1
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Yuan Z. Research progress of CXCR3 inhibitors. Anticancer Drugs 2024; 35:36-45. [PMID: 37694856 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The human CXCR3 receptor was initially identified and cloned in the mid-1990s. In the process of understanding CXCR3, it gradually found that it plays an important role in the process of a variety of diseases, including inflammation, immune diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system diseases, etc., which attracted the attention of many researchers. Subsequently, some small molecule inhibitors targeting CXCR3 receptors were also developed. Unfortunately, no CXCR3 inhibitors have been approved for marketing by FDA. Up to now, only one CXCR3 small molecule inhibitor has entered the clinical trial stage, but it has not achieved ideal results in the end. Therefore, there is still much to think about and explore for the development of CXCR3 inhibitors. This article reviews the important role of CXCR3 in various physiological and pathological processes and some small molecule inhibitors of CXCR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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2
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Kleist AB, Jenjak S, Sente A, Laskowski LJ, Szpakowska M, Calkins MM, Anderson EI, McNally LM, Heukers R, Bobkov V, Peterson FC, Thomas MA, Chevigné A, Smit MJ, McCorvy JD, Babu MM, Volkman BF. Conformational selection guides β-arrestin recruitment at a biased G protein-coupled receptor. Science 2022; 377:222-228. [PMID: 35857540 PMCID: PMC9574477 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins to coordinate diverse cellular processes, but the structural dynamics driving this process are poorly understood. Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are intrinsically biased GPCRs that engage β-arrestins but not G proteins, making them a model system for investigating the structural basis of β-arrestin recruitment. Here, we performed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments on 13CH3-ε-methionine-labeled ACKR3, revealing that β-arrestin recruitment is associated with conformational exchange at key regions of the extracellular ligand-binding pocket and intracellular β-arrestin-coupling region. NMR studies of ACKR3 mutants defective in β-arrestin recruitment identified an allosteric hub in the receptor core that coordinates transitions among heterogeneously populated and selected conformational states. Our data suggest that conformational selection guides β-arrestin recruitment by tuning receptor dynamics at intracellular and extracellular regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Kleist
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shawn Jenjak
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andrija Sente
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lauren J Laskowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maggie M Calkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Emilie I Anderson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lisa M McNally
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Bobkov
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Monica A Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - M Madan Babu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Center for Data Driven Discovery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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3
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Caccuri F, Bugatti A, Corbellini S, Roversi S, Zani A, Mazzuca P, Marsico S, Caruso A, Giagulli C. The Synthetic Dipeptide Pidotimod Shows a Chemokine-Like Activity through CXC Chemokine Receptor 3 (CXCR3). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215287. [PMID: 31653015 PMCID: PMC6862300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years immunomodulators have gained a strong interest and represent nowadays an active expanding area of research for the control of microbial diseases and for their therapeutic potential in preventing, treating and reducing the morbidity and mortality of different diseases. Pidotimod (3-L-pyroglutamyl-L-thiaziolidine-4carboxylic acid, PDT) is a synthetic dipeptide, which possesses immunomodulatory properties and exerts a well-defined pharmacological activity against infections, but its real mechanism of action is still undefined. Here, we show that PDT is capable of activating tyrosine phosphorylation-based cell signaling in human primary monocytes and triggering rapid adhesion and chemotaxis. PDT-induced monocyte migration requires the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and chemokine receptor CXCR3. Indeed, a mAb to CXCR3 and a specific receptor inhibitor suppressed significantly PDT-dependent chemotaxis, and CXCR3-silenced primary monocytes lost responsiveness to PDT chemoattraction. Moreover, our results highlighted that the PDT-induced migratory activity is sustained by the CXCR3A isoform, since CXCR3-transfected L1.2 cells acquired responsiveness to PDT stimulation. Finally, we show that PDT, as CXCR3 ligands, is also able to direct the migration of IL-2 activated T cells, which express the highest levels of CXCR3 among CXCR3-expressing cells. In conclusion, our study defines a chemokine-like activity for PDT through CXCR3A and points on the possible role that this synthetic dipeptide may play in leukocyte trafficking and function. Since recent studies have highlighted diverse therapeutic roles for molecules which activates CXCR3, our findings call for an exploration of using this dipeptide in different pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Corbellini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Sara Roversi
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Alberto Zani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Pietro Mazzuca
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Stefania Marsico
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Giagulli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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4
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Bobkov V, Zarca AM, Van Hout A, Arimont M, Doijen J, Bialkowska M, Toffoli E, Klarenbeek A, van der Woning B, van der Vliet HJ, Van Loy T, de Haard H, Schols D, Heukers R, Smit MJ. Nanobody-Fc constructs targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4 potently inhibit signaling and CXCR4-mediated HIV-entry and induce antibody effector functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:413-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Adlere I, Sun S, Zarca A, Roumen L, Gozelle M, Viciano CP, Caspar B, Arimont M, Bebelman JP, Briddon SJ, Hoffmann C, Hill SJ, Smit MJ, Vischer HF, Wijtmans M, de Graaf C, de Esch IJP, Leurs R. Structure-based exploration and pharmacological evaluation of N-substituted piperidin-4-yl-methanamine CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:631-649. [PMID: 30476826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Using the available structural information of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, we present hit finding and hit exploration studies that make use of virtual fragment screening, design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Fragment 2 was identified as virtual screening hit and used as a starting point for the exploration of 31 N-substituted piperidin-4-yl-methanamine derivatives to investigate and improve the interactions with the CXCR4 binding site. Additionally, subtle structural ligand changes lead to distinct interactions with CXCR4 resulting in a full to partial displacement of CXCL12 binding and competitive and/or non-competitive antagonism. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and binding model studies were used to identify important hydrophobic interactions that determine binding affinity and indicate key ligand-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Adlere
- Griffin Discoveries BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Sun
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Zarca
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Roumen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Gozelle
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C Perpiñá Viciano
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Caspar
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - M Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J P Bebelman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S J Briddon
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - C Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S J Hill
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - M J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H F Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Wijtmans
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I J P de Esch
- Griffin Discoveries BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Leurs
- Griffin Discoveries BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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6
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Piotrowska A, Rojewska E, Pawlik K, Kreiner G, Ciechanowska A, Makuch W, Zychowska M, Mika J. Pharmacological blockade of CXCR3 by (±)-NBI-74330 reduces neuropathic pain and enhances opioid effectiveness - Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3418-3437. [PMID: 30076959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that CXCR3 is important for nociception. Our experiments were conducted to evaluate involvement of CXCR3 and its ligands (CXCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11/CCL21) in neuropathic pain. Our studies give new evidence that intrathecal administration of each CXCR3 ligand induces pain-like behaviour in naive mice that occurs shortly after injection due to its location of neurons, which is confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. Moreover, intrathecal administrations of CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL21 neutralizing antibodies diminished pain-related behaviour. RT-PCR/Western blot analysis unprecedentedly showed spinal elevated levels of CXCR3 after chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in rats in parallel with different time-course changes of its endogenous ligands. Initially, on day 2 we observed spinal increased levels of CXCL10 and CXCL11 indicating that these chemokines have important roles in triggering neuropathy. Then, on day 7, we observed increased levels of CXCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10. Interestingly, changes in CXCL9 level persisted until day 28, suggesting that these chemokines are responsible for long-term, persistent neuropathy. Additionally, in DRG the CXCL4, CXCL9 were elevated. The results obtained from primary glial cultures, suggests that all CXCR3 ligands can be produced in microglia, but also, except for CXCL4, in astrocytes. We provide the first evidence that in neuropathy chronic intrathecal administration of CXCR3 antagonist, (±)-NBI-74330, attenuates hypersensitivity with concomitant occurrence of microglial and some of CXCR3 ligands activation observed in the spinal cord and/or DRG level. This paper underlies the significance of CXCR3 in neuropathic pain and shows therapeutic potential of its blockade for enhancement of morphine analgesia as the major novelty of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Brain Biochemistry, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zychowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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7
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Taddese B, Deniaud M, Garnier A, Tiss A, Guissouma H, Abdi H, Henrion D, Chabbert M. Evolution of chemokine receptors is driven by mutations in the sodium binding site. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006209. [PMID: 29912865 PMCID: PMC6037435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors (members of the GPCR super-family) are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes and diseases; thus, understanding the specificity of the chemokine receptor family could help develop new receptor specific drugs. Here, we explore the evolutionary mechanisms that led to the emergence of the chemokine receptors. Based on GPCR hierarchical classification, we analyzed nested GPCR sets with an eigen decomposition approach of the sequence covariation matrix and determined three key residues whose mutation was crucial for the emergence of the chemokine receptors and their subsequent divergence into homeostatic and inflammatory receptors. These residues are part of the allosteric sodium binding site. Their structural and functional roles were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations of CXCR4 and CCR5 as prototypes of homeostatic and inflammatory chemokine receptors, respectively. This study indicates that the three mutations crucial for the evolution of the chemokine receptors dramatically altered the sodium binding mode. In CXCR4, the sodium ion is tightly bound by four protein atoms and one water molecule. In CCR5, the sodium ion is mobile within the binding pocket and moves between different sites involving from one to three protein atoms and two to five water molecules. Analysis of chemokine receptor evolution reveals that a highly constrained sodium binding site characterized most ancient receptors, and that the constraints were subsequently loosened during the divergence of this receptor family. We discuss the implications of these findings for the evolution of the chemokine receptor functions and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruck Taddese
- Laboratoire MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 – INSERM 1083, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Madeline Deniaud
- Laboratoire MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 – INSERM 1083, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Antoine Garnier
- Laboratoire MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 – INSERM 1083, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Asma Tiss
- Laboratoire MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 – INSERM 1083, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Immunologie et Pathologies Humaines, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Hajer Guissouma
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Immunologie et Pathologies Humaines, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Hervé Abdi
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Henrion
- Laboratoire MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 – INSERM 1083, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Marie Chabbert
- Laboratoire MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 – INSERM 1083, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
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8
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Irving A, Abdulrazzaq G, Chan SLF, Penman J, Harvey J, Alexander SPH. Cannabinoid Receptor-Related Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 80:223-247. [PMID: 28826536 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Of the druggable group of G protein-coupled receptors in the human genome, a number remain which have yet to be paired with an endogenous ligand-orphan GPCRs. Among these 100 or so entities, 3 have been linked to the cannabinoid system. GPR18, GPR55, and GPR119 exhibit limited sequence homology with the established CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. However, the pharmacology of these orphan receptors displays overlap with CB1 and CB2 receptors, particularly for GPR18 and GPR55. The linking of GPR119 to the cannabinoid receptors is less convincing and emanates from structural similarities of endogenous ligands active at these GPCRs, but which do not cross-react. This review describes the evidence for describing these orphan GPCRs as cannabinoid receptor-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Irving
- The Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ghayth Abdulrazzaq
- Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sue L F Chan
- Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - June Penman
- Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jenni Harvey
- Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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9
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION By virtue of its specificity for chemokines induced in Th1-associated pathologies, CXCR3 has attracted considerable attention as a target for therapeutic intervention. Several pharmacologically distinct small molecules with in vitro and in vivo potency have been described in the literature, although to date, none have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Areas covered: In this article, the author outlines the rationale for targeting CXCR3 and discusses the potential pitfalls in targeting receptors in poorly understood areas of chemokine biology. Furthermore, they cover emerging therapeutic areas outside of the 'traditional' Th1 arena in which CXCR3 antagonists may ultimately bear fruit. Finally, they discuss the design of recently discovered small molecules targeting CXCR3. Expert opinion: CXCR3 and its ligands appear to play roles in a multitude of diverse diseases in humans. In vitro studies suggest that CXCR3 is inherently 'druggable' and that potent, efficacious small molecules targeting CXCR3 antagonists will find a clinical niche. However, the well-trodden path to failure of small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists in clinical trials suggests that a cautious approach should be undertaken. Ideally, unequivocal evidence elucidating the precise role of CXCR3 should be obtained before targeting the receptor in a particular disease cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Pease
- a Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
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10
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Ligand-Dependent Modulation of G Protein Conformation Alters Drug Efficacy. Cell 2016; 167:739-749.e11. [PMID: 27720449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, mediated by hetero-trimeric G proteins, can be differentially controlled by agonists. At a molecular level, this is thought to occur principally via stabilization of distinct receptor conformations by individual ligands. These distinct conformations control subsequent recruitment of transducer and effector proteins. Here, we report that ligand efficacy at the calcitonin GPCR (CTR) is also correlated with ligand-dependent alterations to G protein conformation. We observe ligand-dependent differences in the sensitivity of the G protein ternary complex to disruption by GTP, due to conformational differences in the receptor-bound G protein hetero-trimer. This results in divergent agonist-dependent receptor-residency times for the hetero-trimeric G protein and different accumulation rates for downstream second messengers. This study demonstrates that factors influencing efficacy extend beyond receptor conformation(s) and expands understanding of the molecular basis for how G proteins control/influence efficacy. This has important implications for the mechanisms that underlie ligand-mediated biased agonism. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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11
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Ercole F, Mansfeld FM, Kavallaris M, Whittaker MR, Quinn JF, Halls ML, Davis TP. Macromolecular Hydrogen Sulfide Donors Trigger Spatiotemporally Confined Changes in Cell Signaling. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:371-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ercole
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Friederike M. Mansfeld
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Children’s
Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children’s
Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence
in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Australian Centre
for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael R. Whittaker
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - John F. Quinn
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Halls
- Drug
Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, ULCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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12
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Szekanecz Z, Koch AE. Successes and failures of chemokine-pathway targeting in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 12:5-13. [PMID: 26607389 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors are involved in leukocyte recruitment and angiogenesis underlying the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Numerous chemokines, along with both conventional and atypical cell-surface chemokine receptors, are found in inflamed synovia. Preclinical studies carried out in animal models of arthritis involving agents targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors have yielded promising results. However, most human trials of treatment of RA with antibodies and synthetic compounds targeting chemokine signalling have failed to show clinical improvements. Chemokines can have overlapping actions, and their activities can be altered by chemical modification or proteolytic degradation. Effective targeting of chemokine pathways must take acount of these properties, and can also require high levels of receptor occupancy by therapeutic agents to prevent signalling. CCR1 is a promising target for chemokine-receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szekanecz
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei Str 98, Debrecen, H-4004, Hungary
| | - Alisa E Koch
- University of Michigan Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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13
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Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are known to play important roles in disease. More than 40 chemokine ligands and 20 chemokine receptors have been identified, but, to date, only two small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists have been approved by the FDA. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 was identified in 1996, and nearly 20 years later, new areas of CXCR3 disease biology continue to emerge. Several classes of small molecule CXCR3 antagonists have been developed, and two have shown efficacy in preclinical models of inflammatory disease. However, only one CXCR3 antagonist has been evaluated in clinical trials, and there remain many opportunities to further investigate known classes of CXCR3 antagonists and to identify new chemotypes. This Perspective reviews the known CXCR3 antagonists and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Andrews
- Heptares Therapeutics , BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona J Cox
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity IMED , Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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14
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Cawston EE, Connor M, Di Marzo V, Silvestri R, Glass M. Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26203658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ORG27569 (1) is an allosteric modulator of CB1. 1 produces a distinct cAMP temporal fingerprint with complex time-dependent modulation of agonist-mediated responses. The aim of this study was to characterize the cAMP signaling response of indole-2-carboxamides structurally correlated to 1 for both CB1 and CB2. We show that at CB1 1, 10, 13, and 18 display a delay in inhibiting CP55,940-mediated cAMP inhibition, whereas compounds 7, 14, 15, 16, 20, and 22 act immediately. To further characterize this, compounds 1, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, and 20 were tested for their influence on CP55,940-mediated hyperpolarization in AtT20-hCB1 cells. Intriguingly, all compounds generated a response similar to that of 1, producing no decrease in CB1-mediated peak hyperpolarization at concentrations up to 10 μM but enhancing the rate at which the channel repolarizes. Additionally, we show that compounds 5, 10, and 20 indole-2-carboxamides modulate cAMP signaling through CB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Cawston
- †Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- ‡Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- §Istituto di Chemica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, I-80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- ∥Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Michelle Glass
- †Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Mladic M, Scholten DJ, Wijtmans M, Falck D, Leurs R, Niessen WMA, Smit MJ, Kool J. Metabolic profiling of ligands for the chemokine receptor CXCR3 by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled to bioaffinity assessment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7067-81. [PMID: 26164305 PMCID: PMC4551560 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors belong to the class of G protein-coupled receptors and are important in the host defense against infections and inflammation. However, aberrant chemokine signaling is linked to different disorders such as cancer, central nervous system and immune disorders, and viral infections [Scholten DJ et al. (2012) Br J Pharmacol 165(6):1617–1643]. Modulating the chemokine receptor function provides new ways of targeting specific diseases. Therefore, discovery and development of drugs targeting chemokine receptors have received considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industry in the past decade. Along with that, the determination of bioactivities of individual metabolites derived from lead compounds towards chemokine receptors is crucial for drug selectivity, pharmacodynamics, and potential toxicity issues. Therefore, advanced analytical methodologies are in high demand. This study is aimed at the optimization of a new analytical method for metabolic profiling with parallel bioaffinity assessment of CXCR3 ligands of the azaquinazolinone and piperazinyl-piperidine class and their metabolites. The method is based on mass spectrometric (MS) identification after liquid chromatographic (LC) separation of metabolic mixtures. The bioaffinity assessment is performed “at-line” via high-resolution nanofractionation onto 96-well plates allowing direct integration of radioligand binding assays. This new method enables identification of metabolites from lead compounds with associated estimation of their individual bioaffinity. Moreover, the identification of the metabolite structures via accurate mass measurements and MS2 allows the identification of liable metabolic “hotspots” for further lead optimization. The efficient combination of chemokine receptor ligand binding assays with analytical techniques, involving nanofractionation as linking technology, allows implementation of comprehensive metabolic profiling in an early phase of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mladic
- />Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny J. Scholten
- />Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel Wijtmans
- />Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- />Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- />Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfried M. A. Niessen
- />Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />hyphen MassSpec, de Wetstraat 8, 2332 XT Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Smit
- />Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- />Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Heo J, Dogra P, Masi TJ, Pitt EA, de Kruijf P, Smit MJ, Sparer TE. Novel Human Cytomegalovirus Viral Chemokines, vCXCL-1s, Display Functional Selectivity for Neutrophil Signaling and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:227-36. [PMID: 25987741 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human CMV (HCMV) uses members of the hematopoietic system including neutrophils for dissemination throughout the body. HCMV encodes a viral chemokine, vCXCL-1, that is postulated to attract neutrophils for dissemination within the host. The gene encoding vCXCL-1, UL146, is one of the most variable genes in the HCMV genome. Why HCMV has evolved this hypervariability and how this affects the virus' dissemination and pathogenesis is unknown. Because the vCXCL-1 hypervariability maps to important binding and activation domains, we hypothesized that vCXCL-1s differentially activate neutrophils, which could contribute to HCMV dissemination, pathogenesis, or both. To test whether these viral chemokines affect neutrophil function, we generated vCXCL-1 proteins from 11 different clades from clinical isolates from infants infected congenitally with HCMV. All vCXCL-1s were able to induce calcium flux at a concentration of 100 nM and integrin expression on human peripheral blood neutrophils, despite differences in affinity for the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. In fact, their affinity for CXCR1 or CXCR2 did not correlate directly with chemotaxis, G protein-dependent and independent (β-arrestin-2) activation, or secondary chemokine (CCL22) expression. Our data suggest that vCXCL-1 polymorphisms affect the binding affinity, receptor usage, and differential peripheral blood neutrophil activation that could contribute to HCMV dissemination and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Heo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
| | - Tom J Masi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
| | - Elisabeth A Pitt
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
| | - Petra de Kruijf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim E Sparer
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
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18
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Nedjai B, Viney JM, Li H, Hull C, Anderson CA, Horie T, Horuk R, Vaidehi N, Pease JE. CXCR3 antagonist VUF10085 binds to an intrahelical site distinct from that of the broad spectrum antagonist TAK-779. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1822-33. [PMID: 25425280 PMCID: PMC4376459 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is implicated in a variety of clinically important diseases, notably rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. Consequently, antagonists of CXCR3 are of therapeutic interest. In this study, we set out to characterize binding sites of the specific low MW CXCR3 antagonist VUF10085 and the broad spectrum antagonist TAK-779 which blocks CXCR3 along with CCR2 and CCR5. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Molecular modelling of CXCR3, followed by virtual ligand docking, highlighted several CXCR3 residues likely to contact either antagonist, notably a conserved aspartate in helix 2 (Asp-112(2:63) ), which was postulated to interact with the quaternary nitrogen of TAK-779. Validation of modelling was carried out by site-directed mutagenesis of CXCR3, followed by assays of cell surface expression, ligand binding and receptor activation. KEY RESULTS Mutation of Asn-132(3.33) , Phe-207 and Tyr-271(6.51) within CXCR3 severely impaired both ligand binding and chemotactic responses, suggesting that these residues are critical for maintenance of a functional CXCR3 conformation. Contrary to our hypothesis, mutation of Asp-112(2:63) had no observable effects on TAK-779 activity, but clearly decreased the antagonist potency of VUF 10085. Likewise, mutations of Phe-131(3.32) , Ile-279(6.59) and Tyr-308(7.43) were well tolerated and were critical for the antagonist activity of VUF 10085 but not for that of TAK-779. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This more detailed definition of a binding pocket within CXCR3 for low MW antagonists should facilitate the rational design of newer CXCR3 antagonists, with obvious clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Nedjai
- Leukocyte Biology Section, NHLI Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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19
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Scholten DJ, Wijtmans M, van Senten JR, Custers H, Stunnenberg A, de Esch IJP, Smit MJ, Leurs R. Pharmacological Characterization of [3H]VUF11211, a Novel Radiolabeled Small-Molecule Inverse Agonist for the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:639-48. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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20
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Bernat V, Admas TH, Brox R, Heinemann FW, Tschammer N. Boronic acids as probes for investigation of allosteric modulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR3. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2664-77. [PMID: 25233453 DOI: 10.1021/cb500678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is a G protein-coupled receptor, which conveys extracellular signals into cells by changing its conformation upon agonist binding. To facilitate the mechanistic understanding of allosteric modulation of CXCR3, we combined computational modeling with the synthesis of novel chemical tools containing boronic acid moiety, site-directed mutagenesis, and detailed functional characterization. The design of boronic acid derivatives was based on the predictions from homology modeling and docking. The choice of the boronic acid moiety was dictated by its unique ability to interact with proteins in a reversible covalent way, thereby influencing conformational dynamics of target biomolecules. During the synthesis of the library we have developed a novel approach for the purification of drug-like boronic acids. To validate the predicted binding mode and to identify amino acid residues responsible for the transduction of signal through CXCR3, we conducted a site-directed mutagenesis study. With the use of allosteric radioligand RAMX3 we were able to establish the existence of a second allosteric binding pocket in CXCR3, which enables different binding modes of structurally closely related allosteric modulators of CXCR3. We have also identified residues Trp109(2.60) and Lys300(7.35) inside the transmembrane bundle of the receptor as crucial for the regulation of the G protein activation. Furthermore, we report the boronic acid 14 as the first biased negative allosteric modulator of the receptor. Overall, our data demonstrate that boronic acid derivatives represent an outstanding tool for determination of key receptor-ligand interactions and induction of ligand-biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viachaslau Bernat
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tizita Haimanot Admas
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank W. Heinemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Cawston EE, Redmond WJ, Breen CM, Grimsey NL, Connor M, Glass M. Real-time characterization of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1 ) allosteric modulators reveals novel mechanism of action. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:893-907. [PMID: 23937487 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 ) has an allosteric binding site. The drugs ORG27569 {5-chloro-3-ethyl-N-[2-[4-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl]ethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide} and PSNCBAM-1 {1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-[3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]urea} have been extensively characterized with regard to their effects on signalling of the orthosteric ligand CP55,940 {(-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol}, and studies have suggested that these allosteric modulators increase binding affinity but act as non-competitive antagonists in functional assays. To gain a deeper understanding of allosteric modulation of CB1 , we examined real-time signalling and trafficking responses of the receptor in the presence of allosteric modulators. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Studies of CB1 signalling were carried out in HEK 293 and AtT20 cells expressing haemagglutinin-tagged human and rat CB1 . We measured real-time accumulation of cAMP, activation and desensitization of potassium channel-mediated cellular hyperpolarization and CB1 internalization. KEY RESULTS ORG27569 and PSNCBAM-1 produce a complex, concentration and time-dependent modulation of agonist-mediated regulation of cAMP levels, as well as an increased rate of desensitization of CB1 -mediated cellular hyperpolarization and a decrease in agonist-induced receptor internalization. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Contrary to previous studies characterizing allosteric modulators at CB1, this study suggests that the mechanism of action is not non-competitive antagonism of signalling, but rather that enhanced binding results in an increased rate of receptor desensitization and reduced internalization, which results in time-dependent modulation of cAMP signalling. The observed effect of the allosteric modulators is therefore dependent on the time frame over which the signalling response occurs. This finding may have important consequences for the potential therapeutic application of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Cawston
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Filiou MD, Arefin AS, Moscato P, Graeber MB. 'Neuroinflammation' differs categorically from inflammation: transcriptomes of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and inflammatory diseases compared. Neurogenetics 2014; 15:201-12. [PMID: 24928144 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
'Neuroinflammation' has become a widely applied term in the basic and clinical neurosciences but there is no generally accepted neuropathological tissue correlate. Inflammation, which is characterized by the presence of perivascular infiltrates of cells of the adaptive immune system, is indeed seen in the central nervous system (CNS) under certain conditions. Authors who refer to microglial activation as neuroinflammation confuse this issue because autoimmune neuroinflammation serves as a synonym for multiple sclerosis, the prototypical inflammatory disease of the CNS. We have asked the question whether a data-driven, unbiased in silico approach may help to clarify the nomenclatorial confusion. Specifically, we have examined whether unsupervised analysis of microarray data obtained from human cerebral cortex of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and schizophrenia patients would reveal a degree of relatedness between these diseases and recognized inflammatory conditions including multiple sclerosis. Our results using two different data analysis methods provide strong evidence against this hypothesis demonstrating that very different sets of genes are involved. Consequently, the designations inflammation and neuroinflammation are not interchangeable. They represent different categories not only at the histophenotypic but also at the transcriptomic level. Therefore, non-autoimmune neuroinflammation remains a term in need of definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela D Filiou
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804, Munich, Germany
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23
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Richter R, Jochheim-Richter A, Ciuculescu F, Kollar K, Seifried E, Forssmann U, Verzijl D, Smit MJ, Blanchet X, von Hundelshausen P, Weber C, Forssmann WG, Henschler R. Identification and characterization of circulating variants of CXCL12 from human plasma: effects on chemotaxis and mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1959-74. [PMID: 24708339 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPCs) is induced by treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, chemotherapy, or irradiation. We observed that these treatments are accompanied by a release of chemotactic activity into the blood. This plasma activity is derived from the bone marrow, liver, and spleen and acts on HPCs via the chemokine receptor CXCR4. A human blood peptide library was used to characterize CXCR4-activating compounds. We identified CXCL12[22-88] and N-terminally truncated variants CXCL12[24-88], CXCL12[25-88], CXCL12[27-88], and CXCL12[29-88]. Only CXCL12[22-88] could effectively bind to CXCR4 and induce intracellular calcium flux and chemotactic migration of HPCs. CXCL12[25-88] and CXCL12[27-88] revealed neither agonistic nor antagonistic activities in vitro, whereas CXCL12[29-88] inhibited CXCL12[22-88]-induced chemotactic migration. Since binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAG) modulates the function of CXCL12, binding to heparin was analyzed. Surface plasmon resonance kinetic analysis showed that N-terminal truncation of Arg22-Pro23 increased the dissociation constant KD by one log10 stage ([22-88]: KD: 5.4 ± 2.6 μM; [24-88]: KD: 54 ± 22.4 μM). Further truncation of the N-terminus decreased the KD ([25-88] KD: 30 ± 4.8 μM; [27-88] KD: 23 ± 1.6 μM; [29-88] KD: 19 ± 5.4 μM), indicating increasing competition for heparin binding. Systemic in vivo application of CXCL12[22-88] as well as CXCL12[27-88] or CXCL12[29-88] induced a significant mobilization of HPCs in mice. Our findings indicate that plasma-derived CXCL12 variants may contribute to the regulation of HPC mobilization by modulating the binding of CXCL12[22-88] to GAGs rather than blocking the CXCR4 receptor and, therefore, may have a contributing role in HPC mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Richter
- 1 Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology , Blood Donation Service of the German Red Cross, Frankfurt, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Chemokines are low-molecular-weight, secreted proteins that act as leukocyte-specific chemoattractants. The chemokine family has more than 40 members. Based on the position of two conserved cysteines in the N-terminal domain, chemokines can be divided into the CXC, C, CC, and CX3C subfamilies. The interaction of chemokines with their receptors mediates signaling pathways that play critical roles in cell migration, differentiation, and proliferation. The receptors for chemokines are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and thus far, seven CXC receptors have been cloned and are designated CXCR1-7. Constitutively active GPCRs are present in several human immune-mediated diseases and in tumors, and they have provided valuable information in understanding the molecular mechanism of GPCR activation. Several constitutively active CXC chemokine receptors include the V6.40A and V6.40N mutants of CXCR1; the D3.49V variant of CXCR2; the N3.35A, N3.35S, and T2.56P mutants of CXCR3; the N3.35 mutation of CXCR4; and the naturally occurring KSHV-GPCR. Here, we review the regulation of CXC chemokine receptor signaling, with a particular focus on the constitutive activation of these receptors and the implications in physiological conditions and in pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms behind the constitutive activation of CXC chemokine receptors may aid in pharmaceutical design and the screening of inverse agonists and allosteric modulators for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Han
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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25
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Watts AO, van Lipzig MMH, Jaeger WC, Seeber RM, van Zwam M, Vinet J, van der Lee MMC, Siderius M, Zaman GJR, Boddeke HWGM, Smit MJ, Pfleger KDG, Leurs R, Vischer HF. Identification and profiling of CXCR3-CXCR4 chemokine receptor heteromer complexes. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1662-74. [PMID: 23170857 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The C-X-C chemokine receptors 3 (CXCR3) and C-X-C chemokine receptors 4 (CXCR4) are involved in various autoimmune diseases and cancers. Small antagonists have previously been shown to cross-inhibit chemokine binding to CXCR4, CC chemokine receptors 2 (CCR2) and 5 (CCR5) heteromers. We investigated whether CXCR3 and CXCR4 can form heteromeric complexes and the binding characteristics of chemokines and small ligand compounds to these chemokine receptor heteromers. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CXCR3-CXCR4 heteromers were identified in HEK293T cells using co-immunoprecipitation, time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer, saturation BRET and the GPCR-heteromer identification technology (HIT) approach. Equilibrium competition binding and dissociation experiments were performed to detect negative binding cooperativity. KEY RESULTS We provide evidence that chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR4 form heteromeric complexes in HEK293T cells. Chemokine binding was mutually exclusive on membranes co-expressing CXCR3 and CXCR4 as revealed by equilibrium competition binding and dissociation experiments. The small CXCR3 agonist VUF10661 impaired binding of CXCL12 to CXCR4, whereas small antagonists were unable to cross-inhibit chemokine binding to the other chemokine receptor. In contrast, negative binding cooperativity between CXCR3 and CXCR4 chemokines was not observed in intact cells. However, using the GPCR-HIT approach, we have evidence for specific β-arrestin2 recruitment to CXCR3-CXCR4 heteromers in response to agonist stimulation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study indicates that heteromeric CXCR3-CXCR4 complexes may act as functional units in living cells, which potentially open up novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Watts
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Scholten DJ, Roumen L, Wijtmans M, Verkade-Vreeker MCA, Custers H, Lai M, de Hooge D, Canals M, de Esch IJP, Smit MJ, de Graaf C, Leurs R. Identification of Overlapping but Differential Binding Sites for the High-Affinity CXCR3 Antagonists NBI-74330 and VUF11211. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 85:116-26. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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27
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Blanchetot C, Verzijl D, Mujić-Delić A, Bosch L, Rem L, Leurs R, Verrips CT, Saunders M, de Haard H, Smit MJ. Neutralizing nanobodies targeting diverse chemokines effectively inhibit chemokine function. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25173-25182. [PMID: 23836909 PMCID: PMC3757181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.467969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors and their ligands play a prominent role in immune regulation but many have also been implicated in inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, allograft rejection after transplantation, and also in cancer metastasis. Most approaches to therapeutically target the chemokine system involve targeting of chemokine receptors with low molecular weight antagonists. Here we describe the selection and characterization of an unprecedented large and diverse panel of neutralizing Nanobodies (single domain camelid antibodies fragment) directed against several chemokines. We show that the Nanobodies directed against CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL11 (I-TAC), and CXCL12 (SDF-1α) bind the chemokines with high affinity (at nanomolar concentration), thereby blocking receptor binding, inhibiting chemokine-induced receptor activation as well as chemotaxis. Together, we show that neutralizing Nanobodies can be selected efficiently for effective and specific therapeutic treatment against a wide range of immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Blanchetot
- From the Departments of Cellular Biology and Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Verzijl
- the Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and
| | - Azra Mujić-Delić
- the Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and
| | - Leontien Bosch
- the Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and
| | - Louise Rem
- From the Departments of Cellular Biology and Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- the Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and
| | - C Theo Verrips
- From the Departments of Cellular Biology and Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans de Haard
- From the Departments of Cellular Biology and Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands,; Ablynx N.V., Technologiepark 21, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Martine J Smit
- the Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and.
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Vinet J, van Zwam M, Dijkstra IM, Brouwer N, van Weering HRJ, Watts A, Meijer M, Fokkens MR, Kannan V, Verzijl D, Vischer HF, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Biber K, Boddeke HWGM. Inhibition of CXCR3-mediated chemotaxis by the human chemokine receptor-like protein CCX-CKR. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1375-87. [PMID: 23121557 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Induction of cellular migration is the primary effect of chemokine receptor activation. However, several chemokine receptor-like proteins bind chemokines without subsequent induction of intracellular signalling and chemotaxis. It has been suggested that they act as chemokine scavengers, which may control local chemokine levels and contribute to the function of chemokines during inflammation. This has been verified for the chemokine-like receptor proteins D6 and DARC as well as CCX-CKR. Here, we provide evidence for an additional biological function of human (h)CCX-CKR. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used transfection strategies in HEK293 and human T cells. KEY RESULTS Co-expression of hCCX-CKR completely inhibits hCXCR3-induced chemotaxis. We found that hCCX-CKR forms complexes with hCXCR3, suggesting a relationship between CCX-CKR heteromerization and inhibition of chemotaxis. Moreover, negative binding cooperativity induced by ligands both for hCXCR3 and hCCX-CKR was observed in cells expressing both receptors. This negative cooperativity may also explain the hCCX-CKR-induced inhibition of chemotaxis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that hCCX-CKR prevents hCXCR3-induced chemotaxis by heteromerization thus representing a novel mechanism of regulation of immune cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vinet
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Scholten DJ, Canals M, Wijtmans M, de Munnik S, Nguyen P, Verzijl D, de Esch IJP, Vischer HF, Smit MJ, Leurs R. Pharmacological characterization of a small-molecule agonist for the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:898-911. [PMID: 21883151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is a GPCR found predominantly on activated T cells. CXCR3 is activated by three endogenous peptides; CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. Recently, a small-molecule agonist, VUF10661, has been reported in the literature and synthesized in our laboratory. The aim of the present study was to provide a detailed pharmacological characterization of VUF10661 by comparing its effects with those of CXCL11. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Agonistic properties of VUF10661 were assessed in a chemotaxis assay with murine L1.2 cells transiently transfected with cDNA encoding the human CXCR3 receptor and in binding studies, with [(125)I]-CXCL10 and [(125)I]-CXCL11, on membrane preparations from HEK293 cells stably expressing CXCR3. [(35)S]-GTPγS binding was used to determine its potency to induce CXCR3-mediated G protein activation and BRET-based assays to investigate its effects on intracellular cAMP levels and β-arrestin recruitment. KEY RESULTS VUF10661 acted as a partial agonist in CXCR3-mediated chemotaxis, bound to CXCR3 in an allosteric fashion in ligand binding assays and activated G(i) proteins with the same efficacy as CXCL11 in the [(35)S]-GTPγS binding and cAMP assay, while it recruited more β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 to CXCR3 receptors than the chemokine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS VUF10661, like CXCL11, activates both G protein-dependent and -independent signalling via the CXCR3 receptor, but probably exerts its effects from an allosteric binding site that is different from that for CXCL11. It could stabilize different receptor and/or β-arrestin conformations leading to differences in functional output. Such ligand-biased signalling might offer interesting options for the therapeutic use of CXCR3 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Scholten
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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Scholten DJ, Canals M, Maussang D, Roumen L, Smit MJ, Wijtmans M, de Graaf C, Vischer HF, Leurs R. Pharmacological modulation of chemokine receptor function. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1617-1643. [PMID: 21699506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and their peptidergic ligands are interesting therapeutic targets due to their involvement in various immune-related diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV-1 infection and cancer. To tackle these diseases, a lot of effort has been focused on discovery and development of small-molecule chemokine receptor antagonists. This has been rewarded by the market approval of two novel chemokine receptor inhibitors, AMD3100 (CXCR4) and Maraviroc (CCR5) for stem cell mobilization and treatment of HIV-1 infection respectively. The recent GPCR crystal structures together with mutagenesis and pharmacological studies have aided in understanding how small-molecule ligands interact with chemokine receptors. Many of these ligands display behaviour deviating from simple competition and do not interact with the chemokine binding site, providing evidence for an allosteric mode of action. This review aims to give an overview of the evidence supporting modulation of this intriguing receptor family by a range of ligands, including small molecules, peptides and antibodies. Moreover, the computer-assisted modelling of chemokine receptor-ligand interactions is discussed in view of GPCR crystal structures. Finally, the implications of concepts such as functional selectivity and chemokine receptor dimerization are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Scholten
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Canals
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Maussang
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Roumen
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J Smit
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Wijtmans
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C de Graaf
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H F Vischer
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Leurs
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Allosteric modulators of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors: opportunities in drug development. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:292-315. [PMID: 22728155 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsin-like (class A) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most important classes of drug targets. The discovery that these GPCRs can be allosterically modulated by small drug molecules has opened up new opportunities in drug development. It will allow the drugability of "difficult targets", such as GPCRs activated by large (glyco)proteins, or by very polar or highly lipophilic physiological agonists. Receptor subtype selectivity should be more easily achievable with allosteric than with orthosteric ligands. Allosteric modulation will allow a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects largely expanding that of orthosteric ligands. Furthermore, allosteric modulators may show an improved safety profile as compared to orthosteric ligands. Only recently, the explicit search for allosteric modulators has been started for only a few rhodopsin-like GPCRs. The first negative allosteric modulators (allosteric antagonists) of chemokine receptors, maraviroc (CCR5 receptor), used in HIV therapy, and plerixafor (CXCR4 receptor) for stem cell mobilization, have been approved as drugs. The development of allosteric modulators for rhodopsin-like GPCRs as novel drugs is still at an early stage; it appears highly promising.
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32
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Denoyer A, Godefroy D, Célérier I, Frugier J, Degardin J, Harrison JK, Brignole-Baudouin F, Picaud S, Baleux F, Sahel JA, Rostène W, Baudouin C. CXCR3 antagonism of SDF-1(5-67) restores trabecular function and prevents retinal neurodegeneration in a rat model of ocular hypertension. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37873. [PMID: 22675496 PMCID: PMC3366966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the most common cause of irreversible blindness, is a neuropathy commonly initiated by pathological ocular hypertension due to unknown mechanisms of trabecular meshwork degeneration. Current antiglaucoma therapy does not target the causal trabecular pathology, which may explain why treatment failure is often observed. Here we show that the chemokine CXCL12, its truncated form SDF-1(5-67), and the receptors CXCR4 and CXCR3 are expressed in human glaucomatous trabecular tissue and a human trabecular cell line. SDF-1(5-67) is produced under the control of matrix metallo-proteinases, TNF-α, and TGF-β2, factors known to be involved in glaucoma. CXCL12 protects in vitro trabecular cells from apoptotic death via CXCR4 whereas SDF-1(5-67) induces apoptosis through CXCR3 and caspase activation. Ocular administration of SDF-1(5-67) in the rat increases intraocular pressure. In contrast, administration of a selective CXCR3 antagonist in a rat model of ocular hypertension decreases intraocular pressure, prevents retinal neurodegeneration, and preserves visual function. The protective effect of CXCR3 antagonism is related to restoration of the trabecular function. These data demonstrate that proteolytic cleavage of CXCL12 is involved in trabecular pathophysiology, and that local administration of a selective CXCR3 antagonist may be a beneficial therapeutic strategy for treating ocular hypertension and subsequent retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Denoyer
- UPMC University Paris 6, Institut de la Vision, UMRS968, Paris, France.
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33
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Sanders MPA, Roumen L, van der Horst E, Lane JR, Vischer HF, van Offenbeek J, de Vries H, Verhoeven S, Chow KY, Verkaar F, Beukers MW, McGuire R, Leurs R, Ijzerman AP, de Vlieg J, de Esch IJP, Zaman GJR, Klomp JPG, Bender A, de Graaf C. A prospective cross-screening study on G-protein-coupled receptors: lessons learned in virtual compound library design. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5311-25. [PMID: 22563707 DOI: 10.1021/jm300280e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present the systematic prospective evaluation of a protein-based and a ligand-based virtual screening platform against a set of three G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): the β-2 adrenoreceptor (ADRB2), the adenosine A(2A) receptor (AA2AR), and the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR1). Novel bioactive compounds were identified using a consensus scoring procedure combining ligand-based (frequent substructure ranking) and structure-based (Snooker) tools, and all 900 selected compounds were screened against all three receptors. A striking number of ligands showed affinity/activity for GPCRs other than the intended target, which could be partly attributed to the fuzziness and overlap of protein-based pharmacophore models. Surprisingly, the phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor sildenafil was found to possess submicromolar affinity for AA2AR. Overall, this is one of the first published prospective chemogenomics studies that demonstrate the identification of novel cross-pharmacology between unrelated protein targets. The lessons learned from this study can be used to guide future virtual ligand design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn P A Sanders
- Computational Drug Discovery Group, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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34
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Canals M, Scholten DJ, de Munnik S, Han MKL, Smit MJ, Leurs R. Ubiquitination of CXCR7 controls receptor trafficking. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34192. [PMID: 22457824 PMCID: PMC3311620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR7 binds CXCL11 and CXCL12 with high affinity, chemokines that were previously thought to bind exclusively to CXCR4 and CXCR3, respectively. Expression of CXCR7 has been associated with cardiac development as well as with tumor growth and progression. Despite having all the canonical features of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the signalling pathways following CXCR7 activation remain controversial, since unlike typical chemokine receptors, CXCR7 fails to activate Gαi-proteins. CXCR7 has recently been shown to interact with β-arrestins and such interaction has been suggested to be responsible for G protein-independent signals through ERK-1/2 phosphorylation. Signal transduction by CXCR7 is controlled at the membrane by the process of GPCR trafficking. In the present study we investigated the regulatory processes triggered by CXCR7 activation as well as the molecular interactions that participate in such processes. We show that, CXCR7 internalizes and recycles back to the cell surface after agonist exposure, and that internalization is not only β-arrestin-mediated but also dependent on the Serine/Threonine residues at the C-terminus of the receptor. Furthermore we describe, for the first time, the constitutive ubiquitination of CXCR7. Such ubiquitination is a key modification responsible for the correct trafficking of CXCR7 from and to the plasma membrane. Moreover, we found that CXCR7 is reversibly de-ubiquitinated upon treatment with CXCL12. Finally, we have also identified the Lysine residues at the C-terminus of CXCR7 to be essential for receptor cell surface delivery. Together these data demonstrate the differential regulation of CXCR7 compared to the related CXCR3 and CXCR4 receptors, and highlight the importance of understanding the molecular determinants responsible for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Canals
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Watts AO, Scholten DJ, Heitman LH, Vischer HF, Leurs R. Label-free impedance responses of endogenous and synthetic chemokine receptor CXCR3 agonists correlate with Gi-protein pathway activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:412-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Koelink PJ, Overbeek SA, Braber S, de Kruijf P, Folkerts G, Smit MJ, Kraneveld AD. Targeting chemokine receptors in chronic inflammatory diseases: an extensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:1-18. [PMID: 21839114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The traffic of the different types of immune cells is an important aspect in the immune response. Chemokines are soluble peptides that are able to attract cells by interaction with chemokine receptors on their target cells. Several different chemokines and receptors exist enabling the specific trafficking of different immune cells. In chronic inflammatory disorders there is abundance of immune cells present at the inflammatory site. This review focuses on the role of chemokine receptors in chronic inflammatory disorders of the lungs, intestine, joints, skin and nervous system and the potential of targeting these receptors as therapeutic intervention in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim J Koelink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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37
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Effects of a calcineurin inhibitor, FK506, and a CCR5/CXCR3 antagonist, TAK-779, in a rat small intestinal transplantation model. Transpl Immunol 2011; 25:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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38
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CXCR3 antagonists: Quaternary ammonium salts equipped with biphenyl- and polycycloaliphatic-anchors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3384-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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39
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Wijtmans M, de Esch IJP, Leurs R. Therapeutic Targeting of the CXCR3 Receptor. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527631995.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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40
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Kraneveld AD, Braber S, Overbeek S, de Kruijf P, Koelink P, Smit MJ. Chemokine Receptors in Inflammatory Diseases. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527631995.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Liu C, Luo D, Reynolds BA, Meher G, Katritzky AR, Lu B, Gerard CJ, Bhadha CP, Harrison JK. Chemokine receptor CXCR3 promotes growth of glioma. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:129-37. [PMID: 21051441 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. The poor prognosis and minimally successful treatments of GBM indicates a need to identify new therapeutic targets. In this study, we examined the role of CXCR3 in glioma progression using the GL261 murine model of malignant glioma. Intracranial GL261 tumors express CXCL9 and CXCL10 in vivo. Glioma-bearing CXCR3-deficient mice had significantly shorter median survival time and reduced numbers of tumor-infiltrated natural killer and natural killer T cells as compared with tumor-bearing wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, pharmacological antagonism of CXCR3 with NBI-74330 prolonged median survival times of both tumor-bearing WT and CXCR3-deficient mice when compared with vehicle-treated groups. NBI-74330 treatment did not impact tumor infiltration of lymphocytes and microglia. A small percentage of GL261 cells were identified as CXCR3(+), which was similar to the expression of CXCR3 in several grade IV human glioma cell lines (A172, T98G, U87, U118 and U138). When cultured as gliomaspheres (GS), the human and murine lines increased CXCR3 expression; CXCR3 expression was also found in a primary human GBM-derived GS. Additionally, CXCR3 isoform A was expressed by all lines, whereas CXCR3-B was detected in T98G-, U118- and U138-GS cells. CXCL9 or CXCL10 induced in vitro glioma cell growth in GL261- and U87-GS as well as inhibited cell loss in U138-GS cells and this effect was antagonized by NBI-74330. The results suggest that CXCR3 antagonism exerts a direct anti-glioma effect and this receptor may be a potential therapeutic target for treating human GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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42
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Qin Y, Verdegaal EME, Siderius M, Bebelman JP, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Willemze R, Tensen CP, Osanto S. Quantitative expression profiling of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in metastatic melanoma: the constitutively active orphan GPCR GPR18 as novel drug target. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 24:207-18. [PMID: 20880198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been implicated in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of human cancers and are considered amongst the most desirable targets for drug development. Utilizing a robust quantitative PCR array, we quantified expression of 94 human GPCRs, including 75 orphan GPCRs and 19 chemokine receptors, and 36 chemokine ligands, in 40 melanoma metastases from different individuals and benign nevi. Inter-metastatic site comparison revealed that orphan GPR174 and CCL28 are statistically significantly overexpressed in subcutaneous metastases, while P2RY5 is overexpressed in brain metastases. Comparison between metastases (all three metastatic sites) and benign nevi revealed that 16 genes, including six orphan receptors (GPR18, GPR34, GPR119, GPR160, GPR183 and P2RY10) and chemokine receptors CCR5, CXCR4, and CXCR6, were statistically significantly differentially expressed. Subsequent functional experiments in yeast and melanoma cells indicate that GPR18, the most abundantly overexpressed orphan GPCR in all melanoma metastases, is constitutively active and inhibits apoptosis, indicating an important role for GPR18 in tumor cell survival. GPR18 and five other orphan GPCRs with yet unknown biological function may be considered potential novel anticancer targets in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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43
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The collagen-breakdown product N-acetyl-Proline-Glycine-Proline (N-α-PGP) does not interact directly with human CXCR1 and CXCR2. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 643:29-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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44
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Nijmeijer S, Leurs R, Smit MJ, Vischer HF. The Epstein-Barr virus-encoded G protein-coupled receptor BILF1 hetero-oligomerizes with human CXCR4, scavenges Gαi proteins, and constitutively impairs CXCR4 functioning. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29632-41. [PMID: 20622011 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells express distinct G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes on their surface, allowing them to react to a corresponding variety of extracellular stimuli. Cross-regulation between different ligand-GPCR pairs is essential to generate appropriate physiological responses. GPCRs can physically affect each other's functioning by forming heteromeric complexes, whereas cross-regulation between activated GPCRs also occurs through integration of shared intracellular signaling networks. Human herpesviruses utilize virally encoded GPCRs to hijack cellular signaling networks for their own benefit. Previously, we demonstrated that the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded GPCR BILF1 forms heterodimeric complexes with human chemokine receptors. Using a combination of bimolecular complementation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer approaches, we now show the formation of hetero-oligomeric complexes between this viral GPCR and human CXCR4. BILF1 impaired CXCL12 binding to CXCR4 and, consequently, also CXCL12-induced signaling. In contrast, the G protein uncoupled mutant BILF1-K(3.50)A affected CXCL12-induced CXCR4 signaling to a much lesser extent, indicating that BILF1-mediated CXCR4 inhibition is a consequence of its constitutive activity. Co-expression of Gα(i1) with BILF1 and CXCR4 restored CXCL12-induced signaling. Likewise, BILF1 formed heteromers with the human histamine H(4) receptor (H(4)R). BILF1 inhibited histamine-induced Gα(i)-mediated signaling by H(4)R, however, without affecting histamine binding to this receptor. These data indicate that functional cross-regulation of Gα(i)-coupled GPCRs by BILF1 is at the level of G proteins, even though these GPCRs are assembled in hetero-oligomeric complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Nijmeijer
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Maussang D, Vischer HF, Schreiber A, Michel D, Smit MJ. Pharmacological and biochemical characterization of human cytomegalovirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Enzymol 2009; 460:151-71. [PMID: 19446724 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widely spread herpesvirus that can have serious consequences in immunocompromised hosts. Interestingly, HCMV genome encodes for four viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs), namely, US27, US28, UL33, and UL78. Thus far, US28 and UL33 have been shown to activate signaling pathways in a ligand-independent manner. US28 is the best characterized vGPCR and has been shown to be potentially involved in the development of HCMV-related diseases. As such, detailed investigation of these viral GPCR is of importance in order to understand molecular events occurring during viral pathogenesis and the potential identification of novel therapeutic targets. Herewith, we describe several approaches to study these HCMV-encoded vGPCRs. Using molecular biology, tags can be introduced in the vGPCRs, which may facilitate the study of their protein expression with various techniques, such as microscopy, Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and flow cytometry. Furthermore, radioligand binding studies can be performed to screen for ligands for vGPCRs, but also to study kinetics of internalization. We also describe several signal transduction assays that can evaluate the signaling activity of these vGPCRs. In addition, we discuss different proliferation assays and an in vivo xenograft model that were used to identify the oncogenic potential of US28. The study of these vGPCRs in their viral context can be examined using recombinant HCMV strains generated by bacterial artificial chromosome mutagenesis. Finally, we show how these mutants can be used in several pharmacological and biochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Maussang
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zídek Z, Anzenbacher P, Kmonícková E. Current status and challenges of cytokine pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:342-61. [PMID: 19371342 PMCID: PMC2707982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The major concern of pharmacology about cytokines has originated from plentiful data showing association between gross changes in their production and pathophysiological processes. Despite the enigmatic role of cytokines in diseases, a number of them have become a subject of cytokine and anti-cytokine immunotherapies. Production of cytokines can be influenced by many endogenous and exogenous stimuli including drugs. Cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, are richly endowed with receptors for the mediators of physiological functions, such as biogenic amines, adenosine, prostanoids, steroids, etc. Drugs, agonists or antagonists of these receptors can directly or indirectly up- and down-regulate secretion of cytokines and expression of cytokine receptors. Vice versa, cytokines interfere with drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics through the interactions with cytochrome P450 and multiple drug resistance proteins. The aim of the review is to encourage more intensive studies in these fields of cytokine pharmacology. It also outlines major areas of searching promising candidates for immunotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zídek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Wijtmans M, Verzijl D, van Dam CM, Bosch L, Smit MJ, Leurs R, de Esch IJ. Exploring a pocket for polycycloaliphatic groups in the CXCR3 receptor with the aid of a modular synthetic strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2252-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Schenk AD, Rosenblum JM, Fairchild RL. Chemokine-directed strategies to attenuate allograft rejection. Clin Lab Med 2009; 28:441-54, vii. [PMID: 19028262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A key event during T cell-mediated rejection of allografts is the trafficking of donor antigen-primed effector T cells from the lymphoid tissue to the graft. This trafficking is mediated in part by chemokine produced in the graftengaging receptors on the T cells and other graftinfiltrating leukocytes. The presence of specific sets of chemokines and chemokine receptors is detectable in rejecting allografts. In animal models, allograft rejection is delayed when chemokine-chemokine receptor function is absent or antagonized but cellular infiltration and graft survival eventually occur, suggesting that T cells and other leukocytes use several trafficking mechanisms during rejection. The use of chemokines as footprints of rejection may be of considerable value as noninvasive biomarkers in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D Schenk
- NB3-59, Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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de Kruijf P, van Heteren J, Lim HD, Conti PGM, van der Lee MMC, Bosch L, Ho KK, Auld D, Ohlmeyer M, Smit MJ, Wijkmans JCHM, Zaman GJR, Smit MJ, Leurs R. Nonpeptidergic allosteric antagonists differentially bind to the CXCR2 chemokine receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:783-90. [PMID: 19190236 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.148387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR2 is involved in different inflammatory diseases, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis; therefore, it is considered an attractive drug target. Different classes of small CXCR2 antagonists have been developed. In this study, we selected seven CXCR2 antagonists from the diarylurea, imidazolylpyrimide, and thiazolopyrimidine class and studied their mechanisms of action at human CXCR2. All compounds are able to displace (125)I-CXCL8 and inhibit CXCL8-induced beta-arrestin2 recruitment. Detailed studies with representatives of each class showed that these compounds displace and antagonize CXCL8, most probably via a noncompetitive, allosteric mechanism. In addition, we radiolabeled the high-affinity CXCR2 antagonist SB265610 [1-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(4-cyano-1H-benzo[d] [1,2,3]-triazol-7-yl)urea] and subjected [(3)H]SB265610 to a detailed analysis. The binding of this radioligand was saturable and reversible. Using [(3)H]SB265610, we found that compounds of the different chemical classes bind to distinct binding sites. Hence, the use of a radiolabeled low-molecular weight CXCR2 antagonist serves as a tool to investigate the different binding sites of CXCR2 antagonists in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra de Kruijf
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center of Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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