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Natarajan N, Abbas Y, Bryant DM, Gonzalez-Rosa JM, Sharpe M, Uygur A, Cocco-Delgado LH, Ho NN, Gerard NP, Gerard CJ, MacRae CA, Burns CE, Burns CG, Whited JL, Lee RT. Complement Receptor C5aR1 Plays an Evolutionarily Conserved Role in Successful Cardiac Regeneration. Circulation 2018; 137:2152-2165. [PMID: 29348261 PMCID: PMC5953786 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defining conserved molecular pathways in animal models of successful cardiac regeneration could yield insight into why adult mammals have inadequate cardiac regeneration after injury. Insight into the transcriptomic landscape of early cardiac regeneration from model organisms will shed light on evolutionarily conserved pathways in successful cardiac regeneration. METHODS Here we describe a cross-species transcriptomic screen in 3 model organisms for cardiac regeneration: axolotl, neonatal mice, and zebrafish. Apical resection to remove ≈10% to 20% of ventricular mass was carried out in these model organisms. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed on the hearts harvested at 3 time points: 12, 24, and 48 hours after resection. Sham surgery was used as internal control. RESULTS Genes associated with inflammatory processes were found to be upregulated in a conserved manner. Complement receptors (activated by complement components, part of the innate immune system) were found to be highly upregulated in all 3 species. This approach revealed induction of gene expression for complement 5a receptor 1 in the regenerating hearts of zebrafish, axolotls, and mice. Inhibition of complement 5a receptor 1 significantly attenuated the cardiomyocyte proliferative response to heart injury in all 3 species. Furthermore, after left ventricular apical resection, the cardiomyocyte proliferative response was diminished in mice with genetic deletion of complement 5a receptor 1. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that activation of complement 5a receptor 1 mediates an evolutionarily conserved response that promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation after cardiac injury and identify complement pathway activation as a common pathway of successful heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana Natarajan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.)
| | - Yamen Abbas
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.)
| | - Donald M Bryant
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.).,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA (D.M.B., J.L.W.).,Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA (D.M.B., J.L.W.)
| | - Juan Manuel Gonzalez-Rosa
- Harvard Medical School and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.M.G.-R., M.S., C.E.B., C.G.B.)
| | - Michka Sharpe
- Harvard Medical School and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.M.G.-R., M.S., C.E.B., C.G.B.)
| | - Aysu Uygur
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.)
| | - Lucas H Cocco-Delgado
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.)
| | - Nhi Ngoc Ho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.)
| | - Norma P Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.).,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.).,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.)
| | - Craig J Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.).,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.).,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.)
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.A.M., R.T.L.)
| | - Caroline E Burns
- Harvard Medical School and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.M.G.-R., M.S., C.E.B., C.G.B.)
| | - C Geoffrey Burns
- Harvard Medical School and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.M.G.-R., M.S., C.E.B., C.G.B.)
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.).,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA (D.M.B., J.L.W.).,Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA (D.M.B., J.L.W.)
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.) .,Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.A.M., R.T.L.)
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2
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Schütte-Nütgen K, Boenisch O, Harrach H, Casey A, Guleria I, Najafian N, Sayegh MH, Gerard CJ, Subramaniam M. Divergent Function of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 in Donor Tissue versus Recipient Immune System in a Murine Model of Bronchiolitis Obliterans. Am J Pathol 2017; 187:1368-1379. [PMID: 28427861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules, such as the programmed death ligand (PD-L1), might exert differential effects on T-cell function, depending on the clinical setting and/or immunological environment. Given the impact of T cells on bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) in lung transplantation, we used an established tracheal transplant model inducing BO-like lesions to investigate the impact of PD-L1 on alloimmune responses and histopathological outcome in BO. In contrast to other transplant models in which PD-L1 generally shows protective functions, we demonstrated that PD-L1 has divergent effects depending on its location in donor versus recipient tissue. Although PD-L1 deficiency in donor tissue worsened histopathological outcome, and increased systemic inflammatory response, recipient PD-L1 deficiency induced opposite effects. Mechanistic studies revealed PD-L1-deficient recipients were hyporesponsive toward alloantigen, despite increased numbers of CD8+ effector T cells. The function of PD-L1 on T cells after unspecific stimulation was dependent on both cell type and strength of stimulation. This novel function of recipient PD-L1 may result from the high degree of T-cell activation within the highly immunogenic milieu of the transplanted tissue. In this model, both decreased T-cell alloimmune responses and the reduction of BO in PD-L1-deficient recipients suggest a potential therapeutic role of selectively blocking PD-L1 in the recipient. Further investigation is warranted to determine the impact of this finding embedded in the complex pathophysiological context of BO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schütte-Nütgen
- Pulmonary Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Olaf Boenisch
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hakima Harrach
- Pulmonary Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alicia Casey
- Pulmonary Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Indira Guleria
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nader Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Craig J Gerard
- Pulmonary Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meera Subramaniam
- Pulmonary Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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3
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McIlvane WJ, Gerard CJ, Kledaras JB, Mackay HA, Lionello-DeNolf KM. Teaching Stimulus-Stimulus Relations to Minimally Verbal Individuals: Reflections on Technology and Future Directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 17:49-68. [PMID: 28490976 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2016.1139363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses recent methodological approaches and investigations that are aimed at developing reliable behavioral technology for teaching stimulus-stimulus relations to individuals who are minimally verbal and show protracted difficulty in acquiring such relations. The paper has both empirical and theoretical content. The empirical component presents recent data concerning the possibility of generating rapid relational learning in individuals who do not initially show it. The theoretical component (1) considers decades of methodological investigations with this population and (2) suggests a testable hypothesis concerning some individuals exhibit unusual difficulties in learning. Given this background, we suggest a way forward to better understand and perhaps resolve these learning challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J McIlvane
- Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - C J Gerard
- Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | | - H A Mackay
- Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - K M Lionello-DeNolf
- Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Assumption College, Worcester, MA
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Wong SS, Sun NN, Fastje CD, Witten ML, Lantz RC, Lu B, Sherrill DL, Gerard CJ, Burgess JL. Role of neprilysin in airway inflammation induced by diesel exhaust emissions. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2011:3-40. [PMID: 21877416 PMCID: PMC4751866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the role of neprilysin (NEP), a key membrane-bound endopeptidase, in the inflammatory response induced by diesel exhaust emissions (DEE) in the airways through a number of approaches: in vitro, animal, and controlled human exposure. Our specific aims were (1) to examine the role of NEP in inflammatory injury induced by diesel exhaust particles (DEP) using Nep-intact (wild-type) and Nep-null mice; (2) to examine which components of DEP are associated with NEP downregulation in vitro; (3) to determine the molecular impact of DEP exposure and decreased NEP expression on airway epithelial cells' gene expression in vitro, using a combination of RNA interference (RNAi) and microarray approaches; and (4) to evaluate the effects on NEP activity of human exposure to DEE. We report four main results: First, we found that exposure of normal mice to DEP consisting of standard reference material (SRM) 2975 via intratracheal installation can downregulate NEP expression in a concentration-dependent manner. The changes were accompanied by increases in the number of macrophages and epithelial cells, as well as proinflammatory cytokines, examined in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cells. Nep-null mice displayed increased and/or additional inflammatory responses when compared with wild-type mice, especially in response to exposure to the higher dose of DEP that we used. These in vivo findings suggest that loss of NEP in mice could cause increased susceptibility to injury or exacerbate inflammatory responses after DEP exposure via release of specific cytokines from the lungs. Second, we found evidence, using in vitro studies, that downregulation of NEP by DEP in cultured human epithelial BEAS-2B cells was mostly attributable to DEP-adsorbed organic compounds, whereas the carbonaceous core and transition metal components of DEP had little or no effect on NEP messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. This NEP downregulation was not a specific response to DEP or its contents because the change also occurred after exposure to urban dust (SRM 1649a), which differs in physical and chemical composition from DEP. Third, we also collected the transcriptome profiles of the concentration-effects of SRM 2975 in cultured BEAS-2B cells through a 2 X 3 factorial design. DEP exposure upregulated 151 genes and downregulated 59 genes. Cells with decreased NEP expression (accomplished by transfecting an NEP-specific small interfering RNA [siRNA]) substantially altered the expression of genes (upregulating 17 and downregulating 14) associated with DNA/protein binding, calcium channel activities, and the cascade of intracellular signaling by cytokines. Data generated from the combined RNAi and microarray approaches revealed that there is a complex molecular cascade mediated by NEP in different subcellular compartments, possibly influencing the inflammatory response. Fourth, in a controlled human exposure study, we observed significant increases in soluble NEP in sputum after acute exposure to DEE, with an average net increase of 31%. We speculate that the change in NEP activity in sputum, if confirmed in larger epidemiologic investigations at ambient exposure levels to DEE, may provide a useful endpoint and promote insight into the mechanism of DEE-induced airway alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Wong
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona Health Science Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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5
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Liu C, Luo D, Reynolds BA, Meher G, Katritzky AR, Lu B, Gerard CJ, Bhadha CP, Harrison JK. Chemokine receptor CXCR3 promotes growth of glioma. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:129-37. [PMID: 21051441 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. The poor prognosis and minimally successful treatments of GBM indicates a need to identify new therapeutic targets. In this study, we examined the role of CXCR3 in glioma progression using the GL261 murine model of malignant glioma. Intracranial GL261 tumors express CXCL9 and CXCL10 in vivo. Glioma-bearing CXCR3-deficient mice had significantly shorter median survival time and reduced numbers of tumor-infiltrated natural killer and natural killer T cells as compared with tumor-bearing wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, pharmacological antagonism of CXCR3 with NBI-74330 prolonged median survival times of both tumor-bearing WT and CXCR3-deficient mice when compared with vehicle-treated groups. NBI-74330 treatment did not impact tumor infiltration of lymphocytes and microglia. A small percentage of GL261 cells were identified as CXCR3(+), which was similar to the expression of CXCR3 in several grade IV human glioma cell lines (A172, T98G, U87, U118 and U138). When cultured as gliomaspheres (GS), the human and murine lines increased CXCR3 expression; CXCR3 expression was also found in a primary human GBM-derived GS. Additionally, CXCR3 isoform A was expressed by all lines, whereas CXCR3-B was detected in T98G-, U118- and U138-GS cells. CXCL9 or CXCL10 induced in vitro glioma cell growth in GL261- and U87-GS as well as inhibited cell loss in U138-GS cells and this effect was antagonized by NBI-74330. The results suggest that CXCR3 antagonism exerts a direct anti-glioma effect and this receptor may be a potential therapeutic target for treating human GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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6
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Jacobs JP, Ortiz-Lopez A, Campbell JJ, Gerard CJ, Mathis D, Benoist C. Deficiency of CXCR2, but not other chemokine receptors, attenuates autoantibody-mediated arthritis in a murine model. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2010; 62:1921-32. [PMID: 20506316 PMCID: PMC2994550 DOI: 10.1002/art.27470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemokines coordinate leukocyte trafficking in homeostasis and during immune responses. Prior studies of their role in arthritis have used animal models with both an initial adaptive immune response and an inflammatory effector phase. We undertook analysis of chemokines and their receptors in the effector phase of arthritis using the K/BxN mouse serum-transfer model. METHODS A time-course microarray analysis of serum-transferred arthritis was performed, examining ankle tissue, synovial fluid, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Up-regulation of chemokines was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The functional relevance of chemokine induction was assessed by transferring serum into mice deficient in CCR1-7, CCR9, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR5, CX(3)CR1, CCL2, or CCL3. Further mechanistic analysis of CXCR2 involved treatment of arthritic mice with a CXCR2 antagonist, bone marrow (BM) cell transfers with CXCR2(+/-) and CXCR2(-/-) donors and recipients, flow cytometry of synovial cells, and competition experiments measuring enrichment of CXCR2-expressing neutrophils in arthritic joints of mice with mixed CXCR2(+/+) and CXCR2(-/-) BM cells. RESULTS Gene expression profiling revealed up-regulation of the CXCR2 ligands CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 in the joint in parallel with disease activity. CXCR2(-/-) mice had attenuated disease relative to CXCR2(+/-) littermates, as did mice receiving the CXCR2 inhibitor, while deficiency of other chemokine receptors did not affect arthritis severity. CXCR2 was required only on hematopoietic cells and was widely expressed on synovial neutrophils. CXCR2-expressing neutrophils were preferentially recruited to arthritic joints in the presence of CXCR2-deficient neutrophils. CONCLUSION CXCR2 (but not other chemokine receptors) is critical for the development of autoantibody-mediated arthritis, exhibiting a cell-autonomous role in neutrophil recruitment to inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Jacobs
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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7
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Hamrah P, Yamagami S, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Vora SS, Lu B, Gerard CJ, Dana MR. Deletion of the chemokine receptor CCR1 prolongs corneal allograft survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:1228-36. [PMID: 17325167 PMCID: PMC1868492 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Many corneal grafts undergo immune rejection, and current therapies are associated with many side effects. The purpose of this study was to identify critical chemokine pathways involved in generating the alloimmune response to corneal transplants. METHODS Orthotopic corneal transplantation was performed in fully mismatched strains. Cytokine and chemokine receptor gene expression was determined by the RNase protection assay. Knockout (KO) strains for chemokine-chemokine receptors that are upregulated after transplantation underwent corneal transplantation. Results derived from KO murine hosts were compared with cyclosporine (Cy) therapy. In addition to graft survival, graft infiltration, allospecific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and cytokine expression were compared among the recipient groups. RESULTS Initial experiments revealed gene upregulation of the chemokine receptors CCR1, -2, and -5 after corneal allorejection. Although CCR1 KO hosts showed a significant increase in graft survival compared with wild-type (WT) hosts, allografts in CCR5, CCR2/CCL3(MIP-1alpha), CXCR3, CXCL10/IP-10, and CCL3/MIP-1alpha KO mice did not show a significant improvement in graft survival. Further, CCR1 KO hosts showed a significantly higher survival rate than with systemic Cy therapy in WT hosts. Moreover, graft infiltration by leukocytes and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines were reduced in CCR1 KO mice compared with both Cy treated and untreated WT mice, as was the induction of allospecific DTH. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide, for the first time, evidence that targeting of specific chemokine pathways can significantly promote survival of corneal transplants, and suggest that select deletion or suppression of CCR1 can be a useful therapeutic target in corneal transplant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Hamrah
- Laboratory of Immunology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Satoru Yamagami
- Laboratory of Immunology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sudhir S. Vora
- Laboratory of Immunology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bao Lu
- Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig J. Gerard
- Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M. Reza Dana
- Laboratory of Immunology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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John AE, Gerard CJ, Schaller M, Miller AL, Berlin AA, Humbles AA, Lukacs NW. Respiratory syncytial virus-induced exaggeration of allergic airway disease is dependent upon CCR1-associated immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:108-16. [PMID: 15593301 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has a significant impact on airway function, and may alter subsequent development of asthma. CCR1 mRNA was significantly up-regulated during primary RSV infection in BALB/c mice, and was also up-regulated during allergen exposure in sensitized mice. Although CCR1(-/-) mice exhibited similar levels of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) as wild-type mice in response to cockroach allergen alone, in animals treated with RSV prior to cockroach antigen (CRA) sensitization and challenge, a significant decrease in exacerbated AHR was observed in the CCR1(-/-) mice. The reduction in AHR after RSV and allergen challenge in CCR1(-/-) mice was not associated with changes in peribronchial eosinophilia, but was accompanied by significantly decreased IL-13 levels in the lungs, as well as an absence of mucus cell staining within the airways. When T lymphocyte numbers were compared in animals receiving CRA to animals receiving a combination of RSV and allergen an increase in both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes could be detected in wild-type but not CCR1(-/-) animals. Thus, these data suggest that CCR1-mediated responses have a primary role for inducing severe disease during RSV infection, and may be responsible for altering the lung pathophysiological responses to subsequent allergen challenges via IL-13-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E John
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, USA
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9
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Ness TL, Carpenter KJ, Ewing JL, Gerard CJ, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL. CCR1 and CC chemokine ligand 5 interactions exacerbate innate immune responses during sepsis. J Immunol 2005; 173:6938-48. [PMID: 15557190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CCR1 has previously been shown to play important roles in leukocyte trafficking, pathogen clearance, and the type 1/type 2 cytokine balance, although very little is known about its role in the host response during sepsis. In a cecal ligation and puncture model of septic peritonitis, CCR1-deficient (CCR1(-/-)) mice were significantly protected from the lethal effects of sepsis when compared with wild-type (WT) controls. The peritoneal and systemic cytokine profile in CCR1(-/-) mice was characterized by a robust, but short-lived and regulated antibacterial response. CCR1 expression was not required for leukocyte recruitment, suggesting critical differences extant in the activation of WT and CCR1(-/-) resident or recruited peritoneal cells during sepsis. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from naive CCR1(-/-) mice clearly demonstrated enhanced cytokine/chemokine generation and antibacterial responses compared with similarly treated WT macrophages. CCR1 and CCL5 interactions markedly altered the inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro. Administration of CCL5 increased sepsis-induced lethality in WT mice, whereas neutralization of CCL5 improved survival. CCL5 acted in a CCR1-dependent manner to augment production of IFN-gamma and MIP-2 to damaging levels. These data illustrate that the interaction between CCR1 and CCL5 modulates the innate immune response during sepsis, and both represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ascitic Fluid/cytology
- Ascitic Fluid/immunology
- Ascitic Fluid/pathology
- Cecum
- Chemokine CCL5/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL5/deficiency
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Chemokine CCL5/physiology
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Innate
- Ligation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Peritonitis/genetics
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/microbiology
- Peritonitis/mortality
- Punctures
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Sepsis/genetics
- Sepsis/immunology
- Sepsis/microbiology
- Sepsis/mortality
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L Ness
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Gerard CJ, Dell'Aringa J, Hale KA, Klump WM. A sensitive, real-time, RNA-specific PCR method for the detection of recombinant AAV-CFTR vector expression. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1744-53. [PMID: 12939641 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Following adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated transduction, cellular RNA preparations can be contaminated with AAV single-stranded DNA. The single-stranded DNA genome of recombinant AAV vectors can serve as an efficient, but undesirable, template for traditional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. Consequently, recombinant AAV gene therapy presents a unique challenge to the design of sensitive and reliable methods to detect vector-derived mRNA. Several methods have been proposed to reduce the presence of single- and double-stranded vector DNA without compromising RNA specificity. For example, DNase I, although widely used, can be ineffective at completely removing the AAV single-stranded DNA genome. We have developed a sensitive real-time RNA-Specific reverse transcriptase PCR (RS-PCR) method that is independent of DNase I treatment. The RS-PCR method relies on the generation of a first-strand cDNA template using a primer with a linker sequence, X, at the 5'- end such that synthesis of second-strand cDNA incorporates the X-linker sequence into the cDNA template. The RS-PCR then utilizes forward and reverse primers targeting AAV vector sequence and the X-primer site, respectively, while a vector-specific Taqman probe makes sensitive real-time detection possible. We present data to validate the sensitivity and RNA specificity of the RS-PCR method and propose two unique endogenous control strategies by monitoring expression of both beta-glucuronidase and endogenous cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this new RS-PCR method in detecting recombinant AAV-CFTR expression, including, an in vitro transduction assay and methods to support both preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gerard
- Targeted Genetics Corporation, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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11
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Blease K, Mehrad B, Standiford TJ, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL, Chensue SW, Lu B, Gerard CJ, Hogaboam CM. Airway remodeling is absent in CCR1-/- mice during chronic fungal allergic airway disease. J Immunol 2000; 165:1564-72. [PMID: 10903765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.3.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Asthmatic-like reactions characterized by elevated IgE, Th2 cytokines, C-C chemokines, eosinophilic inflammation, and persistent airway hyperresponsiveness follow pulmonary exposure to the spores or conidia from Aspergillus fumigatus fungus in sensitized individuals. In addition to these features, subepithelial fibrosis and goblet cell hyperplasia characterizes fungal-induced allergic airway disease in mice. Because lung concentrations of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and RANTES were significantly elevated after A. fumigatus-sensitized mice received an intrapulmonary challenge with A. fumigatus spores or conidia, the present study addressed the role of their receptor, C-C chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1), in this model. A. fumigatus-sensitized CCR1 wild-type (+/+) and CCR1 knockout (-/-) mice exhibited similar increases in serum IgE and polymorphonuclear leukocyte numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Airway hyperresponsiveness was prominent in both groups of mice at 30 days after an intrapulmonary challenge with A. fumigatus spores or conidia. However, whole lung levels of IFN-gamma were significantly higher whereas IL-4, IL-13, and Th2-inducible chemokines such as C10, eotaxin, and macrophage-derived chemokine were significantly lower in whole lung samples from CCR1-/- mice compared with CCR1+/+ mice at 30 days after the conidia challenge. Likewise, significantly fewer goblet cells and less subepithelial fibrosis were observed around large airways in CCR1-/- mice at the same time after the conidia challenge. Thus, these findings demonstrate that CCR1 is a major contributor to the airway remodeling responses that arise from A. fumigatus-induced allergic airway disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary/genetics
- Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary/immunology
- Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary/microbiology
- Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary/pathology
- Aspergillus fumigatus/immunology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/etiology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/immunology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/microbiology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chronic Disease
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytokines/physiology
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lung/chemistry
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/agonists
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Spores, Fungal/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blease
- Department of Pathology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Waltz DA, Fujita RM, Yang X, Natkin L, Zhuo S, Gerard CJ, Rosenberg S, Chapman HA. Nonproteolytic role for the urokinase receptor in cellular migration in vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:316-22. [PMID: 10696068 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.3.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The urokinase receptor (uPAR) binds and localizes urokinase activity at cellular surfaces, facilitating fibrinolysis and cellular migration at sites of tissue injury. uPAR also participates in cellular signaling and regulates integrin-dependent adhesion and migration in vitro. We now report evidence that uPAR occupancy regulates cellular migration in vivo in the absence of functional urokinase. Recombinant murine KC (1.5 microg), a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, was delivered to the lungs of wild-type, urokinase-deficient or uPAR-deficient mice 18 h after intraperitoneal injection of 200 microg human immunoglobulin G (IgG) or a fusion protein composed of an amino-terminal receptor-binding fragment of urokinase and a human IgG Fc fragment (GFD-Fc). Whole lung lavage for recovery of leukocytes was performed 4 h later. KC treatment resulted in a 100-fold increase in lavage neutrophils. GFD-Fc injection resulted in >50% reduction in neutrophil influx in both wild-type and urokinase-deficient animals but had no effect on uPAR -/- mice. A concomitant reduction in alveolar protein leakage but no change in numbers of circulating neutrophils accompanied this attenuated inflammatory response. The reduction in neutrophil influx induced by GFD-Fc is thus related to uPAR occupancy and yet not due to disruption of uPAR-mediated proteolysis. These observations verify that protease-independent functions of uPAR operate in vivo and identify uPAR as a potential target for regulation of inflammatory processes characterized by neutrophil-mediated injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Waltz
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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13
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Gerard CJ, Andrejka LM, Macina RA. Mitochondrial ATP synthase 6 as an endogenous control in the quantitative RT-PCR analysis of clinical cancer samples. Mol Diagn 2000; 5:39-46. [PMID: 10837088 DOI: 10.1007/bf03262021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful new technique in the evolution of quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays. With the increased sensitivity and resolution of real-time techniques, the requirements for constitutive expression of endogenous controls have become increasingly stringent. METHODS AND RESULTS We compare the expression of the mitochondrial gene, adenosine triphosphate synthase 6 (ATPsy6), to the expression of other routinely used endogenous control genes (e.g., beta-actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH], ribosomal RNA 18S [18S rRNA], and cyclophilin). In a diverse assortment of tissues and across a wide range of disease stages, ATPsy6 shows a relative steady state of expression compared with other endogenous controls. ATPsy6 gene expression has been used as an endogenous control in a quantitative real-time PCR assay designed to evaluate the expression of potential cancer diagnostic leads across a diverse tissue panel. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial ATPsy6 serves as a good endogenous control to measure target gene expression independent of the tissue- or disease-specific variation inherent with many housekeeping genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gerard
- diaDexus, LLC, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
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14
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Gao W, Topham PS, King JA, Smiley ST, Csizmadia V, Lu B, Gerard CJ, Hancock WW. Targeting of the chemokine receptor CCR1 suppresses development of acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:35-44. [PMID: 10619859 PMCID: PMC382589 DOI: 10.1172/jci8126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mononuclear cell infiltration is a hallmark of cellular rejection of a vascularized allograft, efforts to inhibit rejection by blocking leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion have proved largely unsuccessful, perhaps in part because of persistent generation of chemokines within rejecting grafts. We now provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that in vivo blockade of specific chemokine receptors is of therapeutic significance in organ transplantation. Inbred mice with a targeted deletion of the chemokine receptor CCR1 showed significant prolongation of allograft survival in 4 models. First, cardiac allografts across a class II mismatch were rejected by CCR1(+/+) recipients but were accepted permanently by CCR1(-/-) recipients. Second, CCR1(-/-) mice rejected completely class I- and class II-mismatched BALB/c cardiac allografts more slowly than control mice. Third, levels of cyclosporin A that had marginal effects in CCR1(+/+) mice resulted in permanent allograft acceptance in CCR1(-/-) recipients. These latter allografts showed no sign of chronic rejection 50-200 days after transplantation, and transfer of CD4(+) splenic T cells from these mice to naive allograft recipients significantly prolonged allograft survival, whereas cells from CCR1(+/+) mice conferred no such benefit. Finally, both CCR1(+/+) and CCR1(-/-) allograft recipients, when treated with a mAb to CD4, showed permanent engraftment, but these allografts showed florid chronic rejection in the former strain and were normal in CCR1(-/-) mice. We conclude that therapies to block CCR1/ligand interactions may prove useful in preventing acute and chronic rejection clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gao
- LeukoSite Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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15
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Topham PS, Csizmadia V, Soler D, Hines D, Gerard CJ, Salant DJ, Hancock WW. Lack of chemokine receptor CCR1 enhances Th1 responses and glomerular injury during nephrotoxic nephritis. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:1549-57. [PMID: 10587518 PMCID: PMC409862 DOI: 10.1172/jci7707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) in the mouse, we find that a variety of chemokines and chemokine receptors are induced: CCR1 (RANTES, MIP-1alpha), CCR2 (MCP-1), CCR5 (RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta), CXCR2 (MIP-2), and CXCR3 (IP-10). Their timing of expression indicated that CXCR2 and CCR1 are probably important in the neutrophil-dependent heterologous phase of the disease, whereas CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3 accompany the subsequent mononuclear cell infiltration characteristic of autologous disease. We therefore assessed the role of CCR1 in NTN using CCR1(-/-) mice. We found that neutrophil accumulation in CCR1(-/-) mice was comparable to that in wild-type animals but that renal recruitment of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and macrophages increased significantly. Moreover, CCR1(-/-) mice developed more severe glomerulonephritis than did controls, with greater proteinuria and blood urea nitrogen, as well as a higher frequency of crescent formation. In addition, CCR1(-/-) mice showed enhanced Th1 immune responses, including titers of antigen-specific IgG2a antibody, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, and production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. Lastly, using recombinant proteins and transfected cells that overexpressed CCR1, we demonstrated that MIP-1alpha, but not RANTES, bound CCR1 and induced cell chemotaxis. Thus, rather than simply promoting leukocyte recruitment during NTN, CCR1 expression profoundly alters the effector phase of glomerulonephritis. Therapeutic targeting of chemokine receptors may, on occasion, exacerbate underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Topham
- LeukoSite Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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16
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Olsson K, Gerard CJ, Zehnder J, Jones C, Ramanathan R, Reading C, Hanania EG. Real-time t(11;14) and t(14;18) PCR assays provide sensitive and quantitative assessments of minimal residual disease (MRD). Leukemia 1999; 13:1833-42. [PMID: 10557059 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) arises as a clonal transformation of normal B and T cell differentiation and is often characterized by a higher incidence of specific chromosomal translocations. We have developed real-time TaqMan PCR assays directed toward two of these tumor-associated DNA markers, the t(14;18)(q32;q21.3) at the major breakpoint region of the bcl-2 gene and the t(11;14)(q13;q32) at the bcl-1 major translocation cluster. During analysis of serial dilutions of t(14;18)-positive DNA, the t(14;18) real-time PCR was at least as sensitive as nested PCR and demonstrated enhanced quantitative potential. Moreover, in a blinded comparison of the t(14;18) real-time PCR and a clinically validated nested PCR protocol using 134 cell line and patient DNA samples, the real-time PCR detected the translocation in 30.0% more cases than nested PCR. Both the t(14;18) and t(11;14) real-time PCR assays were used to quantitate minimal residual disease (MRD) in an NHL clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of a tumor-purging protocol in autologous stem cell transplantation. The assays were also used to evaluate disease depletion in an ex vivo tumor spiking model in which normal peripheral blood was spiked with tumor cell lines and processed according to the clinical purging method. PCR data from both the clinical trial and the ex vivo model demonstrated a 4 to 6 log reduction in tumor cells during CD34+ and CD34+ Thy-1+ enrichment. Because the t(14;18) and t(11;14) real-time PCR assays are very sensitive, quantitative, rapid, and require no post-PCR manipulation, they may serve as practical alternatives to nested PCR.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Purging
- Chromosome Breakage/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Genes, bcl-1/genetics
- Genes, bcl-2/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/therapy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Single-Blind Method
- Thy-1 Antigens/analysis
- Time Factors
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K Olsson
- SyStemix Inc., A Novartis Company, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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17
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Parad RB, Gerard CJ, Zurakowski D, Nichols DP, Pier GB. Pulmonary outcome in cystic fibrosis is influenced primarily by mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and immune status and only modestly by genotype. Infect Immun 1999; 67:4744-50. [PMID: 10456926 PMCID: PMC96804 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.9.4744-4750.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether allelic variants of the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) independently contribute to pulmonary outcome in CF patients has not been resolved. We used both cross-sectional and mixed-model longitudinal analyses of data from CF patients that were at least 12 years old to determine the influence on pulmonary function (percent predicted forced expiratory volume [FEV(1)]) of the CFTR gene genotype, gender, mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MPA) infection status, presence of total opsonic antibody to MPA, and, separately, the opsonic antibody activity specific to the mucoid exopolysaccharide (MEP) surface antigen. Two different factors were independently associated with the lack of MPA infection: a high level of MEP-specific opsonic activity (MSOA), implicating an immunologically based mechanism of resistance to infection, and a lack of any type of opsonic antibody to MPA, indicative of no significant exposure or infection. This latter phenotype was found in a subset of CF patients who carried at least one uncommon CFTR gene allele suggestive of a genetic basis for resistance to infection in this group of older CF patients. For CF patients in whom both CFTR gene alleles were identified by screening for the 12 most common variants (75% of alleles), cross-sectional analysis showed that MPA infection was best correlated with lower percent predicted FEV(1), while genotype (two versus one DeltaF508 CFTR gene allele) and a low level of MSOA were associated with increased risk of infection. A mixed-model analysis of longitudinal spirometric measurements that considered multiple risk factors to derive regression equations was used to determine which clinical parameters had the greatest effect on the annual rate of decline in percent predicted FEV(1). This analysis showed that the CFTR gene genotype only modestly modified the constant (y intercept) of the derived equations, while gender and MPA infection status had the largest effects on annual rates of decline in percent predicted FEV(1). These results indicate that the CFTR genotype is usually not a primary determinant of pulmonary function in most CF patients, but gender and MPA infection status are. Infection status is potentially influenced by both immunologic (a high level of MSOA) and genetic factors, such as carriage of a CFTR gene allele that leads to a diagnosis of CF but still confers resistance to infection that is comparable to that of the wild-type CFTR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Parad
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Ina Sue Perlmutter Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Sabroe I, Conroy DM, Gerard NP, Li Y, Collins PD, Post TW, Jose PJ, Williams TJ, Gerard CJ, Ponath PD. Cloning and Characterization of the Guinea Pig Eosinophil Eotaxin Receptor, C-C Chemokine Receptor-3: Blockade Using a Monoclonal Antibody In Vivo. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Certain C-C chemokines, signaling via the eotaxin receptor C-C chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3), are thought to be central mediators of eosinophil accumulation in allergic inflammation. To investigate the role of CCR3 in vivo, we cloned the guinea pig eotaxin receptor (guinea pig CCR3) from a genomic DNA library. We isolated a single-exon open reading frame coding for a 358-amino acid chemokine receptor protein with 67 and 69% homology to human and murine CCR3, respectively. When expressed in stable transfectants, this receptor bound 125I-labeled guinea pig eotaxin, 125I-labeled human monocyte chemotactic protein-3, and 125I-labeled human RANTES. In chemotaxis assays, guinea pig CCR3 transfectants responded only to guinea pig eotaxin, with a maximal effect at 100 nM. mAbs were raised that bound selectively to both guinea pig CCR3 transfectants and guinea pig eosinophils. One of these mAbs, 2A8, blocked both ligand binding to transfectants and their chemotaxis in response to eotaxin. The Ab also inhibited chemotaxis and the elevation of cytosolic calcium in guinea pig eosinophils in response to eotaxin. F(ab′)2 fragments of 2A8 were prepared that retained the ability to inhibit eosinophil calcium responses to eotaxin. Pretreatment of 111In-labeled eosinophils in vitro with F(ab′)2 2A8 selectively inhibited their accumulation in response to eotaxin in vivo. These data demonstrate that functional blockade of eosinophil chemokine receptors can be achieved in vivo and provide further support for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs targeting eosinophil recruitment through chemokine receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Sabroe
- *Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dolores M. Conroy
- *Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norma P. Gerard
- †Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - You Li
- ‡LeukoSite Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Paul D. Collins
- *Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Theodore W. Post
- †Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Peter J. Jose
- *Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. Williams
- *Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig J. Gerard
- †Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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19
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Sabroe I, Conroy DM, Gerard NP, Li Y, Collins PD, Post TW, Jose PJ, Williams TJ, Gerard CJ, Ponath PD. Cloning and characterization of the guinea pig eosinophil eotaxin receptor, C-C chemokine receptor-3: blockade using a monoclonal antibody in vivo. J Immunol 1998; 161:6139-47. [PMID: 9834099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Certain C-C chemokines, signaling via the eotaxin receptor C-C chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3), are thought to be central mediators of eosinophil accumulation in allergic inflammation. To investigate the role of CCR3 in vivo, we cloned the guinea pig eotaxin receptor (guinea pig CCR3) from a genomic DNA library. We isolated a single-exon open reading frame coding for a 358-amino acid chemokine receptor protein with 67 and 69% homology to human and murine CCR3, respectively. When expressed in stable transfectants, this receptor bound 125I-labeled guinea pig eotaxin, 125I-labeled human monocyte chemotactic protein-3, and 125I-labeled human RANTES. In chemotaxis assays, guinea pig CCR3 transfectants responded only to guinea pig eotaxin, with a maximal effect at 100 nM. mAbs were raised that bound selectively to both guinea pig CCR3 transfectants and guinea pig eosinophils. One of these mAbs, 2A8, blocked both ligand binding to transfectants and their chemotaxis in response to eotaxin. The Ab also inhibited chemotaxis and the elevation of cytosolic calcium in guinea pig eosinophils in response to eotaxin. F(ab')2 fragments of 2A8 were prepared that retained the ability to inhibit eosinophil calcium responses to eotaxin. Pretreatment of (111)In-labeled eosinophils in vitro with F(ab')2 2A8 selectively inhibited their accumulation in response to eotaxin in vivo. These data demonstrate that functional blockade of eosinophil chemokine receptors can be achieved in vivo and provide further support for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs targeting eosinophil recruitment through chemokine receptor antagonism.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokines, CC
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Eosinophils/transplantation
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/pharmacology
- Indium Radioisotopes/metabolism
- Injections, Intravenous
- Ligands
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sabroe
- Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Gerard CJ, Olsson K, Ramanathan R, Reading C, Hanania EG. Improved quantitation of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma using real-time polymerase chain reaction and plasmid-DNA complementarity determining region III standards. Cancer Res 1998; 58:3957-64. [PMID: 9731509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complementarity determining region III of the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene has been the target for tumor-specific PCR assays for the detection and follow-up of B-cell malignancies. Previously, these assays have relied on gel-based end point data collection methods (i.e., band densitometry) and, thus, have provided at best a semiquantitative assessment of tumor levels. We show the development of a novel, real-time TaqMan PCR assay to quantitate residual multiple myeloma cells in clinical samples after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. We provide evidence that real-time PCR is reproducible, sensitive, and quantitative. In a 40-replicate PCR experiment targeting the beta-actin gene, the coefficient of variation for threshold cycle data was 1.6%, whereas it increased to 13.6% and 31%, respectively, for end point fluorescence and gel densitometry. Moreover, in an experiment directly comparing standard curves obtained from band densitometry and threshold cycle data, the standard curve constructed from threshold cycle data had a multiple R2 value of 1.00 and demonstrated a dynamic range >4 logs, compared with the 2-log linear range of gel densitometry. Finally, we show that when a complementarity determining region III-specific PCR primer is used in conjunction with a consensus primer for the immunoglobulin heavy chain joining gene, plasmid DNA can be used as a readily available and effective substitute for clonal plasma-cell genomic DNA when preparing standards. By applying real-time PCR to the analysis of clinical samples, we are able to quantitate levels of tumor involvement with unparalleled reproducibility and statistical confidence. Real-time PCR technology may well provide the accuracy and reliability necessary for minimal residual disease detection to have real prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gerard
- SyStemix, Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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21
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Gerard CJ, Arboleda MJ, Solar G, Mulé JJ, Kerr WG. A rapid and quantitative assay to estimate gene transfer into retrovirally transduced hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells using a 96-well format PCR and fluorescent detection system universal for MMLV-based proviruses. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:343-54. [PMID: 8835221 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.3-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an extremely sensitive assay that has many uses in retroviral-mediated gene transfer protocols. Because the majority of retroviral vectors used in current gene transfer protocols are based on the Moloney-murine leukemia virus (MMLV), we have designed primers which amplify a region of the psi packaging sequence from all MMLV retroviruses tested. This assay detects gene transfer by all MMLV-based vectors and is especially useful for the laboratory that routinely screens a number of different retroviruses for their gene transfer efficiency. Furthermore, we present here a novel technique for harvesting single colonies derived from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells growing in methylcellulose medium that expedites and substantially improves the resulting quantitative estimates of retroviral transduction frequencies. This technique utilizes a conventional 96-well format and, when coupled with a fluorescence-based post-PCR detection system, makes it unnecessary to run agarose gels to visualize the PCR product. This system of PCR product detection, which uses the 5'-->3' exonuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase to cleave a fluorescently labeled probe during each round of PCR amplification, is fast, convenient, and at least as sensitive as an ethidium bromide-based detection system when used in conjunction with our universal PCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gerard
- Department of Gene Therapy, SyStemix, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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22
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Franke AE, Andrews GC, Stimler-Gerard NP, Gerard CJ, Showell HJ. Human C5a anaphylatoxin: gene synthesis, expression, and recovery of biologically active material from Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol 1988; 162:653-68. [PMID: 3067055 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(88)62107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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