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Targeting the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuronal Signal 2022; 6:NS20210004. [PMID: 35571495 PMCID: PMC9069568 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and despite extensive research, only a few drugs are available for management of the disease. One strategy has been to up-regulate cholinergic neurotransmission to improve cognitive function, but this approach has dose-limiting adverse effects. To avoid these adverse effects, new drugs that target specific receptor subtypes of the cholinergic system are needed, and the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-mAChR) has been shown to be a good target for this approach. By using several strategies, M1-mAChR ligands have been developed and trialled in preclinical animal models and in human studies, with varying degrees of success. This article reviews the different approaches to targeting the M1-mAChR in AD and discusses the advantages and limitations of these strategies. The factors to consider in targeting the M1-mAChR in AD are also discussed.
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Li N, Liu Q, Li RT, Sun Q, Jiang YM, Ye J. Anti-arthritic Effect of the Spirocyclopiperazinium Salt Compound LXM-15 in Rats and Its Underlying Mechanism. Inflammation 2021; 43:903-915. [PMID: 31950322 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of the spirocyclopiperazinium salt compound LXM-15 on rheumatoid arthritis induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats and investigate the underlying mechanism. The results showed that LXM-15 significantly inhibited the paw edema and ankle swelling, and alleviated the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia responses in the CFA rats. The histopathological results revealed that LXM-15 ameliorated the infiltration of inflammatory cells and joint destruction. The micro-CT scan showed that LXM-15 alleviated bone erosion and increased BMD in the ankle joints of the CFA rats. Western blot analyses showed that LXM-15 significantly reduced the upregulation of phospho-JAK2, phospho-STAT3, phospho-IκBα, and phospho-NF-κBp65, and the overexpression of BDNF in the dorsal root ganglions. ELISA result showed that the protein level of TNF-α in the paw tissue was decreased upon LXM-15 treatment. RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression levels of c-fos and BDNF were reduced in the dorsal root ganglions by LXM-15 treatment. The LXM-15-mediated anti-arthritic effects were abolished by treatment with hexamethonium (a peripheral nicotinic receptor antagonist), atropine methylnitrate (a peripheral muscarinic receptor antagonist), methyllycaconitine citrate (a selective α7 nicotinic receptor antagonist), and tropicamide (a selective M4 muscarinic receptor antagonist). Collectively, our results demonstrate that LXM-15 exerts anti-arthritic effects in CFA rats. The underlying mechanism may be related to the activation of the peripheral α7 nicotinic receptor and M4 muscarinic receptor by LXM-15, further suppressing the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 and IκBα/NF-κBp65 signaling pathways and, eventually, inhibiting the expression levels of TNF-α, BDNF, and c-fos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Tao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Min Jiang
- Medical and Healthy Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Grauer SM, Sanoja R, Poulin D, Rashid H, Jochnowitz N, Calhoun M, Zwilling D, Varty GB, Rosahl TW, Meziane H, Mittlelhaeuser C, Mazzola R, Morrow J, Smith SM, Henze D, Marcus J. Antinociceptive effects of potent, selective and brain penetrant muscarinic M4 positive allosteric modulators in rodent pain models. Brain Res 2020; 1737:146814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Muscarinic M 1 receptors stimulated by intracerebroventricular administration of McN-A-343 reduces the nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity via GABA B receptors rather than GABA A receptors in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 142:50-59. [PMID: 31818640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons play an important role in the higher functions of the brain, such as the memory, cognition, and nociception. However, the exact mechanism behind how the stimulation of all the muscarinic M1 receptors in the entire brain results in the alleviation of partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL)-induced mechanical hypersensitivity has not been investigated. Thus, we examined which subtype of GABA receptor was involved in the alleviation of PSNL-induce mechanical hypersensitivity produced by an intracerebroventricular administration of a muscarinic M1 receptor agonist, McN-A-343. Administering a GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, resulted in no changes to the McN-A-343-induced anti-hypersensitivity in PSNL mice whereas a GABAB receptor antagonist, CGP35348, dose-dependently inhibited the anti-hypersensitivity. Furthermore, CGP35348 increased mechanical hypersensitivity in naïve mice, and the hypersensitivity was blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists, MK-801 and D-AP5. Additionally, muscarinic M1 receptors colocalized with GABAB1 receptors and an NMDA receptor subunit, GluN2A, in a large region of the brain. Consequently, these results suggest that the activation of muscarinic M1 receptors in the entire brain reduces nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity via the GABAB receptors, and the activation of the GABAB receptors regulates glutamatergic transmission via NMDA receptors.
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Suppressive Effects of Bee Venom-Derived Phospholipase A2 on Mechanical Allodynia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080477. [PMID: 31430923 PMCID: PMC6723753 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee venom (BV) has a long history of being used in traditional Korean medicine to relieve pain. Here, we investigated the effect of BV-derived phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2), a major component of BV, on peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Spinal nerve ligation (SNL) was performed in Sprague Dawley rats to induce neuropathic pain, and paw withdrawal thresholds were measured using von Frey test. Mechanical allodynia, the representative symptom of neuropathic pain, was manifested following SNL and persisted for several weeks. The repetitive bvPLA2 treatment (0.2 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for two days significantly relieved the SNL-induced mechanical allodynia. The antiallodynic effect of bvPLA2 was blocked by spinal pretreatment with α1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin (30 μg, i.t.) but not with α2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan (50 μg, i.t.). Also, the spinal application of α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (50 μg, i.t.) reduced mechanical allodynia. These results indicate that bvPLA2 could relieve nerve injury-induced neuropathic mechanical allodynia through the activation of spinal α1-adrenergic receptors.
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Li ZH, Cui D, Qiu CJ, Song XJ. Cyclic nucleotide signaling in sensory neuron hyperexcitability and chronic pain after nerve injury. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2019; 6:100028. [PMID: 31223142 PMCID: PMC6565612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2019.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cAMP-PKA and cGMP-PKG pathways contributes to injury-induced sensory neuron hyperexcitability. Activation of cAMP and cGMP contributes to the development of bone cancer pain. PAR2 activation mediates injury-induced cAMP-dependent sensory neuron hyperexcitability.
The cyclic nucleotide signaling, including cAMP-PKA and cGMP-PKG pathways, has been well known to play critical roles in regulating cellular growth, metabolism and many other intracellular processes. In recent years, more and more studies have uncovered the roles of cAMP and cGMP in the nervous system. The cAMP and cGMP signaling mediates chronic pain induced by different forms of injury and stress. Here we summarize the roles of cAMP-PKA and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of chronic pain after nerve injury. In addition, acute dissociation and chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, respectively, leads to neural hyperexcitability possibly through PAR2 activation-dependent activation of cAMP-PKA pathway. Clinically, radiotherapy can effectively alleviate bone cancer pain at least partly through inhibiting the cancer cell-induced activation of cAMP-PKA pathway. Roles of cyclic nucleotide signaling in neuropathic and inflammatory pain are also seen in many other animal models and are involved in many pro-nociceptive mechanisms including the activation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide (HCN)-modulated ion channels and the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). Further understanding the roles of cAMP and cGMP signaling in the pathogenesis of chronic pain is theoretically significant and clinically valuable for treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Li
- Department of Biology, SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, and Medical School, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education of China), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Dong Cui
- Department of Biology, SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, and Medical School, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education of China), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Qiu
- Department of Biology, SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, and Medical School, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xue-Jun Song
- Department of Biology, SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, and Medical School, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education of China), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Koga K, Matsuzaki Y, Migita K, Shimoyama S, Eto F, Nakagawa T, Matsumoto T, Terada K, Mishima K, Furue H, Honda K. Stimulating muscarinic M1 receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex reduces mechanical hypersensitivity via GABAergic transmission in nerve injury rats. Brain Res 2019; 1704:187-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Koga K, Matsuzaki Y, Honda K, Eto F, Furukawa T, Migita K, Irie K, Mishima K, Ueno S. Activations of muscarinic M 1 receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex contribute to the antinociceptive effect via GABAergic transmission. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917692330. [PMID: 28326934 PMCID: PMC5315363 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917692330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholinergic systems regulate the synaptic transmission resulting in the contribution of the nociceptive behaviors. Anterior cingulate cortex is a key cortical area to play roles in nociception and chronic pain. However, the effect of the activation of cholinergic system for nociception is still unknown in the cortical area. Here, we tested whether the activation of cholinergic receptors can regulate nociceptive behaviors in adult rat anterior cingulate cortex by integrative methods including behavior, immunohistochemical, and electrophysiological methods. Results We found that muscarinic M1 receptors were clearly expressed in the anterior cingulate cortex. Using behavioral tests, we identified that microinjection of a selective muscarinic M1 receptors agonist McN-A-343 into the anterior cingulate cortex dose dependently increased the mechanical threshold. In contrast, the local injection of McN-A-343 into the anterior cingulate cortex showed normal motor function. The microinjection of a selective M1 receptors antagonist pirenzepine blocked the McN-A-343-induced antinociceptive effect. Pirenzepine alone into the anterior cingulate cortex decreased the mechanical thresholds. The local injection of the GABAA receptors antagonist bicuculline into the anterior cingulate cortex also inhibited the McN-A-343-induced antinociceptive effect and decreased the mechanical threshold. Finally, we further tested whether the activation of M1 receptors could regulate GABAergic transmission using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. The activation of M1 receptors enhanced the frequency of spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents as well as the amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the anterior cingulate cortex. Conclusions These results suggest that the activation of muscarinic M1 receptors in part increased the mechanical threshold by increasing GABAergic transmitter release and facilitating GABAergic transmission in the anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Koga
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yu Matsuzaki
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Kenji Honda
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Eto
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Tomonori Furukawa
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keisuke Migita
- 3 Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Keiichi Irie
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mishima
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Shinya Ueno
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Wood MW, Martino G, Coupal M, Lindberg M, Schroeder P, Santhakumar V, Valiquette M, Sandin J, Widzowski D, Laird J. Broad analgesic activity of a novel, selective M1 agonist. Neuropharmacology 2017. [PMID: 28623171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the muscarinic receptor family has long been a source of potentially compelling targets for small molecule drug discovery, it was difficult to achieve agonist selectivity within the family. A new class of M1 muscarinic agonists has emerged, and these compounds have been characterized as agonists that activate the receptor at an allosteric site. Members of this class of M1 agonists have been shown to be selective across the muscarinic receptors. However, upon introduction of a novel pharmacologic mechanism, it is prudent to ensure that no new off-target activities have arisen, particularly within the context of in vivo experiments. Reported here, is the in vitro and in vivo characterization of a novel M1 agonist tool compound, PPBI, and demonstrations that the primary biological effects of PPBI are mediated through M1. PPBI reverses d-amphetamine locomotor activity, but fails to do so in transgenic mice that do not express M1. PPBI also reverses a natural deficit in a rat cognition model at a level of exposure which also activates cortical circuitry. Most notably, PPBI is analgesic in a variety of rat and mouse models and the analgesic effect of PPBI is reversed by an M1-preferring antagonist and an M1-selective toxin. Finally, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic measures of PPBI are compared across multiple endpoints which highlights that activity in models of psychosis and pain require higher exposures than that required in the cognition model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Wood
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Waltham, MA 02451, United States.
| | - Giovanni Martino
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Martin Coupal
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Mattias Lindberg
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Patricia Schroeder
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Vijayaratnam Santhakumar
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Manon Valiquette
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Johan Sandin
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Daniel Widzowski
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer Laird
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
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A randomized, double-blind, positive-controlled, 3-way cross-over human experimental pain study of a TRPV1 antagonist (V116517) in healthy volunteers and comparison with preclinical profile. Pain 2016; 157:2057-2067. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pedretti A, Mazzolari A, Ricci C, Vistoli G. Enhancing the Reliability of GPCR Models by Accounting for Flexibility of Their Pro-Containing Helices: the Case of the Human mAChR1 Receptor. Mol Inform 2015; 34:216-27. [PMID: 27490167 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To better investigate the GPCR structures, we have recently proposed to explore their flexibility by simulating the bending of their Pro-containing TM helices so generating a set of models (the so-called chimeras) which exhaustively combine the two conformations (bent and straight) of these helices. The primary objective of the study is to investigate whether such an approach can be exploited to enhance the reliability of the GPCR models generated by distant templates. The study was focused on the human mAChR1 receptor for which a presumably reliable model was generated using the congener mAChR3 as the template along with a second less reliable model based on the distant β2-AR template. The second model was then utilized to produce the chimeras by combining the conformations of its Pro-containing helices (i.e., TM4, TM5, TM6 and TM7 with 16 modeled chimeras). The reliability of such chimeras was assessed by virtual screening campaigns as evaluated using a novel skewness metric where they surpassed the predictive power of the more reliable mAChR1 model. Finally, the virtual screening campaigns emphasize the opportunity of synergistically combining the scores of more chimeras using a specially developed tool which generates highly predictive consensus functions by maximizing the corresponding enrichment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pedretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy phone: +39 02 50319349; fax: +39 02 50319359
| | - Angelica Mazzolari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy phone: +39 02 50319349; fax: +39 02 50319359
| | - Chiara Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy phone: +39 02 50319349; fax: +39 02 50319359
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy phone: +39 02 50319349; fax: +39 02 50319359.
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12
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Jiang S, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Bu G, Xu H, Zhang YW. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:295-307. [PMID: 24590577 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of cholinergic neurons and cholinergic hypofunction are pathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) mediate acetylcholine-induced neurotransmission and five mAChR subtypes (M1-M5) have been identified. Among them, M1 mAChR is widely expressed in the central nervous system and has been implicated in many physiological and pathological brain functions. In addition, M1 mAChR is postulated to be an important therapeutic target for AD and several other neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we review recent progress in understanding the functional involvement of M1 mAChR in AD pathology and in developing M1 mAChR agonists for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangtong Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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Viberg A, Martino G, Lessard E, Laird JMA. Evaluation of an innovative population pharmacokinetic-based design for behavioral pharmacodynamic endpoints. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:657-63. [PMID: 22711220 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical behavioral pharmacology studies supporting indications like analgesia typically consist of at least three different studies; dose-finding, duration of effect, and tolerance-development studies. Pharmacokinetic (PK) plasma samples are generally taken from a parallel group of animals to avoid disruption of the behavioral pharmacodynamic (PD) endpoint. Our objective was to investigate if pre-clinical behavioral pharmacology studies in rats could be performed effectively by combining three studies into a single experimental design and using sparse PK sampling in the same animals as for PD. A refined dosing strategy was applied for a muscarinic agonist, AZD6088, using the rat spinal nerve ligation heat hyperalgesia model. PD measurements were performed on day 1, 3, 5 and 8. Two PK samples per day were taken day 2 and 4. In a separate control group, PD measurements were performed on rats without PK sampling. Data was analyzed using a population approach in NONMEM. The animals produced a consistent and reproducible response irrespective of day of testing suggesting that blood sampling on alternate days did not interfere with the PD responses. A direct concentration-effect relationship with good precision was established and no tolerance development was observed. The new design combining three studies into one and eliminating a satellite PK group realized substantial savings compared to the old design; animal use was reduced by 58% and time required to generate results was reduced by 55%. The design described here delivers substantial savings in animal lives, time, and money whilst still delivering a good quality and precise description of the PKPD relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Viberg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, 151 85, Södertälje, Sweden.
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14
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Negative allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 results in broad spectrum activity relevant to treatment resistant depression. Neuropharmacology 2012; 66:202-14. [PMID: 22551786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that 30-50% of patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) are classified as suffering from treatment resistant depression (TRD) as they have an inadequate response to standard antidepressants. A key feature of this patient population is the increased incidence of co-morbid symptoms like anxiety and pain. Recognizing that current standards of care are largely focused on monoaminergic mechanisms of action (MOAs), innovative approaches to drug discovery for TRD are targeting glutamate hyperfunction. Here we describe the in vitro and in vivo profile of GRN-529, a novel negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). In cell based pharmacology assays, GRN-529 is a high affinity (Ki 5.4 nM), potent (IC50 3.1 nM) and selective (>1000-fold selective vs mGluR1) mGluR5 NAM. Acute administration of GRN-529 (0.1-30 mg/kg p.o.) had dose-dependent efficacy across a therapeutically relevant battery of animal models, comprising depression (decreased immobility time in tail suspension and forced swim tests) and 2 of the co-morbid symptoms overrepresented in TRD, namely anxiety (attenuation of stress-induced hyperthermia, and increased punished crossings in the four plate test) and pain (reversal of hyperalgesia due to sciatic nerve ligation or inflammation). The potential side effect liability of GRN-529 was also assessed using preclinical models: GRN-529 had no effect on rat sexual behavior or motor co-ordination (rotarod), however it impaired cognition in mice (social odor recognition). Efficacy and side effects of GRN-529 were compared to standard of care agents (antidepressant, anxiolytic or analgesics) and the tool mGluR5 NAM, MTEP. To assess the relationship between target occupancy and efficacy, ex vivo receptor occupancy was measured in parallel with efficacy testing. This revealed a strong correlation between target engagement, exposure and efficacy across behavioral endpoints, which supports the potential translational value of PET imaging to dose selection in patients. Collectively this broad spectrum profile of efficacy of GRN-529 supports our hypothesis that negative allosteric modulation of mGluR5 could represent an innovative therapeutic approach to the treatment of TRD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.
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15
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Fiorino DF, Garcia-Guzman M. Muscarinic pain pharmacology: realizing the promise of novel analgesics by overcoming old challenges. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:191-221. [PMID: 22222700 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23274-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The antinociceptive and analgesic effects of muscarinic receptor ligands in human and nonhuman species have been evident for more than half a century. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the roles of different muscarinic subtypes in pain modulation and their mechanism of action along the pain signaling pathway, including peripheral nociception, spinal cord pain processing, and supraspinal analgesia. Extensive preclinical and clinical validation of these mechanisms points to the development of selective muscarinic agonists as one of the most exciting and promising avenues toward novel pain medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis F Fiorino
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 11010 Torreyana Road, San Diego, CA 92127, USA.
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16
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Bubser M, Byun N, Wood MR, Jones CK. Muscarinic receptor pharmacology and circuitry for the modulation of cognition. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:121-66. [PMID: 22222698 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23274-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The muscarinic cholinergic system constitutes an important part of the neuronal circuitry that modulates normal cognition. Muscarinic receptor antagonists are well known to produce or exacerbate impairments in attention, learning, and memory. Conversely, both direct-acting muscarinic receptor agonists and indirect-acting muscarinic cholinergic agonists, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, have shown cognition-enhancing properties, including improvements in normal cognitive function, reversal of cognitive deficits induced by muscarinic receptor antagonists, and attenuation of cognitive deficits in psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. However, until recently, the lack of small molecule ligands that antagonize or activate specific muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes with high selectivity has been a major obstacle in defining the relative contributions of individual mAChRs to different aspects of cognitive function and for the development of novel therapeutic agents. These limitations may be potentially overcome by the recent discovery of novel mAChR subtype-selective compounds, notably allosteric agonists and positive allosteric modulators, which exhibit greater selectivity for individual mAChR subtypes than previous mAChR orthosteric agonists. In preclinical studies, these novel ligands have shown promising efficacy in several models for the enhancement of cognition. In this chapter, we will review the muscarinic cholinergic circuitry and pharmacology of mAChR agonists and antagonists relevant to the modulation of different aspects of cognition in animals and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bubser
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Martino G, Puma C, Yu XH, Gilbert AK, Coupal M, Markoglou N, McIntosh FS, Perkins MN, Laird JMA. The M1/M4 preferring agonist xanomeline is analgesic in rodent models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain via central site of action. Pain 2011; 152:2852-2860. [PMID: 22018972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of muscarinic receptor subtype-1 (M1) in chronic pain is unclear. In an attempt to gain an understanding of its role, we have tested xanomeline, an M1/M4-preferring agonist, together with nonselective (scopolamine and pirenzepine), and selective (MT-7 and MT-3) muscarinic receptor (M1 and M4, respectively) antagonists in a number of inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Xanomeline potently and effectively reversed tactile allodynia and heat hyperalgesia associated with established neuropathic and inflammatory pain in both rat and mouse models. Scopolamine and pirenzepine completely blocked the analgesic response to xanomeline, confirming that the analgesic effect is mediated by the muscarinic system. The highly selective M1 receptor toxin, MT-7, almost completely abolished the analgesic response to xanomeline when administered supraspinally. However, the highly selective M4 receptor toxin, MT-3, only marginally reversed the analgesia when given supraspinally, and had no effect when given spinally. In conclusion, the data presented show that the nonselective muscarinic agonist xanomeline is analgesic in models of persistent pain and suggest that the activation of supraspinal M1 receptors, and to a lesser extent supraspinal M4 receptors, contributes to that analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Martino
- AstraZeneca R&D Montreal, St-Laurent, QC, Canada Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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18
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O'Neill DJ, Adedoyin A, Bray JA, Deecher DC, Fensome A, Goldberg JA, Harrison J, Leventhal L, Mann C, Mark L, Nogle L, Sullivan NR, Spangler TB, Terefenko EA, Trybulski EJ, Uveges AJ, Vu A, Whiteside GT, Zhang P. Discovery of novel selective norepinephrine inhibitors: 1-(2-morpholin-2-ylethyl)-3-aryl-1,3-dihydro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole 2,2-dioxides (WYE-114152). J Med Chem 2011; 54:6824-31. [PMID: 21916421 DOI: 10.1021/jm200733r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sequential modification of the previously identified 4-[3-aryl-2,2-dioxido-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-1(3H)-yl]-1-(methylamino)butan-2-ols led to the identification of a new series of 1-(2-morpholin-2-ylethyl)-3-aryl-1,3-dihydro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole 2,2-dioxides that are potent and selective inhibitors of the norepinephrine transporter over both the serotonin and dopamine transporters. One representative compound 10b (WYE-114152) had low nanomolar hNET potency (IC(50) = 15 nM) and good selectivity for hNET over hSERT (>430-fold) and hDAT (>548-fold). 10b was additionally bioavailable following oral dosing and demonstrated efficacy in rat models of acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J O'Neill
- Chemical Sciences, Pfizer, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States.
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19
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Nirogi R, Jabaris SL, Jayarajan P, Abraham R, Shanmuganathan D, Rasheed MA, Royapalley PK, Goura V. Antinociceptive activity of α4β2* neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist A-366833 in experimental models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668:155-62. [PMID: 21756895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nerve injury, diabetes and cancer therapies are often associated with painful neuropathy. The mechanism underlying neuropathic pain remains poorly understood. The current therapies have limited efficacy and are associated with dose-limiting side effects. Compounds which act at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have also been reported to show antinociceptive activity. Among those, tebanicline (ABT-594) a potent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist demonstrated analgesic effects across a broad range of preclinical models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Another nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, 5-[(1R,5S)-3,6-Diazabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-6-yl]nicotinonitrile (A-366833) from the same group produced significant antinociceptive effects in writhing pain (abdominal constriction), acute thermal pain (hot box), persistent chemical pain (formalin induced) and neuropathic pain. In the present study, we have demonstrated the efficacy of A-366833 in rat models of chronic constriction injury, partial sciatic nerve ligation, spinal nerve ligation, diabetes, chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain and complete Freund's adjuvant induced inflammatory pain. A-366833 (1, 3 and 6 mg/kg) produced significant antihyperalgesic effects in partial sciatic nerve ligation, chronic constriction injury and spinal nerve ligation models. In the diabetic and chemotherapy induced neuropathic models compound exerted antinociceptive activity and reduction in the mechanical hyperalgesia was observed. A-366833 dose dependently attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia in complete Freund's adjuvant induced inflammatory pain model. These results demonstrated broad-spectrum antinociceptive properties of A-366833 in both neuropathic and inflammatory pain models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Serene Chambers, Road No 5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, India.
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20
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Whiteside GT, Dwyer JM, Harrison JE, Beyer CE, Cummons T, Manzino L, Mark L, Johnston GH, Strassle BW, Adedoyin A, Lu P, Piesla MJ, Pulicicchio CM, Erve JCL, Platt BJ, Hughes ZA, Rogers KE, Deecher DC, Trybulski EJ, Kennedy JD, Zhang P, Leventhal L. WAY-318068: a novel, potent and selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor with activity in rodent models of pain and depression. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:1105-18. [PMID: 20590604 PMCID: PMC2936020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Antidepressants, which raise the CNS concentrations of 5-HT and noradrenaline, are frequently used in the treatment of chronic pain; however, it is not known if increasing CNS noradrenaline levels alone is sufficient for efficacy, in part resulting from a lack of small molecules with sufficient selectivity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this report, we present the in vitro pharmacological and in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of the novel, orally available and CNS penetrant inhibitor of the noradrenaline transporter (NET), WAY-318068 (1-[(1S,2R)-1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(methylamino)propyl]-7-fluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one). KEY RESULTS WAY-318068 is a potent and effective inhibitor of the NET with a K(i) of 8.7 nM in a binding assay, and an IC(50) of 6.8 nM in an assay of transporter function, without significant binding to the dopamine transporter. Furthermore, the compound has only weak activity at the 5-HT transporter, leading to a functional selectivity of greater than 2500-fold. It is orally bioavailable with substantial quantities of the compound found in the CNS after oral dosing. As measured by microdialysis in rats, the compound causes a robust and significant increase in cortical noradrenaline levels without affecting 5-HT. WAY-318068 was effective in models of acute, visceral, inflammatory, osteoarthritic, neuropathic, diabetic and bone cancer pain, as well as in traditional models of depression at doses that do not cause motor deficits. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, the present results support the conclusion that selectively increasing CNS levels of noradrenaline is sufficient for efficacy in models of depression and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Whiteside
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Neuroscience, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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21
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O’Neill DJ, Adedoyin A, Alfinito PD, Bray JA, Cosmi S, Deecher DC, Fensome A, Harrison J, Leventhal L, Mann C, McComas CC, Sullivan NR, Spangler TB, Uveges AJ, Trybulski EJ, Whiteside GT, Zhang P. Discovery of Novel Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors: 4-[3-Aryl-2,2-dioxido-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-1(3H)-yl]-1-(methylamino)butan-2-ols (WYE-103231). J Med Chem 2010; 53:4511-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100053t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jim Harrison
- Neuroscience, PGRD, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Liza Leventhal
- Neuroscience, PGRD, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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22
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Vu AT, Cohn ST, Zhang P, Kim CY, Mahaney PE, Bray JA, Johnston GH, Koury EJ, Cosmi SA, Deecher DC, Smith VA, Harrison JE, Leventhal L, Whiteside GT, Kennedy JD, Trybulski EJ. 1-(Indolin-1-yl)-1-phenyl-3-propan-2-olamines as potent and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2051-62. [PMID: 20131864 DOI: 10.1021/jm901559e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to identify new selective and potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) for multiple indications by structural modification of the previous 3-(arylamino)-3-phenylpropan-2-olamine scaffold led to the discovery of a novel series of 1-(indolin-1-yl)-1-phenyl-3-propan-2-olamines (9). Investigation of the structure-activity relationships revealed that small alkyl substitution at the C3 position of the indoline ring enhanced selectivity for the norepinephrine transporter (NET) over the serotonin transporter (SERT). Several compounds bearing a 3,3-dimethyl group on the indoline ring, 9k, 9o,p, and 9s,t, exhibited potent inhibition of NET (IC(50) = 2.7-6.5 nM) and excellent selectivity over both serotonin and dopamine transporters. The best example from this series, 9p, a potent and highly selective NRI, displayed oral efficacy in a telemetric rat model of ovariectomized-induced thermoregulatory dysfunction, a mouse p-phenylquinone (PPQ) model of acute visceral pain, and a rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T Vu
- Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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Zhang P, Terefenko EA, Bray J, Deecher D, Fensome A, Harrison J, Kim C, Koury E, Mark L, McComas CC, Mugford CA, Trybulski EJ, Vu AT, Whiteside GT, Mahaney PE. 1- or 3-(3-Amino-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl propyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-ones: potent, selective, and orally efficacious norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5703-11. [PMID: 19722525 DOI: 10.1021/jm900888c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sequential structural modifications of the aryloxypropanamine template (e.g., atomoxetine, 2) led to a novel series of 1-(3-amino-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl propyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-ones as selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs). In general, this series of compounds potently blocked the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET) while exhibiting selectivity at hNET against both the human serotonin (hSERT) and dopamine transporters (hDAT). Numerous compounds (e.g., 19-22) had low nonamolar hNET potency with IC(50) values of 7-10 nM and excellent selectivity (>500 fold) at hNET over hSERT and hDAT. Several compounds, such as 20 and 22, were tested in a telemetric rat model of ovariectomized-induced thermoregulatory dysfunction and were efficacious at oral doses of 3 mg/kg in reducing the tail skin temperature. In addition, compound 20 was also studied in the rat hot plate and spinal nerve ligation (SNL) models of acute and neuropathic pain, respectively, and was orally efficacious at doses of 3-10 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puwen Zhang
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, S-2250B, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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Heinrich JN, Butera JA, Carrick T, Kramer A, Kowal D, Lock T, Marquis KL, Pausch MH, Popiolek M, Sun SC, Tseng E, Uveges AJ, Mayer SC. Pharmacological comparison of muscarinic ligands: Historical versus more recent muscarinic M1-preferring receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 605:53-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Nogueira-Neto FDS, Amorim RL, Brigatte P, Picolo G, Ferreira WA, Gutierrez VP, Conceição IM, Della-Casa MS, Takahira RK, Nicoletti JLM, Cury Y. The analgesic effect of crotoxin on neuropathic pain is mediated by central muscarinic receptors and 5-lipoxygenase-derived mediators. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 91:252-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Emilio Bermejo P, Fraile Pereda A. Neurolépticos en el tratamiento de la migraña. Med Clin (Barc) 2008; 130:704-9. [DOI: 10.1157/13120768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Whiteside GT, Adedoyin A, Leventhal L. Predictive validity of animal pain models? A comparison of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for pain drugs in rats and humans. Neuropharmacology 2008; 54:767-75. [PMID: 18289614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A number of previous reviews have very eloquently summarized pain models and endpoints in animals. Many of these reviews also discuss how animal models have enhanced our understanding of pain mechanisms and make forward-looking statements as to our proximity to the development of effective mechanism-based treatments. While a number of reports cite failures of animal pain models to predict efficacy in humans, few have actually analyzed where these models have been successful. This review gives a brief overview of those successes, both backward, providing validation of the models, and forward, predicting clinical efficacy. While the largest dataset is presented on treatments for neuropathic pain, this review also discusses acute and inflammatory pain models. Key to prediction of clinical efficacy is a lack of side effects, which may incorrectly suggest efficacy in animals and an understanding of how pharmacokinetic parameters translate from animals to man. As such, this review focuses on a description of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for a number of pain treatments that are effective in both animals and humans. Finally we discuss where and why animal pain models have failed and summarize improvements to pain models that should expand and improve their predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Whiteside
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Honda K, Horikawa K, Ando S, Koga K, Kawata S, Migita K, Takano Y. The Spinal Muscarinic M1 Receptors and GABAA Receptors Contribute to the McN-A-343–Induced Antinociceptive Effects During Thermal Stimulation of Mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 108:472-9. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08226fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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