in metabolism due to the route of administration are addressed. Administration of the metabolite may or may not directly reflect the toxicity associated with drug use. However, kinetic data on the preformed metabolite will be extremely useful to develop a sound model for modelling and simulations; in-vitro evidence on metabolite handling at the target organ is also paramount. Subsequent modelling and simulation of metabolite data arising from a combined model based on both drug and preformed metabolite data are needed to improve predictions on the behaviours of formed metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
| | - Huadong Sun
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
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12
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Pang KS. Safety testing of metabolites: Expectations and outcomes. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 179:45-59. [PMID: 18926805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites arising from chemical entities, old or new, are often mediators of toxicity. Frequently, metabolites are investigated in test animals, with the expectation that the resultant toxicity or activity will mimic the exposure of their formed counterparts. This communication described observations that showed discrepant kinetics between formed and preformed metabolites in the liver, intestine, and kidney, major drug removal organs. Differences in the observed areas under the curve (AUCs) or the extraction ratios (Es) of formed and preformed metabolites in the liver had been attributed to zonal, enzyme heterogeneity, membrane barriers, or transporters. Preformed and formed metabolite also differed in their handling by the kidney; only the preformed and not the formed metabolite would be filtered. In the intestine, differences in the absorption of the precursor and the metabolite and the flow pattern in the intestine would bring about discrepancy in the time-courses of the formed vs. preformed metabolites. Analytical solutions of the AUCs of the metabolites and extraction ratios, based on physiological modeling of the liver, kidney, and intestine, showed that the AUC of the preformed, administered metabolite was dependent only on metabolite parameters, whereas the AUC of the formed metabolite was modulated additionally by the metabolic, secretory and intestinal absorptive intrinsic clearances of the precursor drug. Hence, administration of the synthetic metabolite would not reflect the toxicity associated with the metabolite formed via bioactivation. However, data on preformed metabolite may be used for simultaneous fitting by a combined model of drug and metabolite. Such a strategy is shown to be successful in risk assessment of environmental chemicals. Upon refinement of the resultant model with data on metabolite transport and handling by modeling and simulations, the resultant model would be more robust to provide improved predictions on metabolite toxicity pursuant to drug administration.
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Rowland A, Elliot DJ, Knights KM, Mackenzie PI, Miners JO. The “Albumin Effect” and in Vitro-in Vivo Extrapolation: Sequestration of Long-Chain Unsaturated Fatty Acids Enhances Phenytoin Hydroxylation by Human Liver Microsomal and Recombinant Cytochrome P450 2C9. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:870-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.019885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers published during 2006 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurological disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Pang KS, Weiss M, Macheras P. Advanced pharmacokinetic models based on organ clearance, circulatory, and fractal concepts. AAPS J 2007; 9:E268-83. [PMID: 17907768 PMCID: PMC2751417 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj0902030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three advanced models of pharmacokinetics are described. In the first class are physiologically based pharmacokinetic models based on in vitro data on transport and metabolism. The information is translated as transporter and enzyme activities and their attendant heterogeneities into liver and intestine models. Second are circulatory models based on transit time distribution and plasma concentration time curves. The third are fractal models for nonhomogeneous systems and non-Fickian processes are presented. The usefulness of these pharmacokinetic models, with examples, is compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2.
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Prueksaritanont T, Lin JH, Baillie TA. Complicating factors in safety testing of drug metabolites: Kinetic differences between generated and preformed metabolites. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 217:143-52. [PMID: 17055014 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to provide a scientifically based perspective on issues surrounding the proposed toxicology testing of synthetic drug metabolites as a means of ensuring adequate nonclinical safety evaluation of drug candidates that generate metabolites considered either to be unique to humans or are present at much higher levels in humans than in preclinical species. We put forward a number of theoretical considerations and present several specific examples where the kinetic behavior of a preformed metabolite given to animals or humans differs from that of the corresponding metabolite generated endogenously from its parent. The potential ramifications of this phenomenon are that the results of toxicity testing of the preformed metabolite may be misleading and fail to characterize the true toxicological contribution of the metabolite when formed from the parent. It is anticipated that such complications would be evident in situations where (a) differences exist in the accumulation of the preformed versus generated metabolites in specific tissues, and (b) the metabolite undergoes sequential metabolism to a downstream product that is toxic, leading to differences in tissue-specific toxicity. Owing to the complex nature of this subject, there is a need to treat drug metabolite issues in safety assessment on a case-by-case basis, in which a knowledge of metabolite kinetics is employed to validate experimental paradigms that entail administration of preformed metabolites to animal models.
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Liu L, Pang KS. An integrated approach to model hepatic drug clearance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 29:215-30. [PMID: 16806855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been well accepted that hepatic drug extraction depends on the blood flow, vascular binding, transmembrane barriers, transporters, enzymes and cosubstrate and their zonal heterogeneity. Models of hepatic drug clearances have been appraised with respect to their utility in predicting drug removal by the liver. Among these models, the "well-stirred" model is the simplest since it assumes venous equilibration, with drug emerging from the outflow being in equilibrium with drug within the liver, and the concentration is the same throughout. The "parallel tube" and dispersion models, and distributed model of Goresky and co-workers have been used to account for the observed sinusoidal concentration gradient from the inlet and outlet. Departure from these models exists to include heterogeneity in flow, enzymes, and transporters. This article utilized the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) liver model and its extension that include heterogeneity in enzymes and transporters to illustrate how in vitro uptake and metabolic data from zonal hepatocytes on transport and enzymes may be used to predict the kinetics of removal in the intact liver; binding data were also necessary. In doing so, an integrative platform was provided to examine determinants of hepatic drug clearance. We used enalapril and digoxin as examples, and described a simple liver PBPK model that included transmembrane transport and metabolism occurring behind the membrane, and a zonal model in which the PBPK model was expanded three sets of sub-compartments that are arranged sequentially to represent zones 1, 2, and 3 along the flow path. The latter model readily accommodated the heterogeneous distribution of hepatic enzymes and transporters. Transport and metabolic data, piecewise information that served as initial estimates, allowed for the unknown efflux and other intrinsic clearances to be estimated. The simple or zonal PBPK model provides predictive views on the hepatic removal of drugs and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S2
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