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Carper D, Coué M, Laurens C, Langin D, Moro C. Reappraisal of the optimal fasting time for insulin tolerance tests in mice. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101058. [PMID: 32739449 PMCID: PMC7471620 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Most studies routinely use overnight or 6 h of fasting before testing metabolic glucose homeostasis in mice. Other studies used empirically shorter fasting times (<6 h). We attempted to determine the shortest fasting time required for optimal insulin responsiveness while minimizing metabolic stress. Methods A course of fasting for up to 24 h (0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h) was conducted in C57Bl/6J male mice. Body weight, metabolic parameters, and insulin tolerance were measured in each experimental group. The organs were collected at the same time on separate occasions and glycogen and metabolic gene expression were measured in the liver and skeletal muscle. Results Our data show that blood glucose levels do not significantly change during a 6 h fast, while plasma insulin levels decrease to similar levels between 2 h and 6 h of fasting. During overnight (12 h) and 24 h fasts, a robust decrease in blood glucose and plasma insulin was observed along with a profound depletion in liver glycogen content. Insulin tolerance was comparable between baseline and 6 h fasts while 4 h and 6 h fasts were associated with a greater depletion of liver glycogen than 2 h fasts, impacting the glucose counter-regulatory response. Fasting induced progressive weight loss that was attenuated at thermoneutrality. Fasting longer than 4 h induced major body weight loss (>5%) and significant changes in catabolic gene expression in the liver and skeletal muscle. Conclusion Collectively, these data suggest that 2 h of fasting appears optimal for the assessment of insulin tolerance in mice as this duration minimizes major metabolic stress and weight loss. Fasting in mice induces time-dependent metabolic stress and weight loss. Fasting promotes profound changes in catabolic gene expression in liver and muscles. Fasting-induced weight loss is attenuated at thermoneutrality. Two hours fasting appears to be optimal prior to assessing insulin tolerance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Carper
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, France
| | - Marine Coué
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, France
| | - Claire Laurens
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, France; Toulouse University Hospitals, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Moro
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, France.
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Enhanced postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion during obesity development has a protective role against glucose intolerance induction in rats. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:411-422. [PMID: 31352909 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that regulates postprandial glycaemic response by enhancing insulin secretion. We previously demonstrated that the postprandial GLP-1 response was enhanced during the development of diet-induced obesity in rats. However, the physiological relevance of the enhanced GLP-1 response remained unclear. We aimed to determine the role of endogenous GLP-1 during obesity development. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either a control diet or a high-fat/high-sucrose (HFS, 30 % fat and 40 % sucrose, weight basis) diet with or without continuous administration of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39) (Ex9, 100 µg/d), for 5 weeks. Meal tolerance tests (MTT) were performed to assess postprandial glucose, insulin and GLP-1 responses to a liquid diet administration (15 kcal (63 kJ)/10 ml per kg body weight) every 2 weeks. The AUC of postprandial glucose in the HFS group was similar to the control group in both MTT (P = 0·9665 and P = 0·3475, respectively), whereas AUC of postprandial GLP-1 (after 4 weeks,P = 0·0457) and of insulin (after 2 and 4 weeks, P = 0·0486 and P = 0·0110) was higher in the HFS group compared with the control group. In the Ex9 group, AUC of postprandial glucose (P = 0·0297 and P = 0·0486) was higher along with a lower insulin response compared with the HFS group (P = 0·0564 and P = 0·0281). These results suggest that enhancement of the postprandial GLP-1 response during obesity development has a role in maintaining a normal postprandial glycaemic response. Hence, enhancing endogenous GLP-1 secretion by certain materials could be a potential target for prevention of glucose intolerance.
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Jani DK, Goswami S. Antidiabetic activity of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. and Raphanus sativus Linn. leaf extracts. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 10:124-131. [PMID: 32257875 PMCID: PMC7109471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Senna and radish leaf extracts reduced hyperglycemia in diabetic animals. Treatment with study extracts improved lipid profile and decreased atherogenicity. Treatment reduced insulin resistance and ameliorated pancreatic histology. Antidiabetic action attributed to synergistic effect of phytoconstituents.
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Key Words
- AC, Atherogenic coefficient
- AIP, Atherogenic index of plasma
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- CA, Cassia angustifolia Vahl.
- CMC, carboxymethylcellulose
- CRI-I, Castelli risk index I
- CRI-II, Castelli risk index II
- Diabetes
- GTT, Glucose tolerance test
- HDL, High density lipoprotein
- HFD, High fat diet
- HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- Herbal medicine
- High fat diet
- ITT, Insulin tolerance test
- LDL, Low density lipoprotein
- MET, metformin
- Metformin
- NPD, Normal pellet diet
- RS, Raphanus sativus Linn.
- SEM, standard error of mean
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Streptozotocin
- TC, Total cholesterol
- TG, Triglyceride
- VLDL, Very low density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Kaushalkumar Jani
- Department of Pharmacology, Babaria Institute of Pharmacy, Varnama, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, Babaria Institute of Pharmacy, BITS Edu Campus, Vadodara-Mumbai NH#08, Varnama, Vadodara, 391240, India.
| | - Sunita Goswami
- Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Park SK, Rosenthal TR, Williams JS, Shelton JM, Takahashi M, Zhang S, Bobulescu IA. Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of chronic mild hyperuricemia in rodents. J Investig Med 2018; 66:1037-1044. [PMID: 30042113 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2018-000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mildly elevated serum uric acid levels are common in people with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but whether elevated uric acid has a causal role in the pathogenesis of diabetes remains uncertain. We tested whether chronic mild hyperuricemia in rodents under controlled laboratory conditions can cause glucose intolerance in otherwise healthy animals, or whether it can worsen glucometabolic control in animals that are genetically predisposed to T2DM. We used an established model of experimental hyperuricemia in rodents with potassium oxonate dietary supplementation, which led to sustained, approximately two-fold elevation of uric acid compared with control animals. We also reversed the hyperuricemic effect of oxonate in some animals by treatment with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Manipulation of serum uric acid levels in Sprague-Dawley rats for up to 18 weeks did not affect fasting glucose and glucose tolerance. Blood pressure was also not affected by hyperuricemia in rats fed a Western-type diet. We next sought to determine whether uric acid may aggravate or accelerate the onset of glucometabolic abnormalities in rats already predisposed to T2DM. Chronic oxonate treatment in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and lean control rats for up to 6 weeks did not affect fasting glucose, insulin, and glucose tolerance in ZDF rats. Taken together, these findings indicate that elevated uric acid does not directly contribute to the pathogenesis of glucose intolerance and T2DM in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun K Park
- The Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tara R Rosenthal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica S Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,The Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shanrong Zhang
- The Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ion Alexandru Bobulescu
- The Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Kudo-Fujimaki K, Hirose T, Yoshihara T, Sato F, Someya Y, Ohmura C, Kanazawa A, Fujitani Y, Watada H. Efficacy and safety of nateglinide plus vildagliptin combination therapy compared with switching to vildagliptin in type 2 diabetes patients inadequately controlled with nateglinide. J Diabetes Investig 2013; 5:400-9. [PMID: 25411599 PMCID: PMC4210064 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction To investigate the efficacy and safety of vildagliptin, a potent dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, as add‐on to nateglinide, compared with switching to vildagliptin in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients poorly controlled with nateglinide. Materials and Methods A total of 40 patients inadequately controlled with nateglinide were randomized to the switching group (n = 20, switching from nateglinide to vildagliptin) or combination group (n = 20, nateglinide plus vildagliptin). A meal tolerance test was carried out at weeks 0 and 24. Results The mean changes in glycated hemoglobin from baseline to week 24 were −1.2 ± 0.3% and −0.3 ± 0.5% in patients of the combination and switching groups, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean changes in area under the curve of glucose from 0 to 180 min (AUC0–180 min) from baseline to week 24 was −361 ± 271.3 mmol·min/L in patients of the combination group compared with 141 ± 241.9 mmol·min/L in those of the switching group (P < 0.001). The incidence of hypoglycemic events was low (three in the combination group), and none of the patients developed severe hypoglycemia. Although the addition of vildagliptin to nateglinide did not significantly increase insulin secretion relative to glucose elevation (ISG) after meal load (ISG0–180 min: AUC0–180 min insulin / AUC0–180 min glucose) in comparison with that in baseline, the mean ISG0–30 min 24 weeks after addition of vildagliptin to nateglinide was significantly higher than that at baseline. In contrast, switching from nateglinide to vildagliptin reduced the mean ISG0–180 min, relative to baseline. Conclusions The combination therapy of vildagliptin and nateglinide is effective and safe in Japanese type 2 diabetes, and the improved glycemic control is as a result of augmentation of nateglinide‐induced early phase insulin secretion. This trial was registered with UMIN (no. ID000004010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Kudo-Fujimaki
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahisa Hirose
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan ; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology Department of Medicine Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yoshihara
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuki Someya
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Chie Ohmura
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Akio Kanazawa
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan ; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan ; Center for Beta-Cell Biology and Regeneration Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan ; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan ; Center for Molecular Diabetology Toho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan ; Sportology Center Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Hao Q, Lillefosse HH, Fjaere E, Myrmel LS, Midtbø LK, Jarlsby RH, Ma T, Jia B, Petersen RK, Sonne SB, Chwalibog A, Frøyland L, Liaset B, Kristiansen K, Madsen L. High-glycemic index carbohydrates abrogate the antiobesity effect of fish oil in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1097-112. [PMID: 22338077 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00524.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is known to attenuate diet-induced obesity and adipose tissue inflammation in rodents. Here we aimed to investigate whether different carbohydrate sources modulated the antiobesity effects of fish oil. By feeding C57BL/6J mice isocaloric high-fat diets enriched with fish oil for 6 wk, we show that increasing amounts of sucrose in the diets dose-dependently increased energy efficiency and white adipose tissue (WAT) mass. Mice receiving fructose had about 50% less WAT mass than mice fed a high fish oil diet supplemented with either glucose or sucrose, indicating that the glucose moiety of sucrose was responsible for the obesity-promoting effect of sucrose. To investigate whether the obesogenic effect of sucrose and glucose was related to stimulation of insulin secretion, we combined fish oil with high and low glycemic index (GI) starches. Mice receiving the fish oil diet containing the low-GI starch had significantly less WAT than mice fed high-GI starch. Moreover, inhibition of insulin secretion by administration of nifedipine significantly reduced WAT mass in mice fed a high-fish oil diet in combination with sucrose. Our data show that the macronutrient composition of the diet modulates the effects of fish oil. Fish oil combined with sucrose, glucose, or high-GI starch promotes obesity, and the reported anti-inflammatory actions of fish oil are abrogated. In conclusion, our data indicate that glycemic control of insulin secretion modulates metabolic effects of fish oil by demonstrating that high-GI carbohydrates attenuate the antiobesity effects of fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hao
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Someya Y, Nakano R, Tahara A, Takasu T, Takeuchi A, Nagase I, Matsuyama-Yokono A, Hayakawa M, Sasamata M, Miyata K, Uchiyama Y. Effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor ASP8497 on glucose tolerance in animal models of secondary failure. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 622:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ikehara O, Kawasaki N, Maezono K, Komatsu M, Konishi A. Acute and chronic treatment of L-isoleucine ameliorates glucose metabolism in glucose-intolerant and diabetic mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:469-72. [PMID: 18310912 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The administration of L-isoleucine (isoleucine) has been shown to induce hypoglycemia in normal rats. However, it remains to be elucidated whether isoleucine can improve the blood glucose level in glucose-intolerant or diabetic animals. In the present study, oral isoleucine significantly reduced the blood glucose level after an oral glucose challenge in normal mice, as well as in glucose-intolerant mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and db/db mice, a model of severe type 2 diabetes. Isoleucine treatment significantly augmented the blood insulin level after an oral glucose load in HFD mice, but not in normal or db/db mice, suggesting that its hypoglycemic activity was attributable to both insulinotropic and non-insulinotropic mechanisms. Chronic supplementation of isoleucine in mice on a high-fat/high-sucrose diet significantly reduced insulin release after an oral glucose challenge without any change in glucose tolerance curve, suggesting that isoleucine might have an insulin-sensitizing effect along with its acute hypoglycemic effect. These results indicate that both acute and chronic treatment with isoleucine is beneficial for glucose metabolism in glucose-intolerant and diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ikehara
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:193-207. [PMID: 18316957 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282fba8b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Matteucci E, Giampietro O. Proposal open for discussion: defining agreed diagnostic procedures in experimental diabetes research. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:163-172. [PMID: 17961942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal experimentation has a long tradition in diabetes research and has provided invaluable benefits with regard to insulin discovery and treatment assessment. METHODS The review focuses on chemical-induced diabetes in rats and surveys the protocols of diabetes induction, diabetes diagnosis, and glucose tolerance evaluation in a selection of recent research. RESULTS This brief review of techniques in experimental diabetes highlights that there is no uniformity, whereas standardisation of procedures is desirable so that comparability will exist among experiments carried out in different settings. CONCLUSIONS On this basis, questions are put and standards are proposed. It would be a platform to promote the exchange of ideas through expert consultation about practical issues related to animal research and a basis on which standards can be set according to user requirements and animal respect.
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